CN113711959A - Ecological proliferation method of pearl shells on remote sea island - Google Patents
Ecological proliferation method of pearl shells on remote sea island Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/54—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of bivalves, e.g. oysters or mussels
- A01K61/56—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of bivalves, e.g. oysters or mussels for pearl production
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/60—Floating cultivation devices, e.g. rafts or floating fish-farms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/60—Floating cultivation devices, e.g. rafts or floating fish-farms
- A01K61/65—Connecting or mooring devices therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological multiplication method of a pearl oyster on an island of a remote sea, which comprises the following steps: arranging the proliferation net cages in the sea area adjacent to the island reef; the method comprises the steps of carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells in different size periods, feeding one or more of tropical sea cucumbers, phytophagous fishes and omnivorous fishes in the culture process, optimizing the culture mode of the pearl shells by utilizing the interaction among algae, the shells, the fishes and the sea cucumbers on aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels, and improving the survival rate of the shells in the proliferation process. The method can isolate the entrance of large fishes, effectively control the attachment organisms on the surfaces of the shellfish, and optimize the culture mode of the pearl shells and improve the survival rate of the shellfish in the proliferation process by controlling the interaction between aquatic animals and plants at different nutrition levels and carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells at different size periods.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture net cages, and particularly relates to an ecological proliferation method of a pearl shell on an offshore island reef.
Background
Pinctada maxima, Pinctada martensii and Pinctada penguin are the main Pinctada martensii species in south China sea, and mainly feed on floating algae, organic debris and the like; pinctada maxima, also called white butterfly shells, belongs to the Pinctada maxima of Pinctada of mollusca family, is one of four important Pinctada maxima used for cultivating seawater nucleated pearls worldwide, is mainly used for cultivating 'Nanyang pearls' with large particle size, thick pearl layer and good glossiness and with higher economic value, and the 'Nanyang pearls' cultivated by the Pinctada maxima accounts for 46% of the total output value of the seawater pearls worldwide. As early as 1970, two ancestors were recorded by Chilobrachys mongolica and Cao of Nanhai aquatic research institute of Chinese aquatic science institute, the success of the artificial offspring breeding of the pinctada maxima is obtained for the first time, and the success of the pearl breeding of the pinctada maxima is obtained in 1981, so that the history that large seawater pearls cannot be produced in China is broken through, and the first-class prize of national technological progress is obviously contributed in 1987. However, after 1985, the juvenile Pinctada maxima cultured in offshore areas in China die largely, and after 1987, the juvenile Pinctada maxima cultured in offshore areas die largely, which is a gateway that the shell height is not 5cm basically.
The environment condition for culturing the large nacre is much higher than that of other small nacre, and the large nacre is not only in high-temperature zone, but also has high requirement for seawater specific gravity (salinity) and fresh water quality. With the continuous development of society, the population is continuously increased, the discharge of industrial sewage and waste water and the discharge of the rapid development of breeding industry cause the change of marine breeding environment, the deterioration of water quality and serious pollution, the small near-shore breeding bay, the shallow water and the high turbidity, and the poor near-shore good bay becomes a great bay, which brings certain difficulties to the breeding industry of the pinctada maxima. Especially, plankton in offshore culture sea areas is rich and influenced by the change of marine environment, algae reproduction is accelerated, and the growth of barnacle, oyster, coral worm, sea squirt, bryozoatum, perforated sponge, seaweed and other attached organisms is faster, and the organisms are attached to the shell cage and the shell opening of the pearl shell in a large amount to block water flow, so that the ingestion of the pearl shell is reduced, and meanwhile, the organisms compete for food with the pearl shell to influence the growth and development of the pearl shell. The shell is penetrated by the perforated sponge and the like in a large area, so that small holes are distributed on the surface of the shell, and the shell becomes loose and damaged; oysters, sea squirts, barnacles and the like can also be attached to the top of the pearl oyster, so that the pearl oyster cannot be opened and die; meanwhile, in a culture sea area with a large amount of floating mud, the infection rate of black heart liver diseases (commonly called as 'black shell disease', also called as secondary abscess caused by parasitic disease of multiple caterpillars) is very high, and the damage mode of the multiple caterpillars is that shells of pearl shells are penetrated to separate adductor muscles from shells, or the adductor muscles and mantle membranes are rotten to cause death. Therefore, the cultured pinctada maxima has serious epidemic diseases of parasites, and brings a difficult problem to the seawater pearl culture industry. At present, in the process of culturing large nacre in China, not only is the death of the nacre caused by parasitic diseases, but also the mantle atrophy disease is more serious, and the disease not only causes the large and small nacres cultured in estuary to be diseased, but also causes adult nacre cultured in open sea to be infected quickly. Once the shellfish infected with the mantle atrophy disease die, the death rate reaches more than 99 percent. In addition, frost is added on snow, the great economic value of the large nacre drives fishermen to catch the wild large nacre, so that the amount of natural resources is sharply reduced, and the natural resources of the large nacre are difficult to meet by one shell.
Related units in China also successively develop a great deal of exploration, trial and experiment to try to find ways, such as adjusting the culture cages and the hanging culture depth of the pinctada martensii young shellfish, transferring the pinctada martensii young shellfish culture from offshore culture to land-based ponds or indoor culture, introducing foreign pinctada martensii germplasm resources and the like, but at present, the substantial breakthrough is not made, and the domestic pinctada martensii culture industry is slowly developed.
The beauty island is far away from land source pollution, and is a sea area which is found at present and is suitable for large-scale breeding of pinctada maxima due to a unique upwelling system formed by the construction of the island reef and the suitable primary productivity level in lagoons. However, south sand at the beauty island, the water flow is more complex; the attached organisms are different from coastal organisms and mainly comprise macroalgae; in addition, carnivorous fishes such as parrots, globefishes and the like exist in the water area, shellfish can be ingested, and the culture of the nacre is difficult to realize by directly utilizing the existing raft culture.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for ecologically proliferating pearl shells on a remote island reef, which can isolate the entrance of large fishes, effectively control the attachment organisms on the surfaces of the shells, optimize the breeding mode of the pearl shells and improve the survival rate of the shells in the proliferation process by controlling the interaction between aquatic animals and plants at different nutrition levels and carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells at different size periods.
The above object of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solutions: a method for ecologically proliferating pearl shells on remote sea island reefs comprises the following steps: arranging the proliferation net cages in the sea area adjacent to the island reef; the method comprises the steps of carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells in different size periods, feeding one or more of tropical sea cucumbers, phytophagous fishes and omnivorous fishes in the culture process, optimizing the culture mode of the pearl shells by utilizing the interaction among algae, the shells, the fishes and the sea cucumbers on aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels, and improving the survival rate of the shells in the proliferation process;
the proliferation net cage is arranged as follows: the device comprises a net cage, wherein a first floating rope is arranged along an opening at the top of the net cage, a floating barrel is arranged on the first floating rope, main anchors are arranged around the net cage, one end of each main anchor is fixed on the first floating rope through a main anchor rope, and the other end of each main anchor is fixed on the sea bottom; an auxiliary anchor is further arranged below the bottom of the net cage, one end of the auxiliary anchor is fixed to the bottom of the net cage through an auxiliary anchor rope, and the other end of the auxiliary anchor is fixed to the sea bottom; a second floating rope is further arranged at the opening at the top of the net cage, and a shellfish culture mechanism is arranged on the second floating rope; the shellfish culture mechanism is a young shellfish domesticating mechanism, a young shellfish culture mechanism, a medium shellfish culture mechanism or a large shellfish culture mechanism.
