CN113861935B - 一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于胶黏剂制备技术领域，具体涉及一种植物蛋白‑糠醇木材胶黏剂及其制备方法；采用酸性催化剂与添加剂剂对植物蛋白进行处理，使蛋白和糠醇的缩聚和糠醇自缩聚得以同时实现，使胶黏剂可在常温下制备、常温快速固化，大大提高了制备及使用效率，降低了生产成本，绿色、环保，所制备的胶合板和胶合木及交叉层积材等木质材料的力学性能满足国家标准要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于胶黏剂制备技术领域，具体涉及一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
目前，我国每年人造板产量已超3亿立方米，在定制家具、装修和建筑等领域广泛使用。人造板特殊的“分”和“和”的制备工艺离不开胶黏剂的使用，胶黏剂技术是人造板制备的关键核心技术，换句话说，没有胶黏剂就没有人造板。我国每年用于人造板制备使用的胶黏剂产量超过1500万吨，90％以上属于甲醛系树脂胶黏剂，存在甲醛释放和原料不可再生等特性。因此，充分利用生物质原料，开展环保型生物质树脂木材胶黏剂研究，迫在眉睫。研究者们前期已经成功开发了蛋白胶黏剂、淀粉胶黏剂和单宁树脂胶黏剂等新型环保的生物质树脂胶黏剂。基于模型化合物的糠醇改性大豆蛋白基胶黏剂已经有相关研究，但是该方法只针对胶黏剂特性开展了热固性胶黏剂研究，并且合成工艺稍显复杂，需要在高温条件下合成，增加了一定的生产成本。
申请号为CN201710979162.8的专利文件一种植物蛋白胶黏剂及其制备方法和应用，所述胶黏剂由以下质量份数的原料制备得到：植物蛋白10-40份、水20-60份、交联剂5-25份、碱0.5-5份、活化剂0.5-8份。其中，交联剂为葡萄糖-木质素树脂交联剂、尿素-双醛淀粉树脂和单宁-糠醇树脂中的一种或几种；所述植物蛋白为脱脂豆粉、脱脂豆粕、大豆分离蛋白、脱脂花生粉、脱脂棉籽粕和脱脂油茶饼粕粉中的一种或几种；所述葡萄糖-木质素树脂交联剂是将葡萄糖水溶液在酸性催化剂的催化下水解得到。所述酸性催化剂为硫酸、硝酸、氢卤酸和草酸中的一种或几种。所述胶黏剂的制备方法为：(1)将植物蛋白、水、活化剂和碱进行热混合，热混合温度为80-90℃，得到热混原料；(2)将所述热混原料和交联剂进行交联聚合，聚合温度为65-78℃，得到植物蛋白胶黏剂。该专利技术也是需要在高温下制备胶黏剂，并且固化时也需要在120-125℃条件下进行。同时，该技术关键在于交联剂的制备，工艺稍显复杂。
申请号为CN201010603142.9的专利文件公开了一种用植物蛋白胶粘剂生产的胶合板，其中公开了一种植物蛋白胶粘剂，其按重量包括：脱脂大豆粉100份、水1000份、碱溶液25-35份、阴离子表面活性剂3-5份。所述胶粘剂的制备方法为：(1)向反应釜中加入水，控制温度在25-35℃，开始搅拌，再加入脱脂大豆粉，继续搅拌使混合均匀；(2)加入碱溶液，搅拌使其反应20-30分钟，停止搅拌，静置30分钟后用离心机分离，弃清液后得到第一次沉淀物；(3)用离心机分离第一次沉淀物，弃清液后得到第二次沉淀物；(4)向第二次沉淀物中加入阴离子表面活性剂，溶解后再加入防腐剂即可。该专利技术在制备胶黏剂时虽然可在常温下制备，但需要多步离心分离操作，工艺稍复杂和增加成本，而且仍需要在105-110℃的高温下进行固化使用。
文献《3种处理方式对小桐子蛋白基胶黏剂的影响》(郝海霞，吴志刚，雷洪，席雪冬，杜官本，西南林业大学学报，2016.)研究了氢氧化钠-尿素、氢氧化钙/氢氧化钠和硫酸氢钠处理对小桐子蛋白基胶黏剂性能的影响。该文献的胶黏剂虽然在室温条件下调制,但处理方式为碱性条件和需要加入成本较高的交联剂来实现增强，依然使用的是高温固化，并未给出室温固化的启示。
发明内容
本发明为解决上述问题，提供了一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂及其制备方法。
具体是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
1、一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，由以下重量份的原料组成：植物蛋白10-15份，糠醇10-25份、水4-8份，催化剂1-6份、添加剂0-20份
进一步，所述的植物蛋白包括但不限于小麦水解蛋白、大豆水解蛋白和小桐子水解蛋白。
进一步，所述植物蛋白的蛋白含量在70-90％之间,淀粉和糖在4-8％之间。
进一步，所述的催化剂为酸性催化剂。
进一步，所述的酸性催化剂，包括但不限于对甲苯磺酸、盐酸、2-氯乙酸、2-溴乙酸、亚硝酸。
所述的添加剂为甲醛、乙二醛、戊二醛、环氧树脂、支化胺和异氰酸酯中的任意一种。
2、上述植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，当用于热固化时，其制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)在常温条件下，将植物蛋白、糠醇和水充分搅拌5-10min，使其均匀；
(2)加入催化剂，搅拌均匀，待用。
3、上述植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，当用于常温固化时，其制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)在常温条件下，将植物蛋白、糠醇和水充分搅拌5-10min，使其均匀；
(2)加入催化剂和添加剂，搅拌均匀，待用。
4、上述植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂的应用方法为：
(1)当用于压制胶合板时，于高温下固化使用。
(2)当用于压制胶合木和交叉层积材时，在常温条件下固化使用。
综上所述，本发明的有益效果在于：本发明采用酸性催化剂与添加剂剂对植物蛋白进行处理，使蛋白和糠醇的缩聚和糠醇自缩聚得以同时实现，使胶黏剂可在常温下制备、常温快速固化，大大提高了制备及使用效率，降低了生产成本。
本发明使植物蛋白和糠醇在酸性条件下实现两者的共缩聚和糠醇的自缩聚反应，合成制备工艺在常温条件下即可完成。该胶黏剂的生物质原材料占比高，达到95％以上，可再生性强。并且相对于现有胶黏剂的制备方法而言，本发明所制备的胶黏剂可以根据不同的需求在常温或高温条件下实现固化，所制备的胶合板和胶合木及交叉层积材等木质材料的力学性能满足国家标准要求。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明，但本发明并不局限于这些实施方式，任何在本实施例基本精神上的改进或代替，仍属于本发明权利要求所要求保护的范围。
热压
实施例1(热固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白，10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入3份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为260g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：7min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
实施例2(热固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白，10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入3份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：140℃，时间：6min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
实施例3(热固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白，10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入2份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：6min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
实施例4(热固化)
将12份大豆水解蛋白，10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入3份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为260g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：7min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
实施例5(热固化)
将12份小桐子水解蛋白，10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入3份盐酸水溶液(浓度为10％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为260g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：7min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
对照组1(热固化)
将10份糠醇和6份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入2份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：6min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
对照组2(热固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白和6份水在常温条件下搅拌，实际操作过程中，操作困难，黏度太大，很难实现其均匀性，加入2份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，尽量搅拌。将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在杨木单板芯层的上下表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备三层胶合板，然后根据胶合板热压工艺进行热压，热压温度：180℃，时间：6min，单位压力：1.5MPa。
