CN103733931A - Method of cultivating rice by layer construction and utilization of straw and soil - Google Patents
Method of cultivating rice by layer construction and utilization of straw and soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN103733931A CN103733931A CN201410013807.9A CN201410013807A CN103733931A CN 103733931 A CN103733931 A CN 103733931A CN 201410013807 A CN201410013807 A CN 201410013807A CN 103733931 A CN103733931 A CN 103733931A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method of cultivating rice by layer construction and utilization of straw and soil and solves the problems of crop stalk returning, soil aeration and water-fertilizer coupling. The method includes the steps of 1, performing a bed-furrow project on a rice field for the whole year; 2, performing moisture management before each season of crop harvesting; 3, treating stalks of crops of each season; 4, clearing beds and furrows and spreading soil; 5, planting crops; 6, performing field management; 7, harvesting the crops. The method has the advantages that the soil arable layer structure is changed, and a mud layer, a straw layer and a soil layer are formed from top to bottom; the method is good for deeply placing chemical fertilizers and improving availability of the fertilizers; water content of bed soil is decreased, soil aeration is improved, and availability of natural rainfall is improved; the rice field production process is free of tillage, straw burning and field steeping, ecological benefits are significant, operational energy consumption is reduced, haze is decreased, and irrigation water is decreased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to rice cultivating technique field, especially a kind of sward divides layer building to utilize rice to make method.
Background technology
According to statistics, within 2013, national total output of grain surpasses 6.0 hundred million tons, by grain stalk, than 1:1.2, estimate, add other crop stems, the whole nation year produces stem stalk and exceedes 7.2 hundred million tons, contains a large amount of organic matters in stem stalk, nitrogen phosphorus potassium and trace element, in 7.2 hundred million tons of stem stalks, npk nutrient content is equivalent to more than 576 ten thousand tons of urea, more than 840 ten thousand tons of superphosphate, more than 840 ten thousand tons of potassium sulfates.
Research shows that crop stem turns over and field or mulching and returning are effective well stimulations, generally can increase production more than 10%, but China's crops stem stalk resource major part is used as peasant household's life fuel or in field, burns or thrown aside and huddles, not only cause the serious waste of stem stalk resource, but also caused the pollution of environment.Therefore, how to realize and simplify stem stalk effectively and field is one of current bottleneck problem that must solve.Soaked field, whole ground of Rice Production water is also the bottleneck problem in multiple cropping crop production simultaneously, China's Multicropping rice gathers in and generally all takes to use track combine operation after dry field in producing in front season, plow layer dehydrates, with carrying harvester operation, the soaked field of pouring water subsequently, 150 cubes of general every mu of needs, but also require to satisfy the demands to reduce agriculture consumption in the shortest time, therefore Rice Production double rush for harvesting and sowing often has water use disputes to occur season.
4.52 hundred million mu of China's rice growing areas in 2012,67,800,000,000 cubes of soaked field waters, this link is the main body of Rice Production water, and Rice Production water is the main body of agricultural production water, and agricultural production is the main body of China's Water Consumption, therefore save the water of this link of soaked field concerning China's water overall situation.
