CN112931082A - Method for planting sunflower by adopting row expansion and density reduction technology - Google Patents
Method for planting sunflower by adopting row expansion and density reduction technology Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for planting sunflower by adopting an extended row density reduction technology, which specifically comprises deep ploughing a planting land; setting large row spacing, small row spacing and plant spacing; digging holes at equal intervals on the center line of the large line spacing; uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer according to a certain mass ratio, and filling the mixture into the holes; paving a mulching film on the soil surface with small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving; selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2-3d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 19-22h, then soaking in water containing carbendazim for 3-5h, taking out, draining, and drying in the sun again; the invention reduces the using amount and fertilizing times of sunflower seeds, reduces the planting cost, has large mature sunflower plate, more plate grains and full seeds, improves the seed quality and increases the product competitiveness.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of plant cultivation, in particular to a method for planting sunflowers by adopting a row expansion and density reduction technology.
Background
At present, in many countries around the world, edible sunflower seeds are eaten as dry fruits, have low oil content and large seeds, are easy to peel off, are fragrant to eat and are beneficial to body health, so that the edible sunflower seeds become snacks which are popular with people all over the world and are sold in dry fruit markets all over the world; the oil sunflower seeds are full, the oil yield is high, the nutrition is rich, and the flavor can be improved; meanwhile, the oil uses sunflower as a large category of oil crops, and the planting area is second to that of soybean, rape and peanut. Due to the rapid development of national economy in China, the yield of edible sunflowers and oil sunflowers produced in China is difficult to meet the increasing demand of consumption, so that the market development space of the sunflower industry is large, the prospect is good, and the sunflower planting area and the development of industrial chains are strongly promoted. In recent years, because the planting density of the sunflowers is unreasonable, the fertilizer is excessively applied, and the nutrient absorption of the plants is uneven, the planting cost of the sunflowers is high, the quality of seeds is not high, and the market competitiveness is not strong.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for planting sunflowers by adopting an expanded line densification technology, which enlarges the large line spacing and the small line spacing of the sunflowers, reduces the planting density of the sunflowers, digs holes at equal intervals on the central line of the large line spacing, fills coarse sand and organic fertilizer into the holes according to a certain proportion, improves the water seepage efficiency, ensures that the plant plants absorb nutrition uniformly, reduces the fertilization times, reduces the planting cost of the sunflowers, improves the quality of sunflower seeds and increases the product competitiveness.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows:
a method for planting sunflower by adopting an expansion row density reduction technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 38-45 cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 48-65 cm;
and step 3: digging holes with the diameter of 10-15cm and the depth of 0.8-1.2m at intervals of 0.95-2.0 m on the center line of the large line spacing;
and 4, step 4: uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 2-6:1-4, and filling the mixture into the holes dug in the step 4; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 5: selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2-3d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 19-22h, then soaking in water containing carbendazim for 3-5h, taking out, draining, drying in the sun again, and waiting for sowing;
step 6: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
Moreover, the large line pitch is 1.0 m; the small line spacing is 40 cm; the plant spacing between the sunflowers is 60 cm.
And holes are dug every 1.5m on the central line of the large line spacing; the diameter of the hole is 13cm, and the depth is 1.0 m.
And the diameter of the coarse sand is 0.8-1.5 mm.
Moreover, the mass percentages of the N element, the P element and the K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 15-19%, 17-22% and 8-11%.
Moreover, the sunflower variety is SH 361; the sun-drying time of the sunflower seeds is 2 days.
And the sun-cured sunflower seeds are soaked in water for 20 hours.
Furthermore, the sunflower seeds need to be soaked in water containing carbendazim for 4 h.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
1. the invention improves the traditional sunflower planting technology, enlarges the large row spacing and the small row spacing, reduces the distance between the sunflower plants, and provides the optimal ranges of the large row spacing, the small row spacing and the plant spacing through repeated tests.
2. According to the invention, the holes are dug at equal intervals on the center line with large line spacing, and the coarse sand and the organic fertilizer are filled into the holes according to a certain proportion, so that the infiltration speed of water is increased, the nutrients of the organic fertilizer can infiltrate into the periphery along with the water and directly act on the roots of the sunflower plants, and the sunflower plants are ensured to absorb the nutrients uniformly.
3. The invention determines the mixing proportion of the organic fertilizer and the coarse sand, determines the nutrient substances needed by the sunflower plants at one time, only needs watering in the later period, slowly releases the nutrient substances, cancels the later-period additional fertilizer, reduces the use amount of the organic fertilizer, reduces the planting cost and saves the manpower resources.
4. The invention determines the depth of the hole, ensures that nutrient substances can directly act on the main root and the lateral root of the sunflower, slowly releases the nutrient substances, not only ensures the growth of plants, but also can increase the soil fertility and effectively reduces the salinization probability of the soil.
