CN114128579A - Water and fertilizer accurate utilization cultivation method for potato in bud orientation seeding - Google Patents
Water and fertilizer accurate utilization cultivation method for potato in bud orientation seeding Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for accurately utilizing water and fertilizer for potato cultivation in a bud orientation sowing direction, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of firstly, selecting and treating seed potatoes, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing virus-free variety breeding, performing germination agent seed dressing, adopting gibberellin, secondly, selecting land, preparing land, selecting land with deep ploughing foundation, deep soil layer, loose soil and good drainage, thirdly, fertilizing, including basal application of organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, fourthly, adopting a lifting rotary drum to rotate and slide obliquely to seed, arranging a convex rotating wheel on one side of a slideway, enabling the potato blocks of the slideway to be isosceles triangles, enabling the lengths of two waists to be larger than the length of the bottom side, enabling the width of the slideway to be larger than the bottom side of the isosceles triangles and smaller than the two waists of the isosceles triangles, fifthly, irrigating, sixthly, topdressing, seventhly, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, and eighthly, and harvesting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for accurately utilizing water and fertilizer for potato cultivation by directional seeding in a fixed bud direction, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation.
Background
The potato is the fourth grain crop of the world grains following rice, wheat and corn, in recent years, the planting area of the Chinese potato is stabilized to be more than 8000 ten thousand mu, and reaches 8421.9 ten thousand mu in 2013, the potato has the advantages of drought resistance, barren resistance, high and stable yield, wide adaptability, full nutritional ingredients, industrial chain length and the like, can be taken as a main substitute crop for regulating main grains in an agricultural structure and is also an important guarantee for realizing grain safety, meanwhile, the potato is also a raw material for preparing starch, dextrin and glucose, the starch is also one of raw materials required by the textile industry, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the food processing and the manufacturing industry, and along with the promotion of the main grain-oriented process of the potato, the potato plays a positive role in guaranteeing the safety of the Chinese grains, promoting the regulation of the agricultural industrial structure, promoting the development of rural areas, increasing the continuous income of farmers and meeting the market demands, in traditional potato production, a large-water flood irrigation mode and one-time sufficient base fertilizer application are mostly adopted, but the mode not only causes water and fertilizer resource waste, the soil pollution is serious, but also the labor investment is large, the requirement of potato intensive production is difficult to meet, along with the implementation of the action of 'weight reduction and pesticide reduction' of the Ministry of agriculture, an efficient potato irrigation and fertilizer application technology is explored, the water and fertilizer resources are reasonably distributed, the potato yield and the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency are improved, and the pollution of the water and fertilizer resource waste to the soil environment is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a water-fertilizer accurate utilization cultivation method for potato in a bud orientation sowing process, aiming at the problems of serious water-fertilizer resource waste, low water-fertilizer utilization rate, serious soil environment pollution and the like in the potato production process.
