CN112293570A - Litopenaeus vannamei low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions - Google Patents

Litopenaeus vannamei low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions Download PDF

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CN112293570A
CN112293570A CN202010357611.7A CN202010357611A CN112293570A CN 112293570 A CN112293570 A CN 112293570A CN 202010357611 A CN202010357611 A CN 202010357611A CN 112293570 A CN112293570 A CN 112293570A
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fish meal
low
feed
litopenaeus vannamei
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CN112293570B (en
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谢诗玮
牛津
刘永坚
田丽霞
谭北平
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Guangdong Ocean University
Sun Yat Sen University
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Sun Yat Sen University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions, which consists of the following components in parts by weight: 60-75 parts of protein source raw materials, 3-6 parts of fat source raw materials, 22-28 parts of sugar source raw materials, 0.3-1 part of salt stress resistance substances, 0.05-0.3 part of immunopotentiators, 0.2-1 part of essential amino acids, 0.5-2 parts of compound vitamins, 0.25-0.45 part of monomer vitamins, 0.5-2 parts of compound mineral salts, 0.01-0.05 part of enzyme preparations, 1-2 parts of phosphorus raw materials and 0.9-1.1 part of feed adhesives. The feed reduces the fish meal content to 14-16 wt% by balancing the amino acid composition, and improves the culture effect under low salinity by adding the salt stress resistant substance and the immunopotentiator. The Litopenaeus vannamei bred by the low fish meal compound feed disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high growth speed under the condition of low salinity breeding, good feed utilization, high survival rate, good oxidation resistance and strong salinity stress resistance, and can achieve the breeding effect basically the same as that of the common high fish meal feed.

Description

Litopenaeus vannamei low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions
Technical Field
The invention relates to a low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei, in particular to a low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei suitable for low salinity culture conditions.
Background
The Litopenaeus vannamei has the characteristics of strong environment adaptability, high growth speed, high meat yield and the like, and is a prawn variety with the widest culture area and the highest culture yield in the world. The Litopenaeus vannamei is introduced into China in 1988, large-scale seawater and salt fresh water culture is developed, southern coastal provinces such as Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan are main culture areas, inland fresh water areas are gradually popularized and cultured, and the Litopenaeus vannamei is the most main prawn culture variety in China.
Fish meal is prepared from ocean fishing fishes (anchovies, sardines, herring, mackerel and the like), and is a main protein source in a plurality of aquaculture species, particularly carnivorous fishes and shrimp feeds. The fish meal has high protein content, balanced amino acids, less anti-nutritional factors, high digestibility, rich polyunsaturated fatty acid, trace elements and trace elements, so that the fish meal is difficult to replace by other protein sources. With the rapid increase of the total aquatic breeding amount in recent years, the demand of the aquatic industry for fish meal is increasing, and the fish meal becomes an important factor for limiting the development of the whole aquatic industry. For litopenaeus vannamei, the content of fish meal in the feed is between 20 and 25 percent by weight, and the feed belongs to aquatic product varieties which depend on the fish meal. The fish meal content in the feed for the litopenaeus vannamei is reduced, the feed cost can be reduced, the environmental burden can be reduced, and the feed has an important effect of promoting the sustainable development of the feed industry for the litopenaeus vannamei.
However, with the decrease of the content of the fish meal in the feed, the immunity and the environmental stress resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei can be reduced. When the litopenaeus vannamei is cultured under the condition of low salinity, because the litopenaeus vannamei is influenced by salinity stress for a long time, the oxidative stress is increased and the oxidation resistance and the immunity performance are reduced when the litopenaeus vannamei is eaten, and even the growth speed and the survival rate of the litopenaeus vannamei can be influenced, so that the application of the low-fish meal feed under the condition of low salinity is greatly influenced. Therefore, the method improves the salt stress resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei, and is an important measure for expanding the application range of the low-fish meal feed.
Chinese invention patent CN 105876279A, Penaeus vannamei feed with low fish meal, discloses a Penaeus vannamei feed with low fish meal, the content of crude protein is 36 wt% -39 wt%, the crude protein is composed of animal protein, plant protein and crystal amino acid, wherein, the animal protein: plant protein: the mass ratio of the crystalline amino acid is 41-43: 57-59: 0.3-1.2. In the prawn feed, the animal protein is derived from at least one of fish meal, shrimp shell powder and cuttlefish paste, and the prawn feed can be applied to low-salinity (salinity of 4 per thousand to 7 per thousand) culture of litopenaeus vannamei. However, the invention does not relate to how to improve the salt stress resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei when using a low fish meal feed, and the minimum content of fish meal in the examples is 17 wt%.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a litopenaeus vannamei low-fish meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions, which can reduce the fish meal content in the litopenaeus vannamei feed and ensure the culture effect of the litopenaeus vannamei under the low-salinity culture conditions. The litopenaeus vannamei fed by the low-fish-meal compound feed disclosed by the invention is high in growth speed, good in feed utilization, high in survival rate, good in oxidation resistance and strong in salinity stress resistance.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
a low fish meal compound feed for Litopenaeus vannamei suitable for low salinity culture conditions comprises the following components in parts by weight: 60-75 parts of protein source raw materials, 3-6 parts of fat source raw materials, 22-28 parts of sugar source raw materials, 0.3-1 part of salt stress resistance substances, 0.05-0.3 part of immunopotentiators, 0.2-1 part of essential amino acids, 0.5-2 parts of compound vitamins, 0.25-0.45 part of monomer vitamins, 0.5-2 parts of compound mineral salts, 0.01-0.05 part of enzyme preparations, 1-2 parts of phosphorus raw materials and 0.9-1.1 part of feed adhesives;
the low-salinity culture condition means that the salinity is 1-10 per mill;
the content of the fish meal in the low fish meal compound feed is 14 to 16 weight percent.
Wherein salinity generally refers to the ratio of the mass of all dissolved substances in water to the mass of water.
The low fish meal compound feed comprises the following nutritional components in percentage by mass: 40-43% of crude protein, 7-10% of crude fat, 8-12% of ash, 16-22% of carbohydrate, 9-12% of water and 2-7% of other components.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the salinity stress resistant substance comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0-0.5 part of glycine, 0.1-0.5 part of alanine, 0.005-0.05 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.05-0.2 part of taurine and 0.005-0.02 part of ornithine.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the salt stress resistant substance consists of the following components in parts by weight: 0.2 part of glycine, 0.16 part of alanine, 0.01 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.15 part of taurine and 0.01 part of ornithine.
The immunopotentiator is mannan oligosaccharide.
The salinity stress resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei can be integrally improved by adding the salinity stress resistance substance and the mannooligosaccharide into the low-fish-meal compound feed, and the culture effect of the litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity can be guaranteed.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the protein source raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 14-16 parts of fish meal, 22-28 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of peanut meal, 0-5 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 0-5 parts of wheat gluten, 2-5 parts of chicken meal, 1-3 parts of shrimp meal, 0-4 parts of blood meal and 2-5 parts of beer yeast.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the protein source raw material consists of the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of fish meal, 25 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 2.11 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 2.4 parts of wheat gluten, 2.5 parts of chicken meal, 2 parts of shrimp meal, 1.7 parts of blood meal and 4 parts of beer yeast.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the fat raw material consists of the following components in parts by weight: 1-3 parts of fish oil, 1-3 parts of soybean oil and 0.5-2 parts of soybean lecithin.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the fat raw material consists of the following components in parts by weight: 2.1 parts of fish oil, 1.2 parts of soybean oil and 1 part of soybean lecithin.
The sugar source material can be flour, starch, etc.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the sugar source raw material is 23.3 parts.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the essential amino acid consists of the following components in parts by weight: 0.1-0.3 part of methionine, 0.1-0.5 part of lysine, 0.05-0.2 part of threonine, 0-0.2 part of arginine, 0.01-0.04 part of histidine, 0-0.2 part of valine, 0-0.2 part of isoleucine and 0.06-0.24 part of leucine.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the essential amino acid consists of the following components in parts by weight: 0.14 part of methionine, 0.2 part of lysine, 0.12 part of threonine, 0.14 part of arginine, 0.02 part of histidine, 0.1 part of valine, 0.14 part of isoleucine and 0.12 part of leucine.