5. The invention reduces the planting density of the sunflower, reduces the use of fertilizers, pesticides and mulching films, reduces the environmental risk, saves the irrigation water quantity and protects the ecological stability.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
The experimental methods used in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the materials, reagents and the like used are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
For convenience of description and application, the units of plant height, stem thickness, disc stem and grain size in the claims are centimeters (cm).
Setting percentage: after harvesting and threshing, all the seeds are uniformly mixed, 500 seeds are taken out, and the number of the seeds containing the seeds is determined.
Setting percentage (%) = number of seeds containing kernels/500 × 100%;
seed kernel rate: after blighted grains are removed, 10g of naturally air-dried sunflower seeds are weighed, the weight of the seeds is weighed after the seeds are peeled, and the seed rate is measured.
The kernel rate (%) = kernel weight/10 g × 100%;
hundred particle weight (g): randomly weighing 100 naturally air-dried grains.
Hundred grains (g) =100 naturally air-dried grains (g).
Lodging rate: and (4) recording the number of the lodging plants and the total number of planted plants, and measuring the lodging rate.
Lodging rate (%) = number of lodging plants/total number of planted plants × 100%;
stalk breaking rate: and recording the number of broken stems and the number of total planted plants, and determining the broken stem rate.
Stalk break rate (%) = number of stalk break plants/number of total plants × 100%;
number of blades: randomly selecting 100 sunflower plants, recording the total number of leaves, and dividing the total number of leaves by the number of plants to obtain the average number of leaves of each plant.
Leaf number = total number of leaves of 100 sunflower plants/100;
in order to verify that the sunflower planting method provided by the invention can effectively improve the plant characters, the fruit setting rate and the seed kernel rate of the sunflower, 4 mu of land with flat terrain, uniform soil, medium and high fertility is selected, the soil is dredged soil, and the previous crop is the sunflower land, and the sunflower planting method is respectively used for planting the soil of the examples 1-3 and the comparative example 1.
TABLE 1 summary of soil physicochemical properties of planting field
| PH | Organic matter (g/kg) | Total nitrogen (g/kg) | Available phosphorus (mg/kg) | Quick-acting potassium (mg/kg) |
| 8.43 | 13.01 | 0.93 | 12.99 | 170.23 |
Example 1
A method for planting sunflower by adopting an expansion row density reduction technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 1.0m, the small row spacing is 40cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 60 cm;
and step 3: digging holes with the diameter of 13cm and the depth of 1.0m at the interval of 1.5m on the center line of the large line spacing;
and 4, step 4: uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 3:2, and filling the mixture into the holes dug in the step 4; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 5: selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 20h, then soaking the sunflower seeds in water containing carbendazim for 4h, taking out the sunflower seeds, draining, airing again, and waiting for sowing;
step 6: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
In the implementation, the diameter of the coarse sand is 0.8-1.5 mm.
In the implementation, the mass percentages of the N element, the P element and the K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 18%, 20% and 10%.
In the implementation, the sunflower variety is SH 361;
example 2
A method for planting sunflower by adopting an expansion row density reduction technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 0.9, the small row spacing is 38cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 50 cm;
and step 3: digging holes with the diameter of 10cm and the depth of 0.8m at intervals of 0.95mm on the center line of the large line spacing;
and 4, step 4: uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 2:1, and filling the mixture into the holes dug in the step 4; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 5: selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 19h, then soaking the sunflower seeds in water containing carbendazim for 3h, taking out the sunflower seeds, draining, airing again, and waiting for sowing;
step 6: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
In the implementation, the diameter of the coarse sand is 0.8-1.5 mm.
In the implementation, the mass percentages of the N element, the P element and the K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 18%, 20% and 10%.
In the implementation, the sunflower variety is SH 361;
example 3
A method for planting sunflower by adopting an expansion row density reduction technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 1.2m, the small row spacing is 45cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 65 cm;
and step 3: digging holes with the diameter of 15cm and the depth of 1.2m at intervals of 2.0m on the center line of the large line spacing;
and 4, step 4: uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 5:4, and filling the holes dug in the step 4; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 5: selecting improved seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 3d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 22h, soaking the sunflower seeds in water containing carbendazim for 5h, taking out the sunflower seeds, draining, airing again, and waiting for sowing;
step 6: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
In the implementation, the diameter of the coarse sand is 0.8-1.5 mm.
In the implementation, the mass percentages of the N element, the P element and the K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 18%, 20% and 10%.
In this embodiment, the sunflower variety is SH 361.