A method for cultivating potatoes by accurately utilizing water and fertilizer in a bud-fixed direction sowing process comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of firstly, selecting and treating seed potatoes, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing detoxication variety breeding, accelerating germination, rooting agent and seed dressing, secondly, selecting land and preparing land, selecting land blocks with deep ploughing foundation, deep soil layer, loose soil and good drainage, thirdly, applying fertilizers, including basal application of organic fertilizers and seed fertilizers, wherein the organic matter content in the organic fertilizers is more than 45%, and the using amount of the organic fertilizers is 8000-10000 Kg/hm2The weight percentage of the seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphatic fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100-120 Kg/hm2 ：100～120 Kg/ hm2 ：100～150 Kg/ hm2The main chemical components of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are N, P2O5、K2And O, mechanically sowing, namely completing sowing, fertilizing and mulching at one time, wherein the sowing density is 6.75-7.2 thousands of plants/hm2The seeding depth is 14-16 cm, the plant spacing is 24-26 cm, the ridge spacing is 105-115 cm, mechanical earthing is carried out after seeding for 8-10 days, the rate of emergence is improved, the rotary drum rotary type inclined sliding seeding is adopted, a raised rotating wheel is arranged on one side of a slide way, potato blocks are in an inverted circular truncated cone shape, the lengths of two waists of the slide way are greater than the length of a bottom side, the width of the slide way is greater than the bottom side of an isosceles triangle and smaller than the two waists of the isosceles triangle, the rotary drum rotary type inclined slide way is used for leading potato buds to a seed sowing device, and the potato bud sowing device comprises the slide way, the rotating wheel, a baffle plate and a hinge jointRotary ball, electromagnetism open and shut ware, the slide both sides are equipped with the baffle of perpendicular to slide face, are equipped with articulated rotary ball, swiveling wheel on the baffle, swiveling wheel clockwise rotates, it is rotatory to drive the potato piece, the potato piece is the radius platform shape, cut into the round platform of falling with mechanical slabbing machine, and the bud eye is on the arc surface, on the vertical direction, the arc surface must be last, ensure the bud eye of potato upwards, if the bud eye is downward when seeding, the bud has the tropism, in the growth process, the bud needs rotatory growth, consume a large amount of nutrients, influence output, seed potato for the stripping and slicing that contains bud eye potato, this is high yield cultivation key step, the bud eye that artificial seeding can ensure the tropism, the bud eye of potato is upwards, nevertheless wastes time and energy, fifth step, irritates water, irritate water, adopt under the membrane, sixth step, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer, seventhly, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and eighthly, harvesting, wherein when the leaves turn yellow, the potatoes enter a mature period, and the harvesting period is required in time.
The seed potatoes are selected and treated by detoxification treatment, high-yield potatoes and high-disease-resistance potatoes are propagated by sticking buds, namely buds of the high-yield potatoes are taken out from the eyes of the potatoes and transplanted to the eyes of another potato with high disease resistance, detoxification variety breeding and stress resistance breeding are carried out in a field for multiple generations, germination accelerating and accelerating are adopted, a germination accelerating agent is separated and extracted from germs of rice to promote the growth and development of potato eye cells and rapid root system growth, the dosage of the germination accelerating agent is 5-15 mg/L, seeds are soaked for 20-30 min, the temperature is kept at 18-25 ℃ after airing until germination is achieved, the seed potatoes are cut into blocks and air-dried, a rooting agent is used for rooting, the dosage of the rooting agent is 5-15 mg/L, the seeds are uniformly sprayed, and then covered with a wet grass grid, and the seeds are kept for 10-15 hours.
The fertilizer application comprises base application organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, wherein the content of organic matters in the organic fertilizer is more than 45%, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 8000-10000 Kg/hm2The weight percentage of the seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphatic fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100-120 Kg/hm2 ：100～120 Kg/ hm2 ：100～150 Kg/ hm2The ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizerThe main chemical component is N, P2O5、K2O。
The sowing adopts mechanical sowing, the fertilization and the mulching film covering are completed at one time, and the sowing density is 6.75-7.2 ten thousand plants/hm2，The sowing depth is 14-16 cm, the plant spacing is 24-26 cm, the ridge spacing is 105-115 cm, mechanical soil covering is carried out 8-10 days after sowing, and the emergence rate is improved.
The irrigation is performed by drip irrigation under a film, the whole growth period of the potatoes is generally drip irrigation for 7-8 times, and 150-160 m of irrigation is performed each time3/ hm2And irrigating in proper time according to the soil damage condition.
The top dressing comprises the step of top dressing of a nitrogen fertilizer and a potassium fertilizer, wherein the proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 100-130 Kg/hm in percentage by weight2 ：100～130 Kg/ hm2The proportion of (A) is applied with a dropper at the early stage of potato formation.
The pest control method mainly comprises the steps that underground pests at the root parts of potatoes comprise grubs, mole crickets and wireworms, aphids and late blight on stems and leaves, and the underground pests are controlled by 50 percent phoxim particles at a rate of 10-20 Kg/hm2The aphid can be prevented and controlled by spraying imidacloprid on leaf surfaces, and the late blight can be prevented and controlled by spraying 500-600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder in the initial flowering stage or by adopting 500-600 times of 53% aurantidomil.
