CN103155742A - Intercropping furrow irrigation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an intercropping furrow irrigation method which comprises the following steps: ridging and making channels in farmland and arranging at least two channels and three furrows, wherein each furrow is trapezoid, the bottom width of each channels is 60cm, the bottom width of each furrow is 60cm-105cm, the height of each furrow is 15cm-25cm, the included angle of each furrow side and each channel bottom is 30 degrees to 45 degrees; arranging the line spacing as 13cm-20cm if wheat is grown on the furrows, and arranging the line spacing as 20cm-30cm if soybean is grown on the furrow; growing two lines of corn in the channels, wherein the line spacing is 40cm-50cm, and the row spacing is 25cm-45cm; and irrigating farmland irrigation water in the channels when the crops are in the critical growth period. Compared with ground irrigation, by means of the intercropping furrow irrigation method, water can be saved by 30%-50%, yield can be increased by 10%-40%, the water use efficiency is obviously improved, and not only the economic benefits are significantly obtained, but also the resources can be saved. Therefore, the intercropping furrow irrigation method plays a significant role in stable and sustainable development of the agricultural ecosystem.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to arviculture and irrigation field, relate in particular to a kind of intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method.
Background technology
Northwest inland area shortage of water resources has had a strong impact on this district's expanding economy and has caused serious ecological problem.But in the situation that the contradiction of supply and demand for the water resource is becoming increasingly acute, the water resource waste problem is still very serious.In the past few decades, the pattern of Different Crop intercropping is especially general.Output is high although this pattern has, the characteristics of high efficiency, but adopt the backward irrigation method of broad irrigation and extensive agricultural water management method, belong to typical take a large amount of consumption water resources as the intensive agricultural of the height of feature, become the leading factor of this district's deterioration of the ecological environment, and these problems are also the not front major reasons of China's staple food crop low yield.For building Water-saving Agriculture, strengthen particularly water resources management of water and fertilizer management in country, after compressing the policy execution of high water consumption crops planting area, this pattern is replaced by single crop-planting.
Although current cropping pattern take nonoculture as main body has reduced the Water Consumption in Agriculture of single cropping crop to a great extent, the problem of its existence also can not be ignored.At first: compare with traditional Planting Patterns on Intercropping, the cultivated land utilization rate that nonoculture causes descends and must cause the decline of unit arable land output, be unfavorable on the one hand the raising of agriculture overall efficiency, also be unfavorable on the other hand the contradiction between coordinating the agricultural product increase in demand continues to reduce with land resources; Secondly, emerge from late March at the main cereal crops spring wheat of the irrigated agricultural area of Northwest arid district and gather in the crops to mid-July, wheatland is turned over and is suned the earth which has been ploughed up afterwards, exposed nearly 7 months of earth's surface, not only easily cause serious wind erosion, and the ground relief that causes of exposed earth's surface and turning over strengthened the area that evapotranspires of soil moisture, causes a large amount of invalid losses of soil water storage, virtually strengthened the irrigation quantity of farmland water storage winter irrigation.This shows, the minimizing of this season crop total water amount is not that to improve water use efficiency be means, but sacrifices crop yield and other natural resources (as: light, thermal resource) is cost.Tackle the problem at its root, must not reduce under the little prerequisite of crops output or minimizing amplitude, greatly develop water-saving agriculture to realize the significantly downward of irrigating water quota, guarantee the coordinated development of agricultural and ecotope.
Therefore, intercropping and interplanting is met cropping pattern in the present invention and furrow irrigation combines, and assembling forms " irrigation of intercropping and interplanting furrow " pattern.This pattern had both had the characteristic of intercropping and interplanting high yield, had also possessed simultaneously the characteristics of furrow irrigation water saving, was a key technology that is fit to the current development requirement.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to overcome the deficiency that above-mentioned prior art exists, a kind of intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method is provided.By the method, when reaching Crop Water-saving Technology, high yield and efficient purpose have also been realized.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
The present invention relates to a kind of intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method, comprise the steps:
A, ridging is done ditch in the farmland, and at least 2 ditch 3 ridges are set, and wherein the ridge is trapezoidal ridge, ditch bottom width 60cm, ridge bottom width 60～105cm, the high 15～25cm in ridge, 30 °～45 ° of limit, ridge and bottom of trench angles;
B, on described ridge grow wheat or soybean, the Planting Row Distance of described wheat is 13～20cm, the Planting Row Distance of described soybean is 20～30cm; Plant two row corns, line-spacing 40～50cm, spacing in the rows 25～45cm in ditch;
C, at the crucial growthdevelopmental stage of crop, irrigated farmland irrigation water in described ditch.
Preferably, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 75cm～90cm, the high 15cm in ridge, and limit, ridge and bottom of trench angle are 45 °.
Further preferably, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 75cm.
Still more preferably, plant wheat on described ridge, plant two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 13cm, ditch.
Still more preferably, plant soybean on described ridge, plant two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 25cm, ditch.
Further preferably, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 90cm.
Still more preferably, plant soybean on described ridge, plant two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 25cm, ditch.
Preferably, described irrigation is only carried out in ditch, and ridge field crops relies on the side of moisture in ditch to ooze to satisfy its water demand.In the specific implementation process of irrigating, measure field capacity, in conjunction with the irrigation norm (CK) under the calculative determination field corn furrow irrigations such as crop water model, on this basis, design respectively the irrigation volume of water saving 1/3 (W1) and water saving 2/3 (W2), in conjunction with forefathers' result of study, different growing is carried out duty control.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
1, because the present invention introduces multiple cropping, the planting patterns of more current nonoculture wheat is when increasing output, increased the ground cover time, the ground cover time of 4 months is originally extended 2.5 months, not only take full advantage of local superior natural resources, also reduce the earth's surface invalid evaporation;
2, the present invention changes traditional broad irrigation for irrigating through furrow, irrigated area is reduced to 40% left and right of broad irrigation, reduced irrigation volume, changed utilization and the ground moistening mode of field moisture, ridge field crops relies on furrow irrigation moisture to be seeped into crop root zone to satisfy demand of plant growth at the ridge downside; The method has reduced irrigated area, and evaporation and a deep percolation between reducing have been avoided local ubiquitous soil compaction problem simultaneously;
3, the present invention adopts intercropping and interplanting ditch irrigation technology, instrument does not utilize crop part root system to be in and produces ABA in dry ground, suppress outside advantage that luxurious transpiration reduces water consumption, and owing to having introduced the ditch plant, increased on the one hand the cultivated land utilization rate, on the other hand, crop has reduced the invalid loss of soil moisture to sheltering from heat or light of limit, ridge and irrigation ditch, is conducive to improve the irrigation water utilization ratio;
4, changed the earth's surface operation measure, increased the surface area of accepting solar radiation, early spring, ground temperature went up soon, was conducive to wheat early sowing and early received, and gathered in the crops before dry-hot wind arrives, and reached the effect of comprehensive volume increase water saving and resources effective utilization.
The present invention is take abundant irrigation as the basis, the irrigation level of design water saving 1/3 (W1) and water saving 2/3 (W2), to the regulation and control of pouring water the time of infertility of furrow interculture, the relatively impact of Different irrigation condition on furrow interculture output and water use efficiency.
