CN109105307B - Feed, preparation method and application thereof, and large yellow croaker feeding method - Google Patents

Feed, preparation method and application thereof, and large yellow croaker feeding method Download PDF

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CN109105307B
CN109105307B CN201810984238.0A CN201810984238A CN109105307B CN 109105307 B CN109105307 B CN 109105307B CN 201810984238 A CN201810984238 A CN 201810984238A CN 109105307 B CN109105307 B CN 109105307B
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CN109105307A (en
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叶坤
韩星星
王秋荣
王志勇
陈丰林
柴志强
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Jimei University
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
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    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A23K20/174—Vitamins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
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Abstract

The invention relates to the field of large yellow croaker culture, and discloses a feed, a preparation method and application thereof, and a large yellow croaker culture method. The feed comprises fish meal, defatted hermetia illucens powder, krill powder, corn protein powder, fermented soybean meal, wheat gluten, fish oil, wheat flour, alpha-starch, soybean lecithin, vitamins, minerals, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, taurine, cuttlefish paste and a preservative, wherein the content of the fish meal is 20-40 wt%, the content of the defatted hermetia illucens powder, the fermented soybean meal, the wheat gluten and the wheat flour is 5-15wt%, the content of the krill powder, the corn protein powder, the fish oil and the alpha-starch is 2-10 wt%, the content of the soybean lecithin and the monocalcium phosphate is 0.5-3wt%, the content of the vitamins, the minerals, choline chloride and the taurine is 0.5-2wt%, the content of the cuttlefish paste is 0.1-1wt%, and the content of the preservative is 0.01-0.2 wt%. After the feed is adopted to culture the large yellow croakers, the growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, antibacterial and antioxidant results of the large yellow croakers are good, and the culture effect of saving the feed cost and ensuring the health of the fish bodies is achieved.

Description

Feed, preparation method and application thereof, and large yellow croaker feeding method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of large yellow croaker culture, and particularly relates to a feed, a preparation method and application thereof, and a large yellow croaker culture method.
Background
The fish meal is an indispensable high-quality protein source in aquatic feed because of the characteristics of rich and balanced essential amino acids and fatty acids, less anti-nutritional factors, good palatability, easy digestion and absorption and the like. At present, the total amount of fishing of ocean fishery in the world is about 9000 ten thousand tons, wherein the amount of raw fish directly used for fish meal production is about 2400 ten thousand tons, which accounts for 20 percent of the total amount of fishing. The processing by-products (about 6.2% of the total amount of fishing) produced by the global aquatic product processing industry are also used for fish meal processing. Thus, the global fish meal processing industry consumes a total of 26.2% of the global fishery fishing. In recent years, with the continuous development of the world aquaculture industry, the demand of fish meal is increasing day by day, and the price of the fish meal is increasing dramatically due to the shortage of fishery resources and short supply of the fish meal. In order to solve the increasingly prominent contradiction between supply and demand, on one hand, other protein sources for replacing fish meal can be searched, on the other hand, the utilization rate of feed protein is improved, and compared with the latter, the search for replacing the protein source is simpler, more convenient and more practical. Therefore, research and development of protein sources capable of replacing fish meal are urgent problems to be solved in the aquaculture industry at the present stage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel feed, a preparation method and application thereof, and a large yellow croaker feeding method.