In the harvesting, when about 60-70% of the leaves at the lower part of the field plant turn yellow, the potatoes enter the mature period, and the harvesting period is required in time.
The invention has the beneficial effects.
1. According to the key water and fertilizer requirement characteristics of the potatoes, the drip tube is used for fertilizing and watering in stages, so that the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of the potatoes can be effectively improved, the pollution of water and fertilizer resources to the soil environment is reduced, and the yield and the quality of the potatoes can be improved.
2. Compared with the traditional potato cultivation method under the same condition, the yield of potatoes cultivated by the method is increased by more than 10%, the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency is improved by more than 10%, and the coordination and unification of the ecological, high-efficiency, high-quality and high-yield of potatoes are realized.
Detailed Description
Example 1.
The test is carried out in a test base of an agricultural scientific research institution of Zibo city in a high and new area Yan Gaoyun in Zibo city in 2019, the potato variety is 'Fisuret', the potato variety is purchased from a potato breeding base in a self-governing area of inner Mongolia, the soil to be tested is black soil of sand ginger, 35.89 g/Kg of organic carbon, 1.69 g/Kg of total nitrogen, 14.1 g/Kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 123.51 g/Kg of quick-acting potassium and Ph8.06 are arranged in a 0-30 cm cultivation layer, the previous stubble is corn, the sowing period is 3 months and 15 days in 2019, the test land block is 10 mu, the land block is divided into two parts, an isolation belt is arranged in the middle, and one part of the land block is cultivated according to the cultivation method disclosed by the invention.
A method for cultivating potatoes by accurately utilizing water and fertilizer in a bud-fixed direction sowing process comprises the following steps: firstly, selecting and processing seed potatoes, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing detoxication variety breeding, accelerating germination, rooting agent and seed dressing, adopting detoxication treatment, propagating the high-yield potatoes and the high-disease-resistant potatoes through sticking germination, namely taking out buds of the high-yield potatoes from bud eyes of the potatoes, transplanting the buds into bud eyes of another high-disease-resistant potato, performing detoxication variety breeding and stress-resistant breeding in a field for multiple generations, adopting accelerating germination, separating and extracting a germination accelerating agent from pathogenic bacteria of rice to promote the growth and development of bud eye cells of the potatoes and the rapid growth of root systems, soaking the seeds for 20min, keeping the temperature of 18 ℃ after air drying until the potatoes germinate, cutting the potato seeds into pieces, air drying the potato seeds by using the rooting agent, rooting the rooting agent by using the amount of 5mg/L, the seed potatoes are evenly sprayed and covered by a wet grass grid for 10 hours.
And secondly, selecting land and preparing land, namely selecting land blocks with deep-turning foundations, deep soil layers, loose soil and good drainage.
Thirdly, fertilizing, including basal application of organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, wherein the organic matter content in the organic fertilizer is more than 45 percent, and the dosage of the organic fertilizer is 8000 Kg/hm2The weight percentage of the seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100 Kg/hm2 ：100 Kg/ hm2 ：100 Kg/ hm2The main chemical components of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are N, P2O5、K2O。
Fourthly, sowing, namely mechanically sowing, completing sowing, fertilizing and mulching film covering at one time, wherein the sowing density is 6.75 ten thousand plants/hm2，Seeding degree of depth 14 centimetres, plant spacing 24 centimetres, ridge spacing 105 centimetres, the mechanical earthing of 80 days after the seeding, improve the rate of emergence, adopt to hang the slope of rotary drum rotation type and slide to the seeding, one side of slide is equipped with bellied swiveling wheel, the potato piece is inverted circular truncated cone, and the length of two waists of slide is greater than base length, and the width of slide is greater than isosceles triangle's base, be less than isosceles triangle's two waists, hang rotary drum rotation type slope slide potato bud to the seed metering ware, including the slide, the swiveling wheel, the baffle, articulated roating sphere, the electromagnetism opens and shuts the ware, its characterized in that: slide both sides are equipped with the baffle of perpendicular to slide surface, are equipped with articulated roating sphere, swiveling wheel on the baffle, and the swiveling wheel clockwise rotates, and it is rotatory to drive the potato piece, and the potato piece is inverted circular truncated cone shape, cuts the potato into the round platform with mechanical slabbing machine, and the bud eye is on the arc surface, ensures that the bud eye of potato makes progress, and the bud eye is downward when seeding, and the bud has the tropism, at the growth in-process, and the bud needs rotatory growth, consumes a large amount of nutrients, influences output, the seed potato for the stripping and slicing that contains bud eye potato.
