CN113099996A - Method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia and application - Google Patents
Method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia and application Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia and application, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia comprises the following steps: carrying out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry; irrigating farmlands with biogas slurry; covering the irrigated farmland with a film and cultivating the farmland; uncovering the film and airing; after airing, applying a microbial agent into the farmland; rehmannia root is planted by adopting a conventional method. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia can obviously improve the survival rate of the rehmannia, the biomass of the upper part and the lower part of the rehmannia and the yield, and can effectively eliminate the problem of the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia and application of the method.
Background
Rehmannia (Rehmanniaglutinosa Libosch) is a perennial herb of the Scrophulariaceae family, is one of the four famous Chinese herbs, has long medication history and definite clinical curative effect, and is one of the bulk medicinal materials which are intensively researched and utilized to construct the modern Chinese medicine industrial chain in China.
The continuous cropping obstacle refers to the phenomenon that the growth condition of crops is deteriorated, the yield is reduced, the quality is deteriorated, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is aggravated and the like caused by that the same crop is continuously planted for two or more crops in the same land. According to statistics, about 70 percent of root or rhizome medicinal materials have continuous cropping obstacles to different degrees, and certain crops such as peanuts, watermelons, cucumbers and tomatoes also have continuous cropping obstacles to different degrees. The continuous cropping disorder of rehmannia is mainly characterized by: the seedling stage can basically grow normally, but after the seedling stage grows to a certain period, the overground part begins to wither and yellow, the overground part is likely to form fibrous roots, the fibrous roots cannot normally expand to form tuberous roots with commodity value, and even death occurs, so that the yield is reduced and even the crop is completely lost. The continuous cropping effect of rehmannia glutinosa after being planted is long in duration, and the rehmannia glutinosa can be planted again after 8-10 years after each crop is harvested. At present, no effective measure for solving the continuous cropping obstacle of rehmannia is available.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia and application thereof. The method provided by the invention can effectively reduce continuous cropping obstacles of the rehmannia and improve the survival rate and the yield of the rehmannia.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry; irrigating farmlands with biogas slurry; covering the irrigated farmland with a film for a certain period; uncovering the film and airing; after airing, applying a microbial agent into the farmland; and (5) planting rehmannia.
Preferably, the anaerobic fermentation comprises mixing the livestock and poultry manure with water to perform anaerobic fermentation; the mass percentage of the livestock and poultry manure in the mixed liquid of the livestock and poultry manure and water is 5-7%; the temperature of the anaerobic fermentation is 30-40 ℃; the time of anaerobic fermentation is 20-30 days.
Preferably, the irrigation quantity of the biogas slurry is 50-80 m3Per mu.
Preferably, the biogas slurry is directly used or diluted for use; the dilution multiple is less than or equal to 0.5 time.
Preferably, the film is a transparent film; and soil is sealed around the transparent film.
Preferably, the time for covering the film is 30-60 days, and the ground temperature in the film is 35-45 ℃.
Preferably, before airing, the rotary tillage machine also comprises the step of carrying out rotary tillage on farmlands.
Preferably, the airing time is 5-10 days.
Preferably, the application amount of the microbial agent is 1-3 kg/mu; the microbial agent comprises bacillus subtilis and bacillus megatherium; the viable count of the bacillus subtilis in the microbial agent is more than 100 hundred million/g, and the viable count of the bacillus megatherium in the microbial agent is more than 100 hundred million/g.
The invention provides application of the method in the technical scheme in reduction of continuous cropping obstacles of crops, wherein the crops comprise rehmannia, tobacco, pseudo-ginseng, Chinese yam, watermelon and peanut.
Has the advantages that:
the invention provides a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia, which comprises the following steps: carrying out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry; irrigating farmlands with biogas slurry; covering the irrigated farmland with a film and cultivating the farmland; uncovering the film and airing; after airing, applying a microbial agent into the farmland; rehmannia root is planted by adopting a conventional method. The biogas slurry contains a large amount of nutrients and a large amount of sterilization components such as organic acid, alcohol, aldehyde and Fe2+、Mn2+The harmful microorganisms in the soil can be effectively killed; the film covering film can effectively isolate the outside air, prevent the sterilization components in the biogas slurry from being oxidized by the air, make the sterilization components play a role for a long time, and further improve the sterilization effect; in addition, the temperature in the film after film covering is obviously higher than the air temperature, and a part of pathogenic bacteria can be killed at high temperature; after sterilization, airing to ensure that the sterilized components in the biogas slurry are fully oxidized and harmless to plants; after the rehmannia root is aired, the microbial inoculum is applied, contains a large amount of beneficial bacteria, can improve the growth of the rehmannia root, greatly improves the survival rate of the rehmannia root, and further solves the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia root. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia can obviously improve the survival rate of the rehmannia, the biomass of the upper part and the lower part of the rehmannia and the yield, and can effectively eliminate the problem of the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the effect of biogas slurry coating treatment on the growth of rehmannia glutinosa.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry; irrigating farmlands with biogas slurry; covering the irrigated farmland with a film; uncovering the film and airing; after airing, applying a microbial agent into the farmland; and (5) planting rehmannia.
The invention carries out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry. In the present invention, the anaerobic fermentation preferably includes mixing the livestock manure with water to perform anaerobic fermentation. In the invention, the mass percentage of the livestock and poultry manure in the mixed liquid of the livestock and poultry manure and water is preferably 5-7%, and more preferably 6%, the biogas slurry is not easy to separate if the concentration of the livestock and poultry manure is too high, and the effective components are low if the concentration of the livestock and poultry manure is too low, so that the killing of pathogenic bacteria is not facilitated. In the invention, the temperature of anaerobic fermentation is preferably 30-40 ℃, and more preferably 38 ℃; the time for anaerobic fermentation is preferably 20-30 d, and more preferably 25 d. The fermentation parameters of the invention are crucial to fermentation, new pathogenic bacteria are easily brought about when the fermentation is incomplete, and nutrient loss is easily caused when the fermentation is over-fermented, so that the sterilization effect is influenced. The livestock and poultry manure has high nitrogen content and sulfur content, and can generate high-concentration bactericidal substances such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, alcohol, aldehyde and Fe after anaerobic fermentation2+、Mn2+Is favorable for soil sterilization. The water is mainly used for facilitating anaerobic fermentation of the livestock and poultry manure and fully releasing nutrients and bactericidal substances in the livestock and poultry manure.
After the biogas slurry is obtained, the invention irrigates farmlands with the biogas slurry. According to the invention, fresh biogas slurry is preferably used for irrigating farmlands, so that the gradual reduction of nutrient content and sterilizing substances of the biogas slurry due to overlong storage time is prevented. In the invention, the irrigation quantity of the biogas slurry is preferably 50-80 m3Per mu, more preferably 50m3And the soil per mu ensures that a plough layer of a field is completely wetted so as to ensure that pathogenic bacteria on the plough layer are completely killed. The biogas slurry is directly used or diluted for use. In the present invention, the dilution ratio is preferably not more than 0.5 times, more preferably not more than 0.3 times, and still more preferably used without dilution. The invention can reduce the usage amount of the biogas slurry after diluting the biogas slurry, but the effect of eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle is gradually weakened along with the increase of the dilution times.
After the farmland is irrigated by the biogas slurry, the irrigated farmland is covered by the film, and the film is further preferably covered by the film immediately after the irrigation. In the invention, the film is preferably a transparent film, and the film covering can effectively isolate the outside air and prevent effective sterilizing substances in the biogas slurry from being oxidized, thereby improving the sterilizing effect of the biogas slurry; in addition, after the film is coated, the surface temperature can be increased, the sterilization effect can be further improved, and the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia can be eliminated. According to the invention, the periphery of the transparent film is preferably covered with soil so as to further improve the air isolation effect. In the invention, the time for covering the film is preferably 30-60 d, and more preferably 30 d; the ground temperature in the film is 35-45 ℃; more preferably, the ground temperature in the film is not lower than 40 ℃ on sunny days. The higher the temperature in the film, the more beneficial to killing soil-borne diseases. After the film is covered, the specific covering time and the specific temperature in the film are selected, so that the sterilization effect of the biogas slurry is further improved.
After the film is covered, the invention uncovers the film and carries out airing. In the present invention, the drying time is preferably 5 to 10 days, and more preferably 10 days. The invention discloses the film, and the reductive sterilization components in the biogas slurry can be fully oxidized by airing, so as to ensure that the biogas slurry is harmless to crops. Before airing, the rotary tillage of the farmland is preferably carried out, so that the soil can be fully exposed in the air by the rotary tillage, and reductive sterilization components in the biogas slurry can be more fully oxidized.