Description of drawings
By reading the detailed description of non-limiting example being done with reference to the following drawings, it is more obvious that other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become:
Fig. 1 is corn and wheat furrow intercropping field planting schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 plants schematic diagram between corn and soybean furrow stripping field;
Fig. 3 be embodiment 2 between (cover) make furrow and irrigate the schematic diagram that affects on soil evaporation diurnal variation between corn shooting stage/soybean flower bud differentiation period, wherein, A is irrigation in growing period 405mm, B is irrigation in growing period 270mm, C is irrigation in growing period 135mm;
Fig. 4 be embodiment 2 between (cover) make furrow and irrigate the schematic diagram that affects on soil evaporation diurnal variation between corn typhon mouth phase/soybean full-bloom stage, wherein, A is irrigation in growing period 405mm, B is irrigation in growing period 270mm, C is irrigation in growing period 135mm;
Wherein, 1 is corn, and 2 is wheat, and 3 is soybean.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.Following examples will help those skilled in the art further to understand the present invention, but not limit in any form the present invention.Should be pointed out that to those skilled in the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, can also make certain adjustments and improvements.These all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
Field planting schematic diagram corresponding to the intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method of the present embodiment as shown in Figure 1, concrete steps are as follows:
1) in the Gansu Wuwei oasis, choose the soil fertility homogeneous, irrigate farmland easily, broadcast preplanting treatment crop.The amount of establishing land disposal mode before the crop sowing: traditional level land plantation (TI) and ridging are done ditch, wherein the ridge is trapezoidal ridge, ditch bottom width 60cm, the ridge bottom width is respectively 60cm (RF60), 75cm (RF75), 90cm (RF90) and 105cm (RF105), the high 15cm in ridge, 45 ° of limit, ridge and bottom of trench angles;
2) at sowing stage of wheat, the level land operation is sowed wheat according to the traditional intercropping plant mode in locality, and (every 6 every trades distances are a wheat belt for the wheat of 15cm, reserve the corn belt of a wide 60cm between two wheat belts), the furrow irrigation method is in step 1) in the ridge on grow wheat, line-spacing 13cm is by 350,000/hm
2Basic Seedling is sowed;
3) in step 2) in after wheat emerges, the furrow irrigation method is in step 1) plant two row corns, line-spacing 45cm in described ditch, spacing in the rows 30cm, level land operation according to the traditional planting patterns in locality in step 2) in the corn belt reserved kind be implanted with meter two row, line-spacing 40cm, spacing in the rows 35cm;
4) under the ecological condition of the continental monsoon climate of Hexi Corridor In Gansu arid, the irrigation norm under the field corn furrow irrigation is 4500m
3/ hm
2(CK), design on this basis the irrigation quantity (3000m of water saving 1/3
3/ hm
2: W1) and water saving 2/3 irrigation quantity (1500m
3/ hm
2: W2).Wherein the ridging processing of doing ditch will be poured water and be poured in step 3) in the corn planting ditch in.Three kinds of irrigation quantities make up with the intercropping of traditional level land and four kinds of row spacings respectively, form 15 processing, and each processes triplicate, totally 45 residential quarters.
Adopt the described plantation of this example and irrigation method, 1) extended the ground cover time: the local wheat cultivation time is early or mid March, and harvest time is early or mid July, and the corn planting time is late April, and harvest time is at the beginning of 10 months.Because the present invention introduces multiple cropping, the planting patterns of more current nonoculture wheat has increased the ground cover time like this, and the ground cover times of 4 months are originally extended 2.5 months; With respect to the nonoculture corn, the ground cover time extended to 7.5 months from original 6 months, not only took full advantage of local superior natural resources, also reduced the earth's surface invalid evaporation; 2) increased crop yield: as can be seen from Table 1, reasonably irrigate and the obvious field-crop output that improves of cropping pattern combination.Under the Different Irrigation condition, deal with more traditional intercropping output between the furrow of 90cm and 75cm row spacing and be significantly increased.Under the W1 of the CK that fully irrigates, 1/3 water saving and 2/3 the condition of economizing on water, the more traditional level land intercropping of 90cm furrow intercropping output improve respectively 22.50%, 2.49% and 9.95%, 75cm furrow intercropping more traditional level land between increase production 39.32%, 23.43% and 30.43%; 3) improved water use efficiency (WUE): consistent with the output performance, reasonably furrow intercropping and appropriateness are poured water water use efficiency can be provided.As can be seen from Table 1, under the W1 of the CK that fully irrigates, 1/3 water saving and 2/3 the condition of economizing on water, the more traditional level land intercropping of 90cm furrow intercropping water use efficiency improve respectively 18.30%, 3.51% and 1.67%, 75cm furrow intercropping more traditional level land between water use efficiency improve 34.99%, 23.42% and 24.83%.Can find out, 90cm and 75cm furrow are processed the successful that more traditional intercropping volume increase and water use efficiency improve under different irrigation; Compare with the intercropping of 90cm furrow, the intercropping of 75cm furrow under the Different irrigation treatment conditions output and water use efficiency larger than the traditional intercropping increase rate in level land, be optimal processing.