Comparative example 1
Step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 0.8m, the small row spacing is 40cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 47 cm;
and step 3: applying an organic fertilizer to soil to be sowed, wherein the mass percentages of N element, P element and K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 18%, 20% and 10%; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 4, step 4: selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 20h, then soaking the sunflower seeds in water containing carbendazim for 4h, taking out the sunflower seeds, draining, airing again, and waiting for sowing;
and 5: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
The growth period of the sunflowers grown in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 is shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 sunflower growth period record sheet
| Treatment of | Sowing time | Stage of emergence | Bud stage | Flowering period | Maturity stage | Growth period/d |
| Example 1 | 6 months and 10 days | 6 months and 18 days | 7 month and 16 days | 8 month and 9 days | 9 month and 26 days | 100 |
| Example 2 | 6 months and 10 days | 6 months and 18 days | 7 month and 16 days | 8 month and 9 days | 9 month and 26 days | 100 |
| Example 3 | 6 months and 10 days | 6 months and 18 days | 7 month and 16 days | 8 month and 9 days | 9 month and 26 days | 100 |
| Comparative example 1 | 6 months and 10 days | 6 months and 18 days | 7 month and 16 days | 8 month and 9 days | 9 month and 26 days | 100 |
As can be seen from the above experimental data, the growth cycle of the sunflowers planted in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 is 100 days, and the growth process is basically the same.
TABLE 3 sunflower plant traits record Table
| Treatment of | Number of plants/mu | Plant height (cm) | Stem diameter (cm) | Plate diameter (cm) | Number of blades (sheet) | Lodging percentage (%) | Percentage of broken stem (%) |
| Example 1 | 1567 | 169.4 | 2.73 | 24.6 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
| Example 2 | 1913 | 168.8 | 2,66 | 24.2 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
| Example 3 | 1421 | 170.1 | 2.82 | 25.6 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Comparative example 1 | 2380 | 161.2 | 2.58 | 23.1 | 31 | 0 | 0 |
As can be seen from the above experimental data, the sunflowers of examples 1-3 are planted in a row-expanding and density-reducing manner, the number of plants planted per mu is obviously smaller than that of comparative example 1, wherein the number of plants planted in example 3 is the least, and 957 plants are fewer than that in comparative example 1; the height of the sunflower planted in the examples 1-3 is 170.1cm at most, 8.9cm higher than that planted in the comparative example 1, 168.8cm at least and 7.6cm higher than that planted in the comparative example 1; the stems of the sunflowers planted in examples 1-3 were 2.82cm thicker, 0.24cm thicker than the plants planted in comparative example 1, 2.66cm thinner, and 0.08cm thicker than the plants planted in comparative example 1; the discs of the sunflower planted in examples 1-3 were 25.6cm maximum, 2.5cm larger than the plants planted in comparative example 1, 24.2cm minimum, and 1.1cm larger than the plants planted in comparative example 1; the number of sunflower leaves planted in examples 1-3 was at most 29, 2 less than that planted in comparative example 1, 28 least, and 3 less than that planted in comparative example 1; the lodging rate and stalk break rate of examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 were both 0; therefore, with the reduction of the planting density, the planting mode provided by the invention can slowly release the nutrient substances of the organic fertilizer, and the sunflower plants can be uniformly absorbed, so that the sunflower plants are stronger in growth vigor and larger in disc diameter, and the quality of fruits is improved.
TABLE 4 sunflower fruit traits Table
| Treatment of | Percentage of fruit set (%) | Seed ratio (%) | Kernel size (cm) (Length X width) | Bai Lili (g) |
| Example 1 | 81.88 | 48.29 | 2.5×0.92 | 20.6 |
| Example 2 | 81.23 | 48.10 | 2.4×0.88 | 19.5 |
| Example 3 | 83.45 | 49.36 | 2.7×0.97 | 21.4 |
| Comparative example 1 | 79.76 | 46.15 | 2.2×0.87 | 17.2 |
As can be seen from the above experimental data, the plant setting percentage of examples 1-3 is significantly higher than that of comparative example 1, the setting percentage of example 3 is the highest, and is 3.69 percentage points higher than that of comparative example 1; the seed kernel rates of the plants of examples 1-3 are also higher than that of comparative example 1, wherein the seed kernel rate of example 3 is the highest and is 3.21 percentage points higher than that of comparative example 1; the kernels of examples 1-3 were larger than the kernels of comparative example 1, with the kernels of example 3 being the largest; the plant of examples 1-3 had a significantly higher weight per hundred grains than comparative example 1, the plant of example 3 had the highest weight per hundred grains, which was 4.2g higher than the weight per hundred grains of comparative example 1; the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the number of planted plants is small, but the plants are strong, the fruits are large, the seeds are full, the skin gloss is good, the seeds are uniform, the maturing rate is high, the unit price is higher during selling, and the economic benefit can be greater.