Chinese patent CN200910272552.7 discloses a kind of fixed compartment ditch semilate rice no-tillage cast-transplanted overall aerobic cultivation method, and in detail the advantage of the no-tillage cultivation methods of cultivation has been described in detail in background technology, be conducive to improve soil aeration, reduce the advantages such as greenhouse gas emission, but this invention does not relate to the technology such as effectively processing of straw, storing water and preserving fertility, improvement of soil fertility, this patent, take semilate rice-rape double cropping as object, can not be applied to the triple-cropping system based on double cropping rice.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problem of Returning Application of Crop Straw, soil aeration and water and fertilizer coupling, the present invention aims to provide a kind of sward and divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, this direct-sowing cultivating method can be realized fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three's efficient coupling, reaches the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopt the present invention before early rice is transplanted, to realize three and exempt from: no-tillage, unburned crops straw, exempt to fill with soaked field water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
A kind of sward divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
1) winter crops field excavation railway carriage or compartment ditch: winter crops is transplanted or lively frontly field is organized into railway carriage or compartment face, railway carriage or compartment face width 50 ~ 100cm; Between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, open railway carriage or compartment ditch, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Winter crops is planted on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
2) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after winter crops results: do not turn over, do not pour water after winter crops results, keep field face dry, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in railway carriage or compartment, then the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
3) early rice is transplanted or is live: in the not dry front transplanting of railway carriage or compartment face sposh or live early rice; Wherein, early before direct sowing of rice, select fine day to bask seeds 1-2 day, then, through seed soaking, after soaking, through clear water, rinse well, after broken chest vernalization, sow;
4) early rice field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control, shine hard railway carriage or compartment face before early rice results, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment;
5) early rice harvesting: during early rice ripe and harvested, early rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
6) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after early rice results: do not turn over, do not pour water after early rice results, keep field face dry, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in railway carriage or compartment, then the muddy water in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
7) late rice is transplanted or is live: the not dry front transplanting of railway carriage or compartment face sposh or live late rice; Wherein, before late rice is live, select fine day to bask seeds 1-2 day, then, through seed soaking, after soaking, through clear water, rinse well, after broken chest vernalization, sow;
8) late rice field management: management of water, fertilizer, disease and pest control, late rice is gathered in the crops in the ditch of front railway carriage or compartment and is not retained water layer, makes railway carriage or compartment face and railway carriage or compartment ditch keep dry and comfortable;
9) late rice harvesting: during late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
10) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after late rice results: do not turn over, do not pour water after late rice results, keep field face dry; In railway carriage or compartment, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
11) winter crops plantation:
A) bask seeds: before winter crops plantation, select sunny weather that seed is shone 2 ~ 3 days;
B) planting patterns: select live or transplanting method that winter crops is planted to the face of railway carriage or compartment;
12) winter crops field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control; During winter crops results, in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm;
13) winter crops harvesting: after winter crops ripe and harvested, by crops straw chopping or Direct Uniform spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
Be below the technical scheme of further improvement of the present invention:
Preferably, described railway carriage or compartment face width 70 ~ 80cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 15 ~ 20cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
Adopt combine harvesting early rice, late rice and winter crops, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded to spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
After winter crops results, adopt chain ditcher ditch cleaning during the mud of railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields early rice transplant nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 60%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount that early rice is transplanted three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 150.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 96.0kg/hm
2~ 120.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 60.0kg/h ㎡ ~ 75.0kg/hm
2; Or before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Early the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of direct sowing of rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 115.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 72.0kg/hm
2~ 90kg/hm
2.
After early rice results, ditch cleaning stand mud adopts chain ditcher ditch cleaning, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields late rice transplant nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 60%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 90.0kg/hm
2; Or before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice 50%, 50% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of the live three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 180.0kg/hm
2~ 216.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 173.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 90.0kg/hm
2~ 108.0kg/hm
2.
After late rice results, adopt chain ditcher ditch cleaning during the mud of railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of winter crops is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
When early rice or late rice are transplanted, the rice shoot of transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, rice shoot root band mud, and adopt rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine that rice shoot is evenly transplanted to railway carriage or compartment face, the early rice culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 10cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of early rice rice transplanting is 30 ~ 35 Miao/㎡; The late rice culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 15cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of late rice rice transplanting is 25 ~ 30 Miao/㎡.
Presoaking and germinating when early rice or late rice are live; With one thousandth " strong chlorine oil " or " bacterium worm is clear " solution seed soaking 5-6 hour, or " carbendazim " solution seed soaking 10-12 hour; After soaking, through clear water, rinse well, adopt the method for " soaking night dew, three ups and three downs daytime ", to reveal duty few kind, change water as principle more, 8-12h soaks kind 1 time, and ensuing 8-12h reveals a kind, through 3 times, rises and falls behind, and after the broken chest vernalization of early rice or late rice, sows; For hybrid rice variety, during seed soaking, duty is changed water; Temperature during vernalization, can not the broken chest of high temperature lower than conventional rice kind.
Soak night dew described daytime, three ups and three downs refers to reveal duty few kind more and changes water as principle, requires 8-12h to soak kind 1 time, 8-12h reveals a kind, through 3 times rise fall behind, early rice can carry out vernalization, middle late rice even can directly be sowed.