Output and water use efficiency under the different disposal combination of table 1 Hexi prefecture
Field planting schematic diagram corresponding to the intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method of the present embodiment as shown in Figure 2, concrete steps are as follows:
1) after Shaanxi Yang Ling winter wheat results, choose soil fertility homogeneous and smooth farmland deep ploughing.The amount of establishing land disposal mode before the crop sowing: traditional level land plantation (TI) and ridging are done ditch, wherein the ridge is trapezoidal ridge, ditch bottom width 60cm, the ridge bottom width is respectively 60cm (RF60), 75cm (RF75), 90cm (RF90) and 105cm (RF105), the high 15cm in ridge, 45 ° of limit, ridge and bottom of trench angles;
2) in step 1) in the plantation of described traditional level land, (soybean according to every four lines line-spacing 25cm is the mode of a growth belt soybean band and corn belt alternately, every two every trades distances are a corn planting belt for the soybean of 40cm), the distance between two kinds of crops are with is 25cm; In step 1) plant soybean on described ridge, distance between rows and hills is 25cm, 60cm, 75cm, 90cm and 105cm plant respectively 2 row, 2 row, 3 row and 4 row soybean on wide ridge, in step 1) maize planting in described ditch, Row spacing of maize 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm;
3) under Guanzhong area half moistening semiarid weather conditions, the irrigating water quota under the summer corn furrow irrigation of land for growing field crops is 1800m
3/ hm
2(CK), design on this basis the irrigation quantity (900m of water saving 50%
3/ hm
2: W1) with the processing (W2) of not irrigating.Totally three irrigation quantities are processed, and pour at twice at Maize at Seedling Stage and shooting stage.Wherein the ridging processing of doing ditch will be poured water and be poured in step 2) in the corn planting ditch in.Three kinds of irrigation quantities make up with the intercropping of traditional level land and four kinds of row spacings respectively, form 15 processing, and each processes triplicate, totally 45 residential quarters.
Found in the test of Shaanxi drought-hit area agricultural research institute of Yang Ling Xibei Univ. of Agricultural ﹠ Forest Science ﹠ Technology proving ground from 2010, adopt the described plantation of this kind invention, irrigation method, the main result that obtains is as follows:
1) be conducive to future development intensive, sustainable agriculture: can be the Complex plant ecosystem of summer corn // summer soybean intercropping with Guanzhong area Summer Maize nonoculture system transition, the plane canopy of nonoculture system be changed into the three-dimensional canopy of compound system.Improve farmland ecological environment on the one hand, be conducive to the efficient utilization of resource, increased on the other hand the farmland species diversity, formed the Approach of Sustainable Intensive agricultural, be conducive to field ecosystem towards good direction development stable, sustainable agriculture;
2) intercropping and interplanting furrow Irrigation has changed soil evaporation feature between field-crop: can find out from Fig. 3,4, along with successively decreasing of irrigation quantity, between, daily evaporation amount reduces, under identical irrigation quantity, and daily evaporation amount less between furrow intercropping.Between, each processing of soil evaporation diurnal variation all presents the unimodal curve variation tendency of first increases and then decreases, 8:00～14:00 raises gradually, reach peak value at 14:00～16:00, reduce gradually again afterwards, soil evaporativeness has obvious hysteresis quality with the variation of near surface temperature.Before corn shooting stage/soybean flower bud differentiation period, furrow intercropping diurnal variation luffing is larger, corn typhon mouth phase/soybean full-bloom stage, and under each irrigation condition, RF75 and RF90 soil evaporation diurnal variation luffing are less and on average minimum.