Fifthly, irrigating by adopting drip irrigation under the film, wherein the drip irrigation is generally carried out for 7 times in the whole growth period of the potatoes, and 150m of water is irrigated each time3/ hm2And irrigating in proper time according to the soil damage condition.
Sixthly, topdressing, namely topdressing the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer according to the weight percentage of 100 Kg/hm2 ：100 Kg/ hm2The proportion of the fertilizer is additionally applied along with a dropper in the early stage of potato formation.
Seventhly, pest control, wherein the soil insects at the root of the potato mainly comprise grubs, mole cricket and wireworms, aphids and late blight on stems and leaves, and the soil insects are controlled by 50 percent phoxim particles with the concentration of 10 Kg/hm2The aphid can be prevented and controlled by spraying imidacloprid on leaf surface, and the late blight can be prevented and controlled by spraying 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder liquid in the initial flowering stage or by adopting 500 times of 53% Jinleduomier liquid.
Eighthly, when about 65 percent of leaves at the lower part of the field plant turn yellow, the potatoes enter a mature period, and a harvesting period is needed in time.
Example 2.
The test is carried out in a test base of an agricultural scientific research institution of Zibo city in a high and new area Yan Gaoyun in Zibo city in 2019, the potato variety is 'Fisuret', the potato variety is purchased from a potato breeding base in a self-governing area of inner Mongolia, the soil to be tested is black soil of sand ginger, 35.89 g/Kg of organic carbon, 1.69 g/Kg of total nitrogen, 14.1 g/Kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 123.51 g/Kg of quick-acting potassium, corn is used as a previous crop of Ph8.06, the seeding period is 3 months and 15 days in 2019, the test land is 10 mu, the land is divided into two parts, an isolation belt is arranged in the middle, and one part of the land is cultivated according to the cultivation method disclosed by the invention.
A method for cultivating potatoes by accurately utilizing water and fertilizer in a bud-fixed direction sowing process comprises the following steps: firstly, selecting and processing seed potatoes, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing detoxication variety breeding, accelerating germination, rooting agent and seed dressing, selecting and processing the seed potatoes, adopting detoxication processing, propagating the high-yield potatoes and the high-disease-resistance potatoes through sticking germination, taking out the buds of the high-yield potatoes from the eyes of the potatoes, transplanting the buds into the eyes of another potato with high disease resistance, performing detoxication variety breeding and breeding in a field for multiple generations, adopting germination accelerating, separating and extracting one of the germination accelerating agents from germs of rice to promote the growth and development of eye cells of the potatoes and the rapid growth of roots, using the amount of the germination accelerating agent of 10mg/L, soaking the seeds for 25min, keeping the seeds at 20 ℃ after air drying until germination, cutting the seed potatoes into blocks, air drying the seeds, and rooting the seeds by using the rooting agent, the amount of the rooting agent is 10mg/L, the seed potatoes are evenly sprayed with the rooting agent, and then are covered with a wet grass grid for 12 hours.