Between early rice and late rice, management comprises:
(a) early rice is topdressed: after rice striking root, fertilizer imposes early rice and transplants 30% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount after transplanting in 7 ~ 15 days depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer are executed 40% of 10% and potash fertilizer total amount that early rice transplants nitrogenous fertilizer total amount depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of early rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 150.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 96.0kg/hm
2~ 120.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 60.0kg/hm
2~ 75.0kg/hm
2; Or depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, after emerging, in 7-15 days, impose 30% of direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings execute direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early 20%, potash fertilizer total amount 40%; Wherein early the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of direct sowing of rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 115.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 72.0kg/hm
2~ 90kg/hm
2;
Late rice is topdressed: depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, after transplanting, in 7 ~ 15 days, impose late rice and transplant 30% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer are executed 40% of 20% and potash fertilizer total amount that late rice transplants nitrogenous fertilizer total amount depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 90.0kg/hm
2; Or after transplanting, in 7 ~ 15 days, impose 30% of the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, execute the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice 20% and potash fertilizer total amount 50%; Wherein the total amount of the live three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 180.0kg/hm
2~ 216.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 173.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 90.0kg/hm
2~ 108.0kg/hm
2;
(b) Guan Shui: water management is accumulated rainfall as main take railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitably supplementary irrigation; Water management whole process is take water conservation, retaining as main; Panicle spike primordium differentiation stage panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage take draining as main;
(c) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are take biological control as main, and physical control and chemical control are auxiliary.
Winter crops transplant after 7 ~ 15 days or live after within 25～30 days, execute 30% of winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount and carry seed manure; After transplanting 55 ~ 65 days or live after within 75 ~ 85 days, execute winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 15% and potash fertilizer total amount 30% make cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer; After transplanting, within 85 ~ 100 days or after planting 105 ~ 115 days, execute winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 5% and potash fertilizer total amount 10% make a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of winter crops is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2; After winter crops plantation, water in time or pour water, if adopt transplanting method plantation, at the transplanting root and stem of certain plants water alive of pouring in time afterwards; If adopt direct-seeding plantation, along railway carriage or compartment ditch, to pour water, water irrigating depth is apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm; During field management, according to soil moisture content supplementary irrigation, guarantee that the relative water content of soil is 65% ~ 75%, relative air humidity is 70 ~ 80%.
Preferably, described winter crops is rape or wheat.
Under triple-cropping system background due to anxiety in season, it is two bottlenecks during large area is produced that straw is processed with effective supply soaked field water, the present invention has realized spatially not only to have realized unburned straw, winter crops stalk with soil pressure stem stalk, can also straw, winter crops returning total stalks into fields; With the sposh tiling railway carriage or compartment face in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, not only realized no-tillagely, can also exempt to fill with soaked field water; With straw, make railway carriage or compartment face base wad in time and not only realized the zero agriculture consumption of early rice harvesting with late rice transplanting, also saved the time of processing straw; With the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, do face interface, railway carriage or compartment and not only saved the time in the soaked field of pouring water, also saved the time on whole ground.Simultaneously, In Middle And Lower Reaches of Changjiang River is generally carried out double cropping rice and is added the ripe cropping system of winter crops 1 year three, cropping index is high, and soil fertility loss is serious, in the mode of firming capping, fresh total straw is also played an important role for minimizing haze, raising retention capacity of soil, culture fertility in field.
Know-why of the present invention is: the present invention shreds stalk, fertilising, chain ditcher ditch cleaning and sheds sposh in railway carriage or compartment face, sposh layer, stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and edaphic ecological railway carriage or compartment face have been formed from top to bottom, change soil plough horizon structure, also realized base manure deep placement simultaneously; Railway carriage or compartment ditch is accumulated the efficient draining of natural precipitation and narrow railway carriage or compartment, improves water use efficiency and soil aeration, realizes fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three's efficient coupling, reaches the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopt the technology of the present invention before early rice is transplanted, to realize three and exempt from: no-tillage, the unburned winter is made stalk, exempts to fill with soaked field water, and ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.Particularly, as shown in Figure 1, described ecological end structure: formed three layers of sposh layer, stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and soil horizons from top to bottom, described ecological railway carriage or compartment function:
The one, water retaining function, second layer stalk is subject to upper strata sposh compressing to become the water conservation layer of similar cavernous body;
The 2nd, oxygen-enriched function, the similar cavernous body that second layer stalk forms can be stored air for the metabolism of rice root breath;
The 3rd is fertilizer conservation function, and first the chemical fertilizer mixing with stalk is absorbed and accumulate by stalk after dissolving, and upper strata also has sposh to hide non-volatile, and lower floor has the topsoil pad of not turning over to ooze under delaying;
The 4th is clean stalk function, thereby total straw also causes mechanical rotary tillage or the operational difficulty of turning over to cause rice agriculture to burn straw to remove obstacles behind field, thereby the present invention is no-tillage and adopt sposh paving to press stalk that the basal plane of shoot transplanting equipment is provided, and forms stalk clean utilization function.
Described ecological groove structure: the sposh of ditch bottom, the water layer that shoe covers sposh are more than 1 centimetre; Described ecological ditch function: the one, drain function, gets rid of and is seeped into the excessive moisture ecological ditch from plow layer side; The 2nd, oxygen supply function, forms air convection channel with the plow layer under the face of railway carriage or compartment, is the oxygen supply of crop root mass; The 3rd, for stalk provides lid material, by helix ditching machine, the sposh in ditch and water are revolved and raised to railway carriage or compartment face, muddy water paving pressure stalk; The 4th, breeding function, railway carriage or compartment ditch can breeding loach and yellow eel, forms breeding spaces.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1) change soil plough horizon structure, formed sposh layer, stalk layer and soil horizon from top to bottom;
2) disposable total crop return and the buried processing that realizes crops straw joined to fertilize simultaneously, is conducive to the utilization ratio of deep-fertilizing and raising fertilizer;
3) utilize drainability and the good water-holding capacity of zanjon that narrow railway carriage or compartment face is good, reduce on the one hand the water content of envelope soil, improve soil aeration, improve on the other hand the utilization ratio of natural precipitation;
4) having realized three of rice field production process exempts from: no-tillage, unburned stalk, exempt to fill with soaked field water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structure principle chart of one embodiment of the invention.
In the drawings
1-sposh first season layer; 2-first order stalk or stem stalk layer; The 3-soil horizon first season;
4-second level stalk or stem stalk layer; The 5-soil horizon second season; 6-sposh second season layer;
7-third quarter soil horizon; 8-third level stalk or stem stalk layer; 9-third quarter sposh layer;
10-fertilizer.
Embodiment
A kind of sward divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, comprises the following steps:
1) the rice field anniversary is implemented railway carriage or compartment ditch engineering: late rice season is organized into railway carriage or compartment face by field, the wide 70 ~ 80cm in railway carriage or compartment, furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm after gathering in the crops; After winter crops results, carry out ditch cleaning operation, keep width and the degree of depth of ditch; After gathering in the crops in early rice season, then carry out ditch cleaning operation, still keep width and the degree of depth of ditch, the anniversary repeatedly.But generally, after 15 ~ 30 Growing Season of Crops, need re-start rice field rotary tillage, plough deeply, then implement railway carriage or compartment ditch engineering, this flow chart carries out after can being selected in late rice season results.