In the low fish meal compound feed, each kilogram of the compound vitamins comprises the following components: 220000-280000 IU of vitamin A; vitamin B2, 750-1000 mg; 300-500 mg of vitamin B6; 0.8-1.2 mg of vitamin B12; 220-280 mg of ammonium sulfate; 220-280 mg of vitamin K; 100-150 mg of folic acid; 8-12 mg of biotin; 2200-2800 mg of vitamin E; 7500-8500 mg of inositol; 1000-1500 mg of calcium pantothenate; 2300-2700 mg of nicotinic acid; 30-50 mg of vitamin K3; and vitamin D3, 40000-50000 IU.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the composition of each kilogram of the components of the compound vitamin is as follows: vitamin a, 250000 IU; vitamin B2, 900 mg; vitamin B6, 400 mg; vitamin B12, 1 mg; ammonium sulfate, 250 mg; vitamin K, 250 mg; folic acid, 125 mg; biotin, 10 mg; vitamin E, 2500 mg; inositol, 8000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 1250 mg; nicotinic acid, 2500 mg; vitamin K3, 40 mg; vitamin D3, 45000 IU.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the monomer vitamins comprise the following components in parts by weight: 0.05-0.15 part of vitamin C phosphate and 0.1-0.3 part of choline.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the monomer vitamins consist of the following components in parts by weight: 0.1 part of vitamin C phosphate and 0.12 part of choline.
In the low fish meal compound feed, the composition of each kilogram of the compound mineral salt is as follows: zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 4000-5000 mg; 35000-40000 mg of calcium carbonate; 20000-25000 mg of potassium chloride; 150-250 mg of potassium iodide; 2200-3000 mg of sodium chloride; 300-700 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 30-70 mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; 200-300 mg of heptahydrate ferric sulfate; 20-40 mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 2700-3300 mg; 8-12 mg of sodium selenite monohydrate.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the composition of the composite mineral salt per kg is: zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 4500 mg; calcium carbonate, 37900 mg; potassium chloride, 22500 mg; potassium iodide, 200 mg; sodium chloride, 2600 mg; 500mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 50mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; iron sulfate heptahydrate, 250 mg; 30mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 3000 mg; sodium selenite monohydrate, 10 mg.
The enzyme preparation is phytase; the phosphorus raw material is calcium dihydrogen phosphate; the feed adhesive is carboxymethyl cellulose.
Preferably, in the low fish meal compound feed, the enzyme preparation accounts for 0.02 part by weight; 1.6 parts of phosphorus raw material; 1 part of feed adhesive.
The invention utilizes the combination of various protein sources to replace fish meal, and essential amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, histidine, valine, isoleucine and leucine) are added to balance the amino acid composition of the feed, so that the content of the fish meal in the feed is effectively reduced from 25 wt% to 14 wt% -16 wt%; the enzyme preparation phytase is added to improve the absorption and utilization efficiency of the plant protein source. The low fish meal compound feed overcomes the problem of unbalanced single protein source amino acid, is beneficial to improving the feed utilization rate, reducing ammonia nitrogen emission and reducing environmental pollution.
According to the invention, small-molecular functional amino acids (glycine, alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurine and ornithine) with osmotic pressure regulating capability are creatively added into the low fish meal compound feed to serve as salinity stress resistant substances, so that the osmotic pressure regulating capability of the litopenaeus vannamei is improved; meanwhile, the immunopotentiator mannooligosaccharide is added to improve the oxidation resistance and the survival rate of the litopenaeus vannamei under the low salinity stress condition, the salt stress resistance of the litopenaeus vannamei is integrally improved, the litopenaeus vannamei grows fast under the low salinity (salinity of 1-10 thousandths), the feed utilization is good, the survival rate is high, the oxidation resistance is good, and the salt stress resistance is strong.
The low fish meal compound feed for the litopenaeus vannamei can be prepared by a common shrimp feed production process, and has no special requirements on the production process.
