CN117296651A - Method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping - Google Patents
Method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping Download PDFInfo
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- CN117296651A CN117296651A CN202311600597.9A CN202311600597A CN117296651A CN 117296651 A CN117296651 A CN 117296651A CN 202311600597 A CN202311600597 A CN 202311600597A CN 117296651 A CN117296651 A CN 117296651A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for restoring soil by jackfruit intercropping, which comprises the steps of fixedly planting jackfruit in 6 months of the current year, planting intercropping crops in 1 month of the next year, wherein the intercropping crops are flat-held peanuts, hard skin beans or pumpkins, the seedlings of the flat-held peanuts are planted in 800 plants/mu, and the hard skin beans and the pumpkins are planted in 800 grains/mu. The invention has the advantages that: 3 crops including pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin bean are intercropped with jackfruit, so that the soil fertility can be improved, the soil acidity can be reduced, the relative abundance of beneficial dominant soil flora can be increased, the microbial community structure can be optimized, the method has an important effect on improving the disease resistance and the yield quality of jackfruit, scientific basis is provided for researching the high-quality cultivation technology of jackfruit in future, and meanwhile healthy development of jackfruit industry is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil remediation, in particular to a method for remedying soil by jackfruit intercropping.
Background
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylus lam.) belongs to the genus of Porrow of Moraceae, is a famous tropical fruit in the world, has edible, medicinal and ornamental values, can be eaten fresh or processed, and is rich in starch and can be boiled; the sap and the leaves are medicinal, and have the effects of detumescence and detoxification; the tree body can be used for making furniture and timber, and is also a beautiful court tree and a beautiful street tree. Jackfruit is native in India, is cultivated in Hainan, guangdong, guangxi and Yunnan (south) of China, and is planted in large scale in the beginning of the 20 th century, but the planting mode is single. The intercropping of the orchard is an efficient cultivation mode, and the feedback regulation rule of fruit trees, soil and microorganisms is used as a main research hot spot, and soil microbial communities can be regulated by planting different kinds of intercropping, so that the aims of improving the soil environment of the orchard, improving the land utilization rate, improving ecological and economic benefits and the like are achieved. Fruit trees with high economic value such as jackfruit, coconut, mango, citrus and orange are planted in a jackfruit garden abroad, short-term economic crops such as peanuts, yellow ginger, bananas and pineapples are planted in a row in some jackfruit gardens in domestic production investigation, and a small amount of reports about jackfruit, pepper interplanting, peanut interplanting and the like are found. Studies show that the jackfruit garden inter-planted crops can increase the activity of soil nitrogen fixation enzymes, but the study of the intercropping on the soil nutrients and the soil microbial community structure of the jackfruit garden has not been reported.
Jackfruit is a deep root plant, the root system has the growth habit of afraid of insolation and water immersion, pumpkin, panda peanut and hard skin beans are shallow root plants, the three crops are selected to avoid competition among root ecological niches, and also have the effects of shading, blocking sun, retaining water, retaining fertilizer and inhibiting weed growth so as to avoid or reduce herbicide application, wherein the panda peanut and the hard skin beans also have nitrogen fixation effect for leguminous crops, and the pumpkin is planted in a short-growing period to realize healthy development of jackfruit industry and ecological and economic benefit win-win targets. In conclusion, the study is to compare the single cropping mode and before the intercropping by intercropping jackfruit, pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin beans, study the change condition of soil nutrients, soil microbial community structure and diversity, clarify the correlation between the soil microbial community structure and diversity and soil nutrients, and provide early theoretical basis and technical support for jackfruit interplanting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and provides a method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping, which can repair the soil by intercropping, thereby reducing the damage of jackfruit planting to the soil.
The invention relates to a method for restoring soil by jackfruit intercropping, which is characterized in that jackfruit is planted in the field of 6 months in the current year, and intercropping crops are planted in 1 month in the next year, wherein the intercropping crops are flat-held peanuts, hard skin beans or pumpkins, seedlings of the flat-held peanuts are planted in 800 plants/mu, and the hard skin beans and pumpkins are planted in 800 plants/mu.
Further, the jackfruit variety is Qiongzhen No. 8, and flowers and fruits come out 1.5 years after planting.
Further, the variety of the Pingtou peanut is No. 12 which is hot ground, the variety can keep evergreen all the year round, can bloom after 3 to 4 weeks after emergence, and can form embryo bolts to be obliquely inserted into soil for pod bearing after bloom.
Further, the hard skin beans are the lentils in the cliff, the pods are ripe in 1-2 months after planting, the plants are mowed and paved on jackfruit garden after withering and wilting, a small amount of soil is covered for airing, and the plants can germinate and grow after rainy seasons.
Further, the pumpkin variety is honey, can be harvested after 3 months of field planting, and is timely reseeded when the seedlings are missing.
Further, the elevation planting elevation of jackfruit and the intercropping plant is 10-30m, the intercropping plant belongs to a tropical monsoon humid climate, the annual average air temperature is 17+/-5 ℃, the annual average rainfall is 1500-1800 mm, the annual average sunlight is 2000-2600 h, and the annual average radiation is 50208 kJ/m2.
Further, fertilizer and water management is carried out uniformly, and the compound fertilizer is applied to each month by 11.25 per mu kg per mu, and the fish protein fertilizer is applied to each month by 7.5 per mu kg per mu.
Further, the method also comprises the steps of taking jackfruit list as a control, setting 3 intercropping modes of jackfruit-flat-held peanuts, jackfruit-hard beans and jackfruit-pumpkin, repeating 3 times of each single or each intercropping mode, collecting a soil sample before the single or each intercropping mode, collecting a soil sample after the single or each intercropping mode, and detecting and comparing a basic soil sample before the intercropping mode and a soil sample after the intercropping mode.
The invention has the advantages that: 3 crops including pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin bean are intercropped with jackfruit, so that the soil fertility can be improved, the soil acidity can be reduced, the relative abundance of beneficial dominant soil flora can be increased, the microbial community structure can be optimized, the method has an important effect on improving the disease resistance and the yield quality of jackfruit, scientific basis is provided for researching the high-quality cultivation technology of jackfruit in future, and meanwhile healthy development of jackfruit industry is promoted.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a graph of environmental factor and microbial flora RDA analysis (bacteria).
FIG. 2 is a graph of environmental factor and microbial flora RDA analysis (fungi).
Fig. 3 is a jack height bar graph.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
1. Materials and methods
1.1 Test material
The jackfruit variety to be tested is Qiongtian No. 8, and is planted in 2021 and 6 months, and the planting specification is 5 m multiplied by 4 m. The intercropping plants are planted in 2022 month 1, the flat-held peanut variety is hot ground No. 12, the hard skin bean variety is cliff hyacinth bean, the pumpkin variety is honey, the flat-held peanut seedlings are planted in 800 plants/mu, the hard skin bean and pumpkin are planted in 800 plants/mu, and the flat-held peanut seedlings are planted in jackfruit garden in a full-coverage mode. The perennial peanut can keep evergreen all the year round, can bloom after 3 to 4 weeks after emergence of seedlings, and can form embryo bolts to be obliquely inserted into soil for pod bearing after bloom; the pod is ripe in 1-2 months of the next year after the hard skin beans are planted, the plants are mowed and paved on jackfruit garden after withering and wilting, a small amount of soil is covered for airing, and the plants can germinate and grow after rainy season; the pumpkin can be harvested after 3 months of field planting, and the seeds can be timely reseeded when the seedlings are lack.
1.2 Overview of the test site
The test area is located at a jackfruit demonstration base (108.9600 DEG E,19.4364 DEG N) of Haifeng in Haifeng Jiang county, haifeng province, the altitude is 20.38 m, the test area belongs to a tropical monsoon humid climate, the annual average air temperature is about 17 ℃, the annual average rainfall is 1500-1800 mm, the annual average sunlight is 2000-2600 h, and the annual average radiation is 50208 kJ/m 2 . The soil is sandy loam.