Preferably, the water depth of the sea area adjacent to the island reef is 15-30 m.
Preferably, when the pearl oysters in different size periods are put and managed in a grading mode, the method comprises domestication of the young oysters before propagation of the offshore island, putting and culturing management of the young oysters, putting and culturing management of the middle oysters and putting and culturing management of the big oysters.
The phytophagous fish or the omnivorous fish includes: one or more of Mugillus (Mugilidae), pike (Perciformes), Blania leucotricha (Perciformes), Blania fusca (Perciformes), Blania longipes (Perciformes) and Microcoria punctatus (Perciformes).
In the proliferation net box of the invention:
the floating pontoon provides the floating force required by the proliferation net cage floating in seawater; the main anchor is connected with the main floating rope through a main anchor rope, the main anchor is thrown to the seabed, and the fixed form of an isolation net cage port (namely a proliferation net cage port) is maintained through the fixation of the main anchor; an auxiliary anchor is connected below the bottom of the proliferation net cage, and the fixed shape of the bottom of the net cage is maintained through the auxiliary anchor, so that the net cage is prevented from generating large fluctuation along with ocean current.
Preferably, the main anchor is a plurality of, evenly distributed around the box with a net.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ecological multiplication net cage device for the remote island reef is generally arranged in the island reef adjacent sea area with the water depth of 15-30m, the main anchor is fixed on the first floating rope through one side of the main anchor rope to fix the net cage, the auxiliary anchor is fixed at the bottom of the net cage through the auxiliary anchor rope, and a circle of buoys are arranged along the net cage opening to keep the buoyancy of the net cage.
Preferably, the net cage is cylindrical, and the aperture of the net holes in the net cage is 5-10 cm; so as to prevent large carnivorous fishes from entering the net cage to prey on cultured shellfish.
Because of the existence of carnivorous fishes with sharp teeth such as parrots, globefish and the like in the natural sea area, the fishes can bite shells and eat shellfish meat, and the proliferation of big nacre is threatened, and by arranging the deep sea island proliferation device with the mesh diameter of 5-10cm, the predation of large enemy organisms can be effectively avoided.
Preferably, the cross section of the column is circular, square or other polygonal shape.
Preferably, the net cage is provided with a middle upper layer space and a lower layer space, the shellfish culture mechanism is positioned in the middle upper layer space, and a sea cucumber culture mechanism is arranged in the lower layer space of the net cage.
The holothuria leucospilota is cultured at the bottom layer (lower layer space) of the net cage, algae attached to the net cage is eaten while the holothuria leucospilota is proliferated, and accordingly, the attachments of the net cage are controlled.
The tropical sea cucumbers such as holothuria leucospilota, apostichopus japonicus and the like are put in the bottom (lower layer space) of the open sea island reef culture net cage, and algae attached to the net cage are taken as food while proliferation is carried out, so that net cage attachments are controlled; the tropical sea cucumber proliferation is carried out while the growth of the algae attached to the net cage is controlled by the tropical sea cucumber, the utilization rate of the sea area is improved, and the investment of cultivation manpower and material resources is reduced.
Therefore, the device provided by the invention can be used for proliferating the tropical sea cucumbers by arranging the sea cucumber breeding mechanism at the bottom of the ecological proliferation net cage of the open sea island, so that the growth amount of algae attached to the net cage can be controlled, and the net cage breeding utilization rate can be improved.
Preferably, the holothurian culture mechanism comprises a framework, a mesh bag and a connecting floating rope, wherein the mesh bag is wrapped outside the framework, and the framework is hung in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the holothurian culture mechanism is formed by a basic framework (which may be single-layer or multi-layer) made of metal materials with length, width and height of 2 x 0.4 x 1m, and the metal support is wrapped by a mesh bag with an aperture of 1-1.5 cm at the outer layer, and is suspended and cultured in the culture net cage at fixed points through connecting floating ropes.
Preferably, a plurality of the second floating ropes are arranged in parallel with each other.
And second floating ropes which are parallel to each other are arranged at the opening of the net cage and can provide fixing points for hanging pearl oyster, sea cucumber and the like.
Preferably, a fixed pulley for moving the second floating rope and a movable pulley for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism or the sea cucumber culture mechanism are respectively arranged at the intersection of the second floating rope and the top opening of the net cage.
Preferably, a floating ball is further arranged on the second floating rope.
The places where the second floating ropes arranged in parallel and the net cage mouth meet are respectively provided with a fixed pulley (used for moving the second floating ropes arranged in parallel and placing the shellfish culture mechanism) and a movable pulley (used for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism), floating balls can be bound on the floating ropes at intervals, and the floating balls provide buoyancy for the floating ropes and the shellfish culture mechanism such as a suspended culture cage. In addition, shellfish culture mechanisms of different types such as culture cages are fixed on the parallel second floating ropes, floating balls with different colors or shapes can be arranged on the second floating ropes and used for distinguishing pearl shells or cultured species in different growth periods, and the hanging culture depth can be controlled through the lengths of the floating ropes of the shellfish culture mechanisms such as the cages.
As a preferred embodiment, the ecological multiplication net cage device for the offshore island reef is arranged in an island reef adjacent sea area with the water depth of 15-30m, and the aperture of meshes on the net cage is 5-10 cm; the main anchor is fixed on the first floating rope through one side of the main anchor rope to fix the net cage, and the auxiliary anchor is fixed at the bottom of the net cage through one side of the auxiliary anchor rope; a circle of buoys are arranged along the net cage opening to keep the net cage buoyancy; the net cage mouth is provided with parallel second floating ropes, the crossing positions of the parallel second floating ropes and the net cage mouth are respectively provided with a fixed pulley (used for moving the parallel second floating ropes and placing the shellfish culture mechanism) and a movable pulley (used for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism), shellfish culture mechanisms or sea cucumber culture mechanisms of different types can be fixed on the parallel second floating ropes, floating balls with different colors or shapes can be arranged on the second floating ropes and used for distinguishing pearl shells or cultured species in different growth periods, and the hanging culture depth is controlled by the lengths of the floating ropes on the shellfish culture mechanisms or the sea cucumber culture mechanisms. And different kinds of shellfish culture mechanisms are arranged aiming at the pearl shells with different sizes.
Preferably, the auxiliary anchor is a small fish reef which is of a square structure with a hollow part.
The small fish reef in the ecological multiplication net cage of the offshore island reef has the effect of gathering fish school to a certain extent while fixing the multiplication net cage; the net cage with the aperture of 5-10cm is used for preventing large fishes from entering, the phytophagous and omnivorous fishes can be fed by attached algae on the net cage, the attached organisms on the surfaces of the shellfish can be effectively controlled, the metabolites of the fishes can increase the species of the floating organisms and marine algae in the culture area, and rich bait is provided for the proliferation of pearl shells or sea cucumbers.
The surfaces of the shells have a large amount of organisms attached to influence the growth activity of the pinctada maxima, the attached organisms are different from perforated sponges, barnacles, limestos, oysters and the like near the shore but are red algae, diatoms and sponges, wherein the red algae account for the majority, fish flocks are attracted through small fish reefs arranged on auxiliary anchors, and the main attached organisms on the surfaces of the pinctada maxima are controlled by herbivorous or omnivorous fishes so as to achieve the purpose of ecological culture.
