CN111386825B - Nitrogen-reducing high-yield efficient fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin land - Google Patents
Nitrogen-reducing high-yield efficient fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin land Download PDFInfo
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- CN111386825B CN111386825B CN202010406619.8A CN202010406619A CN111386825B CN 111386825 B CN111386825 B CN 111386825B CN 202010406619 A CN202010406619 A CN 202010406619A CN 111386825 B CN111386825 B CN 111386825B
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- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 241001553178 Arachis glabrata Species 0.000 title 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical group [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005904 alkaline hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009418 agronomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013400 design of experiment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical group [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical group [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of peanut fertilization, and discloses a nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin landsThe fertilizer is fully mixed and then evenly applied into dry thin land soil in a base fertilizer mode, the net photosynthetic rate and the SPAD value are measured in the growth period, the yield is measured in the harvest period, double plump pods are selected to calculate the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the rice yield, and the nitrogen-reducing high-yield and high-efficiency fertilization mode is obtained, namely, the nitrogen-reducing 25 percent is applied in a 300kg/hm mode 2 The calcium fertilizer is applied to the dry thin land soil in the form of base fertilizer, and the net photosynthetic rate, the SPAD value and the peanut yield are improved. The fertilizing method reduces environmental pollution, reduces nitrogen, applies calcium fertilizer, and improves peanut yield with annual yield up to 7455kg/hm on the premise of ensuring peanut yield and quality 2 And the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of peanut fertilization, and particularly relates to a nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin lands.
Background
The peanuts are important economic crops and oil crops in China, play an important role in national production and are developed along with social economy. Although the peanut planting area and the peanut yield are at the top of the world in China, the production areas are relatively concentrated, and the planting mode is mature, the problems are increasingly highlighted. The improvement of the peanut yield is closely related to the continuous increase of the fertilizing amount, but the utilization rate of the fertilizer is obviously reduced. The fertilizer application strength of China is increased year by year, the crop yield is not greatly increased, the fertilizer application which is depended on by grain of unit weight of yield increase of China gradually exceeds that of the United states, the problem of excessive application exists, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in China is only 30-35% at present. As a state with constraint fertilizer resources, a large amount of fertilizers are continuously applied, so that not only are resources wasted and the agricultural production cost increased, but also a series of environmental problems such as water body eutrophication, greenhouse gas emission, soil acidification, insect pest aggravation and the like are brought about. Therefore, on the premise of ensuring the yield and the quality of peanuts, the problems of improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer and reducing the environmental pollution are urgently needed to be solved at present. At present, the researches on reducing the application of chemical fertilizers to peanuts are more, but the researches on reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizers and simultaneously applying calcium fertilizers are relatively less, so that the influence of reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of peanuts needs to be researched.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the calcium fertilizer is additionally applied on the premise of reducing the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the influence of the calcium fertilizer on the peanut agronomic characters and the yield is researched, the technical support is provided for stable and efficient peanut cultivation, and the method for reducing the fertilization amount of the peanuts in the dry and thin land is provided.
The invention provides a nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin lands, which comprises the steps of setting different fertilization modes, fully mixing required fertilizers, uniformly applying the fertilizers into soil in the dry and thin lands in a base fertilizer mode, measuring net photosynthetic rate and SPAD (specific nutrient value) in a growth period, measuring yield in a harvest period, selecting double plump pods, calculating the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the yield rate, obtaining the nitrogen-reducing fertilization mode, applying the nitrogen-reducing fertilization mode into the soil in the dry and thin lands, and improving the net photosynthetic rate, the SPAD value and the peanut yield.
Further, the fertilization mode comprises non-fertilization, conventional fertilization, nitrogen reduction compared with the conventional fertilization and calcium fertilizer application in a nitrogen reduction matching mode.
Furthermore, compared with the nitrogen reduction of the conventional fertilization, the nitrogen reduction amount is 25-35%.
Further, the application amount of the calcium fertilizer in the nitrogen-reducing co-applied calcium fertilizer is 150-450kg/hm 2 。
Furthermore, nitrogen in the nitrogen-reducing fertilizer is urea compared with the conventional fertilizer application, and calcium fertilizer in the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer is calcium sulfate.
Furthermore, the soil type is brown soil, and the soil fertility status is 5-20g/kg of organic matters, 50-100mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 20-50mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 50-100mg/kg of quick-acting potassium and the pH value is 6.0.
Further, the nitrogen-reducing high-yield and high-efficiency fertilizing mode is that 300Kg/hm of nitrogen-reducing agent is applied at a rate of 25 percent 2 The calcium fertilizer.
Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value measuring part in the growing period is inverted 3-4 leaves of the fully-expanded peanut plant, and the measured part of the leaves is positioned at the middle upper part of the leaves and avoids veins.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and the technical effects that:
1. the reduction of the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer reduces the stem height, the leaf area index, the net photosynthetic rate, the SPAD value, the yield, the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the rice yield of the peanuts, and reduces the environmental pollution on the premise of ensuring the yield and the quality of the peanuts.
2. The reduction range of the nitrogen reduction by 35% is higher than that of the nitrogen reduction by 25%, compared with the single nitrogen reduction, the nitrogen reduction co-application calcium fertilizer can increase the SPAD value and the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves, and improve the leaf area index and the yield; the yield of peanuts is improved, and the annual yield is up to 7455kg/hm 2 Thereby improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the high impact of the different treatments of the invention on the main stem of peanuts.
FIG. 2 is a bar graph of the effect of different treatments according to the invention on peanut leaf area index.
FIG. 3 is a bar graph of the effect of different treatments of the present invention on the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves.
FIG. 4 is a bar graph of the effect of different treatments of the present invention on flower throughput traits.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further explained in detail by combining the attached drawings and the detailed description.
The test material of the peanut variety used in the embodiment is a local main-push variety dragon flower 128; the nitrogen fertilizer is urea (nitrogen content is 46%); phosphorus (P)The potassium fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate (containing P) 2 O 5 24% of K 2 O21%); the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate (containing K) 2 O is about 51%); the calcium fertilizer is calcium sulfate (containing 20% of CaO).
1. Design of experiments
Setting non-fertilization (CK 0), conventional fertilization (CK), nitrogen reduction by 25% (T1) and nitrogen reduction by 25% compared with conventional fertilization for distributing calcium fertilizers, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizers is 150kg/hm 2 、300kg/hm 2 、450kg/hm 2 And are denoted as T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Compared with conventional fertilization, nitrogen reduction is 35% (T5), nitrogen reduction is 35%, calcium fertilizer (T6, T7, T8) is applied, and 10 treatments are performed. Fully mixing the required fertilizers before land preparation, and uniformly applying the fertilizers into corresponding communities in a base fertilizer mode, wherein the area of each community is 33.3m 2 Randomized block permutation, 3 replicates. The planting density is 1.2 ten thousand holes/666.7 m 2 Harvesting the seeds 1 grain per hole in 20 days after 9 months. The field management is the same as that of a common high-yield field, and each cell is independently harvested and counted.
2. Carry out the experiment
The test was conducted in 2018 and 2019 in the horizontal dragon planting industry park in Yinan county of Lin-Yi City in Shandong province. The soil type of the test field is brown soil, the soil fertility is medium, and the nutrient conditions of the plough layer foundation soil are 12.5g/kg of organic matters, 91.00mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 28.00mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus (P), 95.00mg/kg of quick-acting potassium (K) and the pH value is 6.0.
2-1, measuring indexes and methods: pn and SPAD values were determined by sampling at production phase, and photosynthesis of functional leaves was determined by sampling at 40, 85, 125 days after sowing in 2019 using CIRAS-3 type portable photosynthesis system (PP Systems, amesbury, USA) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was recorded. And selecting clear weather for observation at 9-11. The inverted 3-4 leaves with the upper part of the main stem or lateral branch fully expanded were selected, the part to be measured was in the middle-upper part of the leaves and avoided the veins, 5 replicates of each treatment. SPAD values were determined using a SPAD value Chlorophyll apparatus (SPAD value-502 Chlorophyl Meter Model SPAD value-502), with 5 leaves in each treatment replicate, 3 replicates.
2-2, pod yield and yield component
And measuring yield in the harvest period. The remaining plants were harvested in unison, the pods air-dried, double filled pods randomly selected to calculate the fruit weight, kernel weight and rate of emergence, analyzed using SPSS 19.0 data statistics software, mapped using Origin 8.5, and the relevant indices of each treatment were determined under the same standard to find out the differences.
3. Results and analysis
The stem height of the peanut, the leaf area index of the peanut is the plant character of the peanut, the SPAD value of the leaf is the leaf color value, the accumulation of the plant photosynthetic assimilate is in positive correlation with the leaf area index, the SPAD value and the net photosynthetic rate, and when the economic coefficients are consistent, the pod yield is high and the benefit is good.
3-1, the influence of different treatments on the peanut stem height can be seen in figure 1, and compared with CK, the reduction of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the peanut stem height; however, the main stem height is improved by the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer, and compared with T1, T2, T3 and T4 can increase the main stem height of the peanut, but the difference is not obvious.