1.3 Research method
1.3.1 Test design
4 treatments were designed, and jackfruit single Cropping (CK) was used as a control, and 3 intercropping modes of jackfruit-Pingtou peanut (BP), jackfruit-hard Bean (BY) and jackfruit-pumpkin (BN) were set, and the root soil of jackfruit plants in the 4 planting modes was sampled before and after 1 year of intercropping, and each treatment was repeated 3 times.
1.3.2 Soil sample collection
Collecting a foundation soil sample before intercropping in a test area in 2022 month 1, randomly selecting 3 jackfruits, digging jackfruit rhizosphere soil at four points of east, west and south at a position about 30 cm away from the base of jackfruit stems, uniformly mixing, filling into a sterile bottle, sealing, putting into a thermal insulation box with an ice bag, taking the thermal insulation box back to a laboratory, removing the impurity of the soil sample in the sterile bottle at an ultra-clean workbench, subpackaging in a 50 mL sterilization centrifuge tube, and preserving at-20 ℃ for high-throughput sequencing; the method is the same as the above-mentioned selective sampling method, remove the excessive soil by the quarter method after sampling, pack into the sealed bag and bring back to the laboratory and sift, survey the total of soil nutrient and sift 0.149 mm, survey the content of available nutrient in the soil and sift 1 mm, survey the pH value of the soil and sift 2 mm, preserve under the normal temperature, used for the analysis of soil nutrient. In 2023, 1 month, pumpkin in intercropping test area is used as flowering and fruiting period, pingtou peanut is used as pod bearing period, and hard skin beans are used as pod mature and dry period for sampling. By adopting the spot sampling method, soil samples are respectively collected in intercropping and single-crop test treatment areas and are used for high-throughput sequencing and soil nutrient analysis.
1.3.3 Analysis of soil physicochemical factors
Referring to Lu Rukun assay, organic carbon (SOC) was determined using a hydrated thermal potassium dichromate oxidation method; total Nitrogen (TN) was determined using a semi-microscale kjeldahl method; quick-Acting Nitrogen (AN) was measured using AN alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method; total Phosphorus (TP) was measured using aqua regia acid-soluble molybdenum antimony anti-colorimetry; acid soil quick-Acting Phosphorus (AP) is measured by a double acid leaching molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method; all potassium (TK) was measured using a alkali fusion-flame photometer; quick-acting potassium (AK) was measured using an ammonium acetate leach-flame photometer; soil pH was measured using an acidometer.
1.3.4 measurement of jackfruit plant height
The height from the root and stem separation to the highest point of the plant was measured using a tape measure.
1.3.5 Extraction of total DNA from soil
Sample soil microbial genomic DNA was extracted using NovaSeq Reagent kit kit, genomic DNA integrity was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis, and 16S amplicon absolute quantitative sequencing (V4-V5 and ITS) was performed on soil bacteria and fungi by using an Illumina NovaSeq sequencing platform from Shanghai, tianhao biotechnology Co.
1.4 Data processing
Soil physicochemical factor variability was analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0.0) one-way ANOVA, OTU classification analysis using Mothur (v1.41.1), QIIME2 (2022.8) and userch (v 10), alpha diversity index statistics using R package vegan (v2.5.6) and diversity index diversity analysis using R package (v3.5.1), microbial community composition analysis using R package ggplot2 (v3.3.0) for total abundance histogram plotting of species, RDA analysis using R package vegan (v2.4.5) and R package pheeatmap (v1.0.12) for species and environmental factor correlation analysis. Plant height histogram plots were made using Microsoft Office Excel 2010.
2. Results and analysis
2.1 Influence of different planting modes on jackfruit soil nutrients
As can be seen from Table 1, different planting patterns have different degrees of influence on soil nutrients. Compared with a single cropping mode (CK), the 3 intercropping modes can obviously improve the Total Nitrogen (TN), quick-Acting Nitrogen (AN) and total potassium (TK) contents (P is less than 0.05) in soil; and the BY mode also remarkably improves the Total Phosphorus (TP) and quick-acting potassium (AK) contents of the soil. Compared with the intercropping before (CK 0), the 3 intercropping modes obviously improve the contents of organic carbon (SOC), total Nitrogen (TN), quick-Acting Nitrogen (AN), total Phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) in soil, the pH values of the soil are not obviously different, and the pH values of the 3 intercropping modes are higher than those of the single intercropping mode. The BY mode soil nutrient content improving effect is most obvious, the pH value of the soil is highest and reaches 5.73, the BN mode is next 5.62, and the acidity of intercropping soil is relieved to a certain extent.
Table 1 jackfruit soil nutrients in different planting modes
Note that: different lower case letters represent significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05)
2.2 Influence of different planting modes on jackfruit soil microbial community diversity
The Observed features represent the number of directly Observed classifying operation units (operational taxonomicunits) OTUs, and the Chao1 index and the ACE index can positively reflect the species richness of the community, the Shannon index is positively correlated with the diversity of the community, and the Simpson index is negatively correlated with the diversity of the community. The number of bacterial species in different explant modes and Chao1, ACE, shannon and Simpson indexes have no significant difference, while the Alpha diversity of fungi has significant difference, and the observed species number, chao1 index and ACE index of a single action mode (CK) are significantly higher than those of BP and BY modes; neither Alpha diversity index of the CK pattern nor BN pattern was significantly different. The number of fungal species, the Chao1 index and the ACE index before intercropping (CK 0) are all significantly higher than in BP and BY modes; the Shannon index before intercropping (CK 0) is significantly lower than the BN mode and the Simpson index is significantly higher than the BN mode. The results show that the number and abundance of fungi before single and intercropping are higher than those of BP and BY intercropping modes, but have no significant difference from BN mode.
TABLE 2 Alpha diversity of jackfruit soil microflora in different planting modes
Note that: different lower case letters represent significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05).
2.3 Influence of different planting modes on jackfruit soil microbial community structure
2.3.1 Influence of different planting modes on jackfruit soil bacterial community structure
At the portal level, the average relative abundance of bacterial flora of the test soil was >1% for 9 total clusters. The relatively high abundance gate groups are Acidobacilli (Acidobacilli), protebacilli (Protebacilli), actinomycetes (Actinobacteria), curvularia (Chloroflex), and Acidomonas (Gemmatimonades), and the average relative abundance amounts are 28.37%, 26.40%, 9.72%, 8.87%, and 5.03%, respectively. Compared with the CK0 mode, the relative abundance of Acidobactirium, actinomycota and thick-walled mycota of the 4 planting modes is reduced; while the relative abundance of the 3 intercropping modes of the green curved fungus gate decreases, but increases in the CK mode; except for the decrease of the relative abundance of the BP mode proteobacteria, the relative abundance of the rest dominant bacteria of the 4 planting modes is increased. The results show that the dominant bacterial phylum of different planting modes are consistent in main species composition, but compared with the prior art (CK 0), the relative abundance of most soil dominant bacterial phylum of 3 intercropping modes compared with the prior art (CK 0) is improved.
At the genus level, the average relative abundance of bacterial flora of the test soil is >1% for 9 total populations. Subgroups Gp1 to Gp4, gp6, gp13, gaiella and Acidovorax (Gemmatimonas), nitrospira (Nitrospira) of Nitrospira, bacillus (Bacillus) of Cordymite, rhizobium (Rhizobium) of Proteus and Pseudomonas. Compared with CK0 mode, gp2, gaiella, gp13, bacillus and Pseudomonas were all decreased in the 4 planting modes; gp6, gp4, agrimonia and Nitrospira all rise; the relative abundance of Gp1 was increased for all 3 intercropping modes, but decreased by 0.38% for the CK mode.