Therefore, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the algae of the present invention are used to control the attachment of organisms on the surface of shellfish by gathering fish flocks through small artificial fish reefs (preferably, 50 x 50cm in size, hollow in the middle, made of cement) or by feeding phytophagous or omnivorous fishes into the net cage.
Preferably, the auxiliary anchors are uniformly distributed below the bottom of the net cage.
Preferably, the young shellfish domesticating mechanism at least comprises a mesh bag with a square space, a support frame and a connecting floating rope, the support frame is arranged on the periphery of the mesh bag, the support frame and the mesh bag are both positioned in the net cage, one end of the connecting floating rope is connected to the net cage, and the other end of the connecting floating rope is connected with the support frame.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the young shellfish domesticating means includes: the polypropylene mesh grid is made into a square mesh bag with the side length of 30-50cm, the periphery of the mesh bag is supported by a support frame to provide living space for the young shellfish, the outer edge of the mesh bag is fixed in a floating rope fixing hole in the net cage by a floating rope, the aperture of the mesh bag is 1/3-1/5 of the height of the pearl shells, and the putting amount of the mesh bag is not more than 10% of the total volume of the culture mechanism.
Preferably, the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism comprises a framework, a first culture net, a connecting floating rope and a sheet cage, wherein the first culture net is wrapped outside the framework, the sheet cage is arranged in the framework at intervals, and the framework is hung and cultured in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the young shellfish (shell height of about 5 mm) culturing means comprises: the net bag cage is characterized in that a basic framework is formed by a metal net bag supporting frame with the length being 0.4 x 1m, the outer layer of the net bag supporting frame is coated with a screen to form a net bag cage, namely a piece cage, the net bag cage is placed into the net bag cage (namely the framework wrapped with a first breeding net), the piece cage is fixed by buckles at intervals of 10-30cm, one side of a floating rope (namely a connecting floating rope) of the cage is fixed in a fixing hole at the top end of the cage, the other side of the floating rope of the cage is fixed to a second floating rope at the opening of the breeding net cage, and the hanging and breeding height is adjusted through the floating rope.
Namely, the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism is characterized in that a basic framework is formed by metal materials with the length, width and height of 1, 0.4 and 1m, the outer layer is formed by a net wrapping metal support with the hole diameter of 0.5-1.5 cm, culture sheet cages (the length, height and height of 0.4 and 1m) are placed into a suspension cage every 10-30cm, fasteners are used for fixing metal plates, and the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism is suspended and cultured in a culture net cage at fixed points through floating ropes.
Preferably, the medium shellfish breeding mechanism comprises a framework, a second breeding net, a hollowed-out partition plate, a hollowed-out movable metal plate and a connecting floating rope, the second breeding net is wrapped outside the framework, the hollowed-out partition plate is located in the middle of the framework and divides the framework into an upper layer space and a lower layer space, the hollowed-out movable metal plate is arranged in the upper layer space and the lower layer space inside the framework at intervals, and the framework is hung in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the shellfish farming mechanism is a basic framework made of a metal material having a length, width and height of 2 x 0.4 x 1m, the interior of the basic framework is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer by a hollow metal plate, each layer is spatially divided by the hollow metal plate at intervals of 10-30cm, the hollow metal plates are fixed by fasteners, and the shellfish farming mechanism is hoisted and raised in the farming net cage at fixed points by floating ropes.
Preferably, the shellfish breeding mechanism comprises a framework, a third breeding net, separation columns and a connecting floating rope, the third breeding net is wrapped outside the framework, the separation columns are arranged in the framework at intervals up and down, and the framework is arranged in the net cage through the connecting floating rope in a hanging mode.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the big shellfish culture mechanism is a basic framework made of a metal material with a length and a width of 2 x 1m, the mesh has a pore diameter of 1/3 to 1/5 of the height of the pearl shells, the throwing amount is not more than 10% of the total volume of the culture mechanism, one side of a floating rope (i.e., a framework externally wrapped with a third culture mesh) of a suspension cage (i.e., a framework connected with the floating rope) is fixed in a fixing hole at the top end of the suspension cage, the other side of the floating rope is fixed on a second floating rope at the mouth of a culture net box, and the suspension height is adjusted by the floating rope.
The invention can effectively control the growth of shellfish surface attachments by using omnivorous fishes, has larger influence on the growth of shellfish when the shellfish surface attachments are in the period of young shellfish and middle shellfish, and can further control the growth of shellfish attachments and further optimize the proliferation condition of pearl shellfish by coating a layer of culture net outside the framework.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, the proliferation net cage is provided with: the propagation net cages are distributed in the area, close to the reef, of 15-30m deep water, and the cross sections of the propagation net cages are preferably square or circular; the aperture of the mesh on the net cage is 5-10cm, so that large carnivorous fishes are prevented from entering the net cage to prey on cultured shellfish; the net cage port is penetrated by a first floating rope which is fixed on the buoy and provides buoyancy required by the proliferation net cage floating in seawater by the buoy; the main anchor is connected with the first floating rope through a main anchor rope, the main anchor is thrown to the seabed, and the fixed form of the isolation net cage opening is maintained through the fixation of the main anchor; the bottom of the proliferation net cage is connected with an auxiliary anchor, and the fixed form of the bottom of the net cage is maintained through the auxiliary anchor, so that the net cage is prevented from generating large fluctuation along with ocean current. Second floating ropes which are parallel to each other are distributed in the net cage and can provide fixing points for pearl oyster hanging culture, fixed pulleys (used for moving the parallel floating ropes and placing the hanging cage) and movable pulleys (used for adjusting the depth of the hanging net) are respectively arranged at the crossing positions of the second parallel floating ropes and the net cage, floating balls are bound on the floating ropes at intervals and provide buoyancy for the floating ropes and the hanging cage.
Preferably, when pearl shells in different size periods are put and managed in a grading manner, domestication before young shellfish multiplication in the open sea island, putting and culturing management of young shellfish, putting and culturing management of middle shellfish, putting and culturing management of large shellfish are sequentially carried out; the shellfish with different sizes is placed in corresponding shellfish culture mechanisms according to requirements, and then the shellfish culture mechanisms are arranged in the proliferation net cages for hierarchical culture and management.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, at the time of domestication before propagation of the reef in the sea island of the young shellfish: the young pearl oyster attaching base is made of a polypropylene woven net, the polypropylene woven net is made into a square net piece with the side length of 30cm, the periphery of the square net piece is supported by a support frame to provide a living space for the young pearl oyster, the aperture of a net bag is 1/3-1/5 of the height of the pearl oyster shell, the putting amount is not more than 10% of the total volume of a culture mechanism, before putting, the shellfish is domesticated under the same environmental indexes of salinity, temperature and the like as far sea conditions, and after the young pearl oyster attaching base is adapted to the indexes of the far sea, the culture net box is put in.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when young shellfish are thrown: the propagation of the young big nacre (the shell is about 5mm high) is carried out in the pocket in the island reef of open sea, the pocket is made by the screen cloth, the cross section of pocket is square or circular, a pocket support frame is arranged in the pocket and plays the effect of supporting the pocket, the cage of breeding pieces is placed at the interval of 10-15cm in the cage, the living space is provided for the young big nacre, the influence of shellfish surface adhesion on the growth is effectively controlled.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the management of young shellfish culture: the net aperture should be 1/3 ~ 1/5 that the pearl shell is high, the volume of putting does not exceed 10% of the mechanism's total volume of breeding, the entering of biology such as natural enemy can be effectively isolated to the screen cloth of juvenile shellfish breeding device's parcel support frame, increase breeding device in the breed piece cage outside, reach the effect of dual control shellfish surface attachment with herbivory and omnivorous biology, and effectively reduce the attachment on shellfish surface, reduce the influence of attachment to juvenile shellfish growth, carry out the change of hanging foster height control or breed cage through regularly observing the juvenile shellfish growth situation.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the management of the cultivation of medium and large shellfish: after the large shellfish is put in the culture device, the survival rate and the condition of shellfish surface attachments are monitored regularly, when the attachments are excessive, the throwing of omnivorous organisms can be increased in the net cage, the influence of the shellfish surface attachments on the proliferation process of the pearl shellfish is fully reduced, the growth condition of the pearl shellfish is monitored regularly, and the size of gaps between the net cage is adjusted timely according to the growth condition.
