CN113878220B - Tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and diffusion bonding method thereof - Google Patents

Tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and diffusion bonding method thereof Download PDF

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CN113878220B
CN113878220B CN202110997194.7A CN202110997194A CN113878220B CN 113878220 B CN113878220 B CN 113878220B CN 202110997194 A CN202110997194 A CN 202110997194A CN 113878220 B CN113878220 B CN 113878220B
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tungsten
steel
diffusion
entropy alloy
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CN113878220A (en
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钟志宏
王春艳
陶拥
吴玉程
陈畅
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Hefei University of Technology
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/02—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
    • B23K20/023—Thermo-compression bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials

Abstract

The invention discloses a tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and a diffusion connection method thereof, wherein the composite material is prepared by sequentially arranging a tungsten layer, a medium entropy alloy layer and a steel layer and performing diffusion connection; the medium entropy alloy layer is composed of any three elements of Co, fe, ni and Cr. According to the invention, the face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloy is used as an interlayer material, under the action of a high-entropy effect and a delayed diffusion effect of the surface-centered cubic medium-entropy alloy, atomic diffusion at a diffusion welding interface is inhibited, and a solid solution structure is prone to forming with an interface diffusion layer of tungsten and steel, so that a brittle intermetallic compound or carbide is prevented from being formed when the tungsten and the steel are diffusion welded, the mechanical property of a joint is improved, and the problem of low strength of a tungsten/steel connecting piece is solved.