The feed provided by the invention contains fish meal, defatted black soldier fly powder, krill powder, corn gluten meal, fermented soybean meal, wheat gluten, fish oil, wheat flour, alpha-starch, soybean lecithin, vitamins, minerals, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, taurine, cuttlefish cream and a preservative, wherein the content of the fish meal is 20-40 wt%, the content of the defatted black soldier fly powder, the content of the fermented soybean meal, the content of the wheat gluten and the content of the wheat flour are respectively 5-15wt%, the content of the krill meal, the corn gluten meal, the fish oil and the alpha-starch are respectively and independently 2-10 wt%, the content of the soybean lecithin and the content of the monocalcium phosphate are respectively and independently 0.5-3wt%, and the content of the vitamins, the minerals, the choline chloride and the taurine are respectively and independently 0.5-2wt%, the content of the cuttlefish paste is 0.1-1wt%, the content of the preservative is 0.01-0.2wt%, and the sum of the contents of the components is 100 wt%.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, based on the total weight of the feed, the content of the fish meal is 25-35 wt%, the content of the defatted hermetia illucens powder is 7-14wt%, the content of the krill powder is 6-8wt%, the content of the corn protein powder is 6-8wt%, the content of the fermented soybean meal is 8-12 wt%, the content of the gluten powder is 8-14wt%, the content of the fish oil is 4-8wt%, the content of the wheat flour is 7-12wt%, the content of the alpha-starch is 4-8wt%, the content of the soybean lecithin is 1-2wt%, the content of the vitamin is 0.8-1.2wt%, the content of the mineral substance is 0.8-1.2wt%, and the content of the monocalcium phosphate is 1-2wt%, the content of the choline chloride is 0.8-1.5wt%, the content of the taurine is 0.8-1.5wt%, the content of the cuttlefish paste is 0.2-0.8wt%, the content of the preservative is 0.05-0.15wt%, and the sum of the contents of the components is 100 wt%.
In the present invention, the contents of the fish oil, soybean lecithin and cuttlefish paste are in terms of actual contents, and the contents of the remaining components are in terms of dry matter contents.
The krill meal has a protein content of 58-65 wt% calculated on dry weight basis.
The term "fermented soybean meal" refers to a product obtained by microbial fermentation of soybean meal.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the fish meal to the degreased hermetia illucens powder is (1.5-5): 1.
the fat content of the common hermetia illucens powder is high, generally more than 40 wt%, but the degreased hermetia illucens powder is adopted, so that the fish oil rich in highly unsaturated fatty acid is supplemented and added, the nutritional requirement of the large yellow croakers is met, and the hermetia illucens is prepared into equal-fat feed due to too high fat content, so that the fish oil is difficult to add. Particularly preferably, the fat content of the degreased hermetia illucens powder is less than 12 wt%.
Preferably, the vitamin is a vitamin complex, and each kg of the vitamin complex contains 0.033g of carotene, 0.017g of vitamin D, 0.127g of tocopherol and vitamin B10.02g, vitamin B20.063g, vitamin B60.017g, cyanocobalamin 0.033mg, biotin 0.003g, inositol 1.283g, nicotinic acid 0.257g, pantothenic acid 0.09g, folic acid 0.003g, choline chloride 2.623g and cellulose 0.64g, and the balance of glycine and betaine according to a 1:1 mixture.
Preferably, the mineral substance is a compound mineral substance and the compound mineral substance contains 1mg of sodium fluoride, 0.4mg of potassium iodide, 25mg of cobalt chloride hexahydrate aqueous solution with the concentration of 1wt%, 5mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 40mg of ferrous sulfate, 25mg of zinc sulfate, 30mg of manganese sulfate, 600mg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1500mg of monocalcium phosphate, 50mg of sodium chloride and 7.72g of zeolite powder.
The preparation method of the feed provided by the invention comprises the step of uniformly mixing all the components in the feed.
The invention also provides application of the feed as a large yellow croaker feed.
The invention also provides a large yellow croaker feeding method, wherein the method comprises the step of feeding the large yellow croaker by using the feed in the feeding process.
Preferably, the water temperature in the breeding process is 18.4-23.4 ℃, the pH value of the water body is 7.8-8.0, the salinity is 27-29 per mill, the dissolved oxygen is more than 5mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L.