Preferably, the method further comprises the steps of sea cucumber putting and sea cucumber culture management.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, during sea cucumber culture management, tropical sea cucumbers placed in a culture device with the aperture of 1-1.5 cm are thrown at the bottom of the open sea island reef culture, and the tropical sea cucumbers not only take phytoplankton or organic debris as food, but also can control the biomass of algae attached to the net cage together with omnivorous organisms in the net cage, improve the utilization rate of the open sea net cage, and fully utilize open sea area resources.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention relates to a proliferation net cage in a method for ecologically proliferating pearl shells on a far-sea island reef, which comprises a net cage, a main anchor, an auxiliary anchor (a small artificial fish reef), a buoy, a floating rope, an anchor rope, different types of hanging and breeding cages, namely a shellfish breeding mechanism and a floating ball, and further comprises a sea cucumber breeding mechanism, a fixed pulley and a movable pulley, wherein the net cage device and the breeding method fully utilize the excellent ecological environment of the far-sea island reef, effectively reduce the probability of disease infection caused by deterioration of a breeding water body by improving the breeding environment of the pearl shells, and simultaneously put tropical sea into the breeding cage to participate in herbivory or omnivory organisms in the breeding process to control the growth of attachments on the surfaces of the shellfish, further reasonably and efficiently utilize sea areas by utilizing the interaction between aquatic animals and plants at different nutrition levels, optimize the breeding mode of the pearl shells and improve the survival rate of the pearl shells in the proliferation process;
(2) the proliferation net cage in the method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells on the offshore island is combined with the small artificial fish reef device, so that the breeding device is fixed and the fish school aggregating effect is achieved to a certain extent; the net cage with the aperture of 5-10cm is used for preventing large fishes from entering, the phytophagous and omnivorous fishes can be fed by attached algae on the net cage, attached organisms on the surfaces of the shellfish can be effectively controlled, and metabolites of the fishes can increase the types of floating organisms and marine algae in a culture area, so that rich bait is provided for proliferation of the pearl oyster;
(3) according to the proliferation net cage in the method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells in the offshore island reef, the bottom of the offshore culture net cage is provided with the sea cucumber culture mechanism to proliferate tropical sea cucumbers, so that the growth amount of algae attached to the net cage can be controlled, and the net cage culture utilization rate can be improved;
(4) the proliferation net cage in the method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells on the offshore island is arranged in the open sea, the daily water volume exchange is larger than that at the coastal shore, and the pearl shells are put in the device and managed in a grading way, so that the survival rate of the proliferation of the pearl shells and the utilization rate of the culture device are improved, and the management of workers is facilitated;
(5) the breeding method of the invention carries out grading management aiming at the physiological characteristics of the pearl oyster in different growth periods, and domesticates the young oyster before carrying out the propagation and the release of the island reef in the open sea, thereby improving the adaptability of the young oyster to the environmental change and effectively reducing the death rate caused by the environmental change in the early stage of the release in the open sea;
(6) the breeding method aims at the growth condition of attachments shown in the proliferation process of the pearl oyster, and can be used for carrying out mixed culture on herbivorous or omnivorous organisms such as mullets and the like, the fishes are naturally warm and domesticated, the diseases are few, the mixed culture can not only control surface attachments, and residual baits and metabolites of the surface attachments are deposited in a bottom water body, but also can provide baits for the sea cucumbers, and the aim of multi-nutrition-level ecological breeding is fulfilled;
(7) aiming at the problems of water pollution, frequent parasitic diseases caused by poor water quality and the like in the cultivation of the pearl oyster in offshore coastal areas, the cultivation method disclosed by the invention utilizes the ecological environment advantages of the remote island reef and the interaction between aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels, and can effectively improve the common problems in the artificial cultivation process of the pearl oyster and further optimize the artificial cultivation mode of the pearl oyster by carrying out graded management on the pearl oyster at different periods.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a proliferation cage in the method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells of the remote sea island reef in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a proliferation cage in the method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells of the remote sea reef island in example 1;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of the sub-anchors (small fish reefs) of the ecological multiplication net cage for the open sea island in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a juvenile shellfish culture mechanism (juvenile shellfish hanging and raising device) in example 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a shellfish farming facility in example 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a large shellfish culture mechanism according to example 1;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of a sea cucumber culturing facility in example 1;
FIG. 8 is an analysis of chlorophyll content in seawater of the American reef sea area in example 2;
FIG. 9 is the algal distribution in the south Sand American reef area in example 2;
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the practical effect of the ecological proliferation of the large nacre on the island in the open sea of the large nacre in example 3;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the actual effect of the shellfish culture in the ecological breeding section of the large nacre offshore island in example 3;
FIG. 12 is a plan view showing the depth adjustment of the shellfish culture mechanism in the net cage according to example 1;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a shellfish culture mechanism or a sea cucumber culture mechanism adjusted by a fixed pulley and a movable pulley in embodiment 1;
figure 14 is a schematic representation of the shellfish deposit of example 4.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells on the offshore reef comprises the following steps: arranging the proliferation net cages in the sea area adjacent to the island reef; the method comprises the steps of carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells in different size periods, feeding one or more of tropical sea cucumbers, phytophagous fishes and omnivorous fishes in the culture process, optimizing the culture mode of the pearl shells by utilizing the interaction among algae, the shells, the fishes and the sea cucumbers on aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels, and improving the survival rate of the shells in the proliferation process;
the proliferation net cage is arranged as follows: as shown in fig. 1-2, the floating net comprises a net cage 1, a first floating rope 2 is arranged along the top opening of the net cage 1, a floating pontoon is arranged on the first floating rope 2, a main anchor 3 is arranged around the net cage 1, one end of the main anchor 3 is fixed on the first floating rope 1 through a main anchor rope 31, and the other end is fixed on the sea bottom; an auxiliary anchor 4 is further arranged below the bottom of the net cage 1, one end of the auxiliary anchor 4 is fixed to the bottom of the net cage through an auxiliary anchor rope 41, and the other end of the auxiliary anchor 4 is fixed to the sea bottom; a second floating rope 5 is further arranged at the opening at the top of the net cage 1, and a shellfish culture mechanism 6 is arranged on the second floating rope 5; the shellfish culture mechanism is a young shellfish domesticating mechanism, a young shellfish culture mechanism, a medium shellfish culture mechanism or a large shellfish culture mechanism.
The water depth of the island reef adjacent to the sea area is 15-30 m.