2) water management before crop harvesting: shine hard railway carriage or compartment face before per season crop harvesting, both guaranteed that grain header worked smoothly, prevent that again railway carriage or compartment ditch is dry and cracked.But the railway carriage or compartment ditch in crop and early rice season should retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the winter time, the railway carriage or compartment ditch in late rice season does not need to retain water layer, should keep the dry and comfortable of railway carriage or compartment ditch;
3) crop stem processing: after crop maturation, adopt combine harvesting crop, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, railway carriage or compartment face stalk spreads even substantially;
4) chain ditcher ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over after crop harvesting, do not pour water, keep field face dry, the composite fertilizer of evenly spreading fertilizer over the fields 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer or equivalent of nitrogenous fertilizer, potash fertilizer total amount before trench digging, the soil that adopts chain ditcher that field is made in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face;
5) crop-planting method: (a) early rice season and late rice season, to rob before answering railway carriage or compartment face sposh not dry and plant early rice and late rice, that cultivation method can adopt is live, transplanting or rice transplanting.Wherein,
Live broadcasting method: 1) bask seeds; Select fine day to carry out, shine 1-2 the sun, hot weather is not directly basked seeds thin seed being spread out on cement court, prevents the excess Temperature embryo of burning; While basking seeds, notice that thin stand, duty turn over, prevent from mixing between seed breakage and kind; 2) presoaking and germinating; With one thousandth " strong chlorine oil " or " bacterium worm is clear " solution seed soaking 5-6 hour, or " carbendazim " solution seed soaking 10-12 hour; After soaking, through clear water, rinse well, adopt the method for " soaking night dew, three ups and three downs daytime ", to reveal duty few kind, change water as principle more, require 8-12h to soak kind 1 time, 8-12h reveals a kind, plays backwardness can directly sow through 2 ~ 3 times; For hybrid rice variety, vigorous because of its breathing, during seed soaking, duty is changed water; 3) live: before railway carriage or compartment face sposh is not dry, robs and broadcast late rice, can adopt and manually spread fertilizer over the fields or the broken hydrothorax rice of seed-sowing machine sowing.
Transplant or carrying seedling throwing method: the rice shoot of transplanting or rice transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, but need root band mud, be beneficial to survive, adopt rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine that rice shoot is evenly transplanted to railway carriage or compartment face, the culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 30cm × spacing in the rows 10 ~ 20cm, and the Basic Seedling of rice transplanting is 30 Miao/㎡;
(b) winter crops, live, transplanting that cultivation method can adopt.Wherein,
(1) bask seeds: the winter is done before seed plantation, select bright day gas to carry out, seed is shone to 2 ~ 3 sun skies, but hot weather not directly basks seeds thin seed being spread out on cement court, prevent the excess Temperature embryo of burning; While basking seeds, notice that thin stand, duty turn over, prevent from mixing between seed breakage and kind;
(2) planting patterns: suit measures to local conditions, can select the modes such as live or transplanting to plant, and companion executes the plant growth regulator such as paclobutrazol and trace element;
(3) water management after plantation: will water in time or pour water after plantation, as adopted transplanting method plantation, the root and stem of certain plants water of living of pouring in time after needing to transplant, in order to keep root and fresh and alive near the stem of root; As adopt direct-seeding, and needing to pour water along zanjon, water irrigating depth stops pouring water during apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm, and slowly draining or not draining, and being beneficial to seed germination has the sufficient moisture can be for absorbing early stage;
6) field management: (a) field management in early rice season and late rice season: topdress (1): after rice striking root, fertilizer is no longer used in principle, the visual growth of cereal crop seedlings is after transplanting in 7 ~ 15 days 30% of Nitrogen Top Dressing total amount; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer look growth of cereal crop seedlings nitrogen fertilizer application total amount 10% and potash fertilizer total amount 40%.
(2) Guan Shui: water management is accumulated rainfall as main take railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitably supplementary irrigation.Water management whole process is take water conservation, retaining as main, panicle spike primordium differentiation stage panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage take draining as main.
(3) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are take biological control as main, and foster duck navigates within and suppresses pest in the ranks, and railway carriage or compartment ditch becomes the express passway of duck, improve operating efficiency; Physical control and chemical control are auxiliary, use safety pesticide when pest breaks out;
(b) field management of winter crops: topdress (1): after transplanting, 30% of 7 ~ 15 days or after planting 25～30 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts carry seed manure, transplant after 55 ~ 65 days or after planting 75 ~ 85 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts 15% and potash fertilizer total amount 30% make cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer, transplant latter 85 ~ 100 days or after planting 105 ~ 115 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts 5% and potash fertilizer total amount 10% make a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer;
(2) Guan Shui: according to the suitable supplementary irrigation of soil moisture content, with growing of soil relative water content 70%, 70 ~ 80% optimum winters of relative air humidity work, improve the condition of field drought resisting water drainage;
(3) prevention and control of weeds: after planting 3 ~ 4 days, select suitable herbicide sprays, control the 1st germination peak, follow-up germination peak is take biological control as main, and foster duck navigates between paddy rice two row and suppresses weeds;
(4) sick, worm control: mainly anti-ly eliminate aphis, the damage by disease and insect such as white blister, wasting disease;
7) crop harvesting: after per season crop maturation, adopt combine harvesting crop, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded simultaneously, uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, railway carriage or compartment face stalk spreads even substantially, for next batch of crop production lays the first stone.