冷压
实施例6(冷固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白，24份糠醇和8份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入6份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀，待用。在涂胶前，再往调制好的胶黏剂里加入16份40％浓度的乙二醛溶液，将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在橡胶木表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备胶合木样品，然后根据冷压工艺进行冷压，冷压温度：室温，时间：6h，单位压力：1.5MPa。
实施例7(冷固化)
将12份大豆水解蛋白，24份糠醇和8份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入4份盐酸水溶液(浓度为10％)，搅拌均匀，待用。在涂胶前，再往调制好的胶黏剂里加入10份50％浓度的戊二醛溶液，将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在橡胶木表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备胶合木样品，然后根据冷压工艺进行冷压，冷压温度：室温，时间：6h，单位压力：1.5MPa。
对照组3(冷固化)
将12份小麦水解蛋白，24份糠醇和8份水在常温条件下充分搅拌均匀5-10min，使其均匀；再加入6份对甲苯磺酸溶液(浓度为65％)，搅拌均匀，待用。未有任何添加剂的加入，直接将调制好的胶黏剂均匀的涂在橡胶木表面，双面涂胶量为240g/m2，制备胶合木样品，然后根据冷压工艺进行冷压，冷压温度：室温，时间：6h，单位压力：1.5MPa。
对所有实施例和对照组实验进行胶合板热压和胶合木冷压测试，胶合板热压测试结果如表1所示，胶合木冷压测试结果如表2所示。
表1
备注：“---”表示泡水过程中样品已脱胶失效。
从表1中可以看出，实施例1和2的差异在于胶合板热压工艺对板材性能有较大影响，通过额外的正交实验得出，涂胶量和热压温度对板材性能影响较大，实施1具有较好的板材强度，沸水浸泡3h后胶合强度仍远远超过标准要求。实施例3可以看出，pTSA的加量(即酸碱度)对胶黏剂的固化有显著影响，减少了酸的用量，胶黏剂固化交联不完全，板材强度未达标。实施例4和5明确了不同植物蛋白和在不同酸作用下合成的胶黏剂制备的胶合板性能均满足国家标准要求。单独制备的糠醇胶黏剂(对照组1)和小麦蛋白胶黏剂(对照组2)制备的胶合板强度均未达标，基本在泡水过程中就脱胶失效。
表2
| 名称 | 胶合强度(干状条件)/MPa | 胶合强度(63℃3h)/MPa |
| 实施例6 | 7.25 | 6.80 |
| 实施例7 | 6.57 | 6.52 |
| 对照组3 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
从实施例6和7来看，无论是用小麦水解蛋白还是大豆水解蛋白，用乙二醛或戊二醛作为交联剂的胶黏剂冷压效果好，胶合木的强度满足标准要求。从对照组3的结果来看，如果没有添加剂的加入，胶黏剂对板材的冷压效果较差，胶合强度无法达到标准要求。
Claims (5)
1.一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，其特征在于，由以下重量份的原料组成：植物蛋白10-15份，糠醇10-25份、水4-8份，催化剂1-6份、添加剂0-20份；
所述的植物蛋白包括但不限于小麦水解蛋白、大豆水解蛋白和小桐子水解蛋白；所述植物蛋白的蛋白含量在70-90％之间,淀粉和糖在4-8％之间；
所述的添加剂为乙二醛、甲醛、戊二醛、糠醛中的任意一种或几种的组合；
所述的植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂在压制胶合木和交叉层积材中的应用，是在常温条件下固化使用。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，其特征在于，所述的催化剂为酸性催化剂。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂，其特征在于，所述的酸性催化剂，包括但不限于对甲苯磺酸、盐酸、2-氯乙酸、2-溴乙酸、亚硝酸。
4.如权利要求1所述的植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂热固化制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
(1)在常温条件下，将植物蛋白、糠醇和水充分搅拌5-10min，使其均匀；
(2)加入催化剂，搅拌均匀，待用，可用于热压胶合板的制备。
5.如权利要求1所述的植物蛋白-糠醇木材胶黏剂冷压固化制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
(1)在常温条件下，将植物蛋白、糠醇和水充分搅拌5-10min，使其均匀；
(2)加入催化剂和添加剂，搅拌均匀，待用。
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