CN111141391B - Molten pool laser synchronous following temperature measuring device and method for SLM forming process - Google Patents
Molten pool laser synchronous following temperature measuring device and method for SLM forming process Download PDFInfo
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- CN111141391B CN111141391B CN201911360589.5A CN201911360589A CN111141391B CN 111141391 B CN111141391 B CN 111141391B CN 201911360589 A CN201911360589 A CN 201911360589A CN 111141391 B CN111141391 B CN 111141391B
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0044—Furnaces, ovens, kilns
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/48—Thermography; Techniques using wholly visual means
- G01J5/485—Temperature profile
Abstract
The invention discloses a molten pool laser synchronous following temperature measuring device and a temperature measuring method aiming at an SLM forming process, wherein the temperature measuring device comprises an infrared temperature measuring module and a programmable two-dimensional moving platform arranged on SLM forming equipment, a substrate is arranged on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform, and a molten pool is arranged on the substrate; the infrared temperature measurement module comprises at least one bicolor infrared thermometer and a plurality of monochromatic infrared thermometers, when temperature measurement is carried out, light spots of the bicolor infrared thermometers are aligned to the center of a laser light spot of a heat source, and the light spots of the monochromatic infrared thermometers are distributed on the contour line of the molten pool. On the premise of ensuring the scanning path, the scanning movement of the heat source laser is converted into the movement of the substrate. Therefore, the difficult laser is quickly and accurately followed to measure the temperature, the temperature is converted into relatively simple fixed-point temperature measurement, and the infrared thermometer and the heat source are kept static in the forming process, so that the infrared thermometer can capture the temperature of the laser spot center of the heat source and the temperature of a molten pool around the laser spot center of the heat source all the time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of additive manufacturing temperature monitoring, and particularly relates to a molten pool laser synchronous following temperature measuring device and method for an SLM (selective laser melting) forming process.
Background
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is taken as an important branch of metal additive manufacturing, and has great advantages in the aspects of small-size complex configuration of metal materials, material gradient composite manufacturing and the like. And thus attract more and more researchers and enterprises to conduct research in the related fields. However, the research on material preparation, process theory and the like is not mature enough at present, so that the workpiece yield of the current SLM equipment is extremely low, and the large-scale application of the technology is limited to a certain extent.
The core of the SLM forming process lies in the control of the molten pool and the thermal field, and how to obtain a relatively even thermal field and a stable molten pool in the forming process is the key to improve the forming success rate. At present, the monitoring means of a thermal field and a molten pool mainly comprises the temperature measurement of an infrared thermometer and the full-field temperature measurement of an infrared thermal imager. The laser moves faster (more than 100 mm/s) in the SLM forming process, and for the temperature measurement of the infrared thermometer, the moving response speed and precision of the current moving platform are difficult to move along with the laser in real time, so that the temperature of a single temperature measuring point which keeps still in the forming process can only be measured. The full-field temperature measurement precision of the infrared thermal imager is far lower than that of the infrared thermometer, and the requirement required by molten pool monitoring cannot be met. At present, no effective technical means is available for realizing real-time follow-up temperature measurement in the laser scanning process, so that important temperature data is provided for monitoring the appearance of a molten pool.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a molten pool laser synchronous following temperature measuring device and a temperature measuring method aiming at the SLM forming process, aims to obtain temperature data and thermal field distribution in the SLM laser scanning process, breaks through the traditional temperature measuring idea of single-point temperature measurement and thermal imager full-field temperature measurement, and adopts a relative motion mode to realize relative following on laser scanning.
In order to achieve the purpose, the device for measuring the temperature of the molten pool in the SLM forming process by laser synchronous following comprises an infrared temperature measuring module and a programmable two-dimensional moving platform arranged on SLM forming equipment, wherein a substrate is arranged on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform, and a molten pool is arranged on the substrate; the infrared temperature measurement module comprises at least one bicolor infrared thermometer and a plurality of monochromatic infrared thermometers, when temperature measurement is carried out, light spots of the bicolor infrared thermometers are aligned to the center of a laser light spot of a heat source, and the light spots of the monochromatic infrared thermometers are distributed on the contour line of the molten pool.
Further, the movement precision of the programmable two-dimensional moving platform is 0.05 mm.
Furthermore, the substrate is fixed on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform through the extension support.
The method for measuring the temperature of the molten pool in the SLM forming process by laser synchronous following based on the temperature measuring device of the claim comprises the following steps:
step 2, aligning the light spots of the two-color infrared thermometer to the center of the laser light spot of the heat source, and distributing the light spots of the single-color infrared thermometer on different sides of the laser light spot of the heat source;
step 3, aligning the bicolor infrared laser emitted by the bicolor infrared thermometer and the heat source laser to ensure that the minimum spot diameter of the bicolor infrared laser is concentric with the spot of the heat source laser;
and 6, manufacturing a change diagram of the measured temperature of each infrared thermometer along with time according to the measured temperature.
Further, in the step 2, the position of the monochromatic infrared thermometer is adjusted, and the temperature description is carried out on the appearance of the molten pool by combining a repeatability experiment.
Further, in the step 2, the measured temperature is in a temperature measuring interval using a monochromatic infrared thermometer by adjusting the measuring position, so that the real-time temperature of any point near the heat source in the forming process is obtained.
Further, in step 3, when the temperature of the light spot is measured by using the two-color infrared thermometer, the area of the light spot of the heat source laser is not less than 30% of the area of the infrared laser light spot of the two-color infrared thermometer.