3) obviously improve crop yield: as can be seen from Table 2, by the enforcement of intercropping and interplanting furrow Irrigation, field-crop output all has raising in various degree.especially 90cm, the pattern yield potential of 75cm and 60cm row spacing is larger, at the CK that fully irrigates, under the W1 of 1/3 water saving and the condition of not pouring water, the 90cm row spacing is processed (RF90) more traditional intercropping (CT) volume increase 22.22%, 21.69% and 13.67%, the 75cm row spacing is processed (RF75) more traditional intercropping (CT) output and is improved respectively 8.29%, 25.96% and 19.12%, the 60cm row spacing is processed (RF60) more traditional intercropping (CT) output and is improved respectively 11.45%, 19.70% and 27.34%, and between traditional intercropping, volume variance is remarkable,
4) significantly improve water use efficiency: as can be seen from Table 2, the more traditional level land intercropping of furrow intercropping water use efficiency increase rate is between 2%～32%, and reasonably irrigation and furrow intercropping combination can increase substantially water use efficiency.Especially deal with the efficient potentiality of utilizing of moisture between the furrow of 90cm, 75cm and 60cm row spacing larger.Under the W1 of the CK that fully irrigates, 1/3 water saving and the condition of not pouring water, the 90cm row spacing is processed more traditional intercropping (CT) water use efficiency and is improved respectively 23.94%, 22.20% and 8.14%, the 75cm row spacing is processed (CT) water use efficiency and is improved respectively 6.81%, 22.50% and 21.36%, the 60cm row spacing is processed (CT) water use efficiency and improved respectively 9.88%, 15.05% and 31.51%, and is remarkable with traditional intercropping water use efficiency difference.Can find out, RF75 and RF90 process for optimizing the utilization of soybean // corn intercrop Farmland Water, improving crop yield and water use efficiency successful, especially RF75, the poured water impact of level of output and water use efficiency is less, and environment is had obvious adaptability.
Output and water use efficiency under the combination of table 2 Yang Ling different disposal
In sum, intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method of the present invention, when increasing output, increased the ground cover time, the ground cover time of 4 months is originally extended 2.5 months, the field ecosystem that perhaps changes monocrop is many crops, stable Complex plant ecosystem, not only takes full advantage of local superior natural resources, also reduces the earth's surface invalid evaporation; In addition, the present invention changes traditional broad irrigation and is furrow irrigation, irrigated area is reduced to 40% left and right of broad irrigation, reduced irrigation volume, utilization and the ground moistening mode of field moisture have been changed, evaporation and deep percolation between reducing when reducing irrigated area have been avoided the problems such as local ubiquitous soil compaction simultaneously.In method of the present invention, ridge field crops can be soybean, can be all also corn or other crops with the interior crop of ditch on the ridge.Plantation irrigation method of the present invention can be applied in the composite plant technology of corn, wheat, sunflower, Chinese sorghum, Soybean and Other Crops.
Above specific embodiments of the invention are described.It will be appreciated that, the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned specific implementations, and those skilled in the art can make various distortion or modification within the scope of the claims, and this does not affect flesh and blood of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. an intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
A, ridging is done ditch in the farmland, and at least 2 ditch 3 ridges are set, and wherein the ridge is trapezoidal ridge, ditch bottom width 60cm, ridge bottom width 60～105cm, the high 15～25cm in ridge, 30 °～45 ° of limit, ridge and bottom of trench angles;
B, on described ridge grow wheat or soybean, the Planting Row Distance of described wheat is 13～20cm, the Planting Row Distance of described soybean is 20～30cm; Plant two row corns, line-spacing 40～50cm, spacing in the rows 25～45cm in ditch;
C, at the crucial growthdevelopmental stage of crop, irrigated farmland irrigation water in described ditch.
2. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 75cm～90cm, the high 15cm in ridge, and limit, ridge and bottom of trench angle are 45 °.
3. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 75cm.
4. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that, plants wheat on described ridge, plants two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 13cm, ditch.
5. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that, plants soybean on described ridge, plants two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 25cm, ditch.
6. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that, the ridge bottom width on described trapezoidal ridge is 90cm.
7. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that, plants soybean on described ridge, plants two row corns, line-spacing 45cm, spacing in the rows 30cm in line-spacing 25cm, ditch.
8. intercropping and interplanting furrow irrigation method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described irrigation is only carried out in ditch, and ridge field crops relies on the side of moisture in ditch to ooze to satisfy its water demand.
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