CN1269612C - 焊锡箔、半导体器件、电子器件、半导体组件及功率组件 - Google Patents

焊锡箔、半导体器件、电子器件、半导体组件及功率组件 Download PDF

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CN1269612C
CN1269612C CNB018212433A CN01821243A CN1269612C CN 1269612 C CN1269612 C CN 1269612C CN B018212433 A CNB018212433 A CN B018212433A CN 01821243 A CN01821243 A CN 01821243A CN 1269612 C CN1269612 C CN 1269612C
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mentioned
scolding tin
metallic particles
particle
plastic deformation
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CN1482956A (zh
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曾我太佐男
秦英惠
石田寿治
中塚哲也
冈本正英
三浦一真
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Renesas Electronics Corp
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Hitachi Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Abstract

将含有作为金属颗粒的Cu等颗粒和作为焊锡颗粒的Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延而形成的箔适用于温度分层焊接中的高温侧的锡焊,用这种锡焊方法获得的半导体器件、电子器件在机械特性等方面具有优良的可靠性。

Description

焊锡箔、半导体器件、电子器件、半导体组件及功率组件
技术领域
本发明涉及将含有金属颗粒(例如铜(Cu)颗粒或珠)和焊锡颗粒(例如锡(Sn)颗粒或珠)的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔,以及利用该焊锡箔的半导体器件和电子器件。
背景技术
在Sn-Pb系列的焊锡中,可进行温度分层焊接,即,以富铅(Pb)的Pb-5Sn(熔点:314~310℃)、Pb-10Sn(熔点:302~275℃)等作为高温系列焊锡在330℃左右的温度下进行焊接,然后,用低温系列焊锡的Sn-37Pb共晶(熔点:183℃)进行焊接而不熔化原先已焊接的部分。这些焊锡柔软,容易变形,因此可以将易损坏的Si芯片等焊接在热膨胀系数不同的基板上。这种温度分层焊接法被用于将芯片进行小片键合的类型的半导体器件和将芯片进行倒装芯片键合的BGA、CSP等半导体器件中。即,半导体器件内部使用的焊锡和将半导体器件自身焊接在基板上的焊锡意味着用温度分层焊接法进行焊接。
如今,在所有领域内都在推行无铅化。
无铅焊锡的主流为Sn-Ag共晶系列(熔点:221℃)、Sn-Ag-Cu共晶系列(熔点:221~217℃)、Sn-Cu共晶系列(熔点:227℃)。从部件的耐热性的角度考虑,希望表面安装时的焊接温度低,可是,因为必须确保沾润性从而确保焊接的可靠性,即使使用温度均匀性控制良好的加热炉,如考虑基板内的温度分散性,现状是,在温度尽可能低的Sn-Ag-Cu共晶系列中,也需要235~245℃。因此,作为能耐受该焊接温度的分层用焊锡,其熔点至少必须在250℃以上。现实情况是,没有能与这些焊锡组合使用的高温侧的温度分层用无铅焊锡。最有可能性的组成为Sn-5Sb(熔点:240~232℃),但该焊锡也会融化,因此不能用于温度分层焊接。
另外,作为高温系列的焊锡已知有Au-20Sn(熔点:280℃),但该焊锡很硬,且成本高,因此使用被限制于狭窄的范围。尤其是将Si小片键合在热膨胀系数不同的材料上和焊接大型芯片时,由于Au-20Sn焊锡较硬,损坏Si芯片的可能性较高,因此不被使用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用全新的锡焊方法焊接的半导体器件及电子器件。尤其是可实现在温度分层焊接中的高温侧的锡焊。
另外,本发明的另一目的在于提供一种全新的焊锡箔。
本发明提供将含有金属颗粒(例如Cu颗粒或珠)和焊锡颗粒(例如Sn颗粒或珠)的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
本发明还提供具有如下特征的电子器件,即,具有第一电子器件、第二电子器件、以及第三电子器件,该第一电子器件与该第二电子器件是用上述的第一焊锡箔焊接的,该第二电子器件与该第三电子器件是用熔点低于该第一焊锡的第二焊锡焊接的。
本发明还提供具有如下特征的半导体器件,即,具有半导体芯片、配置该半导体芯片的接头、以及成为与外部连接的连接端子的引线,该半导体芯片具有的电极与该引线利用焊丝键合连接,该半导体芯片与该接头用将上述金属颗粒和焊锡颗粒混合后获得的焊锡箔焊接。
附图说明
图1是利用复合珠制作的复合体金属的制作工序示意图;
图2是在使弹性体塑料珠分散的状态下压延前、后的剖面模型图;
图3是示出小片键合工艺的一例的剖面模型图;
图4是利用Cu、Sn配合焊锡箔进行小片键合的小片键合连接部的剖面模型图;
图5将LSI和管帽焊接在基板上的剖面模型图;
图6是功率组件的剖面模型图;
图7是将组件安装在印刷基板上的剖面模型图;
图8是RF组件安装的剖面模型图;
图9是示出RF组件安装的工艺的流程图;
图10是高输出树脂封装的平面、剖面模型图;
图11是示出高输出树脂封装的工艺的流程图;
图12是塑料封装的剖面模型图;
图13是用金属纤维配合的模型的斜视图和剖面图;
图14是用了交叉金属纤维的模型的斜视图;
图15是用了金属网络纤维模型的剖面图;
图16是将细长的金属纤维随机放置后平坦化了的平面图和剖面图;
图17用了长条形金属、非金属纤维的模型的剖面图;
符号说明
1碳夹具,2Cu珠,3Sn珠,4Sn,5辊筒,
6塑料珠,7电阻加热器,8Si芯片,
9真空吸孔,10氮,11焊锡箔,12硅胶,
13Al2O3基板,14W(烧结)镀铜电极,15预热用加热器,
16测温用热电偶,17Cu、Sn混合箔,18凸点,
19软树脂,20引线,21焊锡珠凸点,
22印刷基板,23Al散热片,24与散热片的焊接部,
25与引线的焊接部,26引线,27焊锡箔,28基板端子,
29组件基板,30端子,31Cu,32有机基板,
33Cu通孔导体,34Ag-Pb导体,35焊丝键合,
36AIN中继基板,37连接端子,38Cr-Cu-Au,39小片键合,
40焊锡箔,41加压体,42镀Ni-Au的金属化层,
43中继基板,44Cr-Ni-Au金属化层,45化学镀Ni,
46电镀Ni,47焊锡,48圆Cu板,49Cu基座,
50Al2O3绝缘基板,51Cu引线,52芯片部件,53Cu焊点,
54TQFP-LST,55Sn-Ag-Cu系列焊锡,56引线,57挡堤切断部,
58树脂,59通孔,60W-Ni-Au厚膜电极,
61W-Ni(或Ag-Pb、Ag)厚膜导体,62镀Au电极,
63铆接部分,64散热板(头部),65引线框架,
66接头,67导电膏,68焊锡,69纤维,
70Cu网(剖面) 71Cu网(纵剖面),72焊锡(海),
73细长纤维,74长条形纤维
具体实施方式
现简单说明为了达到上述目的,本申请所揭示的发明中具有代表性的概要如下:
(1)是将含有金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(2)是将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(3)是对含有Cu与Sn的焊锡施加压力后形成的焊锡箔,在该箔中,Cu以颗粒状态存在,Sn以埋在该Cu颗粒之间的状态存在。
(4)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,使该焊锡箔进行回流处理后Cu颗粒的表面至少有一部分被Cu6Sn5覆盖。
(5)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,在将该焊锡箔进行回流处理后Cu颗粒与塑性形变后的Sn被含有Cu6Sn5的化合物键合在一起。
(6)是如上述(2)至(5)所述的焊锡箔,该Cu颗粒的粒径为10~40μm。
(7)是如上述(2)至(5)所述的焊锡箔,该Cu颗粒的粒径为3~10μm。
(8)是如上述(2)至(7)所述的焊锡箔,所述Cu颗粒的表面具有Ni镀层或Ni/Au镀层。
(9)是如上述(2)至(9)所述的焊锡箔,至少在该箔的Cu露出的部分镀Sn。
(10)是如上述(1)至(9)所述的焊锡箔,该焊锡箔的厚度为80μm~150μm。
(11)是如上述(1)至(9)所述的焊锡箔,该焊锡箔的厚度为150μm~250μm。
(12)是如上述(1)至(11)所述的焊锡箔,具有塑料颗粒。
(13)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,具有热膨胀系数小于上述Cu的其它颗粒。
(14)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,热膨胀系数小于上述Cu的其它颗粒为殷钢(Invar)合金系列、二氧化硅、氧化铝、AlN(氮化铝)、SiC颗粒。
(15)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,还含有In颗粒。
(16)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,将Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒在真空中、还原性气氛中或惰性气氛中混合后,通过加压制作成箔状。
(17)是如上述(2)或(3)所述的焊锡箔,其压延率为15%~20%。
(18)是将含有金属纤维与焊锡颗粒的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(19)是将含有Cu金属纤维与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(20)是如上述(19)所述的焊锡箔,该焊锡材料中的该Cu金属纤维为长条形。