2.3.2 Influence of different planting modes on jackfruit soil fungus community structure
At the portal level, the average relative abundance of fungal flora of the test soil is >1% for 5 total populations. The higher relative abundance gate groups were Ascomycota (Ascomycota), basidiomycota (Basidiomycota), mortierella (mortierelllomycota), chytrid (Chytridiomycota) and the like, respectively, with average relative abundances of 69.02%, 17.51%, 2.39% and 1.86% in this order. The relative abundance of ascomycota in 4 planting modes is improved before intercropping (CK 0), wherein BP mode is improved most obviously to 23.29%, and BY lifting amplitude is 1.80% at minimum; the relative abundance of basidiomycota is improved, wherein BP mode is improved most obviously, the BY is improved BY 25.95 percent, and the amplitude of BY improvement is reduced BY 6.46 percent at least; the pot fungus door of the 3 intercropping modes is reduced, but the CK mode is improved.
Average relative abundance of fungal flora of test soil at genus level>1% of the clusters are 9. Fusarium species of ascomycota belonging to genus group having higher relative abundanceFusarium) Humicola genusHumicola) Genus HeidellumMelanconiella) Genus TalaromycesTalaromyces) And the genus Phanerochaete of BasidiomycotaThanatephorus) The naked umbrella belongs toGymnopilus) The stropharia is of the genusRhodocybe) Average relative abundances were 20.80%, 5.51%, 3.59%, 2.29% and 2.98%, 2.41%, 2.08%, respectively. Compared with the CK mode, the relative abundance of fusarium in the 3 intercropping modes is reduced, the BN mode reduction effect is most obvious, and the reduction effect is reduced by 16.57%; whereas the relative abundance of humicola, talaromyces and Phanerochaete is increased. The relative abundance of dominant bacteria before and after intercropping is also different, and compared with that before intercropping (CK 0), the relative abundance of the melanosporum, the ankle, the nuda and the stropharia in 4 planting modes is reduced, wherein the relative abundance of the stropharia is reduced to 0 percent.
2.4 Correlation of jackfruit soil microorganisms with different planting modes and environmental factors
2.4.1 Correlation of Alpha diversity index with environmental factor
The result of the correlation analysis of the environmental factors and the microbial Alpha diversity index shows that the soil environmental factor indexes responded by different diversity indexes are different. Bacterial Simpson index is very significantly positively correlated (P < 0.01) and significantly negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with fast-acting phosphorus, organic carbon, respectively, and bacterial Shannon, chao1, ACE index is very significantly negatively correlated with fast-acting phosphorus. The number of species observed, chao1, ACE index, and the Simpson index were all very significantly inversely correlated with total phosphorus, quick-acting nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total potassium, and the Simpson index was significantly positively correlated with quick-acting phosphorus. It follows that bacterial species richness and diversity are very significantly inversely related to fast acting phosphorus, diversity is positively related to organic carbon, while fungal species richness is very significantly inversely related to total phosphorus, fast acting nitrogen, total nitrogen and total potassium, diversity is significantly inversely related to fast acting phosphorus.
2.4.2 Correlation of soil microorganisms with environmental factors
Redundancy analysis (RDA, redundancy analysis) is used to explain the effect of environmental factors on the composition of species in a sample, whereas correlation between species and environmental factors is analyzed based on Spearman correlation and can be visualized at various classification levels. In the bacterial kingdom, the interpretation amount of the soil physicochemical factors on the bacterial community structure is 64.34%, the interpretation degree of the sequencing axis 1 is 42.11%, the sequencing axis 2 interprets the variation of 22.23%, the organic carbon, the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total nitrogen and the total potassium are main influencing factors, the organic carbon extremely and remarkably influences the bacterial community structure, and the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total nitrogen and the total potassium remarkably influence the bacterial community structure. Actinomycetes gate is extremely obviously and negatively correlated with quick-acting nitrogen and full potassium, and is obviously and negatively correlated with full nitrogen and full phosphorus; the nitrifying spiraling fungus gate is obviously and extremely obviously inversely related to organic carbon and quick-acting phosphorus respectively; the budding monad gate is obviously positively correlated with organic carbon; the bacteroides shows a remarkable positive correlation with total phosphorus; acidobactirium and Thick-walled mycota are respectively and positively correlated with quick-acting phosphorus. In the fungi community, the interpretation amount of the soil physicochemical factors on the fungus community structure is 47.90%, the interpretation degree of the sequencing axis 1 is 27.88%, the sequencing axis 2 interprets 20.02% of variation, and the quick-acting potassium and the organic carbon are main influencing factors (figures 1 and 2). Basidiomycota is significantly positively correlated with fast-acting phosphorus and is extremely significantly negatively correlated with organic carbon; ascomycota is significantly positively correlated with organic carbon; the pot fungus door is obviously and extremely obviously inversely correlated with the total potassium and the quick-acting nitrogen respectively; apheliomonita is very significantly positively correlated with fast-acting potassium.