Further, in step 5, the sizes of the molten pools are measured through the temperatures of different positions measured by the two-color infrared thermometer and the single-color infrared thermometer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial technical effects:
a temperature measuring device for synchronous laser following of a molten pool in an SLM forming process is characterized in that a substrate is mounted on a programmable two-dimensional moving platform with high moving precision, so that the positions of a two-color infrared thermometer and a single-color infrared thermometer and the position of a heat source are relatively fixed, and the scanning motion of heat source laser is converted into the motion of the substrate on the premise of ensuring a scanning path. Therefore, the difficult laser is quickly and accurately followed to measure the temperature, and the relatively simple fixed-point temperature measurement is converted.
Furthermore, a plurality of infrared laser thermometers can be arranged to measure the size of the molten pool.
Furthermore, the substrate is fixed on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform through the extension support, the mode of mounting the substrate can be selected according to the size of the cavity of the SLM forming equipment, and the substrate is suitable for the SLM forming equipment with different sizes.
A method for measuring temperature of a molten pool in a synchronous following mode by laser in an SLM forming process is used for converting scanning movement of heat source laser into movement of a substrate on the premise of ensuring a scanning path. Therefore, the difficult laser is quickly and accurately followed to measure the temperature, the temperature is converted into relatively simple fixed-point temperature measurement, and the infrared thermometer and the heat source are kept static in the forming process, so that the infrared thermometer can capture the temperature of the laser spot center of the heat source and the temperature of a molten pool around the laser spot center of the heat source all the time. Real-time measurement of the temperature of a laser molten pool in the SLM forming process is realized through motion conversion; meanwhile, the temperature of a low-temperature region and the temperature of a high-temperature region can be measured simultaneously by using a single and double-color infrared laser thermometer combination. The temperature measuring dot matrix can be obtained by arranging the positions of the infrared thermometers, so that the accurate temperature of different positions in the scanning process can be measured. In the step 2, the cooperation of the double-color infrared thermometer and the plurality of single-color infrared thermometers has the following advantages:
a) and step two, the advantages of two infrared thermometers with different types and different temperature ranges are maximized, so that the peripheral temperature change data of the molten pool are more accurately acquired, and the appearance of the molten pool is accurately constructed.
b) The position of the monochromatic infrared thermometer is adjusted, and the temperature description can be carried out on the appearance of the molten pool by combining a repeatability experiment, so that the size of the molten pool is accurately presumed according to an experiment result, and the conventional simulation prediction is not carried out.
c) By adopting the monochromatic infrared thermometer in the low temperature range and adjusting the measuring position, the measured temperature is in the temperature measuring interval of the monochromatic infrared thermometer, so that the real-time temperature of any point near a heat source in the forming process can be obtained.
Further, in step 3, when the dual-color infrared thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of the light spot, the dual-color infrared thermometer has better robustness. The actual temperature of the laser spot of the heat source can be accurately measured by ensuring that the area of the laser spot of the heat source is not less than 30% of the area of the infrared laser spot of the bicolor infrared thermometer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a substrate mounting method according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a second schematic view of the substrate mounting system of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an exemplary focusing mode used in the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of temperature change measured for an example used in the present invention;
in fig. 2 and 3, 1-programmable two-dimensional moving platform, 2-substrate, 3-molten pool, 4-monochromatic infrared thermometer, 5-bicolor infrared thermometer and 6-extension bracket.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects and technical solutions of the present invention clearer and easier to understand. The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following drawings and examples, wherein the specific examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified. In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Referring to fig. 1, a method for measuring temperature of a molten pool in a SLM forming process by laser synchronous following comprises the following steps:
And 2, building an infrared temperature measurement module, using four or even more infrared thermometers for measuring temperature, and respectively recording the temperature changes of different areas so as to measure the appearance of the molten pool. The infrared thermometer selects a two-color infrared thermometer 5 and three monochromatic infrared thermometers 4. The light spots of the two-color infrared thermometers 5 are aligned to the center of the heat source laser light spot, the light spots of the other three single-color infrared thermometers are distributed on the rear side, the left side and the right side of the heat source laser light spot, and the size of the molten pool can be measured under the combined action of the 4 infrared thermometers.
And 3, aligning the bicolor infrared laser emitted by the bicolor infrared thermometer 5 and the heat source laser. The minimum spot diameter of the common bicolor infrared laser is different from the spot diameter of the heat source laser, and the two spots are concentric as far as possible, so that the measurement precision is ensured.
And 4, importing a moving program of the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1. The heat source laser position is kept still, and preparation is made for the movement of the substrate 2.
And 5, starting the bicolor infrared thermometer 5 and the monochromatic infrared thermometer 4, starting the programmable two-dimensional mobile platform 1 and the heat source laser, starting temperature measurement, and recording the temperatures measured by the bicolor infrared thermometer 5 and the monochromatic infrared thermometer 4.
And 6, making a change graph of the measured temperature of each infrared thermometer along with time according to the recorded data.
In step 1, selecting an installation mode of the mobile platform according to the space in the SLM equipment and the structural characteristics of the equipment, that is, when the size of the substrate cavity of the SLM machine tool is sufficient, directly installing the substrate 2 on the programmable two-dimensional mobile platform 1 according to the mode shown in fig. 2; if the size of the substrate mounting part of the SLM machine tool is small, the substrate can also be mounted on the extension bracket of the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1 in the manner shown in fig. 3, and at this time, the working plane of the heat source laser is adjusted at the same time, so as to ensure that the working plane of the substrate is the minimum laser spot plane of the heat source laser. The mechanical vibration in the moving process of the substrate can affect the temperature fluctuation in the temperature measurement process. Therefore, a two-dimensional moving platform with good stability should be selected and the substrate should be firmly mounted.
In the step 2, the cooperation of the double-color infrared thermometer and the plurality of single-color infrared thermometers has the following advantages:
a) at present, infrared thermometers have a certain temperature measuring range, and low-temperature and high-temperