CN113940421A - 一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法 - Google Patents
一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法。采用细胞内增压技术对人参原料进行熟化、灭菌、破壁处理,有利于后续发酵过程,提高了产品的活性成分的含量;通过变光变温变压固态发酵,提高了固态发酵过程中传热和传质效率,同时刺激蛹虫草有益快速生长,缩短了产品制作周期。采用脉动真空低温干燥,可以促进干燥过程中水分的蒸发同时增大产品的多孔性,有利于提高干燥效率和减低粉碎过程的能耗。本发明方法制得的人参酵素中含有丰富的人参皂苷、人参多糖、人参肽和虫草酸等,对人体的内分泌***、血液循环***及物质代谢等,都有良好的调节作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工领域,具体涉及一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法。
背景技术
人参被誉为为“百草之王”,因为具有非常珍贵的药用价值成为中外学者研究的热点。人参含有多种皂苷、多种肽类和各种氨基酸等成分,使其具有大补元气、安神增智、止渴生津、补脾益肺等功效。能够增强机体对各种有害刺激的防御能力,有提高人的脑力和体力的功效,有显著的抗疲劳作用,对人体的内分泌***、血液循环***及物质代谢等,都有良好的调节作用。
酵素是一类保健功能性食品,其发酵过程复杂,包括微生物与微生物、微生物与底物、底物与底物之间的相互作用,通过微生物发酵可以改善原有发酵基质的风味,同时还能增加一些新的功能成分,增加酵素类食品的保健价值。酵素富含大量脂肪酶、淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、乳酸、醋酸及少量乙醇等代谢产物和酚类、黄酮类等生物活性成分,具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抑菌、解酒护肝、润肠通便、调节免疫、促进新陈代谢及净化血液等生理功能。蛹虫草,又名北冬虫夏草,分布广、生长快、易培养,其菌丝体中含有亚油酸、虫草酸、虫草素、腺苷和β-谷甾醇等多种活性成分,具有明显的降血脂,降血压,预防动脉粥样硬化,保心护肝的作用。因此,将蛹虫草培养在人参上,开发人参酵素对人参的加工利用以及提升保健功效具有重要价值。
固态发酵相比于液体发酵存在很多优点。固态发酵得到的酶在极端的pH和温度下较液态发酵得到的酶的稳定性要好且没有底物抑制现象,而液态发酵得到的酶却存在底物抑制现象。固态发酵制得的酵素活性成分含量浓度更高,相比于液体发酵,节约水资源的同时,也节省了液体浓缩、干燥时的能耗。此外,固态酵素便于携带,方便运输。跟液态发酵相比,固态发酵因传热、溶氧、水活度等均不一样,其产生酵素种类、量以及酵素的性质均存在一定的差异。但目前采用固态发酵获得酵素的报道还很少。
中国发明专利CN 201910452016.9 一种人参蛹虫草酵素的制作的方法,采用的是液体发酵方式,但是生产周期长达45天,生产效率低。中国发明专利CN 2010105266060.9蛹虫草的固态发酵方法,采用小麦、燕麦、大米作为固态发酵培养基,获得了含有蛹虫草的固态发酵培养产物,但仍旧采用了常规的高温酶解和冷却工艺。本发明提供的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法与其他方法存在本质的不同,其基本思路为:(1)采用细胞内增压技术对原料进行预处理,熟化原料、打破人参致密的结构将有利于后续的发酵过程;同时将人参细胞内有效成分充分的释放出来,提高产品的品质。(2)传统固态发酵存在传热、传质困难等问题,采用新型的固态发酵技术,利用压差周期脉动促进反应器内空气介质动态变换,可以促进热量传递和氧气的传递;此外,采用光照变化以及温度变化刺激蛹虫草的生长。基于这样一种压力变化、温度变化以及光照变化的环境,实现蛹虫草的有益生长,同时极大提升最终产品的品质。(3)对产品进行低温干燥和冷冻粉碎,最大程度地保持产品中营养成分和功能成分的活性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,用来促进蛹虫草有益生长,生产富含人参和蛹虫草活性成分的固态酵素,满足人们对健康食品和功能食品的需求。