(21)是将含有Al、Au、Ag中的任一种颗粒与Sn颗粒的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(22)是将含有Zn-Al系列合金颗粒、Au-Sn系列合金颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(23)是具有第一电子器件、第二电子器件、以及第三电子器件的电子器件,该第一电子器件与该第二电子器件用上述(1)至(22)
所述的第一焊锡箔焊接,该第二电子器件与该第三电子器件用熔点低于该第一焊锡的第二焊锡焊接。
(24)是利用将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔将第一电子器件与第二电子器件焊接在一起、利用熔点低于该焊锡箔的焊锡将该第二电子器件与第三电子器件焊接在一起的电子器件。
(25)是具有半导体芯片、配置该半导体芯片的接头、以及成为与外部连接的连接端子的引线,该半导体芯片具有的电极与该引线用焊丝键合法焊接的半导体器件,该半导体芯片与该接头用混合了金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的焊锡箔焊接。
(26)是如上述(25)所述的半导体器件,上述焊锡箔是将金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒混合了的材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(27)是如上述(25)所述的半导体装置,上述焊锡箔是将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
(28)是一种电子器件,具有电路基板和半导体芯片,该电路基板具有的电极与该半导体芯片具有的电极用焊丝键合法焊接,该电路基板与该半导体芯片用混合了金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的焊锡箔焊接。
(29)是一种电子器件,具有电路基板和半导体芯片,该电路基板具有的电极与该半导体芯片具有的电极用焊丝键合法焊接,该电路基板与该半导体芯片用将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔焊接。
另外,是一种将含有与焊锡沾润的单质金属、合金、化合物或这些混合物的金属珠与含有Sn、In两者中任一者以上的焊锡珠混合,掩埋间隙、压入充填后,压延形成的焊锡箔。
另外,是一种将含有与焊锡沾润的单质金属、合金、化合物或这些混合物的金属珠与含有Sn、In两者中任一者以上的焊锡珠混合后,放入可以施加均匀压力的容易进行预压延的模具中,以均匀的压力压入、掩埋,使其没有间隙后,将该复合体压延制成的焊锡箔。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,该焊锡除了Sn、In以外,含有Ag、Bi、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pd、Au、Sb中任一者以上。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,上述金属珠为含有Cu、Cu合金、Cu6Sn5化合物、Ag、Ag-Sn化合物、Au、Au-Sn化合物、Al、Al-Ag化合物、Al-Au化合物、Zn-Al系列焊锡、或这些混合物的珠。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,在该压延箔或焊锡复合材料上镀Sn或用在Sn中含有Bi、In、Ag、Au、Cu、Ni、Pd中的任一者以上的焊锡材料进行镀覆。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,当含有该单质金属、合金、化合物或它们的混合物的金属珠不沾润时,是对其表面镀Ni、Ni-Au、Cu、Ag、Sn、Au等,或镀这些金属的复合物,或镀这些后再镀Sn系列等与锡沾润的金属化层。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,其粒度分布考虑了含有该单质金属、合金、化合物或它们的混合物的金属珠的最密充填。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,为了减小复合焊锡的刚性,使进行了与焊锡沾润的金属化的塑料珠分散在表面上。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,是一种具有为了减小复合焊锡的热膨胀系数,将热膨胀系数低于含有单质金属、合金、化合物或它们的混合物的金属的颗粒,在表面上施以与焊锡沾润的金属化层,或者施以在其上再镀Sn、In等焊锡的镀层并使之呈分散状态。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,作为具有低热膨胀系数的颗粒,其材料为殷钢合金系列(Fe-36Ni合金)、二氧化硅、氧化铝、AIN、SiC等。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,该塑料珠的材料为聚亚胺类树脂、耐热环氧类树脂、硅酮类树脂,各种聚合物小珠、或是由这些变成的材料、或是将这些混合的材料。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,其形状为带状、线状、珠状、块状。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,用金属纤维或镀铜的碳、玻璃、陶瓷等的纤维,或将该金属珠分散混合在该金属纤维中来替代上述金属珠。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,通过交叉重叠金属纤维或镀铜的碳、玻璃、陶瓷等纤维,或将该金属珠与该交叉纤维分散来替代上述金属珠。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,使金属纤维或镀铜的碳、玻璃、陶瓷等纤维成为网状、或将该金属珠分散在该网上来替代上述金属珠。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,该纤维的直径为1~20μm,最好为3~15μm。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,用金属短纤维或镀铜的碳、玻璃、陶瓷等短纤维,或将该金属珠分散在该短纤维中来替代该金属珠。
另外,是一种如上所述的焊锡箔,该短纤维的直径为1~10μm,最好为1~5μm,长径比(长度/直径)为2~5。
将Cu等金属珠与Sn系列焊锡珠各50%进行配制后压延,可以得到Cu颗粒彼此之间接触、Sn嵌入该间隙的复合焊锡。如将该箔央在芯片与基板之间后加压并回流,则复合焊锡部的Cu珠之间以Cu-Sn化合物连接,在该复合焊锡部与芯片及基板之间形成Cu珠与芯片电极的化合物、Cu珠与基板端子的化合物,成为在280℃的高温下也能确保键合强度的无铅化的温度分层结构。由此可以提供无铅焊锡中的设置温度分层的焊接方法。
可是,如果考虑温度分层焊接,则已经焊接的高温侧焊锡即使有一部分熔融,只要其它剩余部分没有熔融,就能充分确保在后续的锡焊工艺中的耐熔强度。我们正在研究分散混入了金属珠(Cu、Ag、Au、经过表面处理的Al、Zn-Al系列焊锡等)与焊锡珠的焊锡材料。一旦利用该焊锡材料进行焊接,例如,在后续的锡焊工艺中即便通过供Sn-Ag-Cu系列焊锡用的回流炉(最高温度为250℃),则焊接部分中的Sn部分虽然熔化,但由于Cu珠之间、Cu珠与芯片之间、以及Cu珠与基板之间被高熔点的金属间化合物(Cu6Sn5)连接,在回流炉(最高温度为250℃)的设定温度下焊接得以保证,可以确保充分的连接强度。即,可以实现对Sn-Ag-Cu系列焊锡的温度分层焊接。另外,该金属间化合物形成的效果不限于Cu-Sn,在Ni-Sn(Ni3Sn4)、Ag-Sn(Ag3Sn)等化合物、Au-Sn中也一样。另外,焊锡中以In来替代Sn也一样。虽然合金层的生长速度不同,但通过扩散而形成的合金层的熔点高,形成后不会在280℃下熔化。
用该焊锡材料的焊接处于Cu彼此之间不完全受束缚的状态,例如即使用于小片键合焊接,也具有对上下、左右的某种程度的自由度,可以期待Cu与焊锡的中间水平的机械特性,在温度循环试验中也可以期待由Sn引起的耐热疲劳性和由Cu颗粒(珠)引起的防裂纹扩展的高的可靠性。
可是,随着研究的进展,我们了解到:利用将Cu珠与焊锡珠混合的复合膏,Sn系列焊锡原本具有不易在Cu上沾润扩展的性质,而且,尽管需要与Cu沾润的部分多,但不限于与Cu珠完全地沾润,此外,由于Cu与焊锡珠最初以架桥状态受到束缚,即使焊锡熔化,该部分也成为空间而被保留,故成为空洞的概率高等等。因此,这种软膏方式必然成为空洞增多的工艺,成为不适合用于焊接的材料。如果在安装电子部件时能消除空洞还可以,但例如Si芯片的小片键合、功率组件的键合等由于是面与面焊接的形态,在结构上很难消除空洞。若残留空洞,就会引起因空洞而产生的裂纹、阻碍必须的热扩散等问题。
因此,我们试图使用按如下方法,即,将该焊锡材料放入具有容易进行预压延形状的模具中,在真空中、还原性气氛中或惰性气氛中,将整体均匀地压缩,使Sn系列焊锡珠在金属珠之间进行塑性流动,使其变成以焊锡(塑性形变后的Sn系列焊锡)充填间隙后的复合成形体,通过将其压延而得到的焊锡箔。
如下事实已被证实,例如,将该复合成形体压延制成Si芯片等的小片键合用的焊锡箔时,Cu-Cu等金属珠之间通过压缩而接触,小片键合时金属珠之间容易形成金属间化合物,整体被高熔点的金属有机地连接,在280℃下也能确保强度。当然,由于在焊接部分中的空隙在真空中被压缩掩埋,所以可以进行空洞少的焊接。如下事实已被证实:若在氮气中用低温热压,则在Cu珠及Sn系列焊锡珠的粒径大时(约为40μm),Sn系列焊锡会显示97%以上的空隙充填率。另外,若在箔的表面施以厚度适度的Sn镀层,即使氧化显著的材料也可以防止氧化。
如下事实也已被证实:用该焊锡将Cu箔引线之间焊接,将胶合后的搭接接头在270℃下以50mm/min的拉伸速度进行抗剪拉伸试验,得到了约0.3Kgf/mm2的值,由此充分确保了高温下的强度。
本方式是用金属珠预先掩埋焊锡材料内部的空间的方式,因此可以预想空洞会相应地减少,其空洞率与现有的焊锡箔的情形为相同水平或更小(是难以形成多空洞的结构)。因此,对于本方式的焊锡而言,应提供以在大面积基础上无空洞化为重要课题的例如适合于Si的小片键合、功率组件的键合等的无铅材料(主动地不含铅)。即,可以提供适合于温度分层焊接等的高质量的高温无铅材料。