The content that above-described embodiment is illustrated should be understood to these embodiment only for being illustrated more clearly in the present invention, and be not used in, limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, those skilled in the art all fall within the application's claims limited range to the modification of the various equivalent form of values of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. sward divides layer building to utilize rice to make a method, it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
1) winter crops field excavation railway carriage or compartment ditch: winter crops is transplanted or lively frontly field is organized into railway carriage or compartment face, railway carriage or compartment face width 50 ~ 100cm; Between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, open railway carriage or compartment ditch, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Winter crops is planted on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
2) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after winter crops results: do not turn over, do not pour water after winter crops results, keep field face dry, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in railway carriage or compartment, then the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
3) early rice is transplanted or is live: in the not dry front transplanting of railway carriage or compartment face sposh or live early rice; Wherein, early before direct sowing of rice, select fine day to bask seeds 1-2 day, then, through seed soaking, after soaking, through clear water, rinse well, after broken chest vernalization, sow;
4) early rice field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control, shine hard railway carriage or compartment face before early rice results, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment;
5) early rice harvesting: during early rice ripe and harvested, early rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
6) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after early rice results: do not turn over, do not pour water after early rice results, keep field face dry, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in railway carriage or compartment, then the muddy water in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the sposh in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
7) late rice is transplanted or is live: the not dry front transplanting of railway carriage or compartment face sposh or live late rice; Wherein, before late rice is live, select fine day to bask seeds 1-2 day, then, through seed soaking, after soaking, through clear water, rinse well, after broken chest vernalization, sow;
8) late rice field management: management of water, fertilizer, disease and pest control, late rice is gathered in the crops in the ditch of front railway carriage or compartment and is not retained water layer, makes railway carriage or compartment face and railway carriage or compartment ditch keep dry and comfortable;
9) late rice harvesting: during late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk or stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
10) ditch ditch cleaning stand, railway carriage or compartment mud after late rice results: do not turn over, do not pour water after late rice results, keep field face dry; In railway carriage or compartment, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
11) winter crops plantation:
A) bask seeds: before winter crops plantation, select sunny weather that seed is shone 2 ~ 3 days;
B) planting patterns: select live or transplanting method that winter crops is planted to the face of railway carriage or compartment;
12) winter crops field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control; During winter crops results, in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, retain the water layer of 1 ~ 3cm;
13) winter crops harvesting: after winter crops ripe and harvested, by crops straw chopping or Direct Uniform spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
2. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, described railway carriage or compartment face width 70 ~ 80cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
3. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, adopts combine harvesting early rice, late rice and winter crops, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded to spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
4. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, when railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning spreads out mud after winter crops results, adopt chain ditcher ditch cleaning, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields early rice transplant nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 60%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount that early rice is transplanted three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 150.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 96.0kg/hm
2~ 120.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 60.0kg/hm
2~ 75.0kg/hm
2; Or before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Early the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of direct sowing of rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 115.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 72.0kg/hm
2~ 90kg/hm
2.
5. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, after early rice results, ditch cleaning stand mud adopts chain ditcher ditch cleaning, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields late rice transplant nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 60%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 90.0kg/hm
2; Or before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice 50%, 50% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of the live three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 180.0kg/hm
2~ 216.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 173.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 90.0kg/hm
2~ 108.0kg/hm
2.
6. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, when railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning spreads out mud after late rice results, adopt chain ditcher ditch cleaning, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of winter crops is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
7. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, when early rice or late rice are transplanted, the rice shoot of transplanting is the seedling with soil of floppy disk incubation or the rice shoot of traditional method of raising seedling, rice shoot root band mud, and adopting rice transplanter or throwing transplanting machine that rice shoot is evenly transplanted to railway carriage or compartment face, the early rice culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 10cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of early rice rice transplanting is 30 ~ 35 Miao/㎡; The late rice culturable standard of rice transplanter is line-spacing 25cm ~ 35cm × spacing in the rows 15cm ~ 20cm, and the specification of late rice rice transplanting is 25 ~ 30 Miao/㎡.
8. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that presoaking and germinating when early rice or late rice are live; With one thousandth " strong chlorine oil " or " bacterium worm is clear " solution seed soaking 5-6 hour, or " carbendazim " solution seed soaking 10-12 hour; After soaking, through clear water, rinse well, adopt the method for " soaking night dew, three ups and three downs daytime ", to reveal duty few kind, change water as principle more, 8-12h soaks kind 1 time, and ensuing 8-12h reveals a kind, through 3 times, rises and falls behind, and after the broken chest vernalization of early rice or late rice, sows; For hybrid rice variety, during seed soaking, duty is changed water; Temperature during vernalization, can not the broken chest of high temperature lower than conventional rice kind.
9. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, between early rice and late rice, management comprises:
(a) early rice is topdressed: after rice striking root, fertilizer imposes early rice and transplants 30% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount after transplanting in 7 ~ 15 days depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer are executed 40% of 10% and potash fertilizer total amount that early rice transplants nitrogenous fertilizer total amount depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of early rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 150.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 96.0kg/hm
2~ 120.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 60.0kg/hm
2~ 75.0kg/hm
2; Or depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, after emerging, in 7-15 days, impose 30% of direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings execute direct sowing of rice nitrogenous fertilizer total amount early 20%, potash fertilizer total amount 40%; Wherein early the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of direct sowing of rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 115.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 72.0kg/hm
2~ 90kg/hm
2;
Late rice is topdressed: depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, after transplanting, in 7 ~ 15 days, impose late rice and transplant 30% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer are executed 40% of 20% and potash fertilizer total amount that late rice transplants nitrogenous fertilizer total amount depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice transplanting is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 120.0kg/hm
2~ 144.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 90.0kg/hm
2; Or after transplanting, in 7 ~ 15 days, impose 30% of the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings; Rice young panicle idiophase, ear manuer depending on the growth of cereal crop seedlings, execute the live nitrogenous fertilizer total amount of late rice 20% and potash fertilizer total amount 50%; Wherein the total amount of the live three kinds of chemical fertilizer of late rice is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 180.0kg/hm
2~ 216.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 144.0kg/hm
2~ 173.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 90.0kg/hm
2~ 108.0kg/hm
2;
(b) Guan Shui: water management is accumulated rainfall as main take railway carriage or compartment ditch, suitably supplementary irrigation; Water management whole process is take water conservation, retaining as main; Panicle spike primordium differentiation stage panicle spike primordium differentiation stage, after milk ripe stage take draining as main;
(c) disease, worm, grass control: disease, worm, prevention and control of weeds are take biological control as main, and physical control and chemical control are auxiliary.
10. sward according to claim 1 divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, it is characterized in that, winter crops transplant after 7 ~ 15 days or live after within 25～30 days, execute 30% of winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount and carry seed manure; After transplanting 55 ~ 65 days or live after within 75 ~ 85 days, execute winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 15% and potash fertilizer total amount 30% make cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer; After transplanting, within 85 ~ 100 days or after planting 105 ~ 115 days, execute winter crops nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 5% and potash fertilizer total amount 10% make a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer; Wherein the total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer of winter crops is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2; After winter crops plantation, water in time or pour water, if adopt transplanting method plantation, at the transplanting root and stem of certain plants water alive of pouring in time afterwards; If adopt direct-seeding plantation, along railway carriage or compartment ditch, to pour water, water irrigating depth is apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm; During field management, according to soil moisture content supplementary irrigation, guarantee that the relative water content of soil is 65% ~ 75%, relative air humidity is 70 ~ 80%.
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| CN105123023A (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2015-12-09 | 安徽同大现代农业科技园有限公司 | Sowing accelerating method for rapid sprouting and once-sowing full stand of direct-seeding rice |
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