When pearl shells in different size periods are put in and managed in a grading mode, domestication before young shell offshore island reef proliferation, young shell putting and breeding management, middle shell putting and middle shell breeding management, and big shell putting and big shell breeding management are carried out.
The said phytophagous or omnivorous fish comprises: mullet (mullet), pike (perciformes), siganidae (perciformes), astraosus (perciformes), and the like.
Proliferation box with a net in this embodiment:
in the embodiment, the net cage 1 is cylindrical, and the aperture of the net holes in the net cage is 5-10 cm.
The net cage is provided with a middle upper layer space and a lower layer space, the shellfish culture mechanism 6 is positioned in the middle upper layer space, and a sea cucumber culture mechanism 7 is arranged in the lower layer space of the net cage 1.
As shown in fig. 7, the holothurian culture mechanism 7 comprises a framework 71, a mesh bag and a connecting floating rope 10, wherein the mesh bag is wrapped outside the framework 71, and the framework 71 is hung in the net cage 1 through the connecting floating rope 10.
As shown in fig. 1, there are a plurality of the second buoyant ropes 5, and the plurality of the second buoyant ropes 5 are arranged in parallel with each other.
As shown in fig. 13, a fixed pulley 8 for moving the second floating rope and a movable pulley 9 for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism or the sea cucumber culture mechanism are respectively arranged at the intersection of the second floating rope 5 and the top opening of the net cage 1.
As shown in fig. 12, the shellfish farming institution 6 is elevated to the top opening of the net cage 1.
And a floating ball is also arranged on the second floating rope 5.
As shown in fig. 13, the shellfish culture mechanism 6 is fixed on the second floating rope 5 and fixed on the movable pulley 9 on the first floating rope 2 of the net cage by the fixed rope 12, the sheet cage in the shellfish culture mechanism and the shellfish culture mechanism are fixed with the second floating rope 5 by the buckle, the fixed rope 12 passing through the movable pulley 9 is connected on the manual rotating shaft or the motor, the movable pulley 9 is used for lifting the whole suspension cage, the manpower is saved, and the replacement of the shellfish cage and the observation of the growth state of the big nacre are convenient.
As shown in fig. 3, the secondary anchor is a small fish reef, and the small fish reef is a square structure with a hollow part.
The young shellfish domesticating mechanism at least comprises a mesh bag with a square space, a support frame and a connecting floating rope, wherein the support frame is arranged on the periphery of the mesh bag, the support frame and the mesh bag are both positioned in the net cage, one end of the connecting floating rope is connected to the net cage, and the other end of the connecting floating rope is connected with the support frame.
As shown in fig. 4, the juvenile shellfish culturing mechanism includes a framework 61, a first culturing net, a connecting floating rope 10 and a sheet cage 62, the sheet cage 62 is arranged in the framework 61 at intervals, the first culturing net is wrapped outside the framework 61, and the framework 61 is suspended and cultured in the net cage 1 through the connecting floating rope 10.
As shown in fig. 5, the medium shellfish breeding mechanism includes a framework 61, a second breeding net, a hollow partition plate 63, a hollow movable metal plate 64 and a connecting floating rope 10, the second breeding net is wrapped outside the framework 61, the hollow partition plate 63 is located in the middle of the framework 61 and divides the interior of the framework 61 into an upper space and a lower space, the hollow movable metal plates 64 are arranged in the upper space and the lower space of the interior of the framework at intervals, and the framework 61 is suspended in the net cage 1 through the connecting floating rope 10.
As shown in fig. 6, the shellfish breeding mechanism includes a framework 61, a third breeding net, partition columns 65 and a connecting floating rope 10, the third breeding net is wrapped outside the framework 61, the partition columns 65 are arranged in the framework 61 at intervals up and down, and the framework 61 is hung in the net cage 1 through the connecting floating rope 10.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
the ecological multiplication net cage device for the far-sea island is arranged in an island near sea area with the water depth of 15-30m, and the aperture of meshes on the net cage 1 is 5-10 cm; the main anchor 3 is fixed on the first floating rope 2 through one side of the main anchor rope 31 to fix the net cage 1, and the auxiliary anchor 4 is fixed at the bottom of the net cage 1 through the auxiliary anchor rope 41; a circle of buoys are arranged along the net cage opening to keep the net cage buoyancy; the net cage opening is provided with a second parallel floating rope 5, the crossing place of the second parallel floating rope 5 and the net cage opening is respectively provided with a fixed pulley 8 (used for moving the parallel floating rope and placing a suspension cage) and a movable pulley 9 (used for adjusting the depth of a shellfish culture mechanism or a sea cucumber culture mechanism, as shown in figure 13), different types of shellfish culture mechanisms 6 such as culture suspension cages and the like are fixed on the second parallel floating rope 5, floating balls with different colors or shapes can be arranged on the floating rope 10 and used for distinguishing pearl shellfish or culture species in different growth periods, and the suspension culture depth is controlled by the length of the connecting floating rope of the shellfish culture mechanism 6 such as the suspension cage (as shown in figure 12). Different kinds of shellfish culture mechanisms 6 are arranged aiming at the pearl shells with different sizes.
The floating pontoon provides the floating force required by the proliferation net cage floating in seawater; the main anchor 3 is connected with the first floating rope 2 through a main anchor rope 31, the main anchor 3 is thrown to the seabed, and the fixed form of an isolation net cage port (namely a proliferation net cage port) is maintained through the fixation of the main anchor 3; the auxiliary anchor 4 is connected below the bottom of the proliferation net cage, and the fixed shape of the bottom of the net cage is maintained through the auxiliary anchor 4, so that the net cage is prevented from generating large fluctuation along with ocean current.
The main anchor is two in this embodiment, evenly distributed in the both sides of box with a net.
The ecological multiplication net cage device for the remote-sea island reef is generally arranged in an island reef adjacent sea area with the water depth of 15-30m, the main anchor 3 is fixed on the first floating rope 2 through one side of the main anchor rope 31 to fix the net cage, the auxiliary anchor 4 is fixed at the bottom of the net cage through the auxiliary anchor rope 41, and a circle of buoys are arranged along the net cage opening to keep the buoyancy of the net cage.
The aperture of the mesh on the net cage is 5-10cm, so that large carnivorous fishes are prevented from entering the net cage to prey on cultured shellfish.
Because of the existence of carnivorous fishes with sharp teeth such as parrots, globefish and the like in the natural sea area, the fishes can bite shells and eat shellfish meat, and the proliferation of big nacre is threatened, and by arranging the deep sea island proliferation device with the mesh diameter of 5-10cm, the predation of large enemy organisms can be effectively avoided.
In the embodiment, sea cucumbers are cultured in the bottom layer (lower layer space) of the net cage, and algae attached to the net cage is taken as food while proliferation is carried out, so that the attachments of the net cage are controlled.
In the embodiment, tropical sea cucumbers such as holothuria leucospilota, apostichopus japonicus and the like are put in the bottom (lower layer space) of the open-sea island reef culture net cage, and algae attached to the net cage is taken as food while proliferation is carried out, so that net cage attachments are controlled; the tropical sea cucumber proliferation is carried out while the growth of the algae attached to the net cage is controlled by the tropical sea cucumber, the utilization rate of the sea area is improved, and the investment of cultivation manpower and material resources is reduced.
Therefore, this embodiment device carries out the proliferation of tropical sea cucumber through set up the sea cucumber aquaculture mechanism in the ecological proliferation box with a net bottom in open sea island reef, not only can control the growth volume of adhering to the alga on the box with a net, can also improve box with a net aquaculture utilization ratio.