Description

Tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and diffusion bonding method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of diffusion welding of layered metal materials, and particularly relates to a tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and a diffusion connection method thereof.
Background
Tungsten and its alloys are considered to be ideal materials for high temperature service because of their high melting point, high strength, high thermal conductivity, and low sputter corrosion rate. Steel is a commonly used metal structural material, and has the characteristics of good high-temperature mechanical property, high thermal conductivity, easy processing and the like. Therefore, reliable connection between the two is one of the key technologies for preparing high-performance high-temperature-facing service components. However, the physical properties of tungsten and steel, such as thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus, are greatly different, so that large thermal stress is generated at the joint of the tungsten and the steel, which leads to the performance degradation of the tungsten/steel joint and seriously reduces the service life of the component. In addition, conventional fusion welding is difficult to join tungsten and steel due to their large differences in melting points.
At present, the welding methods adopted by the tungsten/steel connection are mainly brazing and diffusion welding, wherein the diffusion welding is the most promising method for the tungsten and steel connection due to the advantage of high use temperature of the joint. The residual stress of the direct diffusion welding joint of tungsten and steel is large, an intermediate layer is required to be added to relieve the residual stress of the joint, and meanwhile, the formation of harmful brittle intermetallic compounds of the joint is avoided or reduced. Materials with high melting points and low yield strengths are often used as an intermediate layer for welding tungsten and steel.
However, the intermediate layer used at the present stage mainly comprises single metal or composite metal foils such as Ni, nb, V, ti, etc., and when the single metal foil is used as the intermediate layer, brittle intermetallic compounds or carbides are easily formed with the matrix tungsten or Fe, C, etc. in the steel, and the joint strength is reduced; when the composite metal intermediate layer such as Ni/V and Ti/Ni is adopted, ni is easily generated at the metal interface of the intermediate layer 3 V、Ni 2 V and Ti 2 Intermetallic compounds such as Ni and TiNi cause deterioration of joint performance (particularly fatigue performance).
Therefore, in order to solve the problem that a diffusion welding joint is easy to generate brittle phases and slow down the residual stress of the joint, a novel interlayer material is provided for preparing a tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and a diffusion connection method thereof so as to obtain a tungsten/steel connecting piece with good performance, and the problem needs to be solved by the technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a tungsten and steel layered metal composite material and a diffusion bonding method thereof for obtaining a tungsten/steel connecting member with good performance.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material is prepared by sequentially arranging a tungsten layer, a medium entropy alloy layer and a steel layer and connecting the tungsten layer, the medium entropy alloy layer and the steel layer in a diffusion manner;
the medium entropy alloy layer is composed of any three elements of Co, fe, ni and Cr.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, the face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloy is used as an interlayer material, under the action of a high-entropy effect and a delayed diffusion effect of the surface-centered cubic medium-entropy alloy, atomic diffusion at a diffusion welding interface is inhibited, and a solid solution structure is prone to forming with an interface diffusion layer of tungsten and steel, so that a brittle intermetallic compound or carbide is prevented from being formed when the tungsten and the steel are diffusion welded, the mechanical property of a joint is improved, and the problem of low strength of a tungsten/steel connecting piece is solved.
Preferably, the atomic percentages of the three elements are (0.8-1.2): 0.8-1.2), and the crystal structure of the medium-entropy alloy layer is a face-centered cubic structure.
The beneficial effects of adopting the above technical scheme are as follows: the intermediate layer material adopted in the invention is a medium-entropy alloy, and the number of generated phases is far less than the maximum number determined by Gibbs free energy phase law due to the high-entropy effect on thermodynamics, the delayed diffusion effect on kinetics, the lattice distortion effect on the structure and the 'cocktail' effect on performance of the medium-entropy alloy, so that a single solid solution structure is easily formed, and the intermediate layer material has the characteristics of good plasticity, fracture toughness, high-temperature oxidation resistance, excellent fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and the like. Because the mid-entropy alloy with the face-centered cubic structure adopted in the invention has good plasticity and cold and hot processing performance, the mid-entropy alloy is used as a middle layer material for diffusion connection of tungsten and steel, and has the advantages that: in the diffusion connection process, the high entropy effect and the delayed diffusion effect of the medium entropy alloy enable the diffusion layer to tend to form a stable solid solution, so that the generation of brittle intermetallic compounds is inhibited, and a welding joint with good performance is obtained; meanwhile, the characteristic that the yield strength and the elastic modulus of the face-centered cubic medium entropy alloy are low is utilized to effectively and slowly release the stress of the dissimilar material connection interface, so that the high-strength connection of tungsten and steel is realized.
Preferably, the tungsten may be replaced by a tungsten alloy, the steel being selected from ferritic, martensitic or austenitic steel.
The invention also provides a diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Grinding and polishing the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the medium-entropy alloy for later use;
(2) Carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and blow-drying on the tungsten, the steel and the medium-entropy alloy obtained in the step (1);
(3) And (3) sequentially arranging and combining the tungsten, the medium-entropy alloy and the steel obtained in the step (2), then placing the tungsten, the medium-entropy alloy and the steel into a graphite die, and performing diffusion connection to obtain the tungsten/medium-entropy alloy/steel connecting piece.
Preferably, in the step (1), the surface roughness Ra is required to be less than or equal to 5 μm.
Preferably, in the step (2), the solvent used for ultrasonic cleaning is acetone or alcohol, and the ultrasonic cleaning time is 10-30 min.
Preferably, in the step (3), the thickness of the medium entropy alloy is 0.3-0.8 mm.
Preferably, the diffusion bonding in step (3) is a discharge plasma diffusion bonding or a vacuum hot-press diffusion bonding.
Preferably, the connection temperature in the discharge plasma diffusion process is 800-1100 ℃, the heat preservation time is 10-20 min, the welding pressure is 20-50 MPa, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 50Pa, the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min, the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to the room temperature.
Preferably, the connection temperature in the vacuum hot-pressing diffusion process is 800-1100 ℃, the heat preservation time is 0.5-4 h, the welding pressure is 20-40 MPa, and the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa, the heating rate is 5-15 ℃/min, the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to the room temperature.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material and a diffusion connection method thereof, and the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention adopts the mid-entropy alloy with a face-centered cubic structure as the intermediate layer material, and under the action of the high-entropy effect and the delayed diffusion effect, the atomic diffusion at the diffusion welding interface is inhibited, and the intermediate layer and the interface diffusion layer of tungsten and steel tend to form a solid solution structure, so that a brittle intermetallic compound or carbide is prevented from being formed when the tungsten and the steel are diffused, the mechanical property of the joint is improved, and the problem of low strength of the tungsten/steel connecting piece is solved.
2. The yield strength and the elastic modulus of the face-centered cubic medium entropy alloy are low, the stress of a connecting interface can be sufficiently slowly released through plastic deformation or viscoplastic deformation of the middle layer, and the problem of large residual stress of a tungsten/steel connecting piece joint is solved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a tungsten and steel joint prepared by the diffusion bonding method provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is the microstructure morphology of a tungsten and steel joint using CoFeNi as the intermediate layer of the intermediate entropy alloy.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Tungsten, ferritic steel, and CoFeNi medium entropy alloys of equal atomic ratio (Co: fe: ni = 1;
(2) Polishing and brightening the surfaces to be welded of the entropy alloy and the ferrite steel in tungsten, coFeNi by using SiC sand paper until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten, coFeNi medium-entropy alloy and ferrite steel into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials according to the sequence of entropy alloy/steel in tungsten/CoFeNi, and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; placing the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion bonding, heating to the diffusion bonding temperature of 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 80 ℃/min, the vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and the welding pressure of 40MPa, keeping the temperature for 15min, then cooling to the room temperature at the cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and finally cooling the furnace to the room temperature.
Example 2
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel layered metal composite material was different from that of example 1 in that the diffusion bonding temperature used was 900 ℃.
Example 3
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel layered metal composite material was different from that of example 1 in that the diffusion bonding temperature used was 1000 ℃.
Example 4
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Tungsten, ferritic steel, and CoFeNi medium entropy alloys of equal atomic ratio (Co: fe: ni = 1;
(2) Polishing and brightening the surfaces to be welded of the entropy alloys in the tungsten, the ferrite steel and the CoFeNi by using SiC sand paper until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten, ferritic steel and CoFeNi medium-entropy alloy into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials according to the sequence of entropy alloy/steel in tungsten/CoFeNi, and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; placing the graphite mold with the sample to be welded in a vacuum hot-pressing furnace for diffusion bonding at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min and a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa, the welding pressure is 20MPa, the temperature is raised to the diffusion bonding temperature of 900 ℃, the heat preservation time is 1h, then the temperature is lowered at the speed of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to the room temperature.
Example 5
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Tungsten, martensitic steel, and CoCrNi medium entropy alloys of equal atomic ratio (Co: cr: ni: = 1);
(2) Polishing and brightening the surfaces to be welded of entropy alloys in tungsten, martensitic steel and CoCrNi by using SiC sand paper until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten, martensitic steel and CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials according to the sequence of entropy alloy/steel in tungsten/CoCrNi, and then placing the combination in a graphite die; placing the graphite mould containing the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion bonding, heating to the diffusion bonding temperature of 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 80 ℃/min and the vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and at the welding pressure of 50MPa, keeping the temperature for 15min, then cooling to the room temperature at the cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and finally cooling the furnace to the room temperature.
Example 6
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel layered metal composite material was different from that of example 5 in that the diffusion bonding temperature used was 900 ℃.
Example 7
The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Tungsten, martensitic steel, and CoCrNi medium entropy alloys of equal atomic ratio (Co: cr: ni = 1;
(2) Polishing and brightening the surfaces to be welded of entropy alloys in tungsten, martensitic steel and CoCrNi by using SiC sand paper until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten, martensitic steel and CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials according to the sequence of entropy alloy/steel in tungsten/CoCrNi, and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; placing the graphite mold containing the sample to be welded into a vacuum hot-pressing furnace for diffusion bonding at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min and a vacuum degree of not more than 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa, the welding pressure is 20MPa, the temperature is raised to the diffusion bonding temperature of 900 ℃, the heat preservation time is 1h, then the temperature is lowered at the speed of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to the room temperature.
Comparative example 1
A diffusion bonding method for tungsten and steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) Respectively processing tungsten and ferrite steel into the sizes of 8mm multiplied by 8 mm;
(2) Polishing and brightening the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten and the ferrite steel by using SiC abrasive paper until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten and ferrite steel into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials in the order of tungsten/steel, and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; and (3) placing the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion bonding, heating to the diffusion bonding temperature of 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 80 ℃/min, the vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and the welding pressure of 40MPa, keeping the temperature for 15min, then cooling to the room temperature at the cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then cooling in the furnace.
Comparative example 2
The diffusion bonding method for tungsten and steel joints differs from comparative example 1 in that the diffusion bonding temperature used is 950 ℃.
Comparative example 3
A diffusion bonding method for tungsten and steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) Respectively processing tungsten and ferrite steel into the sizes of 8mm multiplied by 8 mm;
(2) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten and the ferrite steel by using SiC sand paper to be bright, wherein the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially putting tungsten and ferrite steel into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining the materials in the order tungsten/steel and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; placing the graphite mold with the sample to be welded in a vacuum hot-pressing furnace for diffusion bonding at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min and a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 5 multiplied by 10 -2 Pa, the welding pressure is 20MPa, the temperature is raised to the diffusion bonding temperature of 900 ℃, the heat preservation time is 1h, then the temperature is lowered at the speed of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to the room temperature.
Performance testing
In order to contrastively analyze the strength of the tungsten/steel joint under different processes, a mechanical experiment machine is adopted to carry out a tensile experiment on the tungsten/steel diffusion welding joint to test the room-temperature tensile strength of the samples, 3 samples are selected for each group to carry out the tensile experiment, and the tensile strength is the average value of the tensile strength of the 3 samples; tensile strength data of the welded joints obtained in examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3 are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 tensile Strength test results for tungsten/Steel joints
Figure BDA0003234496510000081
From the data in table 1, it can be seen that the average tensile strength of the welded joint containing the intermediate layer (intermediate entropy alloy) obtained by the composite material and the diffusion bonding method of the present invention is much higher than that of the welded joint containing no intermediate layer (intermediate entropy alloy) in the comparative example.
The dimensions of the tungsten layer and the steel layer are not limited to those in examples 1 to 7.
Through the microstructure in fig. 2, no discontinuity, crack or crack, or other defects were found at the interface.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims (6)

