CN111328612B - Pine tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area - Google Patents
Pine tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a loose tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in a sunshine tea area, which comprises the following steps of: (1) selecting a pine slope with the elevation of 150-160m, the slope of 30-50 degrees towards the east and the slope of 15-20 degrees, planting Chinese pine on the pine slope, and taking the area between two adjacent rows of Chinese pine as the planting area of the golden bud tea; (2) the method comprises the following steps of (1) improving and treating soil in a planting area at the beginning of 3 months: uniformly spreading the soil conditioner in the planting area, and then ploughing the soil in the planting area to a ploughing depth of 25-30 cm; (3) planting a golden bud cutting seedling in a planting area in the beginning of 4 months; (4) and (5) managing water and fertilizer. By adopting the planting method, the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings can be remarkably improved, the growth and development are promoted, and the burn of high-temperature strong light to the 'golden bud' leaves is effectively relieved, so that the growth of the tea trees is better promoted, and the quality of the 'golden bud' fresh leaves is improved; creates conditions for introducing 'golden bud' rare tea tree varieties in sunshine tea areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of tea planting, and particularly relates to a loose tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in a sunshine tea area.
Background
The golden bud is a new variety of illumination-sensitive yellow variation tea tree, is found in the area of Yuyao in Zhejiang province in 90 s of 20 th century, and is cultivated by a single plant by technologists. The tea shows the quality characteristics of 'three yellow', namely bright yellow dry tea, bright yellow soup color, pure yellow leaf bottom, high amino acid content and fresh and cool mouthfeel, is a good tea product and is deeply favored by tea consumers.
However, because the young shoots of the golden buds are yellow, the photosynthesis capability of plants is poor, and the generation and accumulation of organic substances are weak, the golden buds have poor strong light resistance, high temperature drought resistance, wind resistance and cold resistance, and the stress resistance is weakened along with the increase of the yellowing degree. Therefore, the planting requirement of the golden bud is high, the planting difficulty is high, and the development of the golden bud tea is limited.
Sunlight is used as a sub-optimal area for tea tree cultivation, but in the area, the air humidity is low in spring, the temperature difference between day and night is large, drought damage occurs frequently, and in winter, the temperature is low, cold wind is large, and the tea trees are easy to freeze. Therefore, the difficulty of introducing the golden bud with poor stress resistance to the tea making area is very great.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention aims to provide a loose tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in a sunshine tea area. By adopting the planting method, the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings can be remarkably improved, the growth and development are promoted, and the burn of high-temperature strong light to the 'golden bud' leaves is effectively relieved, so that the growth of the tea trees is better promoted, and the quality of the 'golden bud' fresh leaves is improved; creates conditions for introducing 'golden bud' rare tea tree varieties in sunshine tea areas.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a loose tea intercropping method of golden bud tea in a sunshine tea area, which comprises the following steps:
(1) planting area: selecting a pine slope with the elevation of 150-160m, the slope of 30-50 degrees towards the east, and the slope of 15-20 degrees, planting Chinese pine on the pine slope, wherein the average breast diameter of the Chinese pine is 12-16cm, the planting row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the area between two adjacent rows of Chinese pine is used as the planting area of the golden bud tea;
(2) soil improvement: the method comprises the following steps of (1) improving soil of a planting area at the beginning of 3 months: uniformly spreading the soil conditioner in the planting area, and then ploughing the soil in the planting area to a ploughing depth of 25-30 cm;
(3) planting: planting golden bud cutting seedlings in a planting area in the beginning of 4 months, wherein double-row hole planting is adopted for planting, the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 0.3m, the hole spacing is 0.3-0.4m, and 2-3 plants are planted in each hole;
(4) and (5) managing water and fertilizer.
Preferably, in the step (2), the soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
20-40 parts of furfural residues, 6-8 parts of hydroxyapatite, 12-16 parts of pine needle fermentation products and 8-10 parts of attapulgite powder.
More preferably, the particle size of the hydroxyapatite is 50 to 100 μm.
More preferably, the pine needle fermentation product is prepared by the following method:
drying and crushing pine needles to obtain pine needle powder; adding sterile water into the pine needle powder until the water content in the pine needle powder is 30-40%; and inoculating the composite bacterium powder of lactobacillus acidophilus, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus into the pine needle powder added with water, and fermenting for 48-72 hours at 30-35 ℃ to obtain the pine needle fermentation product.
The inoculation amount of the composite bacterial powder is 1-2% of the weight of the pine needle powder.
In the composite bacterial powder, the weight ratio of lactobacillus acidophilus to bacillus megaterium to bacillus cereus is 2:1: 1.
Preferably, in the step (2), the dosage of the soil conditioner is 100-150 kg/mu.
Preferably, in the step (4), the water and fertilizer management specifically comprises: immediately watering the tea seedlings after field planting, wherein the water penetration depth is 10-15 cm; watering according to weather conditions, wherein the penetration depth of each watering is 3-6 cm;
the first fertilization is carried out 35-40 days after the tea seedlings are planted, and the fertilization method comprises the following steps: ditching and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer at a position 8-10cm away from the root of the tea seedling, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 16: 14: 15, the fertilizing amount is 8-12 kg/mu; and (3) carrying out two topdressing 3 months and 4 months after the tea seedlings are planted, wherein in the compound fertilizer applied in the first topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 5-8 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the second topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 13: 14, the fertilizing amount is 4-6 kg/mu.
Further, the planting method further comprises the following steps: and carrying out conventional tea tree management such as tea tree pruning, weeding, pest control and the like.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
by adopting the planting method, the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings can be remarkably improved, the growth and development are promoted, and the burn of high-temperature strong light to the 'golden bud' leaves is effectively relieved, so that the growth of the tea trees is better promoted, and the quality of the 'golden bud' fresh leaves is improved; creates conditions for introducing 'golden bud' rare tea tree varieties in sunshine tea areas.