人参原料包括:根、茎、叶、须、花、果。本发明采用的技术方案是:
(1)将人参用蒸馏水复水0.5~3 h后放入增压罐中,通入饱和蒸汽,压力为0.2~2.0MPa,维持时间0.1~10 min后快速泄压,收集已进行熟化、灭菌处理的人参;
(2)将(1)中处理后的人参调节含水量至30-60%,蛹虫草活化后按接种量1~10%;
(3)将(2)进行变光变温变压脉动固态发酵的方法为:温度14-20℃,温度变化周期为1-5h,光照强度0-500 lx,光照变化周期为30-120min,压力为0-0.5MPa,压力变化周期为1-15min,培养5-10d;当菌丝布满培养基表面及底部时,进行光照,光照强度为1000-3000lx,光照强度变化周期为10-150min,温度为20-30℃,变化周期为5-20h,培养10-50d,得到人参固态发酵物;
(4)将(3)中人参固态发酵物采用脉动真空低温进行干燥,真空度1000-3000Pa,周期为5-20min,温度40-60℃,干燥至含水量小于5%。;
(5)将(4)中干燥的样品采用冷冻粉碎机进行制粉,给料速度为4.5×10-3 t/h~6 t/h,制得最终产品。
本发明具有以下特点和优势 :
(1)本发明方法制得的人参酵素中含有丰富的人参皂苷、人参多糖、人参肽和虫草酸等;
(2)本发明方法制得的人参酵素,其发酵周期短进而缩短了制作周期;
(3)本发明采用的细胞内增压技术无污染,处理过程中存在类似酸水解、热降解、类机械断裂、氧键破坏和结构重排等协同作用,纤维组分物理结构和化学成分在加工过程中发生较大的变化;
(4)人参原料在一定的压强和温度的水蒸气介质下气相蒸煮,淀粉、半纤维素等部分水解生成可溶性糖,同时复合胞间层的木质素软化和部分降解,细胞壁破碎,因而解除了胞内功能成分提取的主要屏障作用,有利于功能成分的溶出。结合态酚类物质得以释放,总酚含量大幅度提高;
(5)细胞壁组分在高温高压作用下,半纤维素水解转化成单糖和低聚物,木质素软化、部分降解形成糖类和酚类化合物,导致可溶物含量增加,总可溶性糖得率提高了5倍;
(6)经过细胞内增压后的人参可以显著提高蛹虫草的发酵性能;
(7)细胞内增压会增加人参的风味物质,使人参产生特殊香味;
(8)细胞内增压具有灭菌的效果,人参在细胞内增压处理中,微生物被杀死,减少了霉变的几率;
(9)通过变光变温变压脉动固态发酵,利用发酵中动态的气体环境,提高传热和传质效率;
(10)通过变光变温变压脉动固态发酵,利用光照强度和温度的变化,刺激蛹虫草的生长;
(11)采用真空干燥和冷冻粉碎,尽可能地保留产品的营养成分;
(12)采用脉动真空低温干燥,可以促进干燥过程中水分的蒸发同时增大产品的多孔性,有利于提高干燥效率和减低粉碎过程的能耗;
(13)发酵后人参的多糖,蛋白质,总皂苷含量均大幅提高,发酵人参中虫草素含量也高于蛹虫草子实体;将蛹虫草接种到人参中,可以有效提高人参的功能成分含量,同时也获得虫草素这样的功能成分。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
实施例 1
(1)将人参用蒸馏水复水0.5 h后放入增压罐中,通入饱和蒸汽,压力为2.0 MPa,维持时间0.1 min后快速泄压,收集已进行熟化、灭菌处理的人参;
(2)将(1)中处理后的人参调节含水量至60%,蛹虫草菌种在培养基(马铃薯200g,葡萄糖20g,蛋白胨2g,琼脂18g)复壮后制作液体种子,接种量10%;
(3)将(2)进行变光变温变压脉动固态发酵的方法为:温度20℃,温度变化周期为5h,光照强度500 lx,光照变化周期为30min,压力为0.5MPa,压力变化周期为15min,培养10d;当菌丝布满培养基表面及底部时,进行光照,光照强度为3000lx,光照强度变化周期为10min,温度为30℃,变化周期为5h,培养50d,得到人参固态发酵物;
(4)将(3)中人参固态发酵物采用脉动真空低温进行干燥,真空度3000Pa,周期为5min,温度40℃,干燥至含水量小于5%;
(5)将(4)中干燥的样品采用冷冻粉碎机进行制粉,给料速度为4.5×10-3 t/h,制得最终产品。
实施例 2
(1)将人参用蒸馏水复水3 h后放入增压罐中,通入饱和蒸汽,压力为0.2MPa,维持时间10 min后快速泄压,收集已进行熟化、灭菌处理的人参;