1. The tungsten and steel layered metal composite material is characterized in that the composite material is prepared by sequentially arranging a tungsten layer, a medium entropy alloy layer and a steel layer and performing diffusion connection;
the medium entropy alloy layer is composed of three metals of Co, fe and Ni or three metals of Co, cr and Ni; the atomic percentages of the three elements are (0.8-1.2): 0.8-1.2), and the crystal structure of the intermediate entropy alloy layer is a face-centered cubic structure;
the manufacturing method of the tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Grinding and polishing the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the medium-entropy alloy for later use;
(2) Carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and blow-drying on the tungsten, the steel and the medium-entropy alloy obtained in the step (1);
(3) Sequentially arranging and combining the tungsten, the medium-entropy alloy and the steel obtained in the step (2), then placing the tungsten, the medium-entropy alloy and the steel into a graphite die, and performing diffusion connection to obtain a tungsten/medium-entropy alloy/steel connecting piece;
the diffusion bonding is discharge plasma diffusion bonding or vacuum hot-pressing diffusion bonding.
2. The diffusion bonding method for tungsten and steel laminated metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the polishing requirement is that the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 μm.
3. The diffusion bonding method of the tungsten and steel layered metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the solvent used for ultrasonic cleaning is acetone or alcohol, and the ultrasonic cleaning time is 10-30 min.
4. The diffusion bonding method of tungsten and steel laminar metal composite according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (3), the thickness of said medium entropy alloy is 0.3-0.8 mm.
5. The diffusion bonding method of tungsten and steel laminar metal composite according to claim 1, characterized in that the bonding temperature in the discharge plasma diffusion process is 800-1100 ℃, the holding time is 10-20 min, the welding pressure is 20-50 MPa, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 50Pa, the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min, the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to room temperature.
6. The diffusion bonding method of tungsten and steel layered metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein the bonding temperature in the vacuum hot pressing diffusion process is 800-1100 ℃, the holding time is 0.5-4 h, the welding pressure is 20-40 MPa, the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 5 x 10-2Pa, the heating rate is 5-15 ℃/min, the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and then the furnace is cooled to room temperature.
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