Drawings
FIG. 1: the planting mode of the pine tea intercropping is shown schematically.
FIG. 2: the 'golden bud' new tip length of the pine tea intercropping tea garden and the open-air tea garden.
FIG. 3: the 'golden bud' of the pine tea intercropping tea garden and the open-air tea garden has a hundred bud weight.
FIG. 4: comparing the growth potential and leaf area of 'golden bud' of the pine tea intercropping tea garden with that of the open tea garden.
FIG. 5: the photosynthesis index conditions of 'golden bud' of the pine tea intercropping tea garden and the open-air tea garden.
FIG. 6: comparing 'golden bud' chlorophyll of the pine tea intercropping tea garden with that of the open tea garden.
FIG. 7: the 'golden bud' leaf temperature of the pine tea intercropping tea garden and the open-air tea garden.
FIG. 8: the L, a and b values of the 'golden bud' leaf colors of the pine tea intercropping tea garden and the open-air tea garden.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
As introduced in the background technology, the golden bud has higher economic value as a rare tea tree variety, but the golden bud tea has poor stress resistance and high cultivation difficulty, particularly the survival rate of golden bud seedlings is low, and the introduction and application of the golden bud in other areas are restricted due to the reasons.
Since the success of 'north introduction of south tea', the sunshine tea area has been developed into the largest tea production area in Shandong province. But compared with the southern key tea area, the problems of smaller tea industry scale, over-low clone improved variety area, few domestic famous products and the like are still more prominent. Under the background condition, the introduction of rare tea plant varieties and the popularization and demonstration are the prerequisites for the industrial development of the sunshine tea area.
Therefore, the method is particularly key to introduce the 'golden bud' of the rare tea tree variety into the daily tea area. However, the special climatic environment conditions in the sunshine area and the weak stress resistance of the golden bud become the main difficulties and problems of the large-scale introduction of the golden bud in the sunshine tea area.
Based on the method, the invention provides a method for introducing 'golden buds' in the sunshine tea area.
The invention carries out innovative research on the planting mode of the golden bud. Pine tea intercropping is a mode of a composite ecological tea garden, and can achieve inter-population complementary symbiosis by a multi-level, multi-population, multifunctional, multi-sequence and multi-benefit intercropping pattern. In the previous work, the ecological environmental effect of the 'gold bud' seedling pine tea intercropping in the sunshine tea area is researched, and the microclimate, the physical property of soil and the biological population under the forest are obviously superior to those in the open air. On the basis, the invention adopts a loose tea intercropping mode to plant 'golden buds' in the sunshine tea area, and optimizes and investigates the specific mode of loose tea intercropping.
Firstly, for the selection of planting areas, the pine slope fields with different altitudes, different slope directions and different slopes have great differences in illumination intensity, illumination time, temperature, humidity and the like. The golden bud is pleasant to yin but not cold-resistant, and a pinewood slope with the elevation of 150 + 160m, the slope of 30-50 degrees to the east and the south and the slope of 15-20 degrees is selected as a planting area of the golden bud aiming at the growth, development and variety characteristics of tea trees of the golden bud, because the illumination intensity of the pinewood slope under the conditions of the elevation, the slope and the slope is proper, the burning to leaves can be relieved, and the growth of the tea leaves and the biochemical quality of the tea leaves are influenced; meanwhile, the temperature is not too low, and the seedling of the 'golden bud' cannot be frozen.
The pine variety intercropped with the 'golden bud' is also very critical, and the pine variety selected by the invention is Chinese pine which is a phoma-loving and deep-rooted tree variety and can grow on acid, neutral or calcium loess with deep soil layer and good drainage; the root system of the 'golden bud' tea tree is shallow, so that nutrients are not contended between the 'golden bud' tea tree and the intercropped Chinese pine, the light respiration degree of the tea tree is reduced, and the photosynthesis is enhanced. The illumination and temperature can be reduced in summer, and the temperature and the soil water content can be increased in winter.
Secondly, for the improvement of soil in a planting area, tea trees are favored by acid soil, the most suitable pH value is 4.0-6.5, and the lower pH value or the higher pH value of the soil can cause the reduction of the effective content of partial nutrient elements and influence the growth and the quality of the tea trees. Therefore, the soil of the planting area is improved before the tea tree seedlings are planted. Through long-term tests and grope, the soil conditioner suitable for planting the 'golden bud' tea seedlings is finally developed, in the soil conditioner, the furfural residues are biomass wastes generated by hydrolyzing polypentaose components in biomass substances such as corncobs, cornstalks, rice husks, cottonseed hulls and agricultural and sideline product processing leftovers to produce furfural; the furfural residues are acidic, and can improve the physicochemical property of soil, reduce the pH value of the soil and increase the number of large-particle-size micelles in the soil when applied to the soil. The micron-sized hydroxyapatite and the attapulgite powder can interact with the furfural residues on one hand, so that the salt harm effect of the furfural residues is avoided; on the other hand, a good living space can be provided for the microorganisms beneficial to plants. The pine needles contain a large amount of protein, crude fat, vitamins, various mineral substances and various enzymes, so that the nutrition of the soil can be obviously improved; meanwhile, the soil conditioner contains a large amount of amino acids such as threonine, glycine, alanine and the like, has acid properties, and also has certain improvement on the physicochemical properties of soil. According to the method, local materials are used, pine needles falling on a pine forest slope are used as raw materials, composite bacteria are adopted for fermentation treatment, pine needle fermentation products are obtained, the pine needle fermentation products are added into the soil, the organic matter content of the soil can be effectively improved, and meanwhile, the pine needle fermentation products and furfural residues are cooperated to adjust the pH value of the soil.