After airing, the invention applies the microbial inoculum to the farmland. In the invention, the application amount of the microbial agent is preferably 1-3 kg/mu, and more preferably 2 kg/mu. The invention uses the microbial inoculum in farmland, provides good micro-ecological environment for the growth of the rehmannia, can greatly improve the survival rate of the rehmannia and improve the effect of eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia. In the present invention, bacillus subtilis and bacillus megaterium are preferably included in the microbial agent; the viable count of the bacillus subtilis in the microbial agent is preferably more than 100 hundred million/g, and more preferably 200 hundred million/g; the viable count of the bacillus megaterium in the microbial agent is preferably more than 100 hundred million/g, and more preferably 200 hundred million/g. The bacillus subtilis can improve the stress resistance of crops; the bacillus megaterium has a phosphate solubilizing function, and the two bacteria are combined for use, so that the bacillus megaterium has a good effect of promoting the growth of rehmannia.
After the microbial agent is applied, the rehmannia glutinosa libosch is planted. The method has no special requirements on the planting mode of the rehmannia, and only needs to adopt the conventional planting mode in the field.
The method provided by the invention utilizes the biogas slurry containing a large amount of nutrients and sterilization components, is beneficial to soil sterilization and provides necessary nutrient substances for crops; the biogas slurry is immediately coated and sealed to form an anaerobic environment, so that the sterilization components can play a role for a long time, and the sterilization effect is improved; proper biogas slurry dosage is selected to enable the biogas slurry to permeate into the lower part of the soil, so that deep sterilization is realized; after the soil is sterilized, the soil is aired to ensure that the reductive sterilization components are fully oxidized and are harmless to plants; after sterilization, the microbial inoculum is applied, so that a good micro-ecological environment is provided for the growth of the rehmannia, the survival rate of the rehmannia is greatly improved, and the probiotics in the microbial inoculum can survive in soil for a long time; at this time, rehmannia is planted again, so that the problem of continuous cropping obstacle can be solved. The method for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia can obviously improve the survival rate of the rehmannia, the biomass of the upper part and the lower part of the rehmannia and the yield, and can effectively eliminate the problem of the continuous cropping obstacle of the rehmannia.
The invention provides application of the method in the technical scheme in reduction of continuous cropping obstacles of crops, wherein the crops comprise rehmannia glutinosa, tobacco, pseudo-ginseng, Chinese yam, watermelon and peanut, and the rehmannia glutinosa, tobacco and pseudo-ginseng are further preferred; more preferably, it is rehmannia. The method has good effect of eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia, and is also effective on continuous cropping obstacles of crops such as tobacco, pseudo-ginseng, Chinese yam, watermelon, peanut and the like.
In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following examples are provided to describe in detail the method and application for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia
1. Adding chicken manure into an anaerobic fermentation tank, adding water simultaneously to ensure that the mass percentage of the chicken manure in a mixed solution of the chicken manure and the water is 6%, carrying out anaerobic fermentation for 25d at the temperature of 30-40 ℃, and collecting biogas slurry.
2. Selecting the farmland planted with rehmannia root in the previous crop, and irrigating the farmland with fresh biogas slurry with an irrigation amount of 50m3And per mu, ensuring that the field is completely wetted until the plough layer is completely wetted, and if the field is not completely wetted, continuing to irrigate with the biogas slurry.
3. The wet farmland soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, the periphery of the farmland soil is sealed to ensure that the farmland soil is isolated from the outside air, the film covering time is 30 days, and the ground temperature in the film is maintained above 40 ℃ in daytime.
4. Uncovering the transparent plastic film, carrying out rotary tillage on the field, and airing for 10d to remove redundant harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia gas and the like.
5. Applying a microbial agent into a farmland, wherein the application amount of the microbial agent is 2 kg/mu, the microbial agent contains bacillus subtilis and bacillus megaterium, the viable count of the bacillus subtilis is 200 hundred million/g, and the viable count of the bacillus megaterium is 200 hundred million/g; and (4) applying a microbial agent, and then carrying out rotary tillage.
6. Rehmannia root is planted by adopting a conventional method. Applying 50 kg/mu of base fertilizer into the leveled land, ditching and ridging the land, digging 3cm deep holes on the furrows according to the row spacing of 20cm and the plant spacing of 20cm, placing one seed plant with the length of 3-4 cm into each hole, covering soil, compacting surface soil, watering, and then coating a film (the film can improve the ground temperature and has the function of preserving soil moisture) to ensure that the seedlings are complete and neat. The seedling emergence condition is regularly observed, and if the seedlings are lacked or dead, the seeds are timely replanted.
Example 2
A method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa libosch is the same as that in example 1, except that: the adopted biogas slurry is diluted by adding 25% of water.