2.5 Influence of jackfruit plant height in different planting modes
The degree of influence of different intercropping on jackfruit plant height change is different (figure 3). The BY mode and the BN mode are both obviously higher than the CK mode, wherein the BY mode is improved BY 219.76 percent, and the BY mode is most obvious; secondly, the BN mode is improved by 159.19 percent; the BP mode is increased by 128.96%, and the CK mode difference is not obvious; the CK mode plant height is only increased by 116.16%, and the effect is the worst.
3. Discussion of the invention
3.1 Influence of different intercropping modes on jackfruit soil nutrients
Elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like in the soil are mutually influenced, and the soil plays an important role in plant growth and development. In the study, the 3 intercropping modes are compared with the single intercropping mode, the total nitrogen, quick-acting nitrogen and total potassium contents are obviously improved, and the 3 intercropping modes are compared with the nutrient before intercropping, and the organic carbon, total nitrogen, quick-acting nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents are obviously improved. Wherein, the BY mode is most obvious, and other physicochemical factors except organic carbon and quick-acting phosphorus are obviously improved; although the pH values of the soil have no significant difference, the pH value of the BY mode is highest, and the BN mode and the CK mode are adopted. There are studies showing that soil pH in changjiang county, south hainan province decreases stepwise from northwest to southeast. The test area is located in the Haifeng town of Changjiang county in Hainan province, the acidification is serious, the pH of soil before planting and management is only 5.30, the single cropping mode after planting and management is also only 5.35, the pH value of the test area for intercropping pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin beans is slightly improved, and the most obvious is the intercropping hard skin bean area which reaches 5.73. In conclusion, 3 crops of intercropping pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin beans can effectively improve the nutrient content of soil parts, and the soil acidification condition is improved, and especially the effect of intercropping the hard skin beans is most obvious.
3.2 Influence of different intercropping modes on microbial diversity of jackfruit soil
The diversity of soil microorganisms is an important index for reflecting the environmental quality of the soil in the orchard and affecting the soil nutrients. In the study, the abundance and diversity of community species of bacteria in different planting modes are not significantly different; the fungus richness (Chao 1, ACE index) before single cropping mode and intercropping is obviously higher than that of BP and BY modes, and the community species richness and diversity are not obviously different from the BN mode, namely, the fungus richness of 2 leguminous crop modes of intercropping Pingtou peanut and sclerotium rolfsii is low. The fungi can adapt to the stress or barren soil condition well, and the soil with acid property is more suitable for the growth of the fungi, which is consistent with the result of higher fungus abundance in the single-cropping mode. Soil nutrients are closely related to the diversity and abundance of soil microorganisms. In this study total phosphorus, quick-acting nitrogen, total nitrogen and total potassium are extremely negatively correlated with fungal species abundance, and quick-acting phosphorus is significantly negatively correlated with fungal diversity. The related research shows that the quick-acting phosphorus in the soil is obviously and negatively related to the quantity and the abundance of bacteria, the abundance and the diversity of the bacteria are mainly influenced by the quick-acting phosphorus in the research, and the increase of the quick-acting phosphorus content can lead to the decrease of indexes of the bacteria Chao1, ACE and Shannon in the jackfruit soil. In conclusion, the quick-acting phosphorus can be used as one of main research indexes of jackfruit production and cultivation.
3.3 Influence of different intercropping modes on jackfruit soil microbial community structure
The dominant bacterial phylum in different jackfruit planting modes are basically consistent, namely Acidomycota, proteus, actinomycete, lvqu and the like, but have some differences in relative abundance. Acidobacilli are acidophilic bacteria commonly existing in soil, acidobacilli can reflect the acidic environment condition of certain soil, and some researches show that Acidobacilli are in a remarkable negative correlation or positive correlation with the pH of the soil. The relationship between Acidobacilli and soil pH in this study was not obvious. The Acidobacter gate of jackfruit orchard is obviously positively correlated with quick-acting phosphorus, the quick-acting phosphorus is negatively correlated with the richness and diversity of soil microorganisms, and the Acidobacter gate of 4 planting modes is reduced compared with that before intercropping. The authors speculate that the Acidobactirium flora can be reduced through intercropping and field management, and the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil can be controlled, so that the richness and diversity of soil microorganisms are improved. Rhizobium of Proteobacteria is a beneficial microorganism in soil, and has the effects of increasing soil fertility, inhibiting the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria on crop roots, repairing heavy metals, fertilizer polluted soil, improving coastal saline soil and the like. The research effectively improves the relative abundance of rhizobium through intercropping pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin beans, and plays a role in improving the soil environment. Actinomycetes are important microorganisms widely distributed in plant rhizosphere soil and have the function of decomposing plant organic residues. The relative abundance of actinomycetes in the 3 jackfruit intercropping modes is reduced compared with that of actinomycetes in the single-acting mode, and actinomycetes are extremely obviously or obviously inversely related to quick-acting nitrogen, full potassium, full nitrogen and full phosphorus. The presence of the green-bending fungus in the soil with low nutrient enrichment is probably one of the reasons for continuous cropping obstacle. In the study, the relative abundance of the green curved fungus doors of the 3 intercropping modes is lower than that of the single intercropping mode, and the authors consider that the intercropping can be an effective means for solving the continuous cropping obstacle of the jackfruit garden.
The soil dominant fungus flora is ascomycota, basidiomycota, chytrium, etc. Wherein ascomycota predominates. Fusarium fungi of ascomycota are taken as pathogenic bacteria of soil diseases, can cause root rot and fruit stem wilt of jackfruit, and 3 intercropping modes are reduced compared with the relative abundance of Fusarium of jackfruit alone, so that the reduction effect of intercropping pumpkin is most obvious, and the reduction effect is reduced by 16.57%. The authors speculate that intercropping pumpkin, pingtou peanut and sclerotium bean can inhibit the activity of fusarium fungi in soil, and plays an important role in preventing and controlling jackfruit fungal diseases. The genus Gastrodia of Basidiomycota is one of the dominant bacteria of jackfruit soil before intercropping, but the soil after intercropping is in a single-cropping mode or in a intercropping mode, and the fungi of the Gastrodia are not present, which may be related to factors such as planting age, environment, fertilization and the like. The pot fungus door is obviously and extremely obviously inversely related to the total potassium and the quick-acting nitrogen respectively, and the relative abundance of the pot fungus door in the 3 intercropping modes is lower than that in the single-acting mode.
3.4 Influence of different intercropping modes on jackfruit plant height
The overground part of the fruit tree can reflect the competition amount of the soil root system nutrition, and if the competition is intense, the growth and development of the fruit tree can be limited. Compared with a single-cropping mode, the research shows that the intercropping of the sclerotium rolfsii and the pumpkin is obviously improved except that the plant height increment of the intercropping of the Pingtou peanut jackfruit is not obvious. Therefore, ecological niche complementation is realized between young jackfruits and intercropping root systems, soil resources are fully utilized, and healthy growth of jackfruit plants is promoted.