The type selection of the compound bacteria for fermenting the pine needle powder directly influences the fermentation effect of the pine needle powder. Because different strains may have different effects such as antagonism or synergy, the optimal growth and fermentation conditions of the different strains also have differences; according to the invention, the physiological and biochemical properties, fermentation characteristics and fermentation purposes of different strains are combined, and the three bacteria of lactobacillus acidophilus, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus are preferably selected to perform fermentation treatment on the pine needle powder. Researches show that three bacteria, namely lactobacillus acidophilus (CICC6006), bacillus megaterium (CICC10024) and bacillus cereus (CICC10060), have a certain synergistic promotion effect, the optimal growth and fermentation conditions of the three bacteria are close to each other, and the three bacteria are adopted to ferment the pine needle powder, so that nutrient substances in the pine needle powder can be effectively released and can be absorbed by the root system of the tea tree; meanwhile, after fermentation treatment, three beneficial bacteria, namely lactobacillus acidophilus (CICC6006), bacillus megaterium (CICC10024) and bacillus cereus (CICC10060), are expanded and cultured, so that the colonization ability of the bacteria in the soil is enhanced, and the bacterial colony structure of microorganisms in the soil can be improved after the bacteria are applied to the soil.
The soil conditioner can effectively improve the soil physicochemical property of a planting area, and the pH value of the soil is maintained between 4.0 and 6.5; the soil structure is improved, and the organic matter content and the granular structure in the soil are improved; improves the microbial colony structure in the soil, increases the types and the quantity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, reduces the quantity of harmful fungi, and avoids continuous cropping obstacles of tea trees.
In addition, the soil conditioner is applied by adopting a plowing mode, wherein plowing can change a compact soil layer with a certain depth into a loose and fine plowing layer, so that the porosity of the soil is increased, moisture is favorably received and stored, potential nutrients in the soil are promoted to be converted into effective nutrients, and the root system of the tea tree is promoted to stretch. When ploughing, pine needles, weeds and the like on the ground surface can be ploughed into soil, so that the nutrients of the soil are improved while the surface of a ploughing layer is cleaned. The depth of the turning tillage needs to be determined according to various factors such as crop species, soil texture, local climate, season and the like, the invention comprehensively considers the factors such as root system depth of the 'golden bud' tea tree, nutrition maintenance of surface soil and the like, the turning tillage depth is set to be 25-30cm, and the transplanting survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea tree seedling is higher under the turning tillage depth.
Thirdly, the row spacing of the tea seedlings during field planting is determined, and the shading degree of the pine to the tea trees can influence the yellowing degree of 'golden bud' leaf color and the biochemical quality of the tea during intercropping of the pine and the tea. Therefore, the determination of the planting-row spacing of the tea seedlings is particularly critical, the invention is characterized in that the golden bud tea seedlings are fixedly planted between two adjacent rows of pine trees, the tea seedlings are planted in double rows in a hole mode, the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 0.3m, the hole spacing is 0.3-04m (figure 1), and under the planting-planting condition, the shading rate is about 50-55 percent, so that the golden bud leaf yellowing can be ensured, the biochemical quality of tea can be improved, the variety characteristics can be fully exerted, and the high quality and the high yield can be realized.
Fourth, for water and fertilizer management, a good ecological environment condition is required for the normal growth of 'golden bud' tea trees, and nutrient supply is one of the most important factors. The invention relates to a method for fertilizing golden bud tea trees, which is characterized in that the golden bud tea trees have different nutrient requirements in different stages in the growth and development processes, and adopts a multi-time fertilization mode aiming at the difference of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium requirements in different stages of the golden bud tea trees, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers fertilized each time is different.
In conclusion, in the planting method for the pine tea intercropping of the golden bud tea in the sunshine tea area, the steps supplement each other and are conditional, and the method is an organic whole. The method can obviously improve the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings, promote growth and development, and effectively relieve the burn of high-temperature strong light to the 'golden bud' leaves, thereby better promoting the growth of tea trees and improving the quality of the 'golden bud' fresh leaves; creates conditions for introducing 'golden bud' rare tea tree varieties in sunshine tea areas.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present application more clearly understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.
The test materials used in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention are conventional in the art and are commercially available. The experimental procedures, for which no detailed conditions are indicated, were carried out according to the usual experimental procedures or according to the instructions recommended by the supplier.
Example 1: pine tea intercropping planting method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area
The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) planting area: selecting a pine slope with the elevation of 150-160m, the slope of 30-50 degrees to the east, and the slope of 15-20 degrees in a tea production base of sunshine Liuyuan ecological agriculture limited company in Tokyu Zhengjiazhuang village in sunshine market mountain area, planting Chinese pine on the pine slope, wherein the average diameter at breast height of the Chinese pine is 12-16cm, the plant-row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the area between two adjacent rows of Chinese pine is used as the planting area of the golden bud tea;
(2) soil improvement: the method comprises the following steps of (1) improving soil of a planting area at the beginning of 3 months: uniformly spreading the soil conditioner in the planting area, wherein the using amount of the soil conditioner is 120 kg/mu, and then ploughing the soil in the planting area to the depth of 25 cm;
the soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
30 parts of furfural residues, 7 parts of hydroxyapatite, 14 parts of pine needle fermentation products and 9 parts of attapulgite powder; wherein: the particle size of the hydroxyapatite is 50 μm;
the pine needle fermentation product is prepared by the following method:
drying and crushing pine needles to obtain pine needle powder; adding sterile water into the pine needle powder until the water content in the pine needle powder is 35%; and (2) inoculating the composite bacterial powder of lactobacillus acidophilus, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus into the pine needle powder after water is added, wherein the inoculation amount of the composite bacterial powder is 1.5% of the weight of the pine needle powder, the weight ratio of the lactobacillus acidophilus to the bacillus megaterium to the bacillus cereus in the composite bacterial powder is 2:1:1, and the pine needle fermentation product is obtained after fermentation is carried out for 60 hours at 35 ℃.
