CN115039665A - Highland barley field irrigation and drainage method and application thereof - Google Patents
Highland barley field irrigation and drainage method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115039665A CN115039665A CN202210662480.2A CN202210662480A CN115039665A CN 115039665 A CN115039665 A CN 115039665A CN 202210662480 A CN202210662480 A CN 202210662480A CN 115039665 A CN115039665 A CN 115039665A
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- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 title description 2
- 241000209219 Hordeum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003621 irrigation water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009758 senescence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of highland barley production and cultivation, in particular to a highland barley field irrigation and drainage method and application thereof. Uniformly applying the base fertilizer to a field; arranging a water irrigation channel on the higher side of the terrain, arranging a water drainage channel on the lower side of the terrain, measuring the total length and the total width of the field block, combining the width of a ditching operation machine, dividing the field into ridge surfaces with proper width along the length direction of the field block by adopting a manual marking mode, leaving a longitudinal ditch between the ridge surfaces, and planning a transverse ditch on each of two ends of the field; sowing on the set ridge surface by adopting a sowing machine; and (5) draining a ditch after sowing. The method can effectively avoid the occurrence of seed rot and no seedling at a low-lying position caused by irrigation of the highland barley in the seedling emergence period, can prevent rain water from waterlogging in the production process at the later growth stage of the highland barley, can also nourish roots and protect leaves, ensures high yield and high quality of the highland barley, and ensures the healthy development of the highland barley production in the storage area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of highland barley production and cultivation, in particular to a highland barley field irrigation and drainage method and application thereof.
Background
Highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L., qingke) is a cereal crop of the barley genus of the family Gramineae, is the dominant crop in the Tibetan region and the traditional main food for Tibetan siblings, and the production of the highland barley is directly related to the stability and development of the Tibetan region.
The highland barley in the Tibetan region is mainly popularized and planted in spring, generally sowed in 3-5 months and harvested in 7-9 months. The highland barley in spring is dry and rainless in seedling emergence period, and in the later growth period, the highland barley meets the rainy season of a storage area (5 to 9 months in each year, the precipitation accounts for about 90 percent of the precipitation in the whole year). In addition, the precipitation amount of the highland barley in the storage area in nearly 50 years is in an increasing trend, particularly the maximum increment amount in the middle area, and the concentration and increase of the precipitation provide challenges for the traditional ridge production mode of the highland barley.
The production of highland barley is mainly concentrated in highland and high-cold areas such as Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan Ganjin, Abam, Yunnan Diqing, Gansu Gannan and the like in China. The main production area of the highland barley is influenced by the traditional farming method and planting habit for a long time, and forms an irrigation measure mainly based on ridge irrigation. Because of different soil preparation levels and larger difference of field flatness, water accumulation and rotten seeds in low furrows of a field block are usually caused in a seedling stage of ridge irrigation after highland barley is sown, and seedlings do not exist; when the highland barley is in the later growth period, a large amount of rainfall cannot be discharged in time and is accumulated in the field, so that waterlogging is easily caused, the vitality of the root system of the highland barley is reduced and the highland barley dies, the overground part of a plant is premature, grouting is insufficient, the grain weight is reduced, and the yield and the quality of the highland barley are seriously influenced.
In conclusion, the irrigation and drainage technology applied to highland barley production at the present stage is more traditional, and a person who simply eats along the sky is difficult to resist natural disasters, so that the irrigation and drainage technology poses potential threats to the yield and quality of highland barley in the Tibetan region. The effective field irrigation and drainage technology is designed and developed to ensure the safety of highland barley production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a 'ditch irrigation and ditch drainage' irrigation and drainage mode and technology based on natural conditions of highland barley production in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, and from the aspects of drought resistance and rot seed sowing and prevention of late rain water logging damage and premature senility. By applying the method disclosed by the invention, not only can the occurrence of seed rotting and seedling missing at a low-lying position caused by irrigation of the highland barley in the seedling emergence period be effectively avoided, but also the waterlogging of rainwater in the later growth period of the highland barley in the production process can be prevented, the roots and leaves can be maintained, the high yield and high quality of the highland barley are ensured, and the healthy development of the highland barley production in a storage area is ensured.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the following technical scheme is proposed:
a method for irrigating and draining highland barley field comprises uniformly applying base fertilizer to field; arranging a water irrigation channel on the higher side of the terrain, arranging a water drainage channel on the lower side of the terrain, measuring the total length and the total width of the field block, dividing the field into ridge surfaces with proper width along the length direction of the field block according to the width of the ditching operation machinery, leaving a longitudinal ditch between the ridge surfaces, and planning a transverse ditch at each end of the field; sowing on the set ridge surface by adopting a sowing machine; and (5) draining a ditch after sowing.
