CN111328654B - Cultivation method for intercropping corn harvested in cold areas and covered crops - Google Patents
Cultivation method for intercropping corn harvested in cold areas and covered crops Download PDFInfo
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- CN111328654B CN111328654B CN202010181233.1A CN202010181233A CN111328654B CN 111328654 B CN111328654 B CN 111328654B CN 202010181233 A CN202010181233 A CN 202010181233A CN 111328654 B CN111328654 B CN 111328654B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for intercropping corn and cover crops in cold and cool areas, belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for intercropping corn and cover crops. The invention aims to solve the technical problems of reduced soil quality and non-point source pollution caused by the use of a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in the corn planting process. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing soil, ridging and applying base fertilizer; secondly, sowing the corns; thirdly, manufacturing a micro terrace for covering a small crop seedbed; fourthly, planting the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops; fifthly, planting the furrow covering crops; sixthly, field management; seventhly, harvesting the corns; and eighthly, crushing the straws in spring and returning the crushed straws to the field. The method plays a role of covering crops, reduces the use of herbicides, reduces and inhibits weeds, reduces water loss and soil erosion, reduces and improves soil loss and the like, and can ensure that the yield of the corn is not reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for intercropping corn and cover crops.
Background
In the northeast of China, the weather is clear all the year round and the rain and heat are in the same season. The dry wind is big in spring, high in temperature and rainy in summer, and is high in weather in autumn, and cold and long in winter. Crops suitable for planting are crops that are ripe once a year, such as corn. The northeast China is the main corn producing area of our country, and the corn planting area is large, so that the corn is an important commercial grain base in our country. Makes an important contribution to guaranteeing the food safety of China. However, due to excessive pursuit of the corn yield, a series of problems of soil quality reduction, non-point source pollution and the like are caused by using a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and the like in the corn planting process. The solution of the problems is very important for the sustainable development of agriculture in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of reduced soil quality and non-point source pollution caused by the use of a large amount of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in the corn planting process, and provides a cultivation method for intercropping corn and cover crops in cold areas.
A cultivation method for intercropping corn harvested in cold areas and cover crops is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, soil preparation, ridging and base fertilizer application:
according to local agricultural production habits, spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing are carried out when the temperature requirement is met, base fertilizer is applied in combination with ridging, the application mode, the fertilizer type and the fertilizer application amount are the same as those of a local production field, ridges are uniformly arranged, and the distance between every two ridges is 65-70 cm;
secondly, sowing the corns:
mechanical sowing or manual sowing can be adopted, corn seeds are positioned in the center of the ridge surface, corn planting is combined, oral fertilizer is applied to the lower side of the corn side, the dosage and the application mode of the oral fertilizer are consistent with those of a local production field, the corn planting density is 6.5 thousands of plants per hectare, cross-section ridges of the ridges vertical to the ridge direction are in an isosceles trapezoid shape, the length of the lower bottom surface of the isosceles trapezoid is 65cm-70cm, and the height is 15-25 cm; the upper surface of the isosceles trapezoid is a ridge surface horizontal plane which is parallel to the ground, the waist is two side surfaces of the ridge, and the height is the ridge height.
Thirdly, covering the crop small seedbed micro terraced fields:
when the fifth piece of corn seedling fully expands leaves, a small seedbed for planting the covering crops is manufactured, and the method comprises the following steps: reserving a 10cm horizontal plane of a corn seedling ridge surface, positioning the corn seedling at the central position, reserving 5cm ridge surfaces at two sides of the corn seedling, marking two sides of a ridge with the ridge height of 7.5cm, downward shifting soil exceeding the 10cm ridge surface on the corn seedling ridge surface horizontal plane to the marked ridge height position of 7.5cm, arranging the soil surface, forming a 7cm platform at two sides (two side surfaces of the ridge) of the corn seedling ridge respectively, and enabling the platform to be parallel to the ridge surface where the corn is positioned to obtain a small seedbed micro-terrace;
fourthly, planting the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops:
selecting annual leguminous plants, and sowing the annual leguminous plants on the surface of the small seedbed micro terrace on the ridge side; according to the characteristics of leguminous plants, if the seeds are large, the sowing depth is 1-4cm, and if the seeds are small, the sowing depth is 0.5-1 cm; the leguminous plants are not fertilized when being sowed;
fifthly, planting of furrow covering crops:
sowing annual leguminous cover crops or annual gramineous cover crops in the furrow between the two ridges;
sixthly, field management:
the fertilizer application, watering and weeding are not carried out in the whole process;
seventhly, harvesting the corns:
after the corn kernels are ripe and harvested, taking out the straws which are more than 20cm away from the upper part of the corn field;
eighthly, crushing the straws in spring and returning the straws to the field:
before soil preparation in spring of the next year, a straw crusher is used for crushing the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops, the furrow covering crops and the straws above 20cm above the corn field together, the crushing length is less than 10cm, deep ploughing or rotary tillage soil preparation is combined, and the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops and the furrows are all returned to the field, so that the cultivation of inter-cropping of the corn grain harvesting and the covering crops in cold areas is completed.