4. Conclusion(s)
The jackfruit 3 intercropping modes are compared with the single intercropping mode, the total nitrogen, quick-acting nitrogen and total potassium contents are obviously improved, and compared with the intercropping mode, the organic carbon, total nitrogen, quick-acting nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents are obviously improved. The pH values of the soil are not obviously different, but the pH value of the intercropped sclerotium rolfsii is highest, and the soil nutrient improving effect of the intercropped sclerotium rolfsii is most obvious. The species richness and diversity of the community of bacteria in different planting modes are not obviously different, the same difference in fungus diversity is not obvious, and the richness of the fungus of intercropped Pingtou peanut and hard skin beans is obviously lower than that of jackfruit single cropping. The intercropping also improves the microbial community structure, improves the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria forming positive feedback with soil nutrients, such as ascomycota, rhizobium, and the like, and reduces the relative abundance of pathogenic microorganisms which are negatively related with soil nutrients, such as Acidomycota, actinomycota, green curvula, chytrium, fusarium, and the like. In conclusion, 3 crops of jackfruit intercropping pumpkin, pingtou peanut and hard skin beans can improve soil fertility, improve soil acidic conditions, increase the relative abundance of beneficial dominant bacterial groups of soil, optimize microbial community structures, play an important role in improving disease resistance and yield quality of jackfruit, preliminarily consider young jackfruit intercropping hard skin beans as an optimal mode, provide scientific basis for researching jackfruit high-quality cultivation technology in future, and promote healthy development of jackfruit industry.
The principles and embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to specific examples, which are provided to facilitate understanding of the method and core ideas of the present invention; meanwhile, as those skilled in the art will have variations in the scope of the specific embodiments according to the ideas of the present invention, the present description should not be construed as limiting the present invention in view of the above.
Claims (7)
1. A method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping is characterized by comprising the following steps: jackfruit is planted in the field of 6 months in the current year, intercropping crops are planted in 1 month of the following year, the intercropping crops are flat-headed peanuts, hard beans or pumpkins, seedlings of the flat-headed peanuts are planted in 800 plants/mu, the hard beans and pumpkins are sown in 800 plants/mu, jackfruit is used as a control, 3 intercropping modes of jackfruit-flat-headed peanuts, jackfruit-hard beans and jackfruit-pumpkins are set, each single plant or intercropping mode is repeated for 3 times, soil samples before the single plant or intercropping are collected, soil samples after the single plant or intercropping are collected, and the foundation soil samples before the intercropping and the soil samples after the intercropping are detected and compared.
2. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the jackfruit variety is Qiongtian No. 8, and can bloom and fruit 1.5 years after planting.
3. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the variety of the Pingtuo peanut is hot ground No. 12, can keep evergreen all the year round, can bloom after 3-4 weeks after emergence of seedlings, and can form embryo bolts to be obliquely inserted into soil for pod bearing after bloom.
4. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the hard skin beans are lentils in cliff, the pods are ripe in 1-2 months after planting, the plants are mowed and paved on jackfruit garden after withering and wilting, and the seeds are covered with soil for airing and can germinate and grow after rainy season.
5. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the pumpkin variety is honey, harvested after 3 months of field planting, and timely reseeded when seedlings are lacking.
6. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the elevation planting elevation of jackfruit and the inter-crop is 10-30m, the inter-crop belongs to tropical monsoon humid climate, the annual average air temperature is 17+/-5 ℃, the annual average rainfall is 1500-1800 mm, the annual average sunshine is 2000-2600 h, and the annual average radiation is 50208 kJ/m 2 。
7. The method for repairing soil by jackfruit intercropping according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and uniformly managing fertilizer water, and applying 11.25 kg per mu of compound fertilizer and 7.5 kg per mu of fish protein fertilizer each month.
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| 吴刚等: "中国菠萝蜜产业发展现状及对策", 热带农业科学, no. 2 * |
| 吴庆菊;: "菠萝蜜与花生间种模式初探", 安徽农学通报, no. 17 * |
| 林永贤等: "南方低丘山地草果结合及其综合发展模式研究", 草原与草坪, no. 02, pages 6 - 10 * |
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