另外,对于软膏方式而言,还可以据此解决因为容易氧化而很难无焊剂化的问题。即,在厌恶残余焊剂的领域中,用软膏方式焊接后需要清洗焊剂,但利用无焊剂化的焊接可以省去焊剂的清洗。
除此之外,在具有所希望熔点的硬的、刚性强的焊锡,例如Au-20Sn,Au-(50~55)Sn(熔点:309~370℃),Au-12Ge(熔点:356℃)等的情况下,也可以将上述合金作为金属珠使用,再通过使柔软且具有弹性的橡胶颗粒与Sn、In等的软焊锡珠一起分散混入,使用金属珠的焊锡的固相线温度约在280℃以上,从而可以期待具有高温下的焊接强度、处于颗粒之间的软Sn或In或橡胶可以对变形起缓解作用的、弥补了这些焊锡的缺点的新效果。
下面说明本发明的实施形态。
图1示出用复合珠(金属珠、焊锡珠)制作的复合体金属的制作工序的概要,(a)为将作为金属珠的Cu珠2与作为焊锡珠的Sn珠3放入真空热压机的碳夹具1中的状态,(b)为真空热压后,焊锡经过塑性流动后的复合珠块的剖面形状模型,其中,Sn和Cu变形成‘海岛结构’。(c)为还用辊筒5将该复合珠块压延以制成焊锡箔的模型。
在图中,将10~40μm的Cu珠与10~40μm的Sn珠按体积比配合,使Cu珠占50~60%。对于Cu珠,可以加入更加微细的颗粒,通过最密充填配合(例如,三轮茂雄;粉体工学通论,P39,1981/2/5,日刊工业新闻社)可以使Cu珠之间的接触增多。若为最密充填,在理论上Cu的体积比约占74%,焊锡占26%。另外,也可以形成为10μm以下的微细颗粒,这样可以使合金层的网格变细,适用于高密度下的精细焊接。作为一个例子,当两种颗粒分别为3~8μm的Cu珠与10~40μm的Sn珠、3~10μm的Cu珠与10~40℃的Sn珠、或5~15μm的Cu珠与10~40μm的Sn珠时,虽然箔的焊锡充填密度下降,但获得了良好的焊接效果。另外,不言而喻,对于Cu珠及Sn珠等的直径(尺寸)来说,不需将所有颗粒都包含在所揭示的尺寸中,在不影响发明效果的范围内,可以含有或大于或小于所揭示的尺寸的珠。在氮气中将这些珠混合,装入图1(a)所示的用碳夹具制成的压力容器中。抽真空后,如长时间从周围均匀地施加压力,则只有Sn一边进行塑性形变,一边掩埋Cu珠之间的间隙。虽然Sn的熔点为232℃,但在室温下,通过加长时间也能使之流动。在室温下不能使之流动到各个角落时,通过提高温度至某种程度(100~150℃)就能容易地使之流动。在该工序中,Cu和Sn越不发生反应,在界面就越没有束缚,因此自由度增加,Sn容易变形(流动)。然后,再用辊筒将该通过真空热压等形成的复合珠块压延成焊锡箔。通过压延使Cu珠之间的间隙更趋消失,结果可形成空洞少的箔。另外,因为此时的目的是制作厚度为150μm(±10μm)的焊锡箔,所以从降低压延率的角度出发,最好事先准备具有接近于该尺寸形状的模具。如压延率上升,Cu彼此之间的接触部分就会增加,因此,束缚就会因接触面积的增加而增加。从而,如考虑到具有与温度循环等的变形对应的柔软性,希望减少连接部,最终的压延率最好在20%以下。压延率若为15~20%则更好。
另外,当在形成的焊锡箔中有Cu等露出时,最好是通过再镀厚度为0.5~2μm的Sn来防止露出部的Cu的氧化。
从制作容易、配合时容易均匀地分散、以及容易操作等方面来看,希望金属珠,例如Cu珠及焊锡珠为球状,但不一定必须是球状。可以是Cu珠的表面具有很多凹凸的形状、棒状、针状、纤维状、角状、树枝状、或将这些组合起来的形状,只要键合后Cu彼此之间缠结在一起即可。但是,若上述压缩使Cu彼此之间过于受束缚,自由度变得不起作用,则锡焊时失去缓冲性,容易产生焊接不良,此时,最好是Cu珠表面比珠状具有更多凹凸的形状、棒状、针状、纤维状、角状、树枝状、或将这些组合起来的形状。而且,如图2所示,除了Cu2、Sn3珠以外,还可以使耐热性的软弹性体的金属化了的(无电解镀Ni-镀Au,或无电解镀Ni-镀焊锡)的塑料珠(橡胶)6分散,降低杨氏模量,确保缓冲性。图2(a)表示压延前,图2(b)表示压延后。树脂珠直径理想情况下在10μm以下,最好在1μm的水平。例如,最好在0.5~5μm。作为配合量,体积比即使为百分之几也有效。
在本发明中,对‘金属’和‘焊锡’使用了两种术语‘颗粒’和‘珠’,但从上述说明可知,两者的含义大致相同。若要强加区分,则‘颗粒’有包括‘珠’在内的稍宽的意义。
其次,作为另一金属珠的例子,说明使用Al时的情况。
高熔点的金属通常较硬,可是纯铝是既廉价又柔软的金属。纯铝(99.99%)虽然柔软(Hv17),通常却不易与Sn沾润。因此,最好是镀Ni-Au或镀Ni-Sn等。也可以用溅射等在Al表面薄薄地覆盖一层Au。制作柔软的纯Al的微细颗粒因有***等安全性的问题而带来困难,但在惰性气氛中制作,即,在表面镀Ni-Au,使Al不与大气接触,则可以确保安全。另外,Al颗粒即使形成一些氧化膜也可以利用镀覆处理去除,因此没有问题。另外,在压延工序中Al的氧化膜也容易被破坏,生成Al的新生面,所以,不会对焊接有那么大的影响。另外,作为对Al表面的金属化层不限于这些,而需要在焊锡箔制成后,该焊锡与Cu、Ni等沾润,在高温下确保键合强度。因此,在Al颗粒与镀Ni的铜板之间、以及Al颗粒与Si芯片的Ni的镀层之间,需要通过形成在Al颗粒上的金属化层和Ni的Sn化合物来连接。
在获得复合珠块时,由于Al在真空中尤其在高温下容易扩散,可以使用含有Ag的Sn焊锡等形成与Al的化合物。除了Ag以外,也可以在Sn中加入微量的Zn、Cu、Ni、Sb等,使之容易与Al产生反应,由此来制作用于铝焊接的焊锡。在Sn中加入微量的Ag、Zn、Cu、Ni、Sb等时,Al的表面不需要金属化层,成本方面的效益很可观。
可以与Al表面完全沾润,也可以沾润成斑状。这与金属化层的区域有关,这取决于是形成斑状金属化层还是形成整个金属化层。若形成斑状,则在施加应力时,由于变形时束缚力变小,所以容易变形,而且不沾润的部分作为摩擦损耗而吸收能量,所以是变形性能优越的材料。当然,可以确保焊接强度。
可以在直径为20~40μm左右的Al线上镀Sn、Ni-Sn、Au等以后切断成颗粒状、棒状,来代替使Al成为珠状。另外,珠状的Al颗粒可以在氮气中利用雾化法等低成本地大量制作。
下面说明Au珠。
在获得复合珠块时,由于Au珠容易与Sn系列焊锡沾润,如为短时间的焊接,则不需要金属化层。但是,锡焊时间一长,Sn就会明显地扩散,对脆性的Au-Sn化合物的形成会留下隐患。因此,制成柔软的结构时镀以Au扩散少的In等也是有效的,也可以用Ni、Ni-Au等形成阻挡层。阻挡层过薄,Au珠就容易变形。只要是能够抑制与Au的合金层生长的金属化结构,用其它结构也可以。在压延以前,可以通过抑制温度来抑制扩散。在小片键合中短时间键合时,由于在晶粒边界处生成的合金层很薄,即使不设置阻挡层也可以期待Au的柔软性所产生的效果。也可以将Au珠与In焊料珠组合起来使用。
下面说明Ag珠。
Ag珠也与Au珠一样,但由于Ag3Sn化合物的机械性能不坏,可以用通常的工艺将Ag颗粒之间用化合物连接起来。也可以混在Cu等中使用。
下面说明使用合金材料作为金属珠时的情形。
作为合金系列的代表例,有Zn-Al系列、Au-Sn系列等。Zn-Al系列焊锡的熔点以330~370℃的范围为主,是适合于Sn-Ag-Cu、Sn-Ag、Sn-Cu系列焊锡等进行分层焊接的温度范围,可以将这些合金系列用作金属珠。作为Zn-Al系列的代表例,有Zn-Al-Mg、Zn-Al-Mg-Ga、Zn-Al-Ge、Zn-Al-Mg-Ge、以及在这些合金系列中再含有Sn、In、Ag、Cu、Ni等中的一种以上的合金。
可是,有人指出:因Zn-Al系列氧化严重、焊锡的刚性高等原因,使Si键合时担心Si芯片会产生裂纹(清水等人:‘适合于小片连接的无铅焊锡用的Zn-Ai-Mg-Ga合金’Mate99,1999-2),若只作为复合珠块的金属珠来使用,则需要解决这些课题。
因此,由于必须阐明这些课题,为了降低焊锡的刚性,可以使镀了Ni-焊锡或镀了Au的耐热性的塑料珠与Sn珠和Zn-Al系列珠一道均匀地分散来降低杨氏模量。若在整体中混入10~50%的Sn珠,熔融的Sn就会进入Zn-Al系列焊锡间。此时,虽然一部分的Zn-Al珠彼此之间键合,但其它部分主要存在被析出的低温的柔软Sn-Zn相和没有熔化的Sn。变形由该Sn、Sn-Zn相及塑料珠的橡胶来分担。
实际利用该焊锡箔进行焊接时,例如进行小片键合时,在焊接后留下一部分Sn层,从而可以用Sn来吸收变形。通过塑料珠与Sn层的复合作用可以期待进一步地缓和刚性。另外,此时由于Zn-Al系列焊锡的固相线温度确保在280℃以上,在高温下强度不会有问题。
塑料珠比起Zn-Al系列珠最好减小直径、并使之均匀地分散。变形时具有柔软弹性的1μm水平的塑料珠在变形时,热冲击缓解、机械冲击缓解的效果非常大。市售品有耐热性的塑料珠。由于塑料珠大致均匀地进入Zn-Al系列焊锡的珠之间,在焊接时的短时间的熔融期间,该分散不会发生大的偏离。该耐热树脂的热分解温度约为300℃,希望有更加耐热的材料,但在短时间的小片键合时没有问题。
如前所述,在真空中利用热压成形时,通过在镀Sn的塑料珠上的Sn不熔化的温度(Sn熔点:232℃)下均匀地压缩,使其产生塑性流动。此时,Zn-Al珠不太变形。通过均匀地压缩,用塑料珠和Sn等将空间充填,压延成150μm左右,制成焊锡箔。在小片键合下使用时可以卷成卷,用连续工序来提供。
由于Zn-Al容易氧化,若考虑到保存时的情形,最好在表面上镀置换了Cu的Sn。该Cu和Sn例如在小片键合时会溶解于Zn-Al系列焊锡中。通过在表面存在Sn,例如容易进行对Cu电极上的Ni-Au镀层的焊接。对于Si芯片来说,例如对Ti-Ni-Au金属化也一样容易键合。由于在200℃以上的高温下,Ni与Sn合金层(Ni3Sn4)的生长速度在Cu-Sn以上,不会因化合物的形成不充分而不能键合。
也可以视情况用Zn-Al系列焊锡珠与塑料珠构成复合珠块。
另外,可以在Zn-Al系列焊锡中大量加入Sn、In,直至固相线温度确保在280℃的水平,进行温度分层焊接。若大量加入Sn、In等,虽然一部分会局部地生成Zn-Sn的共晶等低强度相,但焊接强度由成为骨架的Zn-Al系列的固相来承担,所以在高温下强度没有问题。
另外,若在Zn-Al系列焊锡上镀置换了Cu的Sn,则将温度提高到Zn-Al系列焊锡的液相线温度以上时,Sn容易沾润扩展,一边使薄的Cu固溶,一边溶解于Zn-Al系列焊锡中。若Sn较多(例如在7%左右),就不能固溶于Zn-Al中,在晶粒边界处会析出低温的Sn-Zn相。通过有意地将多个Sn相分散析出,可以用Sn-Zn相来分担变形,用Zn-Al系列的固相来分担键合强度。所以,也可以通过将Zn-Al系列焊锡珠镀Sn,有意地留下不能固溶于珠中的Sn相,用Sn层来吸收变形,缓解Zn-Al的刚性。即,可以缓解焊接部分的焊锡的刚性,减少焊接不良。