Compared with the prior art, the low fish meal compound feed has the following advantages:
(1) the formula of the invention is formed on the basis of comprehensive and systematic research on the nutritional requirements of the litopenaeus vannamei, so that the formula has wide experimental basis and scientific basis, and can effectively meet the nutritional requirements of the litopenaeus vannamei at a low fish meal level. The long-term feeding experiment result shows that the litopenaeus vannamei bred by the low fish meal compound feed has high growth speed and high weight gain rate under the condition of breeding with low salinity (1-10 per mill of salinity); the feed is good in digestion and absorption, the feed efficiency is high, and the feed cost is reduced; the survival rate is high; the oxidation resistance is good, and the salt stress resistance is strong; can achieve the breeding effect basically the same as that of the common high fish meal feed.
(2) The low fish meal compound feed has simple and feasible production process and is convenient for large-scale popularization.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way. The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents and are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
The materials used in the following examples are all commercially available unless otherwise specified.
The weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and survival rate described in each example were calculated according to the following formulas:
the weight gain (%) is (final weight-initial weight)/initial weight × 100;
specific growth rate (%) - (ln final weight-ln initial weight)/day of experiment × 100;
(final weight-initial weight)/feed intake;
survival (%) — final shrimp mantissa/initial shrimp mantissa × 100.
Example 1 Litopenaeus vannamei Compound feed with different Fish meal content
In this embodiment, there are 4 groups in total, where:
(1) comparative group 1: a prawn compound feed containing 25 wt% of fish meal, namely a high fish meal compound feed (the content of the fish meal in common commercial fish meal feed is generally 25 wt%);
(2) experimental group 1: prawn compound feed containing 20 wt% fish meal;
(3) experimental group 2: prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% fish meal;
(4) experimental group 3: prawn compound feed containing 10 wt% of fish meal.
Comprehensive alternatives were used in the experimental groups: the fish meal is prepared by using a plurality of protein sources (a plant protein source, an animal protein source and a microbial protein source), adding essential amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, valine, histidine, leucine and isoleucine) to replace part of fish meal, and simultaneously adding sugar source raw materials such as flour, fish oil, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and the like, fat source raw materials, phosphorus raw materials and enzyme preparation phytase.
The feeds used in experimental groups 1, 2, 3 and comparative group 1 were formulated according to the formulations shown in table 1.
The experimental results of tables 2 and 3 were obtained after feeding each of the litopenaeus vannamei with four groups of feeds for 56 days under the condition of low salinity (7 ‰) cultivation under the same conditions of water quality, management, initial weight of litopenaeus vannamei (0.4g), and the like.
According to the experimental results in table 2, the average terminal weight, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed efficiency of the prawns in the experimental group 1 and the experimental group 2 are not significantly different from those in the comparative group 1, and the average terminal weight, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed efficiency of the prawns in the experimental group 3 are lower than those of the prawns in the other three groups. The survival rate of the prawns in the experimental group 2 is lower than that of the comparative group 1 and the experimental group 1, and the survival rate of the prawns in the experimental group 3 is lower than that of the other three groups.
In Table 3, SOD is superoxide dismutase, CAT is catalase, and these two enzymes are prawn hemolymph antioxidant enzymes. MDA is the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde, an oxidative stressor produced during metabolism. The higher the SOD and CAT enzyme activities in a certain range, the stronger the oxidation resistance of the prawn is; the lower the MDA content, the less oxidative stressors are generated, the smaller the oxidative damage, and the better the antioxidant performance.
According to the experimental results in the table 3, the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes of the prawns of the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3 are obviously lower than those of the comparative group 1, which shows that the prawns of the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3 have weaker oxidation resistance; the MDA content of the prawns in the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3 is obviously higher than that of the comparative group 1 and the experimental group 1, which shows that the prawns in the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3 have more oxidative stressors, larger oxidative damage to the prawns and poorer oxidation resistance.
The experimental results show that when the fish meal level is reduced from 25 wt% to 20 wt% and 15 wt%, the growth speed and the feed utilization of the prawns are not obviously changed, but when the fish meal level is 15 wt%, the survival rate and the antioxidant capacity of the prawns are obviously reduced; when fish meal levels are reduced from 25 wt% to 10 wt%, the growth performance, feed utilization and antioxidant performance of prawns are significantly deteriorated.
Table 1 example 1 feed formulation and nutrient analysis (wt%)
Figure BDA0002474006220000061
Figure BDA0002474006220000071
1Composite vitaminBiotin (per kg): vitamin a, 250000 IU; vitamin B2, 900 mg; vitamin B6, 400 mg; vitamin B12, 1 mg; ammonium sulfate, 250 mg; vitamin K, 250 mg; folic acid, 125 mg; biotin, 10 mg; vitamin E, 2500 mg; inositol, 8000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 1250 mg; nicotinic acid, 2500 mg; vitamin K3, 40 mg; vitamin D3, 45000 IU.
2Complex mineral salts (per kg): zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 4500 mg; calcium carbonate, 37900 mg; potassium chloride, 22500 mg; potassium iodide, 200 mg; sodium chloride, 2600 mg; 500mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 50mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; iron sulfate heptahydrate, 250 mg; 30mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 3000 mg; sodium selenite monohydrate, 10 mg.
Table 2 example 1 different treatment groups on shrimp growth performance and feed utilization
Figure BDA0002474006220000081
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
Table 3 example 1 prawn antioxidant Properties of different treatment groups
Figure BDA0002474006220000082
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
Example 2 different concentrations of immunopotentiators were added to low fish meal feed
In this example, there are 5 groups in total, where:
(1) comparative group 1 in example 1: prawn compound feed containing 25 wt% fish meal;
(2) experimental group 2 in example 1: prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% fish meal;
(3) experimental group 4: 2+0.1 wt% of mannan-oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) in experimental group, namely, 0.1 wt% of mannan-oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) is additionally added into the prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal;
(4) experimental group 5: 2+0.2 wt% of mannan-oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) in experimental group, namely, 0.2 wt% of mannan-oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) is additionally added into the prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal;
(5) experimental group 6: experiment group 2+0.3 wt% of mannooligosaccharide (immunopotentiator), namely, 0.3 wt% of mannooligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) is additionally added into the prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal.
In this experiment, reference was made to comparative group 1 and experimental group 2 of example 1 as control groups.
The feed used in experimental groups 4, 5 and 6 was formulated according to the formulation shown in table 4.
Under the condition of the same conditions of water quality, management, initial weight (0.45g) of the litopenaeus vannamei and the like, feeding the litopenaeus vannamei with five groups of feed for 56 days under the condition of low salinity (7 per thousand) culture; after the culture experiment is finished, 10 prawns are selected from each group of culture buckets, the salinity of the water body is reduced from 7 per thousand to 1 per thousand, and an acute salinity stress experiment is carried out for 6 hours, so that the experiment results in the tables 5 and 6 are obtained.
According to the experimental results in table 5, the average terminal weight, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed efficiency of each group of litopenaeus vannamei have no significant difference; the survival rates of the prawns of the experimental group 4, the experimental group 5 and the experimental group 6 added with the mannan-oligosaccharide are not obviously different from those of the comparative group 1, and are all obviously higher than those of the prawns of the experimental group 2.
According to the experimental results in table 6, the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes in experimental group 5 and experimental group 6 have no significant difference compared with the comparative group 1, and the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes in other four groups are significantly higher than those in experimental group 2; compared with the comparative group 1, the MDA contents of the experimental group 5 and the experimental group 6 have no significant difference, and the MDA contents of the other four groups are significantly lower than that of the experimental group 2, which shows that the experimental group 4, the experimental group 5 and the experimental group 6 added with the mannooligosaccharides have stronger oxidation resistance and better oxidation resistance.
In Table 6, sodium potassium ATPase is an index of the osmotic pressure regulating ability, and a higher enzyme activity indicates a better osmotic pressure regulating ability. The enzyme activities of other four groups of sodium-potassium ATPases are obviously lower than those of the comparison group 1, which indicates that the osmotic pressure regulating capability is poor. The stress survival rate of the other four groups of prawns after salinity stress is obviously lower than that of the control group 1.