And uniformly mixing the furfural residue, the hydroxyapatite, the pine needle fermentation product and the attapulgite powder in proportion to prepare the soil conditioner.
(3) Planting: planting golden bud cutting seedlings in a planting area in the beginning of 4 months, wherein double-row hole planting is adopted for planting, the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 0.3m, the hole spacing is 0.3-0.4m, and 2-3 plants are planted in each hole;
(4) and (3) water and fertilizer management: immediately watering the tea seedlings after field planting, wherein the water penetration depth is 10-15 cm; watering according to weather conditions, wherein the penetration depth of each watering is 3-6 cm;
the first fertilization is carried out 40 days after the tea seedlings are planted, and the fertilization method comprises the following steps: ditching and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer at a position 8-10cm away from the root of the tea seedling, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 16: 14: 15, the fertilizing amount is 10 kg/mu; and (3) carrying out topdressing twice in 3 months and 4 months after field planting of the tea seedlings, wherein in the compound fertilizer applied in the first topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 6 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the second topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 13: 14, the fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu.
Conventional tea tree management such as tea tree pruning, weeding, pest control and the like is carried out according to the existing method.
Example 2: pine tea intercropping planting method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area
The soil conditioner in the step (2) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
40 parts of furfural residues, 6 parts of hydroxyapatite, 16 parts of pine needle fermentation products and 8 parts of attapulgite powder; wherein: the particle size of the hydroxyapatite is 100 mu m;
the pine needle fermentation product is prepared by the following method:
drying and crushing pine needles to obtain pine needle powder; adding sterile water into the pine needle powder until the water content in the pine needle powder is 30%; and (2) inoculating the composite bacterial powder of lactobacillus acidophilus and bacillus cereus into the pine needle powder after water is added, wherein the inoculation amount of the composite bacterial powder is 1.5% of the weight of the pine needle powder, the weight ratio of the lactobacillus acidophilus to the bacillus cereus in the composite bacterial powder is 1:1, and the pine needle fermentation product is obtained after fermentation for 72 hours at 30 ℃.
And uniformly mixing the furfural residue, the hydroxyapatite, the pine needle fermentation product and the attapulgite powder in proportion to prepare the soil conditioner.
In the step (4), the frequency of topdressing is 1, topdressing is carried out on the 100 th day after planting, and in the compound fertilizer applied by topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 10 kg/mu.
The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Example 3: pine tea intercropping planting method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area
The soil conditioner in the step (2) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
20 parts of furfural residues, 8 parts of hydroxyapatite, 12 parts of pine needle fermentation products and 10 parts of attapulgite powder; wherein: the particle size of the hydroxyapatite is 50 μm;
the pine needle fermentation product is prepared by the following method:
drying and crushing pine needles to obtain pine needle powder; adding sterile water into the pine needle powder until the water content in the pine needle powder is 40%; inoculating lactobacillus acidophilus powder into the pine needle powder after adding water, wherein the inoculation amount of the lactobacillus acidophilus powder is 2.0 percent of the weight of the pine needle powder, and fermenting at 35 ℃ for 72 hours to obtain a pine needle fermentation product.
And uniformly mixing the furfural residue, the hydroxyapatite, the pine needle fermentation product and the attapulgite powder in proportion to prepare the soil conditioner.
In the step (4), the frequency of topdressing is 3, three times of topdressing are respectively carried out 3 months, 4 months and 5 months after the permanent planting of the tea seedlings, and in the compound fertilizer applied in the first topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the second topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 14, fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the third topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu.
The rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 1: open-air planting of golden bud tea in sunshine tea area
The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) planting area: selecting a gentle slope open field with the altitude of 150-160m, the slope of 30-50 degrees to the east and the slope of 15-20 degrees as a planting area of the golden bud tea in a tea production base of a sunshine Liuyuan ecological agriculture limited company in Tokyu village and Dingjia village in sunshine city;
(2) soil improvement: the method comprises the following steps of (1) improving soil of a planting area at the beginning of 3 months: ploughing the soil in the planting area to a ploughing depth of 25 cm;
(3) planting: planting golden bud cutting seedlings in a planting area in the beginning of 4 months, wherein double-row hole planting is adopted for planting, the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 0.3m, the hole spacing is 0.3-04m, and 2-3 plants are planted in each hole;
(4) and (3) water and fertilizer management: immediately watering the tea seedlings after field planting, wherein the water penetration depth is 10-15 cm; watering according to weather conditions, wherein the penetration depth of each watering is 3-6 cm;
the first fertilization is carried out 40 days after the tea seedlings are planted, and the fertilization method comprises the following steps: ditching and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer at a position 8-10cm away from the root of the tea seedling, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 10 kg/mu; and (3) carrying out topdressing twice in 3 months and 4 months after field planting of the tea seedlings, wherein in the compound fertilizer applied in the first topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 6 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the second topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu.
Conventional tea tree management such as tea tree pruning, weeding, pest control and the like is carried out according to the existing method.
Test example 1:
the indexes of the survival rate of the tea seedlings, the growth vigor of the tea seedlings, photosynthesis, leaf color, sunburn, young sprout generating components and the like of the golden bud tea trees planted in different cultivation modes of the example 1 and the comparative example 1 are investigated and researched respectively, and the indexes are as follows:
1. the test method comprises the following steps:
1.1 measurement index and method
1.1.1 survival rate of tea seedlings: and respectively measuring the survival rate of the tea seedlings under different cultivation modes in the current month after the temporary planting of the tea seedlings and in the 2 nd, 4 th, 6 th, 8 th and 11 th months after the permanent planting, and counting the survival rate. The survival rate (%) -, the number of the survival tea seedlings/the total number of the tea seedlings is multiplied by 100.
1.1.2 growth law of young shoots and young shoot length: the earliest germination date of the tea trees and the time of each germination round are recorded. In the growth period of the tea seedlings, 10 plants with similar growth vigor under different cultivation modes are randomly selected, 3 young shoots are selected from each plant, the length of the young shoots is measured and recorded at intervals of about 30 days, and the average value is calculated.
1.1.3 growth potential and bud weight of tea seedlings: in the growth period of the tea seedlings, three established areas (about 3m in each area) under different cultivation modes are respectively selected every 30 days2) And (3) measuring the plant height, the crown width and the stem thickness of a base part of the inner 10 tea trees with uniform growth vigor, randomly selecting 100 young shoots with one bud and two leaves, weighing, and calculating the weight of the hundred buds.
1.1.4 leaf size: on the basis of the selection of 1.1.3, 3 new tips with two leaves in one bud are selected from each tea plant, the second leaf under the top bud is taken as a measuring object, the leaf length and the leaf width are measured, and the leaf area is calculated, wherein the leaf area is equal to the leaf length multiplied by the leaf width multiplied by 0.7.
1.1.5 leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis index: in 6 months, selecting sunny days, randomly selecting 3 plants with more average growth in different cultivation modes, and in 8 days: 00-18: 00, measuring photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO of the first shaped leaf (living mature leaf with the same leaf position and leaf age in the middle of main stem) by CIRAS-3 type portable photosynthetic apparatus at intervals of 2h2Concentration (E), transpiration rate (Ci), and the like. The chlorophyll content was determined by a typical sampling method, by extraction with 95% ethanol.
1.1.6 leaf temperature and leaf sunburn: in the growth period of the tea seedlings, 15 plants with relatively even growth under different cultivation modes are randomly selected every 30 days, and 8: 00-18: 00, the leaf temperature of the second leaf under the apical bud was measured with an AR320 hand-held infrared thermometer (product of Hima, hong Kong Co., Ltd.) at intervals of 2 hours.
1.1.7 leaf color and color difference: in the growth period of the tea seedlings, 5 tea seedlings under different cultivation modes are randomly selected every 30d, and color changes of terminal buds, first leaves and second leaves under the terminal buds are measured by a CM-5 color difference meter (Konika Meinenda China investment Co., Ltd.).
1.1.8 biochemical component determination of young shoots: picking up two leaves of one bud in 11 months to prepare a steamed tea sample, and respectively determining the content of tea polyphenol by adopting a GBT8313-2008 Fulin phenol reagent method, the content of free amino acid by adopting GBT8314-2013, the content of caffeine by adopting GBT8312-2013 and the content of water extract by adopting GBT 8305-2013.
1.2 data processing
The data were counted and charted using Microsoft Excel 2010 software, and the statistical analysis software SPSS19.0 was used for the analysis of the significance of the differences.
2. Results and analysis:
2.1 influence of different cultivation modes on the growth of 'golden bud' tea seedlings
2.1.1 survival rate of tea seedlings: as can be seen from Table 1, the survival rate of the tea seedlings in the mode of the pine tea intercropping (example 1) and the open field cultivation (comparative example 1) decreased with the delay of the measurement time. Wherein, the two are basically equal in the 5 months, but the survival rate of the tea seedlings in the next 2 months is reduced to 14.6 percent, and the reduction is obvious; the former is 86% in 11 months, and is maintained at 74% or more in 2 months in the next year, which is 3 times that of the latter. Therefore, the ecological environment under the forest is obviously higher than the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings.
Table 1: survival rate of 'golden bud' tea seedling introduction in tea garden of intercropping pine tea and open-air tea garden
2.1.2 growth law of new shoots: as can be seen from Table 2, four rounds of growth of tea plants occur in the open air and under the forest each year, and the germination time of each round is different. The first round of growth is positive in early spring seasons, the outdoor tea tree germination time is slightly earlier than under the forest, and the reason is that the temperature and ground temperature in the outdoor environment are increased at a speed higher than that under the forest, so that the environmental requirement of tea tree growth is met in advance. The germination time of the second round is about 1 month earlier than the open air in the forest, probably because the open air environment changes greatly, the growth of the tea trees is inhibited in the last ten days from 5 months to 6 months, and meanwhile, the under-forest environment is more stable than the open air and is always in a growth environment suitable for the tea trees. The third round of young shoots of the tea trees germinate in 7-8 months in the open air and under the forest, but most of the open-air tea seedlings grow new branches at roots and stems, and the number of the young shoots growing at the top ends of the tree bodies is very small. The fourth turn of the young sprout of the tea tree under the forest has a slightly earlier growth time than that in the open air.
Table 2: new shoot growth rule of 'golden bud' tea seedlings in pine tea intercropping tea garden and open-air tea garden
2.1.3 shoot length: as can be seen from FIG. 2, the tea plants in the open air and under the forest germinated young shoots in 4 months. The young sprout length of the tea tree under the forest is integrally higher than that in the open air and reaches peak values in 5 and 9 months respectively. The open-air young shoots reach the peak in 8 months (most of the young shoots newly erupt from the stem base), and the other time is in a small value and is lower than under the forest. The longest length of young shoots under the forest is 8.98cm, the shortest length is 2.49cm, and the longest length of young shoots in the open air is 5.36cm, and the shortest length is 1.43 cm.
2.1.4 weight percent: as can be seen from fig. 3, the change of the weight of the tea tree in the forest is basically similar to that in the open air in 4-10 months, and is represented by the gradual decrease of the weight of the tea tree in the middle of 4 months to 7 months, the decrease of the weight of the tea tree in the middle of 7 months to 10 months, and the peak value in the middle of 8 months, which may be caused by different germination periods at the beginning of the month, and stronger growth vigor of the tea tree in the forest and in the open air in the middle of 8 months. Furthermore, the weight of the tea tree bud under the forest is always higher than that of the tea tree bud under the forest by about 1.4 times, the maximum value is 22.82g, and the minimum value is 17.72g, while the weight of the tea tree bud under the forest is 17.73g and 11.20 g.