图3表示利用上述的焊锡箔11在Al2O3基板13上的镀W-Cu金属化层(镀Ni也可以)14上小片键合Si芯片8的一个实例。作为焊锡箔11的代表例,有金属珠为Cu、焊锡为Sn的组合。由于Cu比较柔软,与Sn的反应活泼,金属间化合物(Cu6Sn5)的机械性能良好,所以即使生长很厚也不容易呈现脆性。万一化合物的生长明显,出现了弊端,可以通过在Sn中加入微量的Cu等来抑制合金层的生长速度。在此,重要的是希望在短时间焊接时用金属间化合物可靠地将Cu珠之间连接起来,使反应变得活泼,所以生长过剩不会成为问题。与其相比,在Sn与芯片以及Sn与基板的焊接中,提高Sn的沾润性和沾润扩展性更加重要。因此,可以期待通过在Sn中添加微量的Cu、Bi来提高流动性,降低表面张力,由此取得改善沾润性的效果。另外,可以期待添加微量的Ni、Ag、Zn用于提高与界面的强度的效果。另外,在提高Sn的熔点时,可以用Sn-Sb(5~10%)来替代Sn,增加形成Cu-Sn化合物、Ni-Sn化合物时的焊锡中的Sb浓度,将焊锡的熔点提高到246℃。
作为另一代表例,在比Cu更软的纯Al珠的情况下,其对于温度循环的变形性能很好。课题是Al珠与芯片、基板的金属化层之间的反应。可以通过在Al表面镀Ni或镀薄的Ni-Au,用Sn来同样地确保Al珠之间及Al珠与镀Ni的芯片之间、镀Ni的基板之间的键合强度。Ni与Sn之间的金属化合物通常为Ni3Sn4,在200℃以上时比Cu-Sn的生长速度快,因此不必担心反应不足的情况。在Cu与Ni同时存在的部位,一部分往往也会形成混合了(NiCu)3Sn4的合金层。可以通过在Sn中加入微量的Ag、Ni、Zn、Ti等,使焊锡与Al珠直接反应,可使Al珠之间的焊接由焊接条件来决定。
对于Au珠也可以采取同样的步骤。Au既柔软又容易形成与Sn的化合物,所以如果除了成本方面外,这是有用的组成。可是,由于富Sn系列中的化合物的熔点低,为了具有280℃以上的熔点,需要形成Sn占55%以下的组成比的AuSn、AuSn2的化合物。因此,需要提高焊接温度,使键合部中的Sn少,从而,在Si芯片侧的金属化层,例如通过设置Cr-Ni-Sn来使Au-Sn、AuSn容易形成。考虑到降低成本,也可以使Cu、Al、Ag等混入Au珠中。
Ag珠同样也是强有力的候选者,可以通过形成高熔点的Ag3Sn化合物,进行在280℃下也不会熔化的焊接。
其次,说明对既硬而熔点又低的Zn-Al系列珠的应用例。从熔点和脆性方面看,由于Zn-Al系列中的Al通常落在3~5%的范围内,为了进一步降低熔点,加入Mg、Ge、Ga等,再加入Sn、In等主要来降低固相线温度。另外,为了确保沾润性和强度,往往也加入Cu、Ag、Ni等。这些金属的熔点为280~360℃的水平。例如,在使用Zn-4Al-2Mg-1Ag-10Sn时,若混合Sn珠来作为焊锡珠,则即使两者成熔融状态,Sn也只是有一部分固溶于Zn-Al系列珠中,而剩余的大部分仍为原来的Sn。另外,此时由于可以使不能固溶于焊锡中的多余的Sn、In等以颗粒的状态良好地分散,使其孤立分散在焊锡中,因此可以期待相同的效果。在Zn-Al系列珠上镀厚的Sn也是使Sn孤立分散的一种方法。
对于Zn-Al系列珠来说,由于焊接时整体熔化,受表面张力的作用,具有其表面形状容易成为自然形状等的特征。另外,Zn-Al系列的表面氧化严重,因此包括预热过程,要在不使其氧化上下工夫。作为箔使用时,可以通过在表面镀Cu(0~0.2μm)-Sn(1μm)取得防止氧化的效果。另外,在Zn-Al系列珠之间存在Sn时,Sn对于温度循环时的变形能起到缓冲材料的作用,但其作用不充分时,可以通过分散并混合微细的镀Sn的塑料珠的橡胶,来进一步提高变形性和耐冲击性,降低杨氏模量,提高耐热疲劳性。
同样,作为既硬而熔点又低的合金系列有Au-Sn系列等,可以采取相同的步骤。
在所使用的Al2O3基板13上形成了W(烧结)-镀Cu(3μm)38(或镀W-Ni)的电极。作为陶瓷基板,另外还有莫来石、玻璃陶瓷、AIN等。若焊接时使用焊剂、或预热阶段能在在惰性气氛中或还原性气氛中使用,则仍可以用Cu电极。
使用的Si芯片8的尺寸为5mm见方,焊锡箔11的尺寸为4mm见方、厚度为0.15mm,但芯片的尺寸不受限制,也可以是大型芯片。
对于后工序的两次回流来说,化合物层可以确保在高温下的强度,对其后的热疲劳,Sn系列焊锡起主要作用,局部弹性耦合的部位对部分应力严重的部位能发挥最大限度的效果(部分耐受不了的部位会受到破坏),与没有弹性耦合时相比会提高寿命。因此,在化合物层中不受被强有力束缚的损伤,一部分化合物在焊锡中形成网状即可。在施加大的应变、应力的芯片周边部,通过在焊接界面形成化合物,不易引起因强固焊接而造成的破坏。而在同为周边部位置的焊锡箔中央,若网络键合少,则施加在最外周部的应力、应变就会施加在箔中央的Sn上,因此可以缓解施加于上下界面部的应力。
首先,通过真空吸引将Al2O3基板13固定在架台上,Si芯片8也通过真空吸引9保持在作为安装夹具的电阻加热器7上。然后通过使电阻加热器7下降等,使Si芯片8隔着焊锡箔11与Al2O3基板13接触,通过加热(最高380℃)、加压(初期2Kgf)保持5秒钟。另外,用于测量温度的热电偶16埋在电阻加热器内与芯片接触的附近,可以控制温度。
另外,焊锡箔11的温度若达到该熔点,则焊锡箔的Sn等瞬间熔化,压力施加在金属珠之间的键合部位,开始熔化。因此,为了防止金属珠之间的键合部位被破坏,在达到设定温度时,使电阻加热器7以对焊锡箔11加压时的位置为起点,从该位置移动到焊锡箔厚度的约10%(最多20%)以下的位置,由此来控制从芯片中焊锡的溢出量。由于焊锡箔的厚度影响热疲劳寿命,通常设定在80~150μm左右。用该焊锡厚度和焊锡箔的尺寸相对于芯片的尺寸来控制破坏量。可是,由于在本方式中包含一半的Cu,且其被连接成网状,有利于热传导,因此即使在200~250μm时,热性能也优于从前。
将Al2O3基板13的预热器15设定为约100℃。由于急剧的温度上升、下降会对接头施加大的应力,预热在缓解热冲击的意义上起着重要的作用。
用电阻加热器进行小片键合时,为了防止焊接时焊锡箔11的氧化,设置了从周围局部吹氮气10的机构。另外,最好对吸附Si芯片8的电阻加热器7的周围也吹氮气10,使键合部的氧纯度始终保持在50~100ppm的水平。
该焊锡箔在氢气炉或氮气等的惰性气氛炉中,以最高270℃左右的温度,可以进行Si芯片等的小片键合、功率组件等的键合。使用加热炉时,对Sn来说最高温度可以从260℃到350℃,但需要在考虑了化合物形成状态的条件后进行选择。
图4示出了利用电阻加热器的小片键合、及利用氢气炉或氮气等惰性气氛炉进行小片键合的具有代表性的键合部的剖面模型。从如此进行了小片键合的芯片的上表面,利用焊丝键合等连接在基板的端子上,既可用管帽将芯片密封,又可用树脂密封,再将小型芯片部件等焊接到基板周围(此时的焊接,也可以将适合于端子的箔事先暂时贴附在芯片部件的电极上,并将此焊接在基板上,或将热压后的部件同时在回流炉内焊接)、从基板的背面引出外部连接端子(通常用Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu等焊锡键合),从而制成组件。
Cu珠2彼此之间、Cu珠与芯片侧的金属化层44(例如Cr-Ni-Au;由于Au太薄,实际上在Cu-Sn-Ni之间形成合金层)、Cu珠与基板侧的金属化层42(例如在Ag-Pd导体上镀Ni;在Cu-Sn-Ni之间形成合金层)各自牢固地形成合金层,确保连接状态。虽然芯片的金属化层的组合有多种,但与焊锡中的Sn反应的大部分是Cu或Ni。主要为了防止氧化,往往在表面层使用Au,但Au颗粒在0.1μm水平以下时可以固溶于Sn中,不会参与合金层的形成。另一方面,基板也是一样,虽然基底有多种,但与Sn的反应层与芯片上的情形一样为Ni或Cu。特殊情况下也有Ag、Ag-Pt、Ag-Pd、Au-Pd等的厚膜导体等。在进行功率芯片的小片键合时,热传导面上若有空洞对特性就有很大影响,所以非常重视无空洞化。使用焊锡膏时,由于焊剂的反应、溶剂的挥发等会产生很多气体,所以焊锡膏适用于气体容易逃逸的接头结构、例如细长的端子、小型Si芯片的小片键合等。所以,在大、中型Si芯片的小片键合中,通常用在惰性气氛中在无焊剂状态下使用焊锡箔的电阻加热器的小片键合,或使用氢气炉或氮气等惰性气体炉的小片键合。另外,在用本发明制作的焊锡箔中,内含的空洞有随Cu粒径的减小而增多的趋势,但在结构上以小于粒径的方式被微细地分散,因此不会有至此看到的大的空洞的损伤,预计对特性的影响很小。使用粒径为3~8μm的Cu颗粒、Sn颗粒时,箔中的焊锡充填率为80%左右(空洞率20%)。从上可知,若将该箔夹在镀Sn的Cu板之间,在氮气氛中用小片键合机进行加压键合,则Cu珠与Cu板之间会牢固地形成Cu6Sn5的金属间化合物,而且多余的Sn会被焊锡内部的微细空间部(空洞)吸收,从而获得良好的键合部。剖面观察结果也证实,焊接后箔的充填率与焊接前相比有了提高。由此可知,为现有课题的空洞问题在本方式中不会有太大的问题。另外,若Cu颗粒的粒径微细化到3μm的水平或其以下,则在焊接温度为300℃以上的高温下进行焊接时或在高温下的保持时间长时,由于Cu与Sn的反应活泼,Cu颗粒的形状受到破坏,Cu-Sn化合物会起到连接的作用,但耐高温强度等的特性本身不会变。当特别想抑制反应时,可以进行Ni/Au的化学镀(在高温下也不容易形成厚的化合物),或使用Ag颗粒等。Cu颗粒为30μm水平的粗大颗粒时,空洞率在3%以下,而且是分散的空洞,因此可以说是不会影响特性的空洞。
可是,用上述实施例中示出的工序制作的焊锡箔可以卷成卷,在包括切断工序在内的后续工序中连续供给。所以,用于需要进行温度分层的部件的封口部、端子连接部的焊接时,可以通过冲压加工、激光加工等将焊锡箔加工成与焊接部相匹配的形状。然后,可以通过用脉冲方式的加压型加热器在氮气氛下将该部件的封口部、端子连接部加热、加压,进行无焊剂的焊接。为了防止预热时的氧化、确保沾润性,最好用镀Sn的焊锡箔。对于间距大、端子数少的部件的焊接等,由于焊锡箔的配置、部件端子的定位、利用脉冲电流的电阻加热电极进行的加压焊接等容易实施,因此焊接容易进行。