In the fourth step, the annual leguminous cover plant is hairy vetch, clover or clover.
And the annual leguminous cover crop in the step five is hairy vetch, clover or clover.
The annual gramineous cover crop in the fifth step is rye, barley or buckwheat.
The mulching crops are planted on the basis of the main planting crops, the mulching crops are planted not for harvesting economic yield, but the mulching crops achieve the effects of inhibiting weeds, providing nitrogen for soil, absorbing excessive nutrients in the soil, improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the like by means of some unique biological characteristics of the mulching crops. Therefore, the application of cover crops in corn production will have a profound impact on the sustainability of corn production. In the area of the second crop in one year with good hydrothermal resources, the covering crops can be planted after the corn is harvested, and the covering crops can be ensured to grow normally to a certain stage due to the good hydrothermal resources. However, in some cold areas, due to limited heat resources, the temperature drops sharply after corn kernels are harvested, and even if cover plants are planted, the seedlings cannot emerge and grow well. If the cover crop is planted in summer before grain harvest, the light conditions of the cover crop are limited due to the shade of the corn canopy, resulting in a weaker growth and lower biomass of the cover crop. It is difficult to perform the function of covering crops. Therefore, the limitation of the warm light resource brings great difficulty to the application of the corn cover crops in cold areas.
Corn is planted in cold areas in China, ridge culture is usually adopted to plant the corn, and the soil temperature is increased by means of ridging, so that the early soil temperature of the corn is improved, and the growth and development of the corn are facilitated.
Therefore, in a cold area, a corn planting area is harvested, and on the premise of ensuring the normal growth of corn, the mulching crops are planted to ensure the good growth of the corn and the full play of the function of the mulching crops, so that the mulching crops are utilized to inhibit weeds, fix nitrogen and improve the soil quality, the field conditions are improved while the corn is planted, the combination of seed (field) cultivation and soil (field) cultivation is realized, and the sustainable development of agriculture is realized.
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method for planting a mulching crop suitable for harvesting corns in a cold area, which is mainly based on the utilization of time and space complementarity of the corns and the mulching crop, can ensure the normal growth and development of the corns, can create good conditions for the growth of the mulching crop to the maximum extent, and can harvest a certain number of mulching crops, thereby playing the role of the mulching crop, reducing the use of herbicides, reducing and inhibiting weeds, reducing water and soil loss, reducing and improving soil loss and the like, and ensuring that the yield of the corns is not reduced.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the method is based on the growth period characteristics of the corns and the cover crops, the corns are distributed in time, the growth and development of the corns are preferred, the cover crops are sown in the less sensitive period of the corn seedlings, the enough time for the corns to grow in the early stage is ensured, the cover crops are not competed with the corns, after the corns grow for a certain period of time, the cover crops are planted before the corn canopies are not closed, the cover crops can be ensured to be fully illuminated, and the corn canopies can grow faster in the seedling stage, so that the corn canopies can have good biomass accumulation before being built. Thereby ensuring the exertion of the function of covering crops.
2. The invention fully utilizes space, the corn plants are tall and the height of the covered crops is lower, thus forming a spatial layout of height combination and fully utilizing land.
3. The application of the leguminous cover crops increases the crop types of corn fields, and the leguminous cover crops have the nitrogen fixation effect and can provide nitrogen for corn.
4. The furrows are fully utilized, and when the gramineous covering crops are planted, the roots of the gramineous covering crops can well absorb nutrients such as N, P in deep soil, so that the N leaching is prevented, and the water resource and the ecological environment are well protected.