2.1.5 tea seedling height, crown breadth, basal stem thickness: as can be seen from FIG. 4, in 4-10 months, the plant height, crown width and basal stem thickness of the tea trees under the forest and in the open air showed an increasing trend as a whole, except that the plant height of the tea trees in the open air was reduced to some extent. And 4 months later, the height of the tea plant under the forest is equal to that of the tea plant in the open air, then the tea plant slowly increases and reaches a peak value in 10 months, and the height of the tea plant in the open air tends to decrease firstly, then to increase and then to decrease, probably because the tops of branches and leaves of the tea plant in the open air are seriously burnt and gradually withered. After 4-10 months, the crown width of tea trees under the forest is always higher than that in the open air and is reduced after reaching a peak value in 7 months (at the moment, the tree body is trimmed), while the crown width of tea trees in the open air slowly rises after being reduced in 4-6 months and basically does not change after 8 months, which may be the reason that the tea seedlings are difficult to adapt to the environment after being planted in the early stage and gradually adapt to the environment in the later stage. The stem thickness of the base of the tea tree under the forest is always kept to be gradually increased in 4-10 months, the peak value is reached in 10 months, and the increase of the stem thickness under the forest is higher than that in the open air. The maximum and minimum plant heights of tea trees under the forest are 46.68 and 28.46cm respectively, and the maximum and minimum plant heights of tea trees under the forest are 28.15 and 22.74cm respectively. The maximum value of crown width of tea trees under the forest is 32.63cm, the minimum value is 13.72cm, the maximum value of open-air tea trees is 17.56cm, and the minimum value is 9.33 cm. The maximum and minimum stem thicknesses of the base parts of the tea trees under the forest are 0.64 cm and 0.39cm, and the maximum and minimum stem thicknesses of the open-air tea trees are 0.59 cm and 0.33cm respectively.
2.1.6 blade size: as can be seen from FIG. 4, in months 4-10, the area of the second leaf under the top bud of the open-air tea tree is higher than that in summer and autumn from spring to early summer, the area of the open-air leaf reaches the maximum value in mid-8 th of month, and the areas are smaller in other times. The specific expression is that the area of the lower leaves in the forest is obviously larger than that in the open air from 4 months to 7 months, the area of the lower leaves is in a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, the peak value is reached in 6 months, and the area variation of the leaves in the open air is smaller. The forest area change from 7 to 9 in the middle of the month is similar to that of the leaf area of the open-air tea tree, and the forest area change reaches the peak value in 8 in the middle of the month. The area of the tea tree leaves under the forest is gradually increased from the middle ten days of 9 months to 10 months, and the area in the open air is gradually reduced. The growth amount of the tea trees in spring and early summer under the forest is obviously higher than that in summer and autumn, the growth of the tea trees in open air reaches the maximum in summer, probably because the environment under the forest is most suitable for the growth of the tea trees in spring and early summer, and the environment in open air is more suitable for the growth of the tea trees in early springThe growth of the tea trees is restrained by the influence of air temperature, light intensity and humidity, and the growth of the tea trees gradually starts after the tea trees are adapted to the environment for a period of time. The maximum leaf area of tea tree under forest is 7.85cm in the growth period of tea seedling2A minimum of 2.80cm2The maximum leaf area in the open air is 5.04cm2A minimum of 2.29cm2。
2.1.7 leaf photosynthesis: as can be seen from FIG. 5, the net photosynthetic rate of the tea leaves under forest was higher than that of the tea leaves in the open air except for 14:00 a day. Wherein the maximum Pn values of the two before 14 hours are both at 8:00 and are respectively 7.30 and 3.37, the difference value of Pn in the time period is larger, the Pn value (0.3) of the outdoor tea tree is at 10 hours, the photosynthesis is basically stopped under the influence of higher illumination intensity, and the Pn value rises from 10 hours to 12 hours, probably because of the short cloudy day of about 12 hours, the photosynthesis is enhanced for a short time; both are at 14: 00-18: 00Pn is increased firstly and then decreased, but the Pn difference is small, at 14 hours and 18 hours, the Pn of the under-forest and outdoor tea trees is negative and is respectively-0.6, -0.07 and-0.37 and-1.5, probably because the air temperature is too high at 14 hours and the illumination is too strong in the outdoor environment, the photosynthesis of the under-forest and outdoor leaves is stopped, and the net photosynthetic rate is negative due to weak illumination or even no illumination at 18 hours. 8: 00-18: 00, the overall rising trend of the tea trees Ci in the open air and under forest is low at 12 hours and 16 hours, and except 8: 00-10: 00, other time changes are opposite to Pn. The changes of the tea trees E and GS in the open air and under the forest are basically consistent, the peak values are reached at 8 and 16, small increases may occur due to climate reasons except 12 and 16, and the other times are gradually reduced along with the time.