图5(a)是BGA、CSP型的芯片载体的剖面图,该芯片制作如下:不使用焊剂,在氮气氛中,利用脉冲加热的电阻加热器,将图5(c)所示的上述焊锡箔39放在芯片8与中继基板36之间进行小片键合后,利用Au的键合焊丝35将芯片上的端子与中继基板36上的端子连接,将箔放在镀Ni的Al等管帽23与中继基板36之间,在氮气氛中用电阻加热器在无焊剂的情况下进行封口。也可以将焊锡箔暂时粘结在被键合体上进行键合。另外,中继基板36由图中未示出的通孔进行上下之间的电连接,即,确保了芯片8与外部连接端子之间的电连接。本结构是通常组件结构的代表例,图中虽未示出,但在中继基板36上可以安装电阻器、电容器等芯片部件。另外,使用大功率的芯片时,从散热效率的角度出发,最好使用导热性好的AIN中继基板。该组件的外部连接端子的焊锡组成为Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu,端子间距大时以珠的形式供给,间距小时用膏形成。另外,也往往直接用Cu端子或镀Ni-Au的端子。此后,将组件安装在印刷基板上,利用Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu焊锡(熔点:217~221℃)膏,与其它部件一起在最高为240℃的温度下进行回流焊接,而如前所述,在该回流温度下,可以确保焊锡箔自身的键合,因此可以在印刷基板上进行可靠性高的焊接。即,安装组件的焊接与印刷基板上的焊接可以实现温度分层焊接。虽然外部连接端子的形状有多种,但都可以通过使用焊锡箔来实现对外部连接端子与印刷基板焊接的温度分层焊接。另外,不言而喻,本结构也可应用于所谓的BGA型半导体器件,该BGA型半导体器件形成如下:用焊锡箔将半导体芯片以小片键合方式焊接在基板上,用焊丝键合将半导体芯片的端子与基板上的端子焊接,在基板的背面形成作为外部连接端子的焊锡珠。此时,芯片的安装面上实施树脂模塑。另外,为了进一步改善焊接部***部的沾润性,利用脉冲加热电阻加热器进行焊接后,还可以在氮气炉或氢气炉等中进行回流,形成良好的接头。
图5(b)是在图5(a)所示的结构中,在氮气氛中,将镀Ni的Al散热片23放置在其上有箔的中继基板43上,用电阻加热器在无焊剂的状态下进行封口的例子。
图5(b)左是用Cu珠、Sn珠制作后用冲压法冲压成的焊锡箔40,图5(b)右是在氮气氛中用脉冲加热的电阻加热器41,将焊锡箔40(左图的B-B’剖面)与镀Ni的Al散热片23加热后密封在中继基板上的端子部(Ni-Au薄镀层42)上的模型剖面图。在图5(b)右的状态下焊接后成为图5(a)的键合部24的形状。该焊锡箔与上述相同,使用了图5(c)所示的焊锡箔。
另外,也可以在氢气等还原性气氛的加热炉中进行无焊剂的回流焊接。另外,如使用可以确保长时间绝缘性的以松香为基础的焊剂时,由于没有腐蚀问题,所以也有可能视产品的情况使用无清洗的回流焊接。
可是,回流焊接的课题的关键在于,使用高熔点金属珠时,为了在焊锡箔的两面容易扩散焊接,使焊锡箔与待焊接的一侧成为接触状态,最好是通过加压使两者接触。因此,最好采用具有暂时粘附工序或加压工序的工艺。例如,可以事先与引线、部件的电极部压接后提供。另外,Zn-Al系列全部是熔化型的,所以不必担心。
图6是用于功率组件焊接的例子。SI芯片8以10mm见方水平的尺寸为对象的情况居多。因此,以往使用柔软的富铅的高温系列焊锡。若是无Pb焊锡,则有Sn-3.5Ag(221℃)、Sn-0.7Cu(227℃)或Sn-5Sb(235℃)。如果考虑Sb有对环境的负荷问题,则现状是只有Sn-3.5Ag、Sn-0.7Cu。由于Zn-Al系列较硬,如果原样使用很可能引起Si芯片出现裂纹。
此时的焊锡不能用作温度分层焊接的高温焊锡,由于发热高,现有的Sn-5Sb等也不能确保可靠性,因此曾一直使用Pb-5Sn系列。由于没有能够替代富Pb焊锡的无铅软焊锡,本发明将成为其替代品。在车辆中很少能够达到230℃水平的状态,作为工艺规格则要求车辆用的焊锡达到230℃的程度。而且还要求能够耐受260℃的回流。在进行260℃的回流时,该复合焊锡中的Sn虽然熔化,但金属间化合物以网络状相连,所以可以确保高温下的强度。另外,对于有机会暴露于220℃水平的高温的车辆来说,为了防止在高温下瞬时局部熔化,通过使用作为Sn系列焊锡的Sn-(5~7)%Sb焊锡(熔点:236~243℃)珠,可使Sn与Cu珠之间的反应、Sn与基板端子(Cu,Ni)之间的发应中Sb浓度在10%以上,可使下限温度提高到高于Sn(232℃)的245℃的水平。因此,即使达到220℃也不用担心局部熔化。另外,在280℃下,本方式的抗剪强度可以确保在1N/mm2以上。
另一方面,Sn-Ag-Cu系列焊锡与Sn-Pb共晶不同,就是说,它的强度高、刚性强、变形性差,会给元件、部件带来不良影响。因此,通过使用具有柔软性的Sn-In系列、Sn-Cu-In系列、Sn-(0~1)Ag-CU、Sn-(0~1)Ag-Cu-In系列等的焊锡,焊锡的熔点虽然稍许下降,下降到200℃的水平,但焊锡本身会适应变形,因此有望用于要求耐冲击性的便携式装置等的安装用的温度分层焊锡。当然,该结构最好形成如下:二次焊接时所需的强度可作为利用化合物与发育成网络状的Cu的连接时的高温强度来确保,特别是,在施加了最大应力、应变的芯片、部件等的最***部的基板的界面部,有望通过形成与Cu珠的化合物以形成阻止界面附近遭到破坏、但在焊锡内部则被破坏的网络。
因此,这里使用Cu珠与Sn珠的焊锡箔。可以将10~30μm的软铜珠与10~30μm的Sn珠按大约1∶1的重量比混合,在真空中或还原气氛中使Sn在Cu珠之间进行塑性流动,再经过压延后制成焊锡箔。或者也可以将3~8μm的软铜珠与3~8μm的Sn珠按大约1∶1的重量比混合,在真空中或还原气氛中使Sn在Cu珠之间进行塑性流动,再经过压延后制成焊锡箔。将该箔切断成所需尺寸,将该焊锡箔安装在:镀Ni的Cu引线51与Si芯片之间;Si芯片8与镀Ni 46的圆Cu板(或圆Mo板)48之间;圆Cu板48与在W金属化层上镀Ni 46的氧化铝绝缘基板50之间;以及上述氧化铝绝缘基板50与电镀了Ni 46的Cu底板49之间,在280℃的氢气炉中一并进行回流焊接。由此,在Cu珠之间、Cu珠与Cu引线之间、Cu珠与芯片之间、Cu珠与镀Ni的铜板之间、Cu珠与镀Ni的氧化铝绝缘基板之间、以及Cu珠与镀Ni的Cu底板之间用Cu与Ni金属间化合物进行键合。以此进行了焊接的焊接件已被耐高温的金属间化合物(在Cu的情况下为Cu6Sn5,在Ni的情况下为Ni3Sn4)连接,因而在260℃(在260℃~280℃也可)下能保持强度,在后工序的回流中不会成为问题。通过对该接头进行温度循环试验、功率循环试验后证实,与迄今为止的富铅焊锡具有同等的寿命。
另外,通过使镀Sn的塑料珠的橡胶分散,可以降低杨氏模量,从而进一步提高耐热冲击性,进行更大型的Si芯片的键合。另外,以利用脉冲加热方式的小片键合机吹氮气,在最高350℃的温度下,加压5秒钟(5~10秒钟也可)的键合方式也可以进行安装。另外,可以利用脉冲加热方式进行暂时粘附,在界面上切实地进行了接触后,在氢气炉中一并进行回流,由此来确保***部分的沾润和键合界面的焊接。另外,在芯片周边部最好形成光滑的倒角,所以也可以在焊锡箔的***部设置只有Sn的层。
使用在Zn-Al系列(Zn-Al-Mg、Zn-Al-Ge、Zn-Al-Mg-Ge、Zn-Al-Mg-Ga等)焊锡珠中分散混入Sn、In等珠以代替Cu珠、进而使用分散混入镀Sn的塑料珠的橡胶的压延箔,结果同样可以获得耐温度循环性、缓解耐冲击性、确保高可靠性。如果只用Zn-Al系列焊锡,则由于较硬(Hv约为120~160)、刚性高,所以担心大型Si芯片容易受到损坏。因此,通过部分地在珠的周边设置柔软的低温的Sn层、In层,并将橡胶分散在珠的周围,可以使其有效地变形,从而降低刚性,提高可靠性。
另外,通过在热膨胀系数低的充填物(SiO2、AIN、殷钢合金等)中混入镀Ni、镀Ni-Au的颗粒,可以使热膨胀系数接近于Si等,使作用应力减小,从而可以期待延长寿命。
图7示出将用于便携式电话等的信号处理用的高频RF(RadioFrequency)组件安装在印刷基板上的例子。
在这种形态中,通常将元件的背面键合在导热性优良的中继基板上,用焊丝键合法引到中继基板的端子部。多数例子为:R、C等芯片部件被配置在几个芯片上及其周围,形成MCM(多芯片组件)。现有的HIC(混合IC)、功率MOSIC等是有代表性的例子。作为组件基板的材料有:Si薄膜基板、低热膨胀系数且高热传导的AIN基板、低热膨胀系数的玻璃陶瓷基板、热膨胀系数接近于GaAs的Al2O3基板、高耐热性且提高了导热性的殷钢合金等的金属芯有机基板等。
图7(a)是在Si组件基板29上安装Si芯片8的例子。在Si组件基板29上可以用薄膜来形成R、C等,因而可以进行高密度的安装,只有Si芯片8主要作为倒装芯片而被安装。对印刷基板22的安装通过QFP-LSI型的软Cu系列引线20来进行。引线20与Si组件基板29之间的焊接利用本案的切断了的焊锡箔17,经加压、加热来进行。然后,用硅酮等的软树脂19最终进行保护和增强。用Sn-3Ag(熔点:221℃)构成Si芯片的焊锡凸点18后连接在中继基板29上。用Sn-Ag-Cu系列无Pb焊锡21焊接到印刷基板22上。焊锡凸点18即使在Sn-Ag-Cu系列无Pb焊锡21回流时被再次熔化,在安装到印刷基板22上时Si芯片8也会由于自身的重量而几乎保持不变,且由于是Si-Si的焊接,不会有应力的负担,可靠性没有问题。在结束对印刷基板22的安装后,也可以在Si芯片8上包一层用于保护的硅胶12等。
作为另外一种方法,可以用Au珠凸点来替代Si芯片8的焊锡凸点18,对在中继基板29上形成的端子镀Sn,通过热压接获得Au-Sn键合,在对印刷基板22进行安装时,在250℃的回流温度下不会熔化,因此可以进行温度分层焊接,成为能够充分耐受回流的键合。
如前所述,在用焊锡箔17焊接时,用在Cu等金属珠之间形成的金属间化合物来保护键合,在对印刷基板22进行安装时,在250℃的回流温度下也能确保强度。由此可以实现迄今为止是重大课题的进行温度分层的无铅焊接。
另外,用AIN基板、玻璃陶瓷基板、Al2O3基板等的厚膜基板来替代Si基板时,在制作功能元件方面需要安装R、C等芯片部件。另外,也有通过对厚膜膏进行激光微调以形成R、C的方法。用厚膜膏形成R、C时,可以采取与上述Si基板相同的安装方式。
图7(b)是将使用了GaAs芯片8和导热性、机械特性优良的Al2O3组件基板29的组件绝缘密封在带有Al散热片23的盒中的情形。由于GaAs与Al2O3的热膨胀系数接近,倒装芯片安装在可靠性方面没有问题。在这些芯片部件的端子焊接中,只要端子面积在0.6mm见方以上,就可以将厚度t为0.05~0.10的焊锡箔暂时粘附在端子数少的元件、芯片部件上,或基板侧的端子上,在氮气氛中用电阻加热器个别地进行加压焊接,或者在还原性气氛中或惰性气氛中回流进行焊接。另外,可以使用厚度t为0.15~0.25的焊锡箔。在此没有示出对应于大功率输出的情形,但作为芯片安装法,通常是利用本案的箔(芯片背面8)进行小片键合、将端子进行焊丝键合的方法。