Example 3
A method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa libosch is the same as that in example 1, except that: the adopted biogas slurry is diluted by adding 50% of water.
Comparative example 1
A method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa libosch is the same as that in example 1, except that: the farmland is irrigated without fresh biogas slurry, and the biogas slurry is replaced by equivalent water.
Comparative example 2
The rehmannia root is directly planted by adopting a conventional method without any treatment.
Example 4
Selecting continuous-cropping rehmannia root blocks, leveling the land, dividing the land into 5 cells, and ridging among the cells. Each cell area is 50m2. The first plot was cultivated with rehmannia using the method of example 1; the second plot was cultivated with rehmannia using the method of example 2; a third plot was cultivated with rehmannia using the method of example 3; the fourth plot was cultivated with rehmannia using the method of comparative example 1; the fifth plot was cultivated with rehmannia using the method of comparative example 2. The rehmannia planting time in all the districts is consistent with the field management measures. The influence of different methods on the elimination of continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa libosch is examined, the pH of a sample is measured by adopting an electrode method (NY/T1973-2010), the total nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the total potassium are measured by referring to a measuring method of an organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (GB/T17767-2010), and the ammonium nitrogen and the nitrate nitrogen of the sample are measured by adopting a titration method after distillation (NY/T1116-2014). The results are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and FIG. 1.
Table 1 main components of test biogas slurry of examples 1 to 3
From the results shown in Table 1, it is understood that the contents of nutrients such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were decreased after dilution, and the pH was not substantially changed.
FIG. 1 shows the effect of example 1, comparative example 1 and comparative example 2 on the growth of rehmannia glutinosa (left: example 1; middle: comparative example 2; right: comparative example 1). The results in fig. 1 show that the biogas slurry mulching treatment significantly improves the growth of rehmannia glutinosa, and the root tuber can be expanded normally; the growth of the rehmannia is improved to a certain extent by the flooding and film covering treatment; the control growth was worst.
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on rehmannia root survival, yield, biomass of above-ground and below-ground parts
The results in the table 2 show that the survival rate, the yield, the biomass of the overground part and the biomass of the underground part of the embodiments 1-3 are higher than those of the comparative examples 1 and 2, and the biogas slurry has a good effect of reducing continuous cropping obstacles; in addition, along with the reduction of the concentration of the biogas slurry, the survival rate, the yield and the biomass of the rehmannia root are all in a descending trend, and the effect of eliminating the obstacles of the coptis chinensis is achieved in a direct relation of the nutrient concentration of the biogas slurry.
From the results of the above examples, it can be seen that the method for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa provided by the present invention can significantly improve the survival rate of rehmannia glutinosa, the biomass of upper and lower portions of rehmannia glutinosa, and the yield, and can effectively reduce the problems of continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia glutinosa.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments, and other embodiments can be obtained without inventive step according to the embodiments, and the embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for eliminating continuous cropping obstacles of rehmannia is characterized by comprising the following steps:
carrying out anaerobic fermentation on the livestock and poultry manure to obtain biogas slurry; irrigating farmlands with biogas slurry; covering the irrigated farmland with a film for a certain period; uncovering the film and airing; after airing, applying a microbial agent into the farmland; and (5) planting rehmannia.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the anaerobic fermentation comprises anaerobic fermentation of livestock manure mixed with water; the mass percentage of the livestock and poultry manure in the mixed liquid of the livestock and poultry manure and water is 5-7%; the temperature of the anaerobic fermentation is 30-40 ℃; the time of anaerobic fermentation is 20-30 days.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the irrigation amount of the biogas slurry is 50-80 m3Per mu.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the biogas slurry is used directly or after dilution; the dilution multiple is less than or equal to 0.5 time.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the film is a transparent film; and soil is sealed around the transparent film.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the time for covering the film is 30-60 days, and the ground temperature in the film is 35-45 ℃.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising rotary tillage of the field prior to air curing.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the airing time is 5-10 days.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the microbial agent is applied in an amount of 1-3 kg/acre; the microbial agent comprises bacillus subtilis and bacillus megatherium; the viable count of the bacillus subtilis in the microbial agent is more than or equal to 100 hundred million/g, and the viable count of the bacillus megatherium in the microbial agent is more than or equal to 100 hundred million/g.
10. Use of the method of any one of claims 1 to 8 for reducing continuous cropping obstacles of crops, including rehmannia glutinosa, tobacco, notoginseng, yam, watermelon and peanut.
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