The sea cucumber culture mechanism is characterized in that a basic framework (which can be single-layer or multi-layer) is formed by metal materials with the length, width and height of 2, 0.4 and 1m, a metal support is wrapped by a mesh bag with the aperture of 1-1.5 cm at the outer layer, and the metal support is hung and cultured in the culture net cage at fixed points through floating ropes.
In this embodiment, the crossing place of the second floating rope and the port of the net cage, which are arranged in parallel, is respectively provided with a fixed pulley (for moving the second floating rope in parallel and placing the shellfish culture mechanism) and a movable pulley (for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism), floating balls can be bound on the floating ropes at intervals, and the floating balls provide buoyancy for the floating ropes and the shellfish culture mechanism, such as a suspended culture cage. In addition, shellfish culture mechanisms of different types such as culture cages are fixed on the parallel second floating ropes, floating balls with different colors or shapes can be arranged on the second floating ropes and used for distinguishing pearl shells or cultured species in different growth periods, and the hanging culture depth can be controlled through the lengths of the floating ropes of the shellfish culture mechanisms such as the cages.
The auxiliary anchors in the embodiment are multiple and are uniformly distributed below the bottom of the net cage.
The vice anchor is small-size artificial fish reef in this embodiment, small-size artificial fish reef is for having the square structure of fretwork.
The small artificial fish reef in the ecological multiplication net cage of the offshore island reef has the effect of gathering fish school to a certain extent while fixing the multiplication net cage; the net cage with the aperture of 5-10cm is used for preventing large fishes from entering, the phytophagous and omnivorous fishes can be fed by attached algae on the net cage, the attached organisms on the surfaces of the shellfish can be effectively controlled, the metabolites of the fishes can increase the species of the floating organisms and marine algae in the culture area, and rich bait is provided for the proliferation of pearl shells or sea cucumbers.
The surfaces of the shells have a large amount of organisms attached to influence the growth activity of the pinctada maxima, the attached organisms are different from perforated sponges, barnacles, limestos, oysters and the like near the shore but are red algae, diatoms and sponges, wherein the red algae account for the majority, fish flocks are attracted through small fish reefs arranged on auxiliary anchors, and the main attached organisms on the surfaces of the pinctada maxima are controlled by herbivorous or omnivorous fishes so as to achieve the purpose of ecological culture.
Can be according to actual conditions, at first attract the fish to come through artificial fish reef, if the fish that attracts can't satisfy and clear away the attachment on the shellfish, still can further adopt the artifical mode of throwing in fish to clear away the attachment on the shellfish.
As shown in fig. 3, the algae in this embodiment are used to gather fish swarms through small artificial reefs (preferably, 50 × 50cm in size, hollow in the middle, made of cement), or to feed vegetarian or omnivorous fishes in the net cage, so as to control the attachment of shellfish on the surface.
The juvenile shellfish domesticating mechanism comprises: the polypropylene mesh grid is made into a square mesh bag with the side length of 30-50cm, the periphery of the mesh bag is supported by a support frame to provide living space for the young shellfish, the outer edge of the mesh bag is fixed in a floating rope fixing hole in the net cage by a floating rope, the aperture of the mesh bag is 1/3-1/5 of the height of the pearl shells, and the putting amount of the mesh bag is not more than 10% of the total volume of the culture mechanism.
The young shellfish (with shell height of about 5 mm) breeding mechanism comprises: the net bag cage is characterized in that a basic framework is formed by a metal net bag supporting frame with the length being 0.4 x 1m, the outer layer of the net bag supporting frame is coated with a screen to form a net bag cage, namely a piece cage, the net bag cage is placed into the net bag cage (namely the framework wrapped with a first breeding net), the piece cage is fixed by buckles at intervals of 10-30cm, one side of a floating rope of the cage is fixed in a fixing hole at the top end of the cage, the other side of the floating rope of the cage is fixed to a second floating rope at the opening of the breeding net cage, and the hanging height is adjusted through the second floating rope.
Namely, the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism is formed by a basic framework made of metal materials with the length, width and height of 1, 0.4 and 1m, the outer layer is made of a net wrapped metal support with the hole diameter of 0.5-1.5 cm, culture sheet cages (with the length, height and diameter of 0.4 and 1m) are placed into the suspension cage every 10-30cm, the metal plates are fixed through buckles, and the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism is suspended and cultured in the culture net cage at fixed points through second floating ropes, as shown in fig. 4.
The medium shellfish breeding mechanism is characterized in that a basic framework is formed by metal materials with the length, width and height of 2 x 0.4 x 1m, the interior of the medium shellfish breeding mechanism is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer by hollow partition plates, each layer is spatially divided by hollow movable metal plates according to the distance of 10-30cm (distance adjustment can be carried out according to the actual size of the shellfish), a fixing cage is fixed by buckles, and the medium shellfish breeding mechanism is hung and cultured in a breeding net cage at fixed points through second floating ropes, as shown in figure 5.
The large shellfish culture mechanism is characterized in that a basic framework is made of metal materials with the length and the width of 2 x 1m, the aperture of a net is 1/3-1/5 of the height of pearl shells, the putting amount of large shellfish 11 is not more than 10% of the total volume of the culture mechanism, one side of a floating rope of a suspension cage (namely the framework wrapped with a third culture net) is fixed in a fixing hole at the top end of the suspension cage, the other side of the floating rope is fixed on a second floating rope at the mouth of a culture net box, and the suspension culture height is adjusted through the second floating rope, as shown in figure 6.
According to the embodiment, the growth of shellfish surface attachments can be effectively controlled by using omnivorous fishes, the shellfish surface attachments have large influence on the growth of the shellfish in the period of young shellfish and medium shellfish, and the growth of the shellfish attachments can be further controlled by coating a layer of culture net on the outer side of the framework, so that the proliferation condition of the pearl shellfish can be further optimized.
The method for ecologically proliferating the pearl shells on the offshore reef provided by the embodiment specifically comprises the following steps:
arranging an enrichment net cage: the proliferation net cages are distributed in the sea area adjacent to the island reef with the water depth of 15-30m, and the cross sections of the proliferation net cages are preferably square or circular; the aperture of the mesh on the net cage is 5-10cm, so that large carnivorous fishes are prevented from entering the net cage to prey on cultured shellfish; the net cage port is penetrated by a first floating rope which is fixed on the buoy and provides buoyancy required by the proliferation net cage floating in seawater by the buoy; the main anchor is connected with the first floating rope through a main anchor rope, the main anchor is thrown to the seabed, and the fixed form of the isolation net cage opening is maintained through the fixation of the main anchor; the bottom of the proliferation net cage is connected with an auxiliary anchor, and the fixed form of the bottom of the net cage is maintained through the auxiliary anchor, so that the net cage is prevented from generating large fluctuation along with ocean current. Second floating ropes which are parallel to each other are distributed in the net cage and can provide fixing points for pearl oyster hanging culture, fixed pulleys (used for moving the parallel floating ropes and placing the hanging cage) and movable pulleys (used for adjusting the depth of the hanging net) are respectively arranged at the crossing positions of the second parallel floating ropes and the net cage, floating balls are bound on the floating ropes at intervals and provide buoyancy for the floating ropes and the hanging cage.