Selecting land and preparing land, selecting land with deep ploughing foundation, deep soil layer, loose soil and good drainage, and applying fertilizer, including applying organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, applying fertilizer including applying organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, the organic matter content in the organic fertilizer is greater than 45%, in which the organic fertilizer dosage is 9000 Kg/hm2The seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are 110K in percentage by weightg/ hm2 ：105 Kg/ hm2 ：120 Kg/ hm2The main chemical components of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are N, P2O5、K2O。
Fourthly, adopting a hanging rotary drum to rotate and slide to the seeding in an inclined way, wherein one side of a slide way is provided with a convex rotating wheel, potato blocks are in an inverted circular truncated cone shape, the length of two waists of the slide way is greater than that of the bottom side, the width of the slide way is greater than that of the bottom side of an isosceles triangle and is smaller than that of the isosceles triangle, the potato bud direction seeding device with the hanging rotary drum rotating and inclined slide way comprises a slide way, a rotating wheel, a baffle plate, a hinged rotating ball and an electromagnetic opening-closing device, the baffle plate is arranged at two sides of the slide way and is vertical to the surface of the slide way, the hinged rotating ball and the rotating wheel are arranged on the baffle plate and rotate clockwise to drive the potato blocks to rotate, the potato blocks are in an inverted circular truncated cone shape, a mechanical dicer is used for cutting the potatoes into the inverted circular truncated cones, the bud eyes are on the circular arc surface to ensure that the bud eyes of the potatoes are upward, if the buds are downward during the seeding, the buds have tropism, in the growing process, the buds need to rotate and grow to consume a large amount of nutrients, the yield is influenced, and the seed potatoes are cut blocks containing bud-eye potatoes.
Fifthly, irrigating, adopting mechanical seeding, completing seeding, fertilizing and mulching film covering at one time, wherein the seeding density is 7 ten thousand plants/hm2The sowing depth is 15 cm, the plant spacing is 25 cm, the ridge spacing is 110 cm, mechanical soil covering is carried out after 9 days of sowing, and the emergence rate is improved.
Sixthly, topdressing, namely topdressing the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, wherein the proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 120 Kg/hm by weight percent2 ：120 Kg/ hm2The proportion of (A) is applied with a dropper at the early stage of potato formation.
Seventhly, pest control, wherein the soil insects at the root of the potato mainly comprise grubs, mole cricket and wireworms, aphids and late blight on stems and leaves, and the soil insects are controlled by 50 percent phoxim particles with the concentration of 15 Kg/hm2The aphid can be prevented and controlled by spraying imidacloprid on leaf surface, and the late blight can be prevented and controlled by spraying 550 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder in the early flowering stage, or 550 times of 53% Jinleduomier.
And eighthly, harvesting, wherein when about 65 percent of leaves at the lower part of the field plant turn yellow and the potatoes enter a mature period, the harvesting period is required in time.
Example 3: the test is carried out in a test base of an agricultural scientific research institution of Zibo city in a high and new area Yan Gaoyun in Zibo city in 2019, the potato variety is 'Fisuret', the potato variety is purchased from a potato breeding base in a self-governing area of inner Mongolia, the soil to be tested is black soil of sand ginger, 35.89 g/Kg of organic carbon, 1.69 g/Kg of total nitrogen, 14.1 g/Kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 123.51 g/Kg of quick-acting potassium and Ph8.06 are arranged in a 0-30 cm cultivation layer, the previous stubble is corn, the sowing period is 3 months and 15 days in 2019, the test land block is 10 mu, the land block is divided into two parts, an isolation belt is arranged in the middle, and one part of the land block is cultivated according to the cultivation method disclosed by the invention.
A method for cultivating potatoes by accurately utilizing water and fertilizer in a bud-fixed direction sowing process comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting and processing seed potatoes, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing detoxication variety breeding, accelerating germination, rooting agent and seed dressing, adopting detoxication treatment, propagating the high-yield potatoes and the high-disease-resistance potatoes through sticking germination, namely taking out buds of the high-yield potatoes from bud eyes of the potatoes, transplanting the buds into bud eyes of another high-disease-resistance potato, performing detoxication variety breeding and stress-resistant breeding in a field for multiple generations, adopting germination accelerating germination, separating and extracting a germination accelerating agent from pathogenic bacteria of rice to promote the growth and development of bud eye cells of the potatoes and the rapid growth of root systems, soaking the seeds for 30min, keeping the temperature of 25 ℃ after air drying until the potatoes germinate, cutting the potato seeds into blocks, air drying the potato seeds by using the rooting agent, rooting agent using the amount of 15mg/L, the seed potatoes are evenly sprayed and covered by a wet grass grid for 15 hours.