The feed provided by the invention is used for breeding large yellow croakers, the growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, antibacterial and antioxidant results of the large yellow croakers are good, and the feed cost can be saved in actual production to achieve the best breeding effect.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. The examples do not specify particular techniques or conditions, and are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
In the following examples and comparative examples:
the krill meal is purchased from xiamen jiakang feed limited;
the fermented soybean meal is purchased from Xiamen Jiakang feed Co., Ltd;
the vitamin is compound vitamin, and each kg of the compound vitamin contains carotene 0.033g, vitamin D0.017 g, tocopherol 0.127g and vitamin B10.02g, vitamin B20.063g, vitamin B60.017g, cyanocobalamin 0.033mg, biotin 0.003g, inositol 1.283g, nicotinic acid 0.257g, pantothenic acid 0.09g, folic acid 0.003g, choline chloride 2.623g and cellulose 0.64g, and the balance of a mixture of glycine and betaine according to a ratio of 1: 1;
the mineral substance is a compound mineral substance and contains 1mg of sodium fluoride, 0.4mg of potassium iodide, 25mg of 1wt% cobalt chloride hexahydrate aqueous solution, 5mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 40mg of ferrous sulfate, 25mg of zinc sulfate, 30mg of manganese sulfate, 600mg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1500mg of monocalcium phosphate, 50mg of sodium chloride and 7.72g of zeolite powder;
the preservative is sodium diacetate;
the fat content in the defatted hermetia illucens powder is 11.25 wt%.
Preparation example
In the preparation example, fish meal and degreased hermetia illucens powder are used as main protein sources, fish oil is used as a fat source, and the degreased hermetia illucens powder is used for replacing 0% (control group), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of fish meal respectively to prepare 6 kinds of test feeds with equal nitrogen (CP: 45%) and equal fat (CL: 10%), wherein the feed formula composition is shown in the following table 1:
table 1 test feed composition and nutrient composition (wt%)
Feed stuff G0 G20 G40 G60 G80 G100
Fish meal 42 33.6 25.2 16.8 8.4 0
Defatted hermetia illucens powder 0 7 14 21 28 35
Krill powder 5 5 5 5 5 5
Corn protein powder 5 5 5 5 5 5
Fermented soybean meal 10 10 10 10 10 10
Wheat gluten 8 9.6 13.5 17.6 22 25.5
Fish oil 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Wheat flour 11.4 11.1 8.7 6 3 0.9
Alpha-starch 5 5 5 5 5 5
Soybean lecithin 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Multi-dimensional 1 1 1 1 1 1
Multiple ores 1 1 1 1 1 1
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Choline chloride 1 1 1 1 1 1
Taurine 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cuttlefish paste 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Preservative 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Chromium oxide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Total up to 100 100 100 100 100 100
Crude protein 45.27±0.35 45.05±0.52 45.00±0.26 45.06±0.53 45.30±0.63 44.98±0.75
Crude fat 10.26±0.96 10.46±0.86 10.45±0.99 10.53±0.73 10.52±0.89 10.7±0.6
Coarse ash content 9..54±0.04 10.22±0.02 10.52±0.43 11.21±0.08 11.25±0.05 11.33±0.06
Note: in table 1, chromium oxide acts as an indicator, added for the purpose of preparing for subsequent tests, G0, G20, G40, G60, G80, G100 respectively represent: the control group adopts degreased hermetia illucens powder to replace 20% of fish meal group, 40% of fish meal group, 60% of fish meal group, 80% of fish meal group and 100% of fish meal group, and the same is carried out below.
Examples
Feeding and culturing large yellow croaker with the above six feeds (G0, G20, G40, G60, G80 and G100) three times, and culturing 120-tailed large yellow croaker (50.08 + -3.31G) in an indoor cement pond (2m × 1m × 1m) for 7 weeks. During the test period, the feed is fed for 2 times (6: 00 am and 18:00 pm) every day until the large yellow croaker does not snatch, the pollution is absorbed after the large yellow croaker is fed for 1 hour every time, and the feed is fed for 7 hours every day in the morning: 30 water change is carried out once, the water temperature is 18.4-23.4 ℃, the pH value is 7.8-8.0, the salinity is 27-29 per mill, the dissolved oxygen is more than 5mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than 0.05mg/L during the test period. The influence of the feeds on the growth performance of the large yellow croakers is shown in table 2, the influence on the body components of the large yellow croakers is shown in table 3, the influence on the biochemical indexes of the blood serum of the large yellow croakers is shown in table 4, and the influence on the oxidation resistance and the antibacterial capacity of the large yellow croakers is shown in table 5.