The experimental results show that the immunopotentiator mannooligosaccharide is added into the compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal for the prawns, so that the survival rate of the prawns can be obviously improved, the growth performance of the prawns is improved, and the feed is well utilized; when the compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal and containing 0.2 wt% -0.3 wt% of immunopotentiator mannan-oligosaccharide is used for feeding prawns, the oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance of the prawns are not obviously different from the oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance of the prawns fed by the compound feed containing 25% of fish meal and prawns, but the osmotic pressure regulating capability of the prawns is lower, and the stress survival rate of the prawns under acute salinity stress is lower, which indicates that the salt stress resistance of the prawns is poorer.
Table 4 example 2 experimental group feed formulation and nutrient analysis (wt%)
Figure BDA0002474006220000091
Figure BDA0002474006220000101
Figure BDA0002474006220000111
1Multivitamins (per kg): vitamin a, 250000 IU; vitamin B2, 900 mg; vitamin B6, 400 mg; vitamin B12, 1 mg; ammonium sulfate, 250 mg; vitamin K, 250 mg; folic acid, 125 mg; biotin, 10 mg; vitamin E, 2500 mg; inositol, 8000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 1250 mg; nicotinic acid, 2500 mg; vitamin K3, 40 mg; vitamin D3, 45000 IU.
2Complex mineral salts (per kg): zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 4500 mg; calcium carbonate, 37900 mg; potassium chloride, 22500 mg; potassium iodide, 200 mg; sodium chloride, 2600 mg; 500mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 50mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; iron sulfate heptahydrate, 250 mg; 30mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 3000 mg; sodium selenite monohydrate, 10 mg.
Table 5 example 2 growth performance and feed utilization of different treatment groups of prawns
Figure BDA0002474006220000112
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
TABLE 6 example 2 antioxidant, osmoregulation and antistress of differently treated prawns
Figure BDA0002474006220000113
Figure BDA0002474006220000121
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
Example 3 addition of salt stress resistant and immunopotentiator to Low Fish meal feed
In this example, there are 5 groups in total, where:
(1) comparative group 1 in example 1: prawn compound feed containing 25 wt% fish meal;
(2) experimental group 5 in example 2: prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% fish meal and 0.2 wt% mannan oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator);
(3) experimental group 7: prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal and salt stress resistant substance;
(4) experimental group 8: prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal, 0.2 wt% of mannan oligosaccharide (immunopotentiator) and salt stress resisting matter.
In this experiment, reference was made to comparative group 1 of example 1 and experimental group 5 of example 2 as a control group.
The feed used in experimental groups 7 and 8 was formulated according to the formulation shown in table 7. The salinity stress resistant agents added in experimental groups 7 and 8 were a mixture of glycine, alanine, γ -aminobutyric acid, taurine and ornithine.
Under the condition of the same conditions of water quality, management, initial weight (0.3g) of the litopenaeus vannamei and the like, feeding the litopenaeus vannamei with four groups of feeds for 56 days under the condition of cultivation with salinity of 7 per mill; after the culture experiment is finished, 10 prawns are selected from each group of culture buckets, the salinity of the water body is reduced from 7 per thousand to 1 per thousand, and an acute salinity stress experiment is carried out for 6 hours, so that the experiment results in the tables 8 and 9 are obtained.
According to the experimental results of table 8, there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization between the groups. According to the experimental results in table 9, there was no significant difference in MDA content between experimental group 8 and experimental group 5, and comparative group 1, and the MDA content of these three groups was significantly lower than that of experimental group 7, indicating that the addition of the immunopotentiator mannooligosaccharide can reduce oxidative damage and improve oxidative performance. The enzyme activities of the sodium-potassium ATP enzymes of other three groups of prawns are obviously higher than those of the experimental group 5, which shows that the addition of the salinity stress resistant substance can enhance the osmotic pressure regulation capability of the prawns; the stress survival rate of the experimental group 8 after the salinity stress is not obviously different from that of the comparative group 1 and is obviously higher than that of the other two groups, which shows that the salt stress resistance of the prawns can be improved by the matching use of the immunopotentiator and the salt stress resistant substance.
The experimental data show that the immunopotentiator and the salt stress resistance substance are simultaneously added into the prawn compound feed containing 15 wt% of fish meal, so that the salt stress resistance of the prawn is improved while the oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance of the prawn are improved, the growth performance and the feed utilization of the prawn are good, and the culture effect which is basically the same as that of the prawn compound feed containing 25 wt% of fish meal can be achieved.