And secondly, selecting land and preparing land, namely selecting land blocks with deep-turning foundations, deep soil layers, loose soil and good drainage.
Thirdly, fertilizing, including basal application of organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, wherein the organic matter content in the organic fertilizer is more than 45 percent, wherein the dosage of the organic fertilizer is 10000 Kg/hm2The weight percentage of the seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 120 Kg/hm2 ： 120 Kg/ hm2 ： 150 Kg/ hm2The main chemical components of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are N, P2O5、K2O。
Fourthly, mechanical seeding is adopted, seeding, fertilization and mulching film mulching are completed at one time, and the seeding density is 7.2 thousands of plants/hm2The potato sprout direction seeding apparatus comprises a slide way, a rotating wheel, a baffle plate, a hinged rotating ball and an electromagnetic opening and closing device, wherein the baffle plate is perpendicular to the surface of the slide way, the hinged rotating ball and the rotating wheel are arranged on the baffle plate, the rotating wheel rotates clockwise to drive the potato blocks to rotate, the potato blocks are in the shape of the inverted circular truncated cone, the potato buds are cut into the inverted circular truncated cone by a mechanical block cutting machine, the circular arc surfaces of the potato buds are on the circular arc surfaces, and the upward direction of the potato buds is ensured, if the eyes of the buds are downward during sowing, the buds have tropism, and in the growth process, the buds need to grow in a rotating mode, a large amount of nutrients are consumed, the yield is influenced, and the seed potatoes are cut blocks of potatoes with the eyes of the buds.
Fifthly, irrigating by adopting drip irrigation under the film, wherein the drip irrigation is generally carried out for 8 times in the whole growth period of the potatoes, and each time is 160 m3/ hm2And irrigating in proper time according to the soil damage condition.
Sixthly, topdressing, namely topdressing the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, wherein the proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 30 Kg/hm by weight percent2 ：130 Kg/ hm2The proportion of (A) is applied with a dropper at the early stage of potato formation.
Seventhly, pest control, wherein the soil insects at the root of the potato comprise grubs, mole cricket and wireworms, aphids and late blight on stems and leaves, and the soil insects are controlled by 50 percent phoxim particles with the concentration of 20 Kg/hm2The aphid can be prevented and controlled by imidacloprid foliage spray, and the late blight can be controlled by spraying 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times liquid at the early flowering stage, or 53% Jinleduomier 600 times of liquid for prevention and treatment.
And eighthly, harvesting, wherein in the harvesting, when about 70 percent of leaves at the lower part of the field plant turn yellow, the potatoes enter a mature period, and the harvesting period is required in time.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in other forms, and any person skilled in the art may make modifications or changes to the equivalent embodiment by using the technical contents disclosed above, and any simple modification, equivalent change and change made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention still belong to the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for cultivating potatoes by accurately utilizing water and fertilizer in a bud-fixed direction sowing process comprises the following steps: the method is characterized in that: the method comprises the steps of firstly, selecting and processing potato seeds, selecting early-maturing, high-quality, high-yield and disease-resistant potatoes, performing virus-free variety breeding, accelerating germination, rooting agent and seed mixing, secondly, selecting land and preparing land, selecting land blocks with deep-turning foundations, deep soil layers, loose soil and good drainage, thirdly, fertilizing, including basal application of organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, fourthly, adopting a hanging rotary drum to rotate and slide obliquely to seeding, wherein one side of a slide way is provided with a raised rotary wheel, the potato blocks are in a shape of an inverted circular truncated cone, the length of two waists of the slide way is larger than that of the bottom side, the width of the slide way is larger than that of an isosceles triangle and smaller than two waists of the isosceles triangle, the hanging rotary drum rotates and inclines the slide way to a potato sprout direction seed sowing device, and comprises a slide way, the rotary wheel, a baffle plate, a hinged rotary ball and an electromagnetic opening and closing device, wherein baffles vertical to the surface of the slide way are arranged on two sides of the slide way, and hinged rotary ball are arranged on the baffles, The rotary wheel rotates clockwise, drives the potato piece rotatory, and the potato piece is the inverted circular truncated cone shape, cuts into the round platform with mechanical slabbing machine with the potato, and the bud eye is on the arc surface, the fifth step, irrigate, the sixth step, additional fertilizer, seven steps, pest control, the eighth step, the results, the seed potato for the stripping and slicing that contains bud eye potato.
2. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the seed potatoes are selected and treated by detoxification treatment, the high-yield potatoes and the potatoes with strong disease resistance are propagated by sticking buds, the sticking buds are buds of the potatoes with high yield are taken out from the bud eyes of the potatoes and transplanted into the bud eyes of another potato with strong disease resistance, carrying out field multi-generation detoxification variety breeding and stress resistance breeding, adopting gibberellin for accelerating germination, the germination accelerating agent is separated and extracted from germs of rice, the growth and development of potato eye cells and the rapid growth of roots are promoted, the gibberellin germination accelerating agent is 5-15 mg/L, seeds are soaked for 20-30 min, the temperature is kept at 18-25 ℃ after being dried until the potatoes germinate, the potatoes are cut into blocks, air-dried, rooted by a rooting agent, the rooting agent is 5-15 mg/L, the seeds are evenly sprayed on the potatoes, and then covered by a wet grass grid for 10-15 hours.
3. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fertilizer application comprises base application organic fertilizer and seed fertilizer, wherein the content of organic matters in the organic fertilizer is more than 45%, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 8000-10000 Kg/hm2The weight percentage of the seed fertilizer, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphatic fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100-120 Kg/hm2 ：100～120 Kg/ hm2 ：100～150 Kg/ hm2The main chemical components of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are N, P2O5、K2O。
4. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the sowing adopts mechanical sowing, the fertilization and the mulching film covering are completed at one time, and the sowing density is 6.75-7.2 ten thousand plants/hm2，The sowing depth is 14-16 cm, the plant spacing is 24-26 cm, the ridge spacing is 105-115 cm, mechanical soil covering is carried out 8-10 days after sowing, and the emergence rate is improved.
5. The horse bell of claim 1The cultivation method for accurately utilizing water and fertilizer from potato bud setting to sowing is characterized by comprising the following steps: the irrigation is performed by drip irrigation under a film, the whole growth period of the potatoes is generally drip irrigation for 7-8 times, and 150-160 m of irrigation is performed each time3/ hm2And irrigating in proper time according to the soil damage condition.
6. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the top dressing comprises the step of top dressing of a nitrogen fertilizer and a potassium fertilizer, wherein the proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 100-130 Kg/hm in percentage by weight2 ：100～130 Kg/ hm2The proportion of (A) is applied with a dropper at the early stage of potato formation.
7. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the pest control method mainly comprises the steps that underground pests at the root parts of potatoes comprise grubs, mole crickets and wireworms, aphids and late blight on stems and leaves, and the underground pests are controlled by 50 percent phoxim particles at a rate of 10-20 Kg/hm2The aphid can be prevented and controlled by spraying imidacloprid on leaf surfaces, and the late blight can be prevented and controlled by spraying 500-600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder in the initial flowering stage or by adopting 500-600 times of 53% aurantidomil.
8. The potato water and fertilizer precision utilization cultivation method for directional seeding in fixed bud direction according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the harvesting, when about 60-70% of the leaves at the lower part of the field plant turn yellow, the potatoes enter the mature period, and the harvesting period is required in time.
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