(2)将(1)中处理后的人参调节含水量至30%,蛹虫草菌种在培养基(马铃薯200g,葡萄糖20g,蛋白胨2g,琼脂18g)复壮后制作液体种子,接种量1%;
(3)将(2)进行变光变温变压脉动固态发酵的方法为:温度14℃,温度变化周期为1h,光照强度0 lx,光照变化周期为120min,压力为0MPa,压力变化周期为1min,培养5d;当菌丝布满培养基表面及底部时,进行光照,光照强度为1000lx,光照强度变化周期为150min,温度为20℃,变化周期为20h,培养10d,得到人参固态发酵物;
(4)将(3)中人参固态发酵物采用脉动真空低温进行干燥,真空度1000Pa,周期为20min,温度60℃,干燥至含水量小于5%;
(5)将(4)中干燥的样品采用冷冻粉碎机进行制粉,给料速度为6 t/h,制得最终产品。
实施例 3
(1)将人参用蒸馏水复水1 h后放入增压罐中,通入饱和蒸汽,压力为1.2 MPa,维持时间5 min后快速泄压,收集已进行熟化、灭菌处理的人参;
(2)将(1)中处理后的人参调节含水量至45%,蛹虫草菌种在培养基(马铃薯200g,葡萄糖20g,蛋白胨2g,琼脂18g)复壮后制作液体种子,接种量5%;
(3)将(2)进行变光变温变压脉动固态发酵的方法为:温度16℃,温度变化周期为3h,光照强度260lx,光照变化周期为50min,压力为0.3MPa,压力变化周期为6min,培养7d;当菌丝布满培养基表面及底部时,进行光照,光照强度为2000lx,光照强度变化周期为90min,温度为25℃,变化周期为10h,培养30d,得到人参固态发酵物;
(4)将(3)中人参固态发酵物采用脉动真空低温进行干燥,真空度2000Pa,周期为12min,温度50℃,干燥至含水量小于5%;
(5)将(4)中干燥的样品采用冷冻粉碎机进行制粉,给料速度为3 t/h,制得最终产品。
Claims (7)
1.一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于:(1)人参经过细胞内增压处理,熟化、灭菌;(2)将蛹虫草接种在人参培养基上,并进行光照变化压差脉动固态发酵;(3)发酵物采用脉动真空低温干燥;(4)采用冷冻粉碎制得最终的产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞内增压处理的方法为:将人参用蒸馏水复水0.5~3 h后放入增压罐中,通入饱和蒸汽,压力为0.2~2.0 MPa,维持时间0.1~10 min后快速泄压,收集已进行熟化、灭菌处理的人参作为培养基。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述人参培养基为:将权利要求2所述的人参调节含水量至30-60%,蛹虫草活化后按接种量1~10%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述变光变温变压脉动固态发酵的方法为:温度14-20℃,温度变化周期为1-5h,光照强度0-500 lx,光照变化周期为30-120min,压力为0-0.5MPa,压力变化周期为1-15min,培养5-10d;当菌丝布满培养基表面及底部时,进行光照,光照强度为1000-3000lx,光照强度变化周期为10-150min,温度为20-30℃,变化周期为5-20h,培养10-50d,得到人参固态发酵物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述脉动真空低温干燥的方法为:将权利要求4所述的人参固态发酵物采用脉动真空低温进行干燥,真空度1000-3000Pa,周期为5-20min,温度40-60℃,干燥至含水量小于5%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述冷冻粉碎的方法为:将权利要求5所述的干燥的样品采用冷冻粉碎机进行制粉,给料速度为4.5×10-3 t/h~6 t/h,制得最终产品。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种变光变温变压脉动制备固态人参酵素的方法,其特征在于,所述的人参包含根、茎、叶、须、花、果。
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