When pearl shells in different size periods are put and managed in a grading way, domestication, putting and cultivation management of middle shells and cultivation management of big shells are carried out before young shells are propagated on the island of the open sea; the method comprises the following steps of putting shellfish of different sizes into corresponding shellfish culture mechanisms according to requirements, and then arranging the shellfish culture mechanisms in a proliferation net cage for hierarchical culture and management, and specifically comprises the following steps:
during domestication before propagation of the young shellfish offshore island reef: the young pearl oyster attaching base is made of a polypropylene woven net, the polypropylene woven net is made into a square net piece with the side length of 30cm, the periphery of the square net piece is supported by a support frame to provide a living space for the young pearl oyster, the aperture of a net bag is 1/3-1/5 of the height of the pearl oyster shell, the putting amount is not more than 10% of the total volume of a culture mechanism, before putting, the shellfish is domesticated under the same environmental indexes of salinity, temperature and the like as far sea conditions, and after the young pearl oyster attaching base is adapted to the indexes of the far sea, the culture net box is put in.
When young shellfish is put in: the proliferation of the young big nacre (with the shell height of about 5 mm) is carried out in a mesh bag in a remote island, the mesh bag is made of a screen mesh, the cross section of the mesh bag is square or circular, a mesh bag supporting frame is arranged in the mesh bag to play a role of supporting the mesh bag, and breeding piece cages are placed in the mesh cage at intervals of 10-15cm to provide living space for the young big nacre, so that the influence of shellfish surface adhesion on the growth of the young big nacre is effectively controlled.
And (3) during young shellfish culture management: the net aperture should be 1/3 ~ 1/5 that the pearl shell is high, the volume of putting does not exceed 10% of the mechanism's total volume of breeding, the entering of biology such as natural enemy can be effectively isolated to the screen cloth of juvenile shellfish breeding device's parcel support frame, increase breeding device in the breed piece cage outside, reach the effect of dual control shellfish surface attachment with herbivory and omnivorous biology, and effectively reduce the attachment on shellfish surface, reduce the influence of attachment to juvenile shellfish growth, carry out the change of hanging foster height control or breed cage through regularly observing the juvenile shellfish growth situation.
When the medium and large shellfish are cultured and managed: after the large shellfish is put in the culture device, the survival rate and the condition of shellfish surface attachments are monitored regularly, when the attachments are excessive, the throwing of omnivorous organisms can be increased in the net cage, the influence of the shellfish surface attachments on the proliferation process of the pearl shellfish is fully reduced, the growth condition of the pearl shellfish is monitored regularly, and the size of gaps between the net cage is adjusted timely according to the growth condition.
During sea cucumber culture management, tropical sea cucumbers placed in a culture device with the aperture of 1-1.5 cm are thrown at the bottom of the open sea island reef culture, and besides phytoplankton or organic debris as food, the tropical sea cucumbers and omnivorous organisms in the net cage can jointly control the biomass of algae attached to the net cage, so that the utilization rate of the open sea net cage is improved, and open sea area resources are fully utilized.
According to the method for ecologically proliferating the pinctada maxima offshore island in the embodiment, the raft type net cages are used for isolating carnivorous fishes, so that cultured shellfish can be prevented from being ingested; the method has the advantages that the interaction between aquatic animals and plants of different nutrition levels is utilized, such as the ingestion of omnivorous fishes is utilized to control the surface attachment organisms of the pinctada maxima, the pinctada maxima filter the organic particles in the water body, and the algae absorb the inorganic salts in the water body, so that the artificial propagation of the pinctada maxima is realized while the stability of the ecological environment of the island reef in the open sea is maintained.
Aiming at the common problems in the proliferation process of the nacre, the ecological proliferation net cage suitable for the distal sea island reef of the nacre and the culture method are designed, and the proliferation and culture mode of the nacre is further optimized by utilizing the interaction among different nutrition levels of algae, shellfish, fish and sea cucumber.
Aiming at the problems that the survival rate is low, the requirement on culture water quality is high and the like in the conventional pearl oyster multiplication process, the embodiment designs a device suitable for ecological multiplication of the pearl oyster far-sea island reef; the invention relates to a net cage device, which comprises a net cage, a main anchor, an auxiliary anchor (small artificial fish reef), a buoy, a floating rope, an anchor rope, different types of hanging cage devices, namely a shellfish culture mechanism and a floating ball, and further comprises a sea cucumber culture mechanism, a fixed pulley and a movable pulley.
Aiming at the main problems existing in offshore coastal breeding of the pearl shells at present, the ecological breeding equipment for the far-sea island reef of the pearl shells and the modularized management method for the pearl shells are designed, so that the death rate of the pearl shells in the breeding process is effectively reduced, the equipment and the method in the embodiment have the advantages of breeding and fixed-point throwing, avoiding damage of large-scale harmful organisms, controlling shellfish surface attachments by using herbivorous and omnivorous organisms such as mullets and the like, and the far-sea breeding efficiency of the pearl shells is improved; tropical sea cucumbers such as holothuria leucospilota, apostichopus japonicus and the like are put in the bottom of the open sea island reef culture net cage, and the tropical sea cucumbers are proliferated while the growth of the algae attached to the net cage is controlled by the tropical sea cucumbers, so that the utilization rate of sea areas is improved, and the investment of culture manpower and material resources is reduced; the interaction between aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels is utilized to improve the comprehensive culture benefit; the stability of the ecological environment of the remote sea island reef is maintained during the propagation process, and important practical experience is provided for the green development of the aquaculture industry.
Example 2
By carrying out analysis on the chlorophyll content in seawater in the American reef sea area, the change trends of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in water depth of 2-20m are shown in figure 8, meanwhile, the micro eukaryotic plankton in the sea area is subjected to diversity division, and the algae occupy the main advantages of syndiophyceae (Syndiniales), Dinophyceae (Dinophyceae) and dinoflagellaceae (Prymnesiophyceae) on class level (figure 9).
Example 3
By adopting the net cage and the culture method in the embodiment 1, the pinctada maxima is cultured in the beauty reef lagoon sea area through a slice cage (a pinctada maxima culture mechanism, shown in figure 10) and a square frame cage (a medium pinctada culture mechanism, shown in figure 11), the hanging culture water depth is 3-5m, after 3 months of culture, the pinctada maxima is good in growth vigor and high in survival rate, and the growth amount of the pinctada maxima is about 1cm per month; the attack and predation of large organisms are effectively isolated through the net with the aperture of 5-10cm, and the survival rate of the shellfish in the proliferation process is further improved by using cages with different apertures in different growth periods (sizes).
Example 4
Compared with the offshore coastal raft culture mode, the cage and the culture method in the embodiment 1 are adopted, the culture device with the aperture of 5-10cm is far away from industrial sewage and wastewater in the offshore area, large-scale enemy organisms are effectively prevented from attacking and predating, and the shellfish surface attachments are controlled by herbivorous or omnivorous fishes aiming at the problem that the shellfish growth is influenced by the surface attachments in the shellfish culture process, so that the growth of pearl shells is facilitated, and the culture manpower and cost are saved; in addition, the biological diversity in the culture range is increased, so that the ecological environment area is in a more stable state.