焊接Al散热片时,使用其形状能将散热片周围裹住的箔,在氮气氛中用电阻加热器进行加压焊接。图7(c)的左侧为端子焊接的例子,右侧为Al散热片23的例子,两者都是将该焊锡箔27夹在组件基板的端子28与散热片连接部的端子之间进行焊接。此时,可以事先将箔暂时粘附在基板或散热片上。在Al的情形中,可对端子部镀Ni等。
图7(d)是安装在殷钢合金等的C的有机基板32上的阶段模型。对于发热芯片来说,如使用热膨胀系数低且耐热性好的金属芯聚亚胺树脂等有机基板、适用于高密度安装的复合基板等,就可以直接安装GaAs芯片。在高发热芯片的情形中,也可以设置虚设的端子,使热直接传到金属上。
另外,虽然作为本案的元件的实施例提出了RF组件,但对于用作各种移动通信机的带通滤波器的SAW(弹性表面波)元件结构、PA(高频功率放大器)组件、其它组件、元件等同样可以应用。另外,作为产品领域,不限于便携式电话、笔记本个人计算机等,在迎接数字化时代的到来中,包括可以用于新家电产品的组件安装件。
图8是将对RF组件安装的应用更加具体化的情形。图8(a)是模型的剖面图,图8(b)是透过部件23俯视得到的平面图模型。在实际结构中,为了使产生电波的约2mm见方的芯片8的几个MOSFET元件适应于多频带化,用面朝上的焊接来安装,再在周边利用R,C芯片部件52等形成能高效地产生电波的高频电路。芯片部件也进行了小型化,使用1005等,组件的纵横尺寸也可以设在7×14左右,进行高密度的安装。在此,只考虑了焊锡的功能面,因此,作为代表示出了安装1个元件、一个芯片部件的模型例子。另外,如以后所述,芯片8、芯片部件52被焊接在Al2O3基板13上。芯片8的端子通过焊丝键合连接在Al2O3基板13具有的电极上,再通过通孔59、厚膜导体61与作为基板背面的外部连接部的厚膜电极60电连接。图中虽未示出,基板所具有的与芯片及芯片部件相连的电极62与通孔59之间由布线电连接。覆盖组件整体的部件(Al散热片)23与Al2O3基板13通过铆接连接。另外,本组件通过与对印刷基板等成为外部连接部的厚膜电极60的焊接来安装,需要温度分层焊接。
图9是以使用了图8所示结构中的焊锡箔进行Si(或GaAs)芯片的小片键合为前提的四道工艺的流程图。(1)、(2)的工艺是对1005等小型的R、C芯片部件从操作性来选择现有的Ag膏的方式,(1)是基板表面在清洁的状态下不用焊剂,在氮气氛中利用焊锡箔进行短时间的小片键合后,进行焊丝键合,然后利用Ag膏焊接芯片部件的方式。(2)是事先用Ag膏焊接芯片部件的方式,若为了使树脂固化而使用加热炉,则基板表面受到污染,有可能影响到后工序的焊丝键合,因此这时应进行清洗后再进行焊丝键合。(3)同样是为了确保高温侧的温度分层性,其键合原理与焊锡箔相同,但对小型芯片的部件供给操作性优良的金属珠与焊锡珠的混合膏的方式,混合膏既可以用印刷供给,又可以用调配器供给。在回流后进行清洗,由于大功率输出的Si芯片极其需要无空洞化,所以用适用于无空洞化的焊锡箔进行小片键合,最后进行焊丝键合。另外,如果在(3)的工序中先进行小片键合、焊丝键合,也可以省去焊剂的清洗工序。(4)是先进行小片键合、焊丝键合的方式,在后工序中有两种方式。一种方式是在后工序中在氮气氛中在无焊剂的状态下将芯片部件逐一进行焊接的方式。这种方式的缺点是费时。另一种方式是在(4)所示的工艺中,先利用焊剂将芯片部件暂时粘附后用回流一并焊接的方式。具体地说,小片键合、焊丝键合后,将例如由Cu珠与Sn珠构成、表面镀了约1μm的Sn(在几乎所有情形中芯片部件上需事先镀Ni,而此时不需镀Sn)的复合焊锡箔切成断大致与电极相同的尺寸后,通过加压加热(也可以使用助焊剂)将其暂时固定在电极部上,最好通过热压接将暂时固定了的该部件暂时固定在Al2O3基板上的镀W-Ni-Au的电极部上,使之达到焊锡产生塑性形变的程度。另外,不言而喻,若在氮气氛下利用脉冲电阻加热器在300~350℃下将各部件逐一地加压5秒钟,则会可靠地形成用来提供连接的金属间化合物,在260℃以上的高温下也能确保强度。然后,若通过回流炉(最高270~320℃),则压接的部分与Cu、Ni一起被金属层连接。该连接无需是完全的连接,只要在某处连接即可,即使强度小,在高温下也不会有问题。
小型芯片部件不会有元件般的高温,但在长期使用时以及Ag膏的劣化成为问题时,可以通过使用本发明的结构要素的焊锡来确保高可靠性。课题是可靠地用热压接逐一固定小型芯片部件,该课题很费时。
图8(c)是将上述的组件锡焊在印刷基板22上的例子,除了组件外还锡焊了电子部件52和BGA型的半导体器件。半导体器件被形成如下:将半导体芯片8放在中继基板43上,利用上述的焊锡箔,在面朝上的状态下进行焊接;利用焊丝键合35将半导体芯片的端子与中继基板43具有的端子进行焊接;用树脂58将其周围密封。另外,在中继基板43的下侧形成了焊锡珠凸点21。例如,将Sn-2.5Ag-0.5Cu的焊锡用来形成焊锡珠凸点21。另外,焊锡珠30最好用Sn-(1~2.5)Ag-0.5Cu,例如可以用Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu,另外,电子部件也被锡焊在该背面,是所谓的两面安装的例子。
作为安装的一种形态,首先,在印刷基板上的电极部分印刷例如Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu的焊锡(熔点:217~221℃)膏。然后,为了从电子部件54的安装面侧开始进行锡焊,首先安装电子部件50,在最高为240℃的温度下通过回流焊接来实现。其次,安装电子部件、组件、半导体器件,在最高为240℃的温度下通过回流焊接来实现两面安装。这样,通常先将具有耐热性的轻部件进行回流,之后再焊接没有耐热性的重部件。在之后进行回流焊接时,理想情况是,最初焊接一侧的焊锡不再熔化。
如前所述,此时,在对印刷基板进行安装时的回流温度下,组件内的用于焊接的焊锡箔本身的键合可以确保,因此,可以将组件及半导体器件高可靠性地焊接在印刷基板上。即,可以实现半导体器件及组件内的焊接和印刷基板上的焊接的温度分层焊接。另外,印刷基板的两面使用相同的焊锡进行了焊接,但对于作为电子部件54的1005等重量轻的小型部件来说,在进行电子部件、组件、半导体器件的回流焊接时,即使焊锡熔化,也由于自身轻,表面张力的作用大于重力,从而不会脱落。因此,在考虑到最坏的情况时,即使与基板的端子之间没有形成金属间化合物,仅用Sn连接时也不会有问题。另外,对在组件内安装的小型部件来说,考虑到生产率时,希望使用混合了Cu、Sn的焊锡膏的组合优于暂时固定混合了Cu、Sn的焊锡箔的方式。
其次,示出对电动机驱动IC等大功率输出的芯片的树脂封装的应用例。图10(a)是将引线框架65与散热板64粘接后铆接的平面图,铆接部位63有两处。图10(b)是封装的剖面图,图10(c)是其局部放大图。从3W级的发热芯片8产生的热量通过焊锡47传递到头部的散热板(热膨胀系数低的Cu系列复合材料)64中。引线材料例如用42合金系列材料构成。
图11是封装的工序图。首先将引线框架与散热板铆接。然后,在铆接了的散热板64上隔着焊锡、挡堤57以小片键合焊接半导体芯片8。然后,如图所示,用引线56与金丝35等将小片键合焊接后的半导体芯片8进行焊丝键合。然后,在进行树脂模塑、切断挡堤之后镀Sn系列焊锡。然后,引线被切断成形并进行散热板的切断以完成外形。Si芯片8的背面的电极只要是Cr-Ni-Au、Cr-Cu-Au、Ti-Pt-Au、Ti-Ni-Au等通常使用的金属化层即可。在富Au的情况下,也只要形成高熔点Au-Sn的富Au侧的化合物即可。芯片的小片键合利用脉冲式电阻加热器,在吹氮气、初期加压2Kgf、350℃的条件下进行了5秒钟。焊锡厚度的控制设置在从初期加压时的位置(70μm膜厚)下降了10μm的位置处,形成在机构上确保膜厚的***,以提高耐热疲劳性。除了上述方法之外,还在初期加压1Kgf、350℃的条件下进行了5~10秒钟。焊锡厚度的控制被设置在从初期加压时的位置(150μm膜厚)下降了10μm的位置处,结果也一样。由于是大功率输出的芯片,降低空洞率很重要,达到了5%以下的目标。由于Cu珠在分散均匀的状态下被包含在该焊锡内,从结构上很难产生大的空洞。对于严峻的热疲劳性来说,Sn、Sn系列焊锡本身的耐热疲劳性就很优良,且变形性也优良。另外,由于金属间化合物以网络状形成于Cu颗粒之间、Cu颗粒与电极之间,在260℃以上的高温下也能确保强度。若Cu颗粒之间等的键合过强(在Cu颗粒之间等的边界处合金层形成面很多),则由于受束缚而失去自由度,成为很强的弹性体键合,对元件等不利。必须存在适度的键合。尤其是在芯片的周边,若使用现有的焊锡,在应力集中的键合界面附近就会受到破坏,而在焊锡内部则不易引起破坏。在本方式中,由于焊接界面与Cu珠之间发生反应,不易引起界面破坏,而在焊锡内部则可以形成能破损的网络。小片键合、焊丝键合后,进行树脂模塑,切断挡堤、在引线上镀2~8μm的Sn-Bi、Sn-Ag、Sn-Cu系列的无铅焊锡。然后,引线被切断成形并切除多余部分的散热板,以完成外形。
图12是应用于通常的塑料封装的例子。用导电膏67将Si芯片的背面粘接在42合金的接头66上。元件通过焊丝键合35连接在引线56上,用树脂58进行模塑。然后,对引线施以对应于无铅化的Sn-Bi系列的镀层。以往,对于印刷基板的安装,可以使用熔点为183℃的Sn-37Pb共晶焊锡,因此可以进行最高温度为220℃的回流焊接。如果符合无铅化的要求,就要用Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu(熔点:217~221℃)进行回流焊接,从而最高温度为240℃,比现有最高温度高出20℃。因此,可以设想,在Si芯片8与42合金的接头66的焊接中,若使用现有的耐热性导电膏或粘结剂,则在高温下粘结力会减小,其后的可靠性将受到影响。因此,通过使用该焊锡箔来替代导电膏,在最高温度为270~350℃的高温下确保强度,从而可以进行无铅焊锡的温度分层焊接。这种对塑料封装的应用可以适用于所有将Si芯片与接头焊接的塑料封装结构。从结构上讲,有鸥翼型、平台型、J-引线型、对接引线型、无引线型。
图13是形成复合焊锡箔前的阶段的模型结构的一例。将镀了3~15μm水平的Sn的Cu等金属纤维69(在高温下成形、压延时,为了抑制Cu与Sn的反应,可以进行Ni/Au等的表面处理)排成一列,在其上放置将Sn等焊锡珠与镀Sn的铜等金属珠以适当比例(约50%)混合的混合物,通过成形、压延,加工成150~250μm水平的箔。其中,还可以加入用于降低杨氏模量的镀Sn的耐热性塑料珠数、或作为金属珠的一部分的镀Cu/Sn的热膨胀系数低的二氧化硅、殷钢合金等。在成形、压延的阶段中,柔软的焊锡珠进入金属珠、金属纤维之间的间隙,形成‘海岛结构’中的海的形状。金属纤维的直径不限于上述3~15μm,金属纤维在中央部成为核,在与被焊接体的焊接界面上,金属珠起主要作用。在连续压延等工序中,使金属纤维的方向与压延方向一致,可以使作业容易进行。另外,可以使用在其上镀Cu(或Cu/焊锡)的可成为更细的丝并且膨胀系数低的碳纤维,此外还可以使用在其上镀Ni/Au、Ni/焊锡、Cu(或Cu/焊锡)等的陶瓷、玻璃、殷钢合金等的纤维,以代替金属纤维。