2.1.8 chlorophyll content of leaf: as can be seen from FIG. 6, in the middle of 4 months to 7 months, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of the tea tree leaves under the forest are all higher than those in the open air, and the yellowing degree of the leaves of the tea tree under the forest in the period is higher than that in the open air, the leaves of the tea tree under the forest are greener, and the green return degree of the tea tree under the forest is accelerated probably due to the shade effect of the forest. The content of the tea trees under the forest from 7 th to 10 th in the middle of the month is smaller than that of the tea trees under the forest, which indicates that the yellowing degree of the tea trees under the forest is stronger than that of the tea trees under the forest in the middle of the 7 th month, and probably because the tea trees are burnt to tender leaves due to overhigh outdoor air temperature, overlow humidity and overhigh light intensity after the 7 th in the middle of the month, the growth of the tea trees is inhibited, and the green returning speed of the mature leaves in the open air is accelerated to adapt to extremely uncomfortable ecological environment based on the adjustment of the tea trees per se in response to environmental conditions. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of the tea leaves in the forest and in the open air reach the minimum value in 6 months, and are respectively 0.79, 0.16, 0.95mg/g, 0.3, 0.04 and 0.34mg/g, which indicates that the mature leaves of the tea trees in the forest and in the open air in 6 months are the most yellow in color and the mature leaves in 8 months are the most green. The chlorophyll a/b value of the tea tree under the forest is small relative to the outdoor amplitude, the maximum value is in 6 months, the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents are the lowest at the moment, the yellow mature leaf period is probably, and meanwhile, the chlorophyll b deletion is obvious due to strong light in a certain range.
2.1.9 leaf surface temperature: as can be seen from FIG. 7, in 4-10 months, the changes of the leaf surface temperature (leaf temperature for short) of the second leaf under the top bud of the tea tree in the open air and the forest are basically similar, the peak value is reached in 7 months, and the change trend is consistent with the air temperature. The temperature of the leaf reaches the peak value at 12: 00-14: 00 at noon, and the amplitude of 8: 00-12: 00 is larger than 12: 00-18: 00. The highest temperature of the leaves of the open-air tea trees reaches 43.13 ℃ and the lowest temperature is 12.41 ℃, and the highest temperature of the leaves of the open-air tea trees reaches 37.51 ℃ and the lowest temperature is 11.51 ℃ under forests. The tea tree leaves under the forest have the temperature of 1 point when the temperature is higher than 35 ℃, 5 points when the temperature is 30-35 ℃ and 36 points when the temperature is lower than 30 ℃, the tea tree leaves under the open air have the temperature of 3 points when the temperature is higher than 40 ℃, 1 point when the temperature is 35-40 ℃, 4 points when the temperature is 30-35 ℃ and 34 points when the temperature is lower than 30 ℃. The burn is generated when the normal leaf temperature exceeds 40 ℃, and the gold bud with weaker burn resistance is more vulnerable to high temperature stress in open air cultivation.
2.2 characterization of 'golden bud' varieties in different cultivation modes
2.2.1 leaf color: as can be seen from FIG. 8a, L values of single bud, one leaf and two leaves in the forest are all higher than those in the open air in most of 4-10 months, which shows that the color brightness of the leaves in the bud and two leaves in the open air is integrally higher than that in the forest. The single bud L value is shown to be reduced in 4-7 months under the forest and increased in 8-10 months; the maximum value is 27.39 in 7 months in the open air, and other change trends are basically consistent with those under the forest; the difference between the L value of the open single bud in 7 months and the under forest is the largest, and the difference between the L value and the under forest is 17.8. Under the forest, the change of L value of one leaf is similar to that of the L value of one leaf in the open air, two low values appear at 6 months and 8 months, namely 23.06, 23.15, 23.38 and 24.89, maximum values appear at 7 months, namely 29.19 and 41.88, and the difference of L value of one leaf at 7 months is 12.69. The forest lower leaf color L value is similar to the outdoor performance, the forest lower leaf color L value is generally distributed at about 25-35, the outdoor color L value is 35-45, the forest lower leaf color L value is respectively 27.71, 32.86, 27.97 and 34.95 in 6 months and 9 months, the forest lower leaf color L value is respectively 27.13, 40.51, 34.93 and 42.27 in 5 months and 7 months.
As can be seen from FIG. 8b, the color a values of the two leaves of the first bud of the tea tree in forest and open air are all less than 0 in 4-10 months, which indicates that the leaves are all greenish. The color a value of single bud leaves under the forest in 7 months is slightly higher than that of the leaves in the open air, and the color a values of the single bud leaves under the forest in other periods are all smaller than that of the leaves in the open air, which indicates that the greenness of the leaves of one bud and two leaves under the forest is generally higher than that of the leaves in the open air. The leaf color a value of the single bud under the forest is smaller in amplitude, the single bud gradually increases in 4-9 months and decreases in 10 months, the amplitude in the open is larger in slow increase in 4-5 months, rapidly decreases in 5-7 months and reaches the lowest value in 7 months, rapidly increases in 7-9 months, then rapidly decreases and reaches the second low value in 10 months. The change of the color a value of one leaf of the under-forest and open-air tea trees is in a similar relation, and the change trend is basically consistent with the color a value of the single bud in the open air. The color a values of the under-forest and open-air two-leaf trees are in a decreasing trend within 4-7 months, the color a value of the open-air two-leaf tree is higher than that of the under-forest, the color a value of the open-air two-leaf tree is in an increasing trend within 8-9 months, and the color a value of the open-air two-leaf tree is lower than that of the under-forest.
As can be seen from FIG. 8c, the b values of the two-leaf color of the first bud of the tea tree in 4-10 months under forest and in open air are both greater than 0, indicating that the leaf colors are all yellow. Except that the color b value of the single bud of the tea tree under the forest is higher than that of the open air in 8-10 months, the color b values of the single bud, one leaf and two leaves of the tea tree under the forest are all smaller than that of the open air at other times. The color b values of the single bud, the first leaf and the second leaf of the open-air tea tree are obviously higher than those under the forest in 6-8 months, the peak values are reached in 7 months, and the color a value differences of the single bud, the first leaf and the second leaf of the open-air tea tree and the under-forest tea tree respectively reach 16.7, 10.58 and 9.18. The yellowing degree of the open-air young sprout leaves is higher than that of the open-air young sprout leaves in the forest in the growing season of the tea trees, and the color is more obvious in 6-8 months and is the yellowish in 7 months. The change range of the color b values of single buds, one leaves and two leaves in the forest is small in 4-10 months, the maximum values are 15.08, 28 and 32.98 respectively, the minimum values are 8.72, 21.23 and 25.53 respectively, and the color b values of the leaves in other time periods are low except that the color b value of the one leaf is high in 7 months, which indicates that the yellowing degree of the young sprout is the highest in the early spring forest, and the weakening degree is small although the yellowing degree is weak later.
