CN111512809B - Efficient dwarf low-position grafting method for olive trees - Google Patents
Efficient dwarf low-position grafting method for olive trees Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of gardens, and particularly relates to an efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method for olive trees, which comprises the following steps: s1 rootstock selection and treatment: s2, scion selection and treatment: s3: and (3) grafting the scion obtained in the step (S2) to the rootstock obtained in the step (S1) by adopting an embedding method. The adoption is saw and is connect low-order scarf joint method promptly, and it is good to heal up, and the scion treetop is shortened soon after surviving, and the crown is more rationally dwarfed, and the management is easier after the grafting, and it is faster to put into production, and efficiency is higher. Technical innovation is carried out on the cuts of the stocks, excessive bleeding, tannin materials, gum and the like are easily discharged after olive grafting, and the grafting survival rate is improved. The growth regulator 2-4D is adopted to treat the scion, and the scion junction is wrapped by a film and then is covered in a shading way, so that the generation of callus between the scion and the rootstock is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of gardens, and particularly relates to an efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method for olive trees.
Technical Field
Olives are characteristic subtropical evergreen fruit trees in the south, and it is common to seed and sow seeds in the past. The seedling olive has upright trunk, tall tree body and inconvenient production management; the olive seeds have the property of polyblast, the offspring variation is large, the seedling quality is mixed, the adult trees do not blossom or bear fruits, the yield is low, and the inferior ratio is very high. At present, a great amount of existing inferior olive trees need to be transformed by grafting good varieties.
The olive grafting survival rate is low, and the grafting types are three: big tree grafting, small tree grafting and small seedling grafting, wherein the diameter of a stock of a small tree and a small seedling is less than 7cm, the adopted grafting method comprises a cutting grafting method, a cleft grafting method, a ventral grafting method and the like, and the technical method is the same as that of other fruit tree grafting methods; the grafting method of big trees with the stock diameter of more than 7cm generally adopts a scarf joint method and also adopts cut-extension method, but the grafting is difficult to heal after the grafting, part of the grafting still continues to die after the trees survive until the trees grow for 1-2 times, and the shoots grow out and are easy to blow by wind because the trunk and the scion are not good in healing. For olive trees with upright trunks and high tree bodies (the trunk is 2m away from the ground and has the diameter of more than 10 cm), the grafting method adopts the following three methods: 1. sawing 1.5-2m of the trunk and grafting at a high position; 2. grafting on the upper position of the main branch 1.5m away from the ground; 3. sawing off the trunk at 60-80cm, and performing low-position grafting in the next spring after the trunk is drawn out of a new tip. The scarfing method is generally implemented in olive big tree grafting because the contact surface of the stock and the scion is large and tight, the scion is well healed, the scion has quick treetop after survival and the crown is early formed, but the high-position grafting (the position of a main trunk and a main branch is 1.5-2 m) is dangerous to operate, the management after grafting is difficult, and the dwarfing growth of the crown is not facilitated; and the trunk is sawed off by 60-80cm, and the young shoots grow and mature in the same year and then are grafted at the lower position, so that the time is lost by one year, the early production is not facilitated, and the efficiency is low.
The olive is high in bleeding, tannin and gum content, so that the cut positions of the stocks are easy to be filled with the substances in a large amount during grafting, the grafting survival rate is low, particularly for grafting of main stems or main branches of the big olives by an embedding method, but in the traditional embedding method, the cut depths, widths and inclinations of the stocks are not well treated, the bleeding substances of the big olives are more, the grafted bleeding substances such as tannin and gum cannot be discharged, and the junction of the stocks and the ears is damaged and rotten, which is one of the reasons for the low grafting survival rate of the big olives; the existing grafting tools are all made of steel, and the tannin of the olive rootstock and the scion cut is contacted with an iron cutter to form brown tannin iron, so that the grafting survival rate is also influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of slow production, low survival rate and the like of dwarf grafting of tall olives in the prior art and provides a high-efficiency dwarf low-position grafting method for olive trees.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method for olive trees comprises the following steps:
s1 rootstock selection and treatment:
s11, selecting olive trees, wherein the diameter of a main rod 2m away from the ground is 8-20cm;
s12, sawing off the olive tree selected in the step S11 at a position 60-80cm away from the ground to obtain a stock;
s13, making 2-3 scion openings on the rootstock obtained in the step S12;
s2, scion selection and treatment:
s3: and (3) grafting the scion obtained in the step (S2) to the rootstock obtained in the step (S1) by adopting an embedding method.
Preferably, the scion notch in step S13 is a V-shaped notch, and the bottom surface of the V-shaped notch is inclined downwards and forms an angle of 45 degrees with the axial direction of the trunk
The step S2 of scion selection and treatment comprises the following steps:
s21, selecting branches of the olive tree variety to be grafted, wherein the selected branches grow for more than 2 years, and the selected branches are plump in bud points, have no fruits and are 1.5-3 cm in diameter;
s22, cutting the branches selected in the step S21 into 10-12cm, and cutting one end of each branch into a wedge shape matched with the scion opening; and 2-3 bud points are reserved on the branches, and the distance from the upper edge of the wedge-shaped cut of the scion to the bud points is 1-2 cm, so that the scion is obtained.
Preferably, the grafting of the scion to the rootstock in the step S3 comprises the following steps:
s31, embedding the scion into a scion notch to enable a scion cortex to be aligned with a stock cortex, and enabling a xylem of a scion cut notch to be in interference fit with the xylem of the scion notch, wherein the distance between the bottom end of the scion and the bottom end of the scion notch is 0.5-1.5 cm; the distance between the inner side surface of the scion and the inner side of the scion opening is 0.5-1 cm;
s32, wrapping and winding the scion opening and the scion by using a film.
The diameter of the main rod of the olive tree selected by the method when the stock is selected is more than 8cm, preferably 10-20 cm, and the position of the olive tree is 2m away from the ground. The graft is sawed off 60-80cm away from the ground, so that the later management is convenient, and dangerous accidents in the management process of the high-position graft are avoided. When the scion notch is made on the sawn stock, firstly, a notch is obliquely sawn on the cross section of the stock by using sentences, and then a special grafting knife is used for cutting notches on two sides or 3 directions of the cross section to be used as the scion inserting notch.
When scions are selected, high-quality olive trees are selected, robust branches without fruits and plump bud eyes grow on the periphery of the crown of the olive trees for 2 years, and the diameter of each branch is 1.5-3 cm. The selected branches are cut into 10-12cm, and then the grafting knife is used for cutting the scion end into a wedge shape to be matched with the scion opening. The distance from the cut position of the scion to the bud on the scion is 1-2 cm. When the scion is embedded into the scion opening, the scion can form interference fit with the scion opening, and the cortex of one side of the scion and the stock is ensured to be closely aligned with the wood layers of the two sides.
The scion opening is cut into a V shape, namely a V-shaped long groove is cut at the edge of the cross section of the stock, and the bottom surface of the V-shaped groove is inclined downwards to form an angle of 45 degrees with the central axis of the trunk. When the scion is embedded into the V-shaped scion opening, the distance between the bottom of the scion and the bottom surface of the V-shaped long groove-shaped scion opening is 0.5-1.5 cm; the distance from the last surface of the cutting opening of the scion to the inner side of the scion opening is 0.5-1cm. The inner side surface of the scion cutting opening refers to the surface of the scion facing the inside of the V-shaped scion opening after the scion is embedded into the V-shaped scion opening. Therefore, a cavity is formed between the scion and the V-shaped scion opening, and substances such as flow wounds, tannin, gum and the like generated by olive wound can flow out more effectively to prevent the scion from rotting.
Preferably, in the step S2 of selecting and processing the scion, the obtained scion is used for scraping the wedge-shaped cut of the scion by a ceramic knife for 2 to 4 times, and then is soaked in a 2-4D solution of a growth regulator with the concentration of 30 to 60 ppm.
Preferably, in step S31, before the scion is inserted into the scion opening, the scion wedge-shaped incision is scraped 2 to 4 times by using a ceramic knife.
The existing grafting tools are all made of steel, and the tannin of the olive rootstock and the scion cut is contacted with an iron cutter to form brown tannin iron, so that the grafting survival rate is also influenced. The ceramic knife is used for scraping the scions before the scions to remove substances such as tannin iron and the like on the surface, so that the survival rate is improved. The scions are soaked in the growth regulator 2-4D to promote the accelerated formation of callus and further improve the survival rate.