1. Taking big nacre as an example
By adopting the net cage and the culture method in the embodiment 1, compared with the offshore bank pearl oyster culture mode, the beauty reef is located near the equator, and by monitoring the water quality hydrological conditions of the beauty reef lagoon, the result shows that the water temperature fluctuates within the range of 27.1-29.1 ℃, the environmental factors such as salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH are relatively stable, and the large pearl oyster open sea culture test is carried out aiming at the water quality conditions such as small waves and relatively gentle water flow in the lagoon. Tests such as cage hanging culture and bottom sowing culture are carried out (refer to fig. 10-11), and due to the fact that carnivorous fishes with sharp teeth such as psilops and globefish exist in a natural sea area, the fishes can bite shells and eat shellfish meat to threaten multiplication of pinctada maxima, and in the embodiment, predation of large enemy organisms can be effectively avoided by arranging a sea island reef multiplication device (namely, a net cage in embodiment 1) with the net diameter of 5-10 cm; after the large-scale ecological breeding method is used for a period of time, a large number of organisms are attached to the surfaces of shells to influence the growth activity of the large nacre, the attached organisms are different from perforated sponges, barnacles, limestos, oysters and the like near the shore but are red algae, diatoms and sponges, wherein the red algae account for the most part, fish schools are attracted through small fish reefs arranged on auxiliary anchors, and the main attached organisms on the surfaces of the large nacre are controlled by herbivorous or omnivorous fishes so as to achieve the purpose of ecological breeding.
The pearl oyster is hung and cultured on the beauty reef through the cage, the shellfish attachments are mainly 3 kinds of algae, the shellfish attachments are cleaned once every 2 months on average in terms of attachment speed, and a large amount of manpower and material resources need to be introduced.
A schematic photograph of the shellfish deposit is shown in FIG. 14.
2. Taking Pteria penguin as an example
Using the cages and the breeding method of example 1, Pteria penguin
) Morphological characters and characteristics of the penguin pearl oyster cultivation groups of 100 south sand Meiji reefs and Ling water Xincun cultivated in the same batch up to 18 months old are respectively selected at random, and the shell length (X1), the shell height (X2), the shell width (X3), the strand length (X4), the slant height (X5), the peak to front ear top (X6), the peak to back ear top (X7), the peak to back ear base (X8), the front ear top to slant opposite peak length (X9), the front ear top to back ear base (X10) and the weight (Y) are measured, and relevant analysis, through-path analysis and regression analysis are carried out.
The results showed that the shell length, shell height, shell width, strand length, slant height, peak to top of the posterior ear, peak to base of the posterior ear, top of the anterior ear to diagonal peak length, top of the anterior ear to base of the posterior ear, body weight and shell length to shell height ratio were significantly different for 2 different culture conditions except for peak to top of the anterior ear (P < 0.05). The correlation among main characters of the penguin pearl oyster cultured in deep and far sea and near and shallow sea reaches a very significant level (P is less than 0.01), and the direct action of X2, X3 and X8 of an American reef culture population on the weight of the penguin pearl oyster reaches a significant level (P is less than 0.05), while the direct action of X2, X3 and X10 on the quality of a tomb water new village culture population reaches a significant level (P is less than 0.05). The characteristics of the penguin pearl oyster in the 2 breeding modes are obviously different, the penguin pearl oyster bred in the American reef lagoon has advantages in form, and the new village breeding in the water of the hilly river has advantages in weight.
The above embodiments illustrate various embodiments of the present invention in detail, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto, and those skilled in the art can achieve the objectives of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention, and any modifications and variations based on the concept of the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for ecologically proliferating pearl shells on remote sea island reefs is characterized by comprising the following steps: arranging the proliferation net cages in the sea area adjacent to the island reef; the method comprises the steps of carrying out graded feeding and management on the pearl shells in different size periods, feeding one or more of tropical sea cucumbers, phytophagous fishes and omnivorous fishes in the culture process, optimizing the culture mode of the pearl shells by utilizing the interaction among algae, the shells, the fishes and the sea cucumbers on aquatic animals and plants with different nutrition levels, and improving the survival rate of the shells in the proliferation process;
the proliferation net cage is arranged as follows: the device comprises a net cage, wherein a first floating rope is arranged along an opening at the top of the net cage, a floating barrel is arranged on the first floating rope, main anchors are arranged around the net cage, one end of each main anchor is fixed on the first floating rope through a main anchor rope, and the other end of each main anchor is fixed on the sea bottom; an auxiliary anchor is further arranged below the bottom of the net cage, one end of the auxiliary anchor is fixed to the bottom of the net cage through an auxiliary anchor rope, and the other end of the auxiliary anchor is fixed to the sea bottom; a second floating rope is further arranged at the opening at the top of the net cage, and a shellfish culture mechanism is arranged on the second floating rope; the shellfish culture mechanism is a young shellfish domesticating mechanism, a young shellfish culture mechanism, a medium shellfish culture mechanism or a large shellfish culture mechanism.
2. The method for ecological proliferation of the pearl shells of the offshore island reef of claim 1, which is characterized in that: the water depth of the sea area adjacent to the island is 15-30 m; when pearl shells in different size periods are put in and managed in a grading mode, domestication before young shell offshore island reef proliferation, young shell putting and breeding management, middle shell putting and middle shell breeding management, and big shell putting and big shell breeding management are carried out.
3. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the net cage is cylindrical, the aperture of a mesh on the net cage is 5-10cm, and the cross section of the cylindrical net cage is circular, square or other polygons; the net cage is provided with a middle upper layer space and a lower layer space, the shellfish culture mechanism is positioned in the middle upper layer space, and a sea cucumber culture mechanism is arranged in the lower layer space of the net cage.
4. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 3, wherein: the sea cucumber culture mechanism comprises a framework, a mesh bag and a connecting floating rope, wherein the mesh bag is wrapped outside the framework, and the framework is hung in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
5. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 3, wherein: the floating rope device is provided with a plurality of second floating ropes which are arranged in parallel.
6. The method for ecological proliferation of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 5, wherein: and a fixed pulley for moving the second floating rope and a movable pulley for adjusting the depth of the shellfish culture mechanism or the sea cucumber culture mechanism are respectively arranged at the intersection of the second floating rope and the top opening of the net cage.
7. The method for ecological proliferation of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 6, wherein: and a floating ball is also arranged on the second floating rope.
8. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the auxiliary anchor is a small fish reef which is of a square structure with a hollow part.
9. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the young shellfish domesticating mechanism at least comprises a mesh bag with a square space, a support frame and a connecting floating rope, wherein the support frame is arranged at the periphery of the mesh bag, the support frame and the mesh bag are both positioned in the net cage, one end of the connecting floating rope is connected to the net cage, and the other end of the connecting floating rope is connected with the support frame; the juvenile shellfish culture mechanism comprises a framework, a first culture net, a connecting floating rope and a piece cage, wherein the first culture net is wrapped outside the framework, the piece cage is arranged in the framework at intervals, and the framework is hung and cultured in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
10. The method for ecological reproduction of the pearl shells of the offshore island reefs according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the medium shellfish breeding mechanism comprises a framework, a second breeding net, a hollowed-out partition plate, a hollowed-out movable metal plate and a connecting floating rope, wherein the second breeding net is wrapped outside the framework, the hollowed-out partition plate is positioned in the middle of the framework and divides the interior of the framework into an upper layer space and a lower layer space, the hollowed-out movable metal plate is arranged in the upper layer space and the lower layer space in the framework at intervals, and the framework is hung in the net cage through the connecting floating rope; the large shellfish breeding mechanism comprises a framework, a third breeding net, partition columns and a connecting floating rope, wherein the third breeding net is wrapped outside the framework, the partition columns are arranged in the framework at intervals from top to bottom, and the framework is hung in the net cage through the connecting floating rope.
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