2.2.2 leaf sunscald: the tender leaves of the tea trees under the forest in 4 months and in the open air have no burning phenomenon, and the tender leaves are normally yellow. After 5-10 months, the leaves of tea trees under the forest and in the open air are burnt, the period of time for the light intensity under the forest to reach the leaf burn requirement is short, but the situation of leaf burn still occurs, which indicates that the leaf burn is possibly related to air humidity, air temperature and air speed besides the light intensity. The burning degree of young leaves under the forest is obviously lighter than that in the open air. Under the condition of 5 months of forest, the young sprout tip is red and has a very light sunscald phenomenon, the young sprout tip in the open air has a black scorch phenomenon and has a sunscald phenomenon, and after 6-10 months, the leaf tip and the leaf edge of the young leaf in the open air have obvious sunscald or even brown sunscald phenomena, wherein the sunscald phenomenon of 6-8 months is the most serious, and probably caused by higher air temperature, stronger light irradiation and lower air humidity in the period; in the same period, the burn of young leaves in the forest is obviously lighter than that in the open air.
2.2.3 biochemical components of young tea shoots: as can be seen from Table 3, compared with the young shoots of open-air tea trees, the water extract content of the young shoots of tea trees under the forest is 5.35%, the tea polyphenol content is 7.02%, the caffeine content is 0.14%, the phenol-ammonia ratio is high by 1.43, and the amino acid content is high by 2.94%.
Table 3: biochemical component content of 'golden bud' new sprout in pine tea intercropping tea garden and open-air tea garden
Note: *: p <0.05
The researches show that the pine tea intercropping can obviously improve the survival rate of the 'golden bud' tea seedlings, promote growth and development, and effectively relieve the burn of high-temperature strong light to the 'golden bud' leaves, thereby better promoting the growth of tea trees and improving the quality of the 'golden bud' fresh leaves to a certain extent.
Test example 2:
the tea yield of the 2 nd year after the gold bud planting of the example 1 to the example 3 and the comparative example 1 are respectively counted, and the results show that: in the tea garden built by the method of the embodiment 1, the tea yield is improved by 58.6 percent compared with that of the comparative example 1; in the tea garden built by the method of the embodiment 2, the tea yield is improved by 24.3 percent compared with that of the comparative example 1; in the tea garden planted by the method of example 3, the tea yield was improved by 30.0% compared to comparative example 1.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (1)
1. A pine tea intercropping planting method of golden bud tea in sunshine tea areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) planting area: in a tea production base of ecological agriculture limited company of the sunshine Liuyuan of the Tou village of Tai mountain area in sunshine city, selecting a pine slope land with elevation of 150 and 160m, slope of 30-50 degrees to the east south and slope of 15-20 degrees, planting Chinese pine on the pine slope land, wherein the average diameter at breast height of the Chinese pine is 12-16cm, the planting-row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the area between two adjacent rows of Chinese pine is taken as the planting area of the golden bud tea;
(2) soil improvement: the method comprises the following steps of (1) improving soil of a planting area at the beginning of 3 months: uniformly spreading the soil conditioner in the planting area, wherein the using amount of the soil conditioner is 120 kg/mu, and then ploughing the soil in the planting area to the depth of 25 cm;
the soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
30 parts of furfural residues, 7 parts of hydroxyapatite, 14 parts of pine needle fermentation products and 9 parts of attapulgite powder; wherein: the particle size of the hydroxyapatite is 50 μm;
the pine needle fermentation product is prepared by the following method:
drying and crushing pine needles to obtain pine needle powder; adding sterile water into the pine needle powder until the water content in the pine needle powder is 35 percent; inoculating composite bacterium powder of lactobacillus acidophilus, bacillus megaterium and bacillus cereus into the pine needle powder added with water, wherein the lactobacillus acidophilus is numbered as CICC6006, the bacillus megaterium is numbered as CICC10024, and the bacillus cereus is numbered as CICC 10060; the inoculation amount of the composite bacterial powder is 1.5% of the weight of the pine needle powder, the weight ratio of lactobacillus acidophilus to bacillus megaterium to bacillus cereus in the composite bacterial powder is 2:1:1, and the pine needle fermentation product is prepared after fermentation is carried out for 60 hours at 35 ℃;
uniformly mixing furfural residues, hydroxyapatite, a pine needle fermentation product and attapulgite powder in proportion to prepare a soil conditioner;
(3) planting: planting golden bud cutting seedlings in a planting area in the beginning of 4 months, wherein double-row hole planting is adopted for planting, the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 0.3m, the hole spacing is 0.3-0.4m, and 2-3 plants are planted in each hole; the light shading rate is 50-55%;
(4) and (3) water and fertilizer management: immediately watering the tea seedlings after field planting, wherein the water penetration depth is 10-15 cm; watering according to weather conditions, wherein the penetration depth of each watering is 3-6 cm;
the first fertilization is carried out 40 days after the tea seedlings are planted, and the fertilization method comprises the following steps: ditching and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer at a position 8-10cm away from the root of the tea seedling, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 16: 14: 15, the fertilizing amount is 10 kg/mu; and (3) carrying out topdressing twice in 3 months and 4 months after field planting of the tea seedlings, wherein in the compound fertilizer applied in the first topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 15: 15, the fertilizing amount is 6 kg/mu; in the compound fertilizer applied in the second topdressing, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15: 13: 14, the fertilizing amount is 4 kg/mu.
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