Furthermore, after fertilization, the soil is ploughed, crushed and picked up by using a ploughing and stone picking machine, so that the field is integrally flat, the soil particles are small and uniform, and no large stones are generated.
Furthermore, if the length of the field is more than 80m, the waist furrows are increased.
Furthermore, sowing and ditching are integrated for mechanical sowing, and longitudinal ditches are formed along with the sowing process.
Furthermore, the width of the drainage ditch is 25cm, the depth of the drainage ditch is 20cm, and the bottom of the drainage ditch is shoveled; the width of the transverse ditch adjacent to the drainage channel is 25cm, the depth of the transverse ditch is 25cm, and the ditch bottom is shoveled.
Furthermore, the depth of the transverse groove of the drainage outlet of the drainage ditch is deepened by 5 cm.
Furthermore, for the field pieces sowed by the sowing and ditching integrated machine, a transverse ditch and a waist ditch are made up.
Further, a rotary cultivator is used for shallow rotation of the field soil, and meanwhile, the base fertilizer is screwed into a 10-15cm deep plough layer in the field.
Furthermore, the central longitudinal ditch is used as the central axis, the longitudinal ditch extends to the drainage channel and the irrigation channel, the joint of the longitudinal ditch and the irrigation channel is a water irrigation port, and the joint of the longitudinal ditch and the drainage channel is a water drainage port.
Further, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) fertilizing and soil preparation
Firstly, according to the design requirements of the operation and the consumption of the fertilizer, the base fertilizer is uniformly applied to a field by manpower or machinery. Then, the soil is ploughed, crushed and stone-picked up by using the ploughing and stone-picking machine according to the standard of 'flat, fine and clean', so that the field is integrally flat, the soil particles are small and uniform, and no large stones are left.
(2) Planning of field and furrow
According to the soil texture of the field, the size of the field block and the topography of the terrain, the field is integrally planned: firstly, a water irrigation channel is arranged on the higher side of the terrain, and a water drainage channel is arranged on the lower side of the terrain for subsequent irrigation and drainage work.
According to the width of the operation machine, along the length direction of the field block, the field is divided into planting bed surfaces with proper width by using marks, longitudinal ditches are reserved, two transverse ditches are respectively arranged at two ends of the field block, and if the length of the field block is more than 80m, waist ditches are added.
(3) Seeding
On the set ridge surface, a proper seeder is selected for seeding, for example, seeding and ditching integrated mechanical seeding are adopted, and the longitudinal ditch is formed along with the seeding process.
(4) Ditching for
According to the field ditch mark, a proper ditcher is selected for ditching. The width of the ditch is 20-25 cm, the depth of the ditch is about 20cm, and the bottom of the ditch is leveled. The transverse groove of the drainage port is properly 5cm deep, so that smooth drainage is facilitated. For the field pieces sowed by the sowing and ditching integrated machine, the transverse ditches and the waist ditches are made up.
The invention also provides application of the method in highland barley planting in plateau areas.
Advantageous effects
1) Effectively preventing and controlling irrigation waterlogging of highland barley in seedling emergence period. Highland barley seeding is usually drought and rainless, seedling emergence is mainly carried out by irrigation after seeding, redundant irrigation water can be drained in a ditch by the technology, water accumulation at low-lying positions of ridge surfaces is guaranteed, seedling emergence in fields is neat and consistent, and the situations of seed rot, seedling death, no seedling and the like at the low-lying positions are avoided.
2) The ditch system designed by the technology comprehensively considers the problems of soil texture, operation machinery requirements, smoothness of drainage and the like, ensures that drainage is smooth and quick after heavy rain, effectively prevents premature senility of roots and plants caused by field waterlogging and early senescence, and realizes high quality and high yield of the highland barley.
3) Realizes the coordination of fertilizer and water and improves the utilization rate of the fertilizer. According to the characteristics of water and fertilizer demand of the highland barley in the whole growth period and the rainfall drought condition, water is quickly filled and drained in time, accurate fertilization is realized, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, and the fertilizer pollution is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates the problems of the prior art and the advantages of the improved field irrigation and drainage technique.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an improved irrigation and drainage technique for field use, namely "ditch irrigation and drainage".
FIG. 3 is an exemplary aerial photograph of the improved field irrigation and drainage technique, namely "ditch irrigation and drainage" in the production application.
FIG. 4 is a photograph of seedlings emerging from the existing field ridge irrigation (water is accumulated locally in the ridge irrigation, which causes uneven and less seedlings.
FIG. 5 is a photograph of seedlings from the improved field irrigation ditches (the seedlings are uniform).
FIG. 6 is a photograph of the mature period of the existing large ridge irrigation (rain water accumulates in the low-lying place, the ear is small and the ear is small due to waterlogging).
FIG. 7 is a photograph of the seedlings of the improved field ditches (no rain accumulation and uniform growth).
Reference numerals: 1. a furrow surface; 2. longitudinal furrows; 3. a water filling port; 4. irrigating a ditch; 5. transverse ditches; 6. a waist groove; 7. transverse ditches; 8. a drainage channel; 9. and a water outlet.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
(1) Preliminary land preparation of field
Ploughing, crushing and picking up stones in the field soil by using a ploughing machine and a stone picker.
(2) Application of base fertilizer
After the previous crops are harvested, applying base fertilizer to the field by adopting a mode of manual uniform spreading or spreading by a fertilizer spreader according to the design requirements of fertilizer operation and total fertilizer requirement;
(3) fine land preparation of field
And (3) using a rotary cultivator to shallowly rotate the soil of the field, and simultaneously screwing the base fertilizer into a ploughing layer with the depth of 10-15cm in the field. The standard for fine soil preparation is "flat": the field is integrally smooth and thin: the field soil has small and uniform particles and is 'clean': the surface of the field is clean and has no straws and large stones of the previous crops;
(4) planning of a field
According to the topography of the land around the field, excavating a water irrigation channel on one side with higher topography, and excavating a water drainage channel on one side with lower topography for subsequent irrigation and drainage work;
(5) planning of groove systems
Firstly, measuring the total length and the total width of a field block, then combining the width of a ditching operation machine, dividing the field into ridge surfaces with proper width along the length direction of the field block by adopting a manual marking mode, reserving 30cm longitudinal ditches between the ridge surfaces, and planning 1 transverse ditch at each end of the field;
(6) planning of irrigation and drainage openings
The longitudinal ditch at the middle of the field is used as a central axis and extends to the drainage channel and the irrigation channel respectively. The joint of the water inlet channel and the water discharge channel is a water inlet, and the joint of the central axis and the water discharge channel is a water outlet (shown in figure 2);
(7) seeding
On the set ridge surface, selecting a proper seeder, and seeding according to the set row spacing (preferably 20cm), wherein the depth of a seeding ditch is 3-5 cm; if the sowing and ditching are integrated, the sowing and the ditching are integrated, and the longitudinal ditches are dug together.
(8) Ditching for
And (5) according to the field ditch mark planned in the step (5), selecting a proper ditcher to excavate the longitudinal ditch and the transverse ditch along the marking direction. Specifically, the width of each longitudinal ditch and the width of a transverse ditch of the adjacent irrigation ditch are 25cm, the depth of each longitudinal ditch is 20cm, and the ditch bottom is leveled; the width of the transverse ditch adjacent to the drainage channel is 25cm, the depth of the transverse ditch is 25cm, and the ditch bottom is shoveled flat (shown in figure 3);
(9) control and maintenance of later irrigation and drainage
The method can rapidly irrigate or drain the field in a 'ditch irrigation and ditch drainage' mode in time according to the characteristics of water and fertilizer requirement and rainfall drought conditions of the highland barley in the whole growing period. Irrigation waterlogging at the seedling emergence stage and waterlogging premature senility at the later growth stage are avoided, fertilizer and water coordination is realized, and the utilization rate of field fertilizers is improved;
if the highland barley is sowed in drought, the water outlet is closed by soil, and the irrigation opening is opened for manual irrigation. The artificial irrigation in each time needs to be carried out as follows: fully irrigating, thoroughly irrigating and uniformly irrigating, wherein all ditches are preferably filled with water, the periphery of the ridge surface is slightly wet, and water is not accumulated at the low-lying part of the ridge surface;
for example, when highland barley is sowed or rain is less in the growing period, the effective utilization rate of rainfall resources is improved and fertilizer water loss is reduced. The water holding of the ditch system is realized by dynamically controlling the opening and closing of the water outlet and the irrigation port, and the water storage capacity of the field is improved;
if the highland barley falls intensively in the growing period, the irrigation opening is closed and the water outlet is opened. Can clean the sludge at the bottom of the ditch near the water outlet in time, and is convenient for smooth drainage.
Example 2
The method for planting the Tibet local agriculture comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preliminary land preparation of field
Ploughing, crushing and picking up stones in the field soil by using a ploughing machine and a stone picker.
(2) Application of base fertilizer
After the previous crops are harvested, applying base fertilizer to the field by adopting a mode of manual uniform spreading or spreading by a fertilizer spreader according to the design requirements of fertilizer operation and total fertilizer requirement;
(3) seeding
Selecting a proper seeder, and seeding according to a set row spacing, wherein the depth of a seeding groove is 3-5 cm;
(5) ridge-enclosing irrigation
FIG. 4 is a photograph of seedlings emerging from a large ridge irrigation by the method of agricultural plantation in the Tibet region, and it can be seen from FIG. 4 that water is accumulated locally in the ridge irrigation, which results in uneven and less seedlings. FIG. 6 is a photograph of the mature period of the existing large ridge irrigation, rainwater accumulates at the low-lying position, and the ear is less and small due to waterlogging.
FIG. 5 is a photograph of the maturing stage of ridge irrigation of field using the method of agricultural plantation in Tibet region, and it can be seen from FIG. 5 that the seedlings of the improved field are uniform. FIG. 7 is a photograph of the seedling emergence of the improved field ditch, no rainwater accumulation and consistent growth vigor.
Claims (10)
1. A highland barley field irrigation and drainage method is characterized in that base fertilizer is evenly applied to the field; arranging a water irrigation channel on the higher side of the terrain, arranging a water drainage channel on the lower side of the terrain, measuring the total length and the total width of the field block, dividing the field into ridge surfaces with proper width along the length direction of the field block according to the width of the ditching operation machinery, leaving a longitudinal ditch between the ridge surfaces, and planning a transverse ditch at each end of the field; sowing on the set ridge surface by adopting a sowing machine; and (5) draining a ditch after sowing.
2. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil is plowed, crushed and picked up by a plowing and stone picking up device after fertilization, so as to achieve the purpose of leveling the whole field, small and uniform soil particles and no large stones.
3. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waist furrow is added if the length of the field is more than 80 m.
4. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein seeding and ditching are integrated mechanical seeding, and the longitudinal ditch is formed along with the seeding process.
5. The highland barley field irrigation drainage method according to claim 1, wherein the drainage ditch has a ditch width of 25cm, a ditch depth of 20cm and a ditch bottom leveled; the width of the transverse ditch adjacent to the drainage channel is 25cm, the depth of the transverse ditch is 25cm, and the ditch bottom is shoveled.
6. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the depth of the drainage opening of the drainage ditch is deepened by 5 cm.
7. The irrigation and drainage method for highland barley fields as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transverse ditch and the waist ditch are supplemented for the field blocks sowed by the sowing and ditching integrated machine.
8. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil of the field is shallow-revolved by using a rotary cultivator, and simultaneously the base fertilizer is revolved into a plough layer with a depth of 10-15cm in the field.
9. The highland barley field irrigation and drainage method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the central longitudinal trench is a central longitudinal trench, the longitudinal trench extends toward the drainage channel and the irrigation channel, the connection between the longitudinal trench and the irrigation channel is an irrigation opening, and the connection between the longitudinal trench and the drainage channel is a drainage opening.
10. Use of the method of any one of claims 1 to 9 in highland barley plantation in a plateau area.
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| RU2198488C1 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-02-20 | Жаринов Евгений Михайлович | Method for cultivation of sorghum crops under irrigated agriculture conditions |
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2022
- 2022-06-13 CN CN202210662480.2A patent/CN115039665A/en active Pending
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