图13是将成为箔的核的金属纤维排成一列的例子,图14是排成交叉形状(角度自由)的例子,形成了稳定的结构。在交叉的金属纤维的间隙中放入了将Sn等焊锡珠和镀Sn铜等金属珠以适当比例(约50%)混合的混合物,其应用与图13相同。
图15是使用网络状金属纤维71的箔的剖面,将向里延伸的金属网络剖面以标记“X”70表示。图15(a)是由金属网络与焊锡构成的箔。要减小金属网络的网孔是有限制的,现在市售品的最小网孔为325目,通过的粒径大至44μm,且形成网络的线径也粗,使键合界面处的接触面积减小(化合物形成区域),确保高温下的强度是一个课题。在图15(b)中示出了在金属网络70、71的间隙内充填将Sn等焊锡珠和镀Sn的铜等金属珠2以适当比例(约50%)混合的混合物而制成的箔的剖面。成为焊锡72进入了间隙中的结构。需要确保在高温下的强度时,以稍高的比例加入Cu珠,将重点放在与被焊接体的界面上的化合物的形成上,重视接头的热疲劳时,以稍高的比例加入焊锡,使将重点放在焊锡的耐热疲劳性上的控制成为可能。另外,充填的金属珠也不限于珠,后述的纤维等也很好。金属珠与焊锡的配比与金属的形状、接触状态等有关,可能有很大的差异。
图16是像制纸那样将细长的金属纤维73随机铺平后作为骨架,在其两侧充填了将Sn等焊锡珠68和镀Sn的铜等金属珠2以适当地配比(约50%)混合的混合物的状态模型。图16(a)是平面图,图16(b)是剖面图。
图17表示可以用长条形金属纤维或镀Cu(或Cu/焊锡)的可得到低膨胀系数的碳纤维、此外还可以用镀Ni/Au、Ni/焊锡、Cu(或Cu/焊锡)的陶瓷、玻璃、殷钢合金等的长条形纤维来替代金属珠。通过形成长条形纤维可以大幅度地增加焊锡的配合量。另外,可以通过将金属珠混入间隙中,强化化合物形成的网络。该结构只受到金属珠束缚,成为刚体结构,但通过如此分散长条形纤维,可预期获得富于变形性与弹性的结构,认为可获得小片键合时或对热疲劳的优良性能。箔的厚度取200μm时,长条的长度最好在1/10以下。作为一例,直径最好在1~5μm、长度最好在5~15μm水平的范围内。
工业上利用的可能性
根据本发明,可以提供用全新的方法焊接的电子器件和半导体器件。尤其可以实现温度分层焊接的高温侧的锡焊。
另外,可以提供新的焊锡箔,在工业上具有很高的利用性。

Claims (85)

1.一种焊锡箔,其特征在于:
将含有金属颗粒和焊锡颗粒的材料压延后形成。
2.如权利要求1所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
金属颗粒为Cu颗粒,焊锡颗粒为Sn颗粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
所述焊锡箔对含有Cu和Sn的焊锡施加压力形成而得到,Cu以颗粒状态存在,Sn以掩埋该Cu颗粒之间的状态存在。
4.如权利要求2所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
若使该焊锡箔回流,则Cu颗粒表面的至少一部分被Cu6Sn5覆盖。
5.如权利要求2所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
若使该焊锡箔回流,则Cu颗粒与塑性变形后的Sn被含有Cu6Sn5的化合物键合。
6.如权利要求2至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
Cu颗粒的粒径为10~40μm。
7.如权利要求2至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
Cu颗粒的粒径为3~10μm。
8.如权利要求2至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
上述Cu颗粒的表面具有Ni镀层或Ni/Au镀层。
9.如权利要求2至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
对该箔中至少Cu露出的部分镀Sn。
10.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
该焊锡箔的厚度为80μm~150μm。
11.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
该焊锡箔的厚度为150μm~250μm。
12.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
具有塑料颗粒。
13.如权利要求2或3所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
具有热膨胀系数小于上述Cu的其它颗粒。
14.如权利要求2或3所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
热膨胀系数小于上述Cu的其它颗粒为殷钢合金、二氧化硅、氧化铝、AIN、SiC的颗粒。
15.如权利要求2或3所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
还具有In颗粒。
16.如权利要求2或3所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
在真空中、还原性气氛中或惰性气氛中将Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒混合后,通过施加压力制成箔状。
17.如权利要求2或3所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
压延率为15%~20%。
18.一种焊锡箔,其特征在于:
将含有金属纤维和焊锡颗粒的材料压延后形成。
19.如权利要求18所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
金属纤维为Cu纤维,焊锡颗粒为Sn颗粒。
20.如权利要求19所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
在该焊锡材料中该Cu金属纤维为长条形。
21.一种焊锡箔,其特征在于:
将含有Al、Au、Ag颗粒中的任一种和Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成。
22.如权利要求21所述的焊锡箔,其特征在于:
Al、Au、Ag中的任一种颗粒为Zn-Al系列合金颗粒、Au-Sn系列合金颗粒。
23.一种电子器件,它具有第一电子器件、第二电子器件和第三电子器件,其特征在于:
该第一电子器件与该第二电子器件用权利要求1至22中任一项所述的第一焊锡箔焊接;该第二电子器件与该第三电子器件用熔点低于该第一焊锡的第二焊锡焊接。
24.一种电子器件,其特征在于:
第一电子器件与第二电子器件用将含有Cu颗粒和Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延而形成的焊锡箔焊接;
该第二电子器件与第三电子器件用熔点低于该焊锡箔的焊锡焊接。
25.一种半导体器件,具有半导体芯片、配置该半导体芯片的接头和作为与外部连接的连接端子的引线,该半导体芯片具有的电极与该引线通过引线接合来连接,其特征在于:
该半导体芯片与该接头用混合了金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的焊锡箔焊接。
26.如权利要求25所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述焊锡箔是将混合了金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的材料压延而形成的焊锡箔。
27.如权利要求25所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述焊锡箔是将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延后形成的焊锡箔。
28.一种电子器件,具有电路基板和半导体芯片,该电路基板具有的电极与该半导体芯片具有的电极用引线接合来连接,其特征在于:
该电路基板与该半导体芯片用混合了金属颗粒与焊锡颗粒的焊锡箔焊接。
29.如权利要求28所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
焊锡箔是将含有Cu颗粒与Sn颗粒的焊锡材料压延而形成的焊锡箔。
30.一种电子器件,它具有第一电子部件、第二电子部件和第三电子部件,其特征在于:
上述第一电子部件与上述第二电子部件,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接,
上述第二电子部件与上述第三电子部件,采用具有与上述第一焊锡不同熔点的第二焊锡连接。
31.如权利要求30所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的焊锡颗粒为Sn系列焊锡。
32.如权利要求31所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述Sn系列焊锡为Sn。
33.一种电子器件,它具有第一电子部件、第二电子部件和第三电子部件,其特征在于:
上述第一电子部件与上述第二电子部件,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接,
上述第二电子部件与上述第三电子部件,采用具有与上述第一焊锡不同熔点的第二焊锡连接。
34.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Cu。
35.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Al、Au、Ag、Zn-Al系列焊锡、Au-20Sn、Au-(50~55)Sn中的任一种颗粒。
36.如权利要求34所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述金属间化合物是含有Cu6Sn5的化合物。