Preferably, after the step S32 is performed by wrapping with the film tape, a gap is left between the film tape and the bottom end of the scion notch, and finally, the film tape is subjected to light-shielding treatment and rain-proof treatment. ,
gaps are reserved between the bottom ends of the scion openings bound by the film belts, so that the rotten films which flow out to prevent the scions can be conveniently shaded, the scions can be conveniently sleeved by film bags to be rainproof, and the survival rate of grafting can be improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
according to the efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method for the olive trees, the trunk is well healed by adopting a sawing-grafting low-position scarf joint method, the scions are quickly trepped after survival, the crowns are more reasonably dwarfed, the management after grafting is easier, the production is quicker, and the efficiency is higher. The technical innovation is carried out on the cut of the middle stock, excessive bleeding, tannin materials, gum and the like are easily discharged after olive grafting, and the grafting survival rate is improved. The cut of the stock and the cut surface of the scion are processed by a ceramic knife, brown tannin iron formed by olive tannin and iron knife, the surface of which is unfavorable for callus generation, is removed, and the grafting success rate is improved. The growth regulator 2-4D is adopted to treat the scion, and the scion junction is wrapped by a transparent film and then is covered in a shading way, so that the generation of callus between the scion and the rootstock is promoted.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rootstock and a scion in the grafting method of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a combination of a rootstock and a scion in the grafting method of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a rootstock in the grafting method of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples and comparative examples. It should be apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, the devices used in the present examples, comparative examples and experimental examples were all conventional experimental devices, the materials and reagents used were commercially available without specific reference, and the experimental methods without specific reference were also conventional experimental methods.
Examples
An efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method for olive trees comprises the following specific operations:
1. grafting time and weather condition selection
1-3 months per year, namely before the 'frightening hibernation', on clear days, the scion is nearly germinated, the stock is not germinated yet, and the grafting survival rate is high.
2. Rootstock selection and treatment
Selecting strong olive big trees, wherein the age of the trees is generally more than 7 years, the diameter of the trunk is more than 8cm from the ground 2m, the root system grows well, and the trunk is sawed off at the position of 60-80cm by a saw.
Cutting 2-3 cuts on two sides or 3 directions of a cross section according to the diameter of a main trunk of the stock, obliquely sawing a notch on the cross section of the stock by a saw, then trimming the notch by a special grafting knife, wherein the notch is in a flat V shape with an outward opening, the bottom surface of the V-shaped notch is obliquely downward and forms a 45-degree oblique angle with the trunk, the depth of the notch is greater than the cutting surface length of the scion, the size of the notch is smaller than the width of the scion, when the scion is inserted, the scion and the notch form interference fit, and the scion cortex is aligned with the stock cortex
3. Scion selection and treatment
Selecting old branches (with the diameter of about 2 cm) which grow fully at the periphery of the crown of a high-quality variety olive tree growing for 2 years and have plump bud points and do not bear fruits as scions, cutting off leaves and upper end twigs, immediately wrapping the young branches with clean wet cloth for moisturizing, and harvesting the scions for immediate grafting or using the scions for the same day. The length of the grafted spike is about 10-12cm.
5. Taking out the scion, cutting off the redundant part by using scissors, reserving 2-3 buds, cutting three sides of one end of the scion into a wedge shape by using a grafting knife, wherein the size of the wedge shape is slightly larger than the cut of the stock, the shape of the wedge shape is matched with the outer half side of the flat V-shaped cut of the stock, and the distance between the upper end of the cut of the scion and the position of the reserved bud is about 1.5 cm.
6. The sliced surface of the scion is processed by a ceramic knife to remove brown tannin iron formed by olive tannin and an iron knife, the surface of which is unfavorable for the generation of callus, and then the processed scion is put into a 2-4D50ppm solution of a growth regulator.
7. Lightly scrape the stock incision surface with the pottery sword, get rid of the brown tannin iron that tannin and iron sword formed, take out the scion, wipe dry moisture with clean gauze, then insert the stock incision rapidly and lightly tap tightly with the handle of a knife, the scion forms interference fit with the incision, guarantees that one side cortex and the two sides wooden layer of scion and stock closely align, and scion cut one side exceeds the stock by 0.5cm, is favorable to the healing. When the scion is inserted, gaps are left between the bottom surface of the cut and the inner side of the cut and the scion by about 0.5cm, so that the problem of bleeding and discharging of the grafting opening is solved. The cut of the stock and the graft contact wound waterproof ditch are tightly wrapped by a multilayer film tape from bottom to top, the stock and the graft contact wound waterproof ditch cannot be completely sealed by the film, and a small hole is reserved. And tightly wrapping the contact surface of the scion with a layer of film to the cross section of the scion, twisting the film into a rope, and winding the rope around the scion from top to bottom, wherein the film is not bound to bud points.
8. Special glue is coated on the transparent film of the grafting opening for shading treatment, so that the healing layer is promoted to be quickly formed. And finally, sheathing the stock and the scion by using a film self-sealing bag to play a role in keeping moisture and preventing rain, and taking the scion after the scion bud grows out.
9. Post-grafting management
Before scions are not extracted, ants are prevented from damaging scion bud points; the scion shoot period is synchronous with the peak period of the olive psylla and the malignant phyllanthus, the new shoot is extremely easy to be damaged by the high-peak period, and the pyrethroid pesticide with low toxicity and no leaf tip is applied to control in time; if continuous rainy days are met, attention is paid to prevent anthracnose. The scion is just pulled out, in order to prevent the young shoots from being sunburned, the shading is also adopted, the scion is prevented from being folded by wind after being pulled out for 2 times, and the scion is bound and fixed by a fixing strip.
The specific matching mode of the rootstock and the scion is specifically explained by combining the attached drawings: 2-3V-shaped cuts 2 (scion mouths) are arranged on the rootstock 1. The bottom surface of the V-shaped notch 2 is inclined downwards and forms an angle alpha with the axial direction of the rootstock 1, and the angle alpha is 45 degrees. The bottom of the prepared scion 3 is cut into wedge-shaped sections 4 at two sides. When the scion 3 is grafted on the rootstock 1, the wedge-shaped tangent plane 4 and the V-shaped notch 2 form interference fit, and the cortex of one side of the scion and the rootstock is ensured to be closely aligned with the wood layers of two sides. The distance between the bottom end of the scion 3 and the bottom surface of the V-shaped incision is d1, the distance between the scion 3 and the inner side of the V-shaped incision is d2, d1 is 0.5-1.5 cm, and d2 is 0.5-1cm. The distance between the upper edge of the wedge-shaped tangent plane 4 and the cross section of the rootstock 1 is d3, and the d3 is about 0.5cm.
Examples of the experiments
Comparing the improved scarf joint method of 8-year-old olive trees by sawing and grafting and the branch tip cutting method of next year after trunk cutting in the same year, the obtained 2-year-old olive trees have the results shown in table 1. The survival rate of grafting and the growth condition of the grafted tree were compared with those of the conventional grafting method, and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 1 comparison of the low-position grafted 2-year-old results of two trunks of 8-year-old olive trees
TABLE 2 comparison of conventional scarf joint, modified scarf joint and cut-and-graft method for olive trees grown in 8 years
As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the olive tree obtained by the grafting method has better survival rate, and the growth condition of the olive tree is better than that of the olive tree obtained by the common grafting method.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. An olive tree efficient dwarfing low-position grafting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 rootstock selection and treatment:
s11, selecting olive trees, wherein the age of the olive trees is more than 7 years, and the diameter of a main rod 2m away from the ground is 8-20cm;
s12, sawing off the olive tree selected in the step S11 at a position 60-80cm away from the ground to obtain a stock;
s13, making 2-3 scion openings on the rootstock obtained in the step S12; the scion opening is a V-shaped cut, the bottom surface of the V-shaped cut is inclined downwards and forms an angle of 45 degrees with the axial direction of the trunk;
s2, scion selection and treatment:
s3: grafting the scion obtained in the step S2 to the stock obtained in the step S1 by adopting an embedding method;
the step S2 of scion selection and treatment comprises the following steps:
s21, selecting branches of the olive tree variety to be grafted, wherein the selected branches grow for more than 2 years, and the selected branches are plump in bud points, do not bear fruits and are 1.5-3 cm in diameter;
s22, cutting the branches selected in the step S21 into 10-12cm, and cutting one end of each branch into a wedge shape matched with the scion port; 2-3 bud points are reserved on the branches, and the distance from the upper edge of the wedge-shaped cut of the scion to the bud points is 1-2 cm, so that the scion is obtained; scraping the wedge-shaped cut of the scion for 2-4 times by using a ceramic knife, and then soaking the scion in a growth regulator 2-4D solution with the concentration of 30-60 ppm;
the step S3 of grafting the scion to the rootstock comprises the following steps:
s31, inserting the scion into the scion opening to enable a scion cortex to be aligned with a stock cortex, and enabling a xylem of a scion cutting opening to be in interference fit with the xylem of the scion opening, wherein the distance between the bottom end of the scion and the bottom end of the scion opening is 0.5-1.5 cm; the distance between the inner side surface of the scion and the inner side of the scion opening is 0.5-1 cm; before the scion is embedded into the scion opening, scraping the wedge-shaped scion cut for 2-4 times by using a ceramic knife;
s32, wrapping and winding the scion mouth and the scion by using a film tape; and a gap is reserved between the film belt and the bottom end of the scion opening, and finally shading treatment and rainproof treatment are carried out on the film belt.
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