Table 7 example 3 feed formulation and nutrient analysis (%)
Figure BDA0002474006220000131
Figure BDA0002474006220000141
Table 8 example 3 growth performance and feed utilization of different treatment groups of prawns
Figure BDA0002474006220000142
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
TABLE 9 antioxidative Properties, osmoregulatory Capacity, and anti-stress Capacity of different treated groups of prawns of example 3
Figure BDA0002474006220000143
Figure BDA0002474006220000151
Note: results are expressed as "mean ± sem", triplicates in each group, and significant differences (P <0.05) were indicated if the letters after the data were different in the same row.
Example 4 Litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed suitable for low salinity culture conditions
The litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed of the experimental group 8 in example 3 was used in this example.
The feed is fed to the litopenaeus vannamei for 56 days under the culture condition with the salinity of 1 per mill. After the culture experiment is finished, the litopenaeus vannamei has good growth performance and feed utilization, the weight gain rate is higher than 1600 percent, the feed efficiency is higher than 0.55, the survival rate is higher than 90 percent, and the oxidation resistance are good.
Example 5: litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed suitable for low-salinity culture conditions
The formulation of the low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei suitable for low salinity breeding conditions in this example is shown in table 10.
TABLE 10 Low Fish meal Compound feed formulation for Litopenaeus vannamei (wt%)
Figure BDA0002474006220000152
Figure BDA0002474006220000161
Note: (1) the multivitamins in formula I (per kg) were: vitamin a, 220000 IU; vitamin B2, 1000 mg; vitamin B6, 300 mg; vitamin B12, 1.2 mg; ammonium sulfate, 220 mg; vitamin K, 280 mg; folic acid, 100 mg; biotin, 12 mg; vitamin E, 2200 mg; inositol, 8500 mg; calcium pantothenate, 1000 mg; niacin, 2700 mg; vitamin K3, 30 mg; vitamin D3, 50000 IU.
(2) The complex mineral salts in formula I (per kg) were: heptahydrate zinc sulfate, 4000 mg; calcium carbonate, 40000 mg; potassium chloride, 20000 mg; potassium iodide, 250 mg; sodium chloride, 2200 mg; blue vitriod pentahydrate, 700 mg; 30mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; iron sulfate heptahydrate, 300 mg; 20mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 3300 mg; sodium selenite monohydrate, 8 mg.
(3) The multivitamins in formula II (per kg) were: vitamin a, 280000 IU; vitamin B2, 750 mg; vitamin B6, 500 mg; vitamin B12, 0.8 mg; ammonium sulfate, 280 mg; vitamin K, 220 mg; folic acid, 150 mg; biotin, 8 mg; vitamin E, 2800 mg; inositol, 7500 mg; calcium pantothenate, 1500 mg; 2300mg of nicotinic acid; vitamin K3, 50 mg; vitamin D3, 40000 IU.
(4) The complex mineral salts in formula II (per kg) were: heptahydrate zinc sulfate, 5000 mg; calcium carbonate, 35000 mg; potassium chloride, 25000 mg; potassium iodide, 150 mg; sodium chloride, 3000 mg; 300mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 70mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; 200mg of heptahydrate ferric sulfate; 40mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 2700 mg; 12mg of sodium selenite monohydrate.
After the litopenaeus vannamei is fed by the low fish meal compound feed I for 56 days under the culture condition with the salinity of 4 per mill, the litopenaeus vannamei has good growth performance and feed utilization, high weight gain rate, high feed efficiency, survival rate higher than 90 percent and good oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance.
After the culture experiment is finished, the salinity of the water body is reduced from 4 per mill to 1 per mill, an acute salinity stress experiment is carried out for 6 hours, the stress survival rate of the litopenaeus vannamei fed by the low fish meal compound feed I is higher than 85 percent, and the osmotic pressure regulating capability and the anti-stress capability are good.
After the litopenaeus vannamei is fed by the low-fish-meal compound feed II for 56 days under the culture condition with the salinity of 10 per mill, the litopenaeus vannamei has good growth performance and feed utilization, high weight gain rate, high feed efficiency, survival rate higher than 90 percent and good oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance.
After the culture experiment is finished, the salinity of the water body is reduced from 10 per mill to 1 per mill, an acute salinity stress experiment is carried out for 6 hours, the stress survival rate of the litopenaeus vannamei fed by the low fish meal compound feed II is higher than 85 percent, and the osmotic pressure regulating capability and the anti-stress capability are good.
The applicant declares that the above detailed description is a preferred embodiment described for the convenience of understanding the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, i.e. it does not mean that the present invention must be implemented by means of the above embodiment. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any modification of the present invention, equivalent substitutions of selected materials and additions of auxiliary components, selection of specific modes and the like, which are within the scope and disclosure of the present invention, are contemplated by the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The low-fish-meal compound feed for the litopenaeus vannamei suitable for the low-salinity culture condition is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 60-75 parts of protein source raw materials, 3-6 parts of fat source raw materials, 22-28 parts of sugar source raw materials, 0.3-1 part of salt stress resistance substances, 0.05-0.3 part of immunopotentiators, 0.2-1 part of essential amino acids, 0.5-2 parts of compound vitamins, 0.25-0.45 part of monomer vitamins, 0.5-2 parts of compound mineral salts, 0.01-0.05 part of enzyme preparations, 1-2 parts of phosphorus raw materials and 0.9-1.1 part of feed adhesives;
the low-salinity culture condition means that the salinity is 1-10 per mill;
the content of the fish meal in the low fish meal compound feed is 14 to 16 weight percent.
2. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein the salinity stress resistant substance comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0-0.5 part of glycine, 0.1-0.5 part of alanine, 0.005-0.05 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.05-0.2 part of taurine and 0.005-0.02 part of ornithine.
3. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein the immunopotentiator is mannan oligosaccharide.
4. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein the protein source raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 14-16 parts of fish meal, 22-28 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of peanut meal, 0-5 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 0-5 parts of wheat gluten, 2-5 parts of chicken meal, 1-3 parts of shrimp meal, 0-4 parts of blood meal and 2-5 parts of beer yeast.
5. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein the essential amino acids consist of the following components in parts by weight: 0.1-0.3 part of methionine, 0.1-0.5 part of lysine, 0.05-0.2 part of threonine, 0-0.2 part of arginine, 0.01-0.04 part of histidine, 0-0.2 part of valine, 0-0.2 part of isoleucine and 0.06-0.24 part of leucine.
6. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein each kilogram of the compound vitamins comprises the following components: 220000-280000 IU of vitamin A; vitamin B2, 750-1000 mg; 300-500 mg of vitamin B6; 0.8-1.2 mg of vitamin B12; 220-280 mg of ammonium sulfate; 220-280 mg of vitamin K; 100-150 mg of folic acid; 8-12 mg of biotin; 2200-2800 mg of vitamin E; 7500-8500 mg of inositol; 1000-1500 mg of calcium pantothenate; 2300-2700 mg of nicotinic acid; 30-50 mg of vitamin K3; and vitamin D3, 40000-50000 IU.
7. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein the monomer vitamins consist of the following components in parts by weight: 0.05-0.15 part of vitamin C phosphate and 0.1-0.3 part of choline.
8. The low fish meal compound feed for litopenaeus vannamei according to claim 1, wherein each kilogram of the compound mineral salt comprises the following components: zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 4000-5000 mg; 35000-40000 mg of calcium carbonate; 20000-25000 mg of potassium chloride; 150-250 mg of potassium iodide; 2200-3000 mg of sodium chloride; 300-700 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate; 30-70 mg of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate; 200-300 mg of heptahydrate ferric sulfate; 20-40 mg of manganese sulfate monohydrate; magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 2700-3300 mg; 8-12 mg of sodium selenite monohydrate.
9. The litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fat raw material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-3 parts of fish oil, 1-3 parts of soybean oil and 0.5-2 parts of soybean lecithin.
10. The Litopenaeus vannamei low fish meal compound feed of claim 1, wherein the enzyme preparation is phytase; the phosphorus raw material is calcium dihydrogen phosphate; the feed adhesive is carboxymethyl cellulose.
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