3-2, the influence of different treatments on the peanut leaf area index, and as can be seen in fig. 2, compared with CK, the reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer application amount reduces the peanut leaf area index; however, the leaf area index is improved by nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer application, and in the case of D85, compared with T1, T2, T3 and T4 can increase the leaf area index of peanuts, and the difference is obvious.
3-3, influence of different treatments on the SPAD value of the peanut leaf, and as can be seen in figure 3, compared with CK, the SPAD value of the peanut leaf is reduced by reducing the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer; but the SPAD value is improved by the treatment of nitrogen reduction and calcium fertilizer application, when the amount of the nitrogen reduction and calcium fertilizer application is D85, the SPAD values of peanut leaves can be increased by T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1, and the difference between T3 and T1 is obvious.
3-4, influence of different treatments on the net photosynthetic rate of the peanut leaves, and as can be seen in fig. 4, compared with CK, reducing the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduces the net photosynthetic rate of the peanut leaves; the net photosynthetic rate of leaves, D85, T2, T3, T4 all increased the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves compared to T1, and T3 differed significantly from T1.
3-5, the influence of different treatments on the yield traits of the peanuts, as can be seen in table 1, compared with CK, the reduction of the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer reduces the yield of the peanuts, the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the yield of rice; the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer is applied to improve the peanut yield, and compared with T1, T2, T3 and T4 can increase the peanut yield.
TABLE 1 Effect of different treatments on yield traits
The reduction of the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer reduces the stem height, the leaf area index, the net photosynthetic rate, the SPAD value, the yield, the fruit weight, the kernel weight and the rice yield of the peanuts, and the reduction of 35 percent of nitrogen reduction is higher than 25 percent of nitrogen reduction. Compared with single nitrogen reduction, the nitrogen reduction co-application of the calcium fertilizer can increase the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves, improve the leaf area index and yield, and the nitrogen reduction is 25 percent, and the co-application amount is 300Kg/hm 2 The calcium fertilizer has the highest processing yield, and the nitrogen reduction is 25 percent, and the distribution is 300Kg/hm 2 The yield of the calcium fertilizer is the highest, and the yield is 7455kg/hm in 2018 2 6547.4kg/hm in 2019 2 The benefit is the best.
The above description is only an example of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and those skilled in the art can make many variations and modifications of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention by using the method disclosed above, and the present invention is covered by the claims.
Claims (5)
1. A nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for peanuts in dry and thin lands is characterized by comprising the following steps: setting different fertilizing modes, fully mixing required fertilizers, uniformly applying the mixed fertilizers into the soil of a dry thin land in a base fertilizer mode, measuring net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value in a growing period, measuring yield in a harvesting period, selecting double-plump pods to calculate the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the rice yield, obtaining the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer, increasing the SPAD value and the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves, improving the leaf area index and the yield, and obtaining a nitrogen-reducing high-yield and high-efficiency fertilizing mode, wherein the fertilizing mode comprises non-fertilizing, conventional fertilizing, nitrogen-reducing compared with the conventional fertilizing and nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer, and the application amount of the calcium fertilizer in the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer is 150-450kg/hm 2 And applying the fertilizer into the dry thin land soil to improve net photosynthesisThe speed, the SPAD value and the peanut yield are controlled, and the nitrogen-reducing high-yield and high-efficiency fertilization mode is that nitrogen is reduced by 25 percent and 300kg/hm 2 The calcium fertilizer; 1 peanut is planted in each hole, and the peanuts are harvested in 20 days after 9 months; the calcium fertilizer in the nitrogen-reducing calcium fertilizer is calcium sulfate, and the content of CaO is 20%.
2. The nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for the peanuts in the dry and thin land as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: compared with the conventional fertilization, the nitrogen reduction amount is 25-35%.
3. The nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for the peanuts in the dry and thin land as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the nitrogen in the nitrogen reduction by the more conventional fertilization is urea.
4. The nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for the peanuts in the dry and thin land as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the soil is brown soil, and the soil fertility status is 5-20g/kg of organic matters, 50-100mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 20-50mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 50-100mg/kg of quick-acting potassium and pH6.0.
5. The nitrogen-reducing high-yield high-efficiency fertilization method for the peanuts in the dry and thin land as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value measuring part in the growing period is an inverted 3-4 leaf blade which is completely unfolded by the peanut plant, and the measured part of the leaf blade is positioned at the middle upper part of the leaf blade and avoids the vein.
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