37.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为10μm~40μm。
38.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为3μm~10μm。
39.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为80μm~150μm。
40.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为150μm~250μm。
41.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有塑料颗粒。
42.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有热膨胀系数小于上述金属颗粒的其它颗粒。
43.如权利要求42所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述其它颗粒包括SiO2、AlN、殷钢中的任一种。
44.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒为球形、棒形、针形、角形、树枝形中的任一种形状或者将这些组合的形状。
45.如权利要求30至33中任一项所述的电子器件,其特征在于:
上述第二焊锡为Sn-Ag-Cu系列焊锡、Sn-Ag系列焊锡、Sn-Cu系列焊锡中的任一种焊锡。
46.一种半导体器件,具有半导体芯片、配置上述半导体芯片的接头、作为与外部连接的连接端子的引线、以及将上述半导体芯片的电极和上述引线电连接的导线,其特征在于:
上述半导体芯片与上述接头,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
47.如权利要求46所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的焊锡颗粒为Sn系列焊锡。
48.如权利要求47所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述Sn系列焊锡为Sn。
49.一种半导体器件,具有半导体芯片、配置上述半导体芯片的接头、作为与外部连接的连接端子的引线、以及将上述半导体芯片的电极和上述引线电连接的导线,其特征在于:
上述半导体芯片与上述接头,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
50.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Cu。
51.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Al、Au、Ag、Zn-Al系列焊锡、Au-20Sn、Au-(50~55)Sn中的任一种颗粒。
52.如权利要求50所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述金属间化合物是含有Cu6Sn5的化合物。
53.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为10μm~40μm。
54.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为3μm~10μm。
55.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为80μm~150μm。
56.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为150μm~250μm。
57.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有塑料颗粒。
58.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有热膨胀系数小于上述金属颗粒的其它颗粒。
59.如权利要求58所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述其它颗粒包括SiO2、AlN、殷钢中的任一种。
60.如权利要求46至49中任一项所述的半导体器件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒为球形、棒形、针形、角形、树枝形中的任一种形状或者将这些组合的形状。
61.一种半导体组件,具有基板和安装在上述基板上的半导体芯片,其特征在于:
上述基板与上述半导体芯片,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
62.一种半导体组件,具有基板和安装在上述基板上的芯片部件,其特征在于:
上述基板与上述芯片部件,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
63.如权利要求62所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的焊锡颗粒为Sn系列焊锡。
64.如权利要求63所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述Sn系列焊锡为Sn。
65.一种半导体组件,具有基板和安装在上述基板上的半导体芯片,其特征在于:
上述基板与上述半导体芯片,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
66.一种半导体组件,具有基板和安装在上述基板上的芯片部件,其特征在于:
上述基板与上述芯片部件,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
67.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述半导体组件为RF组件。
68.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述半导体组件为SAW元件、PA组件中的一种。
69.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Cu。
70.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡中的金属颗粒为Al、Au、Ag、Zn-Al系列焊锡、Au-20Sn、Au-(50~55)Sn中的任一种颗粒。
71.如权利要求69所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述金属间化合物是含有Cu6Sn5的化合物。
72.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为10μm~40μm。
73.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒的粒径为3μm~10μm。
74.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为80μm~150μm。
75.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述第一焊锡的厚度为150μm~250μm。
76.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有塑料颗粒。
77.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
进一步地上述第一焊锡具有热膨胀系数小于上述金属颗粒的其它颗粒。
78.如权利要求77所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述其它颗粒包括SiO2、AlN、殷钢中的任一种。
79.如权利要求61至66中任一项所述的半导体组件,其特征在于:
上述金属颗粒为球形、棒形、针形、角形、树枝形中的任一种形状或者将这些组合的形状。
80.一种功率组件,具有引线、与上述引线连接的芯片、以及与上述芯片连接的基座,其特征在于:
上述引线与上述芯片以及上述芯片与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
81.一种功率组件,具有引线、与上述引线连接的芯片、以及与上述芯片连接的基座,其特征在于:
上述引线与上述芯片以及上述芯片与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
82.如权利要求80或81所述的功率组件,其特征在于:
在上述芯片与上述基座之间还具有圆板,
上述芯片与上述圆板以及上述圆板与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
83.如权利要求80或81所述的功率组件,其特征在于:
在上述芯片与上述基座之间还具有圆板,
上述芯片与上述圆板以及上述圆板与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有Sn镀层的多个金属颗粒施加压力使上述Sn塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的Sn掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的Sn熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
84.如权利要求82所述的功率组件,其特征在于:
在上述圆板与上述基座之间还具有绝缘基板,
上述圆板与上述绝缘基板以及上述绝缘基板与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
85.如权利要求83所述的功率组件,其特征在于:
在上述圆板与上述基座之间还具有绝缘基板,
上述圆板与上述绝缘基板以及上述绝缘基板与上述基座,通过采用第一焊锡进行锡焊,其中上述第一焊锡处于通过对具有多个金属颗粒和多个焊锡颗粒的焊锡材料施加压力使上述焊锡颗粒塑性变形并用上述塑性变形的焊锡掩埋上述金属颗粒之间的空隙的状态,由在上述第一焊锡的锡焊温度下不熔化的上述金属颗粒和通过上述塑性变形的焊锡熔融后与上述金属颗粒进行反应而形成且在上述第一锡焊温度下不熔化的金属间化合物连接。
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