TABLE 2 Effect of various groups of feeds on the growth Performance of Large yellow croaker
Figure BDA0001779307330000051
The results in table 2 show that the replacement of fish meal with defatted hermetia illucens powder has no significant effect on the survival rate of large yellow croakers, except for 100% replacement (G100), the survival rates of the test groups (G0, G20, G40, G60 and G80) are all above 82%, with the increase of the replacement ratio, the survival rate, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the protein efficiency all show the trend of increasing first and then decreasing, meanwhile, the weight gain rates and the protein efficiencies of G20 and G40 are significantly higher than those of the control group (P <0.05), and the feed coefficient is significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05).
TABLE 3 Effect of the various feeds on the muscle nutritional composition of Pseudosciaena crocea (Dry matter basis)
Item 0 20 40 60 80 100
Crude protein 62.64±2.11a 63.42±2.17a 60.28±2.5ab 55.38±2.22b 49.91±3.54bc 46.14±1.92c
Crude fat 27.37±0.45b 29.46±0.8ab 31.51±0.66a 27.16±0.88b 25.57±0.5c 30.37±0.49a
Coarse ash content 6.60±0.65b 6.57±0.50b 6.24±0.52b 7.34±0.39ab 7.78±0.72ab 8.61±0.09a
From the results in table 3, it can be seen that the effect of using degreased hermetia illucens powder instead of fish meal on crude protein in the muscle of large yellow croaker is not significant (P >0.05), the differences of G0, G20 and G40 are not significant, the contents of G60, G80 and G100 are reduced, and the crude protein content in the muscle of the test fish in the G100 group is the lowest and is significantly lower than that in the other test groups (P < 0.05). The crude fat content was significantly higher in both G20 and G40 groups (P <0.05) than in the control group, except for the G80 group (P < 0.05). With the increase of the proportion of the degreased hermetia illucens powder, the ash content shows a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, and the ash content of the G100 group is obviously higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05).
TABLE 4 Effect of various feeds on the biochemical index of the blood serum of large yellow croaker
Item G0 G20 G40 G60 G80 G100
TP (g/L) Total protein 20.65±0.35b 21.10±0.14a 21.00±0.14ab 17.45±0.07d 17.5±0d 19.2±0c
ALB (g/L) Albumin 2.20±0.14b 2.50±0a 2.35±0.07ab 1.90±0c 1.95±0.07c 2.30±0b
GLOB (g/L) globulin 18.45±0.49a 18.60±0.14a 18.65±0.21a 15.55±0.07c 15.55±0.07c 16.90±0b
A/G white sphere ratio 0.12±0.01 0.13±0 0.13±0 0.12±0 0.13±0 0.14±0
ALT (u/L) glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 6.50±0.71d 13.50±0.71b 16.50±2.12a 9.50±0.71c 9.00±0c 14.00±0b
As can be seen from the results in Table 4, there was no significant difference in serum A/G between the groups. TP, ALB, GLOB, ALT differed significantly between groups (P < 0.05). With the increase of the substitution ratio, the content of TP, ALB and GLOB in the serum of each group of test fish is increased firstly, then reduced and then increased, and reaches the maximum value in the G20 or G40 group. The GLOB differences were not significant in the G0, G20, G40 groups, ALT was significantly higher in each group than the control group (P <0.05) and the maximum occurred in the G40 group.
TABLE 5 Effect of various groups of feeds on the antioxidant and antibacterial abilities of large yellow croaker
Figure BDA0001779307330000061
As shown in Table 5, T-AOC and SOD both show a trend of rising first and then falling along with the rising of the substitution ratio in the antioxidant index, and reach the maximum value in G20 or G40 groups, wherein T-AOC in the G20 group is significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.05), CAT in the G20 group has no significant difference compared with the control group, and MDA and LZM show a trend of falling first and then rising, and the difference is not significant (P > 0.05).
From the results, the growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, antibacterial and antioxidant results of the large yellow croaker are good when the large yellow croaker is cultured by adopting G20-G40, the growth performance of the young large yellow croaker cannot be influenced in a short period, and the feed cost can be saved in the actual production to achieve the best culture effect.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, however, the present invention is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications may be made to the technical solution of the present invention within the technical idea of the present invention, and these simple modifications are within the protective scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention is not described in detail in order to avoid unnecessary repetition.
In addition, any combination of the various embodiments of the present invention is also possible, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present invention as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A method for feeding large yellow croakers is characterized by comprising the steps of feeding the large yellow croakers by using a large yellow croaker feed in the feeding process, wherein the large yellow croaker feed comprises fish meal, defatted hermetia illucens powder, krill powder, corn protein powder, fermented soybean meal, vital gluten, fish oil, wheat flour, alpha-starch, soybean lecithin, vitamins, minerals, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, taurine, cuttlefish cream and a preservative, the content of the fish meal is 20-25.2wt%, the content of the defatted hermetia illucens powder, the content of the vital gluten and the content of the wheat flour are respectively and independently 5-15wt%, the content of the fermented soybean meal is 5-10wt%, the content of the krill powder, the corn protein powder and the content of the alpha-starch are respectively and independently 2-10%, and the content of the fish oil is 5.5-10%, the contents of the soybean lecithin and the monocalcium phosphate are respectively and independently 0.5-3wt%, the contents of the vitamins, the minerals, the choline chloride and the taurine are respectively and independently 0.5-2wt%, the content of the cuttlefish paste is 0.1-1wt%, the content of the preservative is 0.01-0.2wt%, the sum of the contents of the components is 100wt%, the contents of the fish oil, the soybean lecithin and the cuttlefish paste are calculated by actual contents, and the contents of the rest components are calculated by dry matter contents; the weight ratio of the fish meal to the degreased hermetia illucens powder is (1.5-5): 1; the fat content in the degreased hermetia illucens powder is below 12 wt%.
2. The method for raising large yellow croaker according to claim 1, wherein the fish meal is contained in an amount of 25 to 25.2wt%, the defatted black soldier fly meal is contained in an amount of 7 to 14wt%, the krill meal is contained in an amount of 6 to 8wt%, the corn gluten meal is contained in an amount of 6 to 8wt%, the fermented soybean meal is contained in an amount of 8 to 10wt%, the gluten meal is contained in an amount of 8 to 14wt%, the fish oil is contained in an amount of 5.5 to 8wt%, the wheat flour is contained in an amount of 7 to 12wt%, the α -starch is contained in an amount of 4 to 8wt%, the soybean lecithin is contained in an amount of 1 to 2wt%, the vitamins are contained in an amount of 0.8 to 1.2wt%, the minerals are contained in an amount of 0.8 to 1.2wt%, and the monocalcium phosphate is contained in an amount of 1 to 2wt%, based on the total weight of the large yellow croaker feed, the content of the choline chloride is 0.8-1.5wt%, the content of the taurine is 0.8-1.5wt%, the content of the cuttlefish paste is 0.2-0.8wt%, the content of the preservative is 0.05-0.15wt%, and the sum of the contents of the components is 100 wt%.
3. The method for feeding large yellow croaker according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said vitamin is multivitamin and each kg of said multivitamin contains 0.033g of carotene, 0.017g of vitamin D, 0.127g of tocopherol, and vitamin B10.02g, vitamin B 2 0.063g, vitamin B60.017g of cyanocobalamin 0.033mg, biotin 0.003g, inositol 1.283g, nicotinic acid 0.257g, pantothenic acid 0.09g, folic acid 0.003g, choline chloride 2.623g and cellulose 0.64g, the balance being a 1:1 mixture of glycine and betaine.
4. The method for raising large yellow croaker according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mineral is a complex mineral and the complex mineral contains 1mg of sodium fluoride, 0.4mg of potassium iodide, 25mg of a 1wt% aqueous solution of cobalt chloride hexahydrate, 5mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 40mg of ferrous sulfate, 25mg of zinc sulfate, 30mg of manganese sulfate, 600mg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 1500mg of monocalcium phosphate, 50mg of sodium chloride and 7.72g of zeolite powder.
5. The method for feeding large yellow croaker according to claim 1, wherein the water temperature during the feeding process is 18.4 to 23.4 ℃, the pH value of the water body is 7.8 to 8.0, the salinity is 27 to 29 per thousand, the dissolved oxygen is greater than 5mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L.
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