TABLE 5 cost analysis Table
| Treatment of | Seed (Yuan/mu) | Organic fertilizer (Yuan/mu) | Mulching film (Yuan/mu) | Water (Yuan/mu) | Pesticide (Yuan/mu) | Recruitment (Yuan/mu) | Invested in total (Yuan/mu) |
| Example 1 | 48 | 105 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 90 | 373 |
| Example 2 | 55 | 108 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 90 | 383 |
| Example 3 | 44 | 99 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 90 | 363 |
| Comparative example 1 | 64 | 115 | 40 | 80 | 10 | 90 | 399 |
As can be seen from the above experimental data, the average seed input of examples 1-3 is 49 yuan/mu, while the average seed input of comparative example 1 is 64 yuan/mu, which is 15 yuan higher than the average seed input of examples 1-3; the average investment per mu of the organic fertilizer in the embodiment 1-3 is 104 yuan, which is 11 yuan lower than the average investment per mu of the organic fertilizer in the comparative example 1; the cost of mulching film, water, pesticide and labor is the same as that of the comparative example 1 and the examples 1-3; through calculation, the average investment of the examples 1 to 3 is 373 yuan/mu, which is 26 yuan lower than that of the comparative example 1; therefore, the sunflower expanding and densifying planting method provided by the invention can reduce the use amount of organic fertilizer and the input cost of seeds and the organic fertilizer, thereby greatly reducing the planting cost of the sunflower.
TABLE 6 economic benefits analysis table
| Treatment of | Cost (Yuan/mu) | Average yield (kg/mu) | Monovalent (kg/mu) | Income (Yuan/mu) | Income (Yuan/mu) |
| Practice ofExample 1 | 373 | 209.01 | 6.2 | 1296.86 | 922.86 |
| Example 2 | 383 | 231.43 | 6.2 | 1434.87 | 1051.87 |
| Example 3 | 363 | 210.37 | 6.2 | 1304.29 | 941.29 |
| Comparative example 1 | 399 | 197.48 | 6 | 1184.88 | 785.88 |
As can be seen from the data in Table 6, although the number of plants planted in examples 1-3 is small, the grains are full, the skin gloss is good, and the grains are large, so the commodity unit price is 0.2 yuan/mu higher than that of comparative example 1, and the average per mu yield of examples 1-3 is higher than that of comparative example, so the average income per mu of examples 1-3 is 186.13 yuan higher than that of comparative example 1. Therefore, the sunflower row expanding and density reducing planting method provided by the invention can improve the product quality of the sunflower, reduce the planting cost investment, improve the pure income of farmers and lay a technical foundation for the happiness of the sunflower main production area.
Claims (8)
1. A method for planting sunflower by adopting an expansion row density reduction technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: deeply ploughing a sunflower planting land;
step 2: planning a sunflower planting mode according to the area of a sunflower planting field, wherein the large row spacing is 0.9-1.2m, the small row spacing is 38-45 cm, and the plant spacing between sunflowers is 48-65 cm;
and step 3: digging holes with the diameter of 10-15cm and the depth of 0.8-1.2m at intervals of 0.95-2.0 m on the center line of the large line spacing;
and 4, step 4: uniformly mixing coarse sand and an organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 2-6:1-4, and filling the mixture into the holes dug in the step 4; planning large row spacing and small row spacing according to the sunflower planting mode in the step 2, paving a mulching film on the soil surface with the small row spacing, and irrigating the sunflower planting land with water after paving is finished;
and 5: selecting good seeds, removing mildewed sunflower seeds with incomplete seeds, airing for 2-3d, soaking the aired sunflower seeds in water for 19-22h, then soaking in water containing carbendazim for 3-5h, taking out, draining, drying in the sun again, and waiting for sowing;
step 6: and (4) sowing according to the planting mode in the step (3), intertillage weeding, and harvesting after the sunflower is mature.
2. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the large line spacing is 1.0 m; the small line spacing is 40 cm; the plant spacing between the sunflowers is 60 cm.
3. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: holes are dug every 1.5m on the center line of the large line spacing; the diameter of the hole is 13cm, and the depth is 1.0 m.
4. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the diameter of the coarse sand is 0.8-1.5 mm.
5. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the mass percentages of the N element, the P element and the K element of the organic fertilizer are respectively 15-19%, 17-22% and 8-11%.
6. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the sunflower variety is SH 361; the sun-drying time of the sunflower seeds is 2 days.
7. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and the sun-cured sunflower seeds are soaked in water for 20 hours.
8. The method for planting sunflower by adopting the expanding row deckle reducing technique according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the sunflower seeds need to be soaked in water containing carbendazim for 4 hours.
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| 杨艳艳;: "地膜西瓜后茬免耕直播向日葵栽培技术", 中国农业信息, no. 02 * |
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