5. The overground part and root system residues of the covering crops can provide a nitrogen source for the crops in the next season, nitrogen fertilizer application is reduced to a certain extent, and the economic cost of covering the seeds of the crops can be basically offset by the economic investment of the nitrogen fertilizer application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of uniform ridges after corn seeding in experiment one;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of micro terraces on a middle ridge of an experiment I;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the cover plants and maize growth in experiment one.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is not limited to the following specific embodiments, but includes any combination of the specific embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows: in the embodiment, the cultivation method for intercropping the corn harvested in the cold area and the cover crops comprises the following steps:
firstly, soil preparation, ridging and base fertilizer application:
according to the local agricultural production habit, when the temperature requirement is met, spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing are carried out, base fertilizer is applied in combination with ridging, the application mode, the fertilizer type and the fertilizer application amount are the same as those of a local production field, ridges are uniformly arranged, and the distance (ridge width) between every two ridges is 65-70 cm;
secondly, sowing the corns:
mechanical sowing or manual sowing can be adopted, corn seeds are positioned in the center of the ridge surface, corn planting is combined, oral fertilizer is applied to the lower side of the corn, the dosage and the application mode of the oral fertilizer are consistent with those of a local production field, the planting density of the corn is 6.5 ten thousand plants per hectare, the cross section of a ridge vertical to the ridge direction after sowing is in an isosceles trapezoid shape, the length of the lower bottom surface of the isosceles trapezoid is 65-70 cm, and the height is 15-25 cm; the upper surface of the isosceles trapezoid is a ridge surface horizontal plane which is parallel to the ground, the waist is two side surfaces of the ridge, and the height is the ridge height.
Thirdly, covering the crop small seedbed micro terraced fields:
when the fifth piece of corn seedling fully expands leaves, a small seedbed for planting the covering crops is manufactured, and the method comprises the following steps: reserving a 10cm horizontal plane of a corn seedling ridge surface, positioning the corn seedling at the central position, reserving 5cm ridge surfaces at two sides of the corn seedling, marking two sides of a ridge with the ridge height of 7.5cm, downward shifting soil exceeding the 10cm ridge surface on the corn seedling ridge surface horizontal plane to the marked ridge height position of 7.5cm, arranging the soil surface, forming a 7cm platform at two sides of the corn seedling ridge respectively, and enabling the platform to be parallel to the ridge surface where the corn is positioned to obtain a small seedbed micro-terraced field; the whole appearance is in a terrace shape;
fourthly, planting the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops:
selecting annual leguminous plants, and sowing the annual leguminous plants on the surface of the small seedbed micro terrace on the ridge side; according to the characteristics of leguminous plants, if the seeds are large, the sowing depth is 1-4cm, and if the seeds are small, the sowing depth is 0.5-1 cm; the leguminous plants are not fertilized when being sowed;
fifthly, planting of furrow covering crops:
sowing annual leguminous cover crops or annual gramineous cover crops in the furrow between the two ridges;
sixthly, field management:
the fertilizer application, watering and weeding are not carried out in the whole process;
seventhly, harvesting the corns:
and (5) harvesting after the corn kernels are mature. After harvesting, taking out the straws above 20cm above the corn field, and leaving the corn field;
eighthly, crushing the straws in spring and returning the straws to the field:
before soil preparation in spring of the next year, a straw crusher is used for crushing the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops, the furrow covering crops and the straws above 20cm above the corn field together, the crushing length is less than 10cm, deep ploughing or rotary tillage soil preparation is combined, and the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops and the furrows are all returned to the field, so that the cultivation of inter-cropping of the corn grain harvesting and the covering crops in cold areas is completed.
The second embodiment is as follows: the difference between the embodiment and the specific embodiment is that the annual leguminous cover plant in the fourth step is hairy vetch, clover or clover. The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the difference between the embodiment and the specific embodiment is that the annual leguminous cover crop in the step five is hairy vetch, axletree grass or clover. The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and the first embodiment is that the annual gramineous cover crop in step five is rye, barley or buckwheat. The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
The following experiments are adopted to verify the effect of the invention:
experiment one:
the cultivation method for intercropping the corn harvested in cold areas and the cover crops performs production experiments in Changchun city of Jilin province, and the experimental method comprises the following steps:
firstly, soil preparation, ridging and base fertilizer application:
according to local agricultural production habits, rotary tillage and soil preparation are carried out in the middle ten days of April, base fertilizer application and ridging are combined, and the ridge width is 65 cm. The ridges are 15cm high.
Secondly, sowing the corns:
and (5) manually sowing. Sowing corn seeds in the center of the ridge surface, manually sowing the seeds by adopting a manual dibbler, and applying an inlet fertilizer below the corn side. The planting density of the corns is 6.5 thousands of plants per hectare, the cross section of the ridge vertical to the ridge direction after sowing is shaped like an isosceles trapezoid, the length of the lower bottom surface of the isosceles trapezoid is 65cm, and the height is 15cm (as shown in figure 1);
thirdly, covering the crop small seedbed micro terraced fields:
when the fifth piece of corn seedling fully expands leaves, a small seedbed for planting the covering crops is manufactured, and the method comprises the following steps: reserving a horizontal plane with the ridge surface of the corn seedling of 10cm, enabling the corn seedling to be located at the central position, reserving the ridge surface of 5cm on each side of the corn seedling, marking each of the two sides of the ridge with the ridge height of 7.5cm, downward shifting soil exceeding the ridge surface of 10cm on the water plane of the ridge surface of the corn seedling to the marked position with the ridge height of 7.5cm, arranging the soil surface, forming a platform with the height of 7cm on each side of the corn seedling ridge, and enabling the platform to be parallel to the ridge surface where the corn is located to obtain a mini-terrace with a small seedbed (as shown in figure 2); the whole appearance is in a terrace shape;
fourthly, planting the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops:
selecting annual leguminous plant vetch, and sowing the vetch on the surface of the small seedbed micro terrace on the ridge side (as shown in figure 3); the sowing depth is 0.5cm, and no fertilizer is applied.
Fifthly, planting of furrow covering crops:
sowing rye in the furrow between the two ridges;
sixthly, field management:
the fertilizer application, watering and weeding are not carried out in the whole process;
seventhly, harvesting the corns:
after the corn kernels are ripe and harvested in 10 middle-month ten days, taking out the straws above 20cm above the ground of the corn, and leaving the field;
eighthly, crushing the straws in spring and returning the straws to the field:
before soil preparation in spring of the next year, a straw crusher is used for crushing the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops, the furrow covering crops and the straws above 20cm above the corn field together, the crushing length is less than 10cm, deep ploughing or rotary tillage soil preparation is combined, and the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops and the furrows are all returned to the field, so that the cultivation of inter-cropping of the corn grain harvesting and the covering crops in cold areas is completed.
Claims (4)
1. A cultivation method for intercropping corn harvested by grains and cover crops in a cold area is characterized in that the cultivation method for intercropping the corn harvested by grains and the cover crops in the cold area is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, soil preparation, ridging and base fertilizer application:
according to local agricultural production habits, spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing are carried out when the temperature requirement is met, base fertilizer is applied in combination with ridging, the application mode, the fertilizer type and the fertilizer application amount are the same as those of a local production field, ridges are uniformly arranged, and the distance between every two ridges is 65-70 cm;
secondly, sowing the corns:
mechanical sowing or manual sowing can be adopted, corn seeds are positioned in the center of the ridge surface, corn planting is combined, oral fertilizer is applied to the lower side of the corn, the dosage and the application mode of the oral fertilizer are consistent with those of a local production field, the planting density of the corn is 6.5 ten thousand plants per hectare, the cross section of a ridge vertical to the ridge direction after sowing is in an isosceles trapezoid shape, the length of the lower bottom surface of the isosceles trapezoid is 65-70 cm, and the height is 15-25 cm;
thirdly, covering the crop small seedbed micro terraced fields:
when the fifth piece of corn seedling fully expands leaves, a small seedbed for planting the covering crops is manufactured, and the method comprises the following steps: reserving a 10cm horizontal plane of a corn seedling ridge surface, positioning the corn seedling at the central position, reserving 5cm ridge surfaces at two sides of the corn seedling, marking two sides of a ridge with the ridge height of 7.5cm, downward shifting soil exceeding the 10cm ridge surface on the corn seedling ridge surface horizontal plane to the marked ridge height position of 7.5cm, arranging the soil surface, forming a 7cm platform at two sides of the corn seedling ridge respectively, and enabling the platform to be parallel to the ridge surface where the corn is positioned to obtain a small seedbed micro-terraced field;
fourthly, planting the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops:
selecting annual leguminous plants, and sowing the annual leguminous plants on the surface of the small seedbed micro terrace on the ridge side; according to the characteristics of leguminous plants, if the seeds are large, the sowing depth is 1-4cm, and if the seeds are small, the sowing depth is 0.5-1 cm; the leguminous plants are not fertilized when being sowed;
fifthly, planting of furrow covering crops:
sowing annual leguminous cover crops or annual gramineous cover crops in the furrow between the two ridges;
sixthly, field management:
the fertilizer application, watering and weeding are not carried out in the whole process;
seventhly, harvesting the corns:
after the corn kernels are ripe and harvested, taking out the straws which are more than 20cm away from the upper part of the corn field;
eighthly, crushing the straws in spring and returning the straws to the field:
before soil preparation in spring of the next year, a straw crusher is used for crushing the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops, the furrow covering crops and the straws above 20cm above the corn field together, the crushing length is less than 10cm, deep ploughing or rotary tillage soil preparation is combined, and the small seedbed micro terrace covering crops and the furrows are all returned to the field, so that the cultivation of inter-cropping of the corn grain harvesting and the covering crops in cold areas is completed.
2. The method for intercropping corn and cover crops in cold areas according to claim 1, wherein the annual leguminous cover plant in step four is vetch, clover or clover.
3. The method for intercropping corn and mulled crops in cold areas according to claim 1, wherein the annual leguminous mulled crop in the fifth step is vetch, clover or clover.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the annual gramineous cover crop in step five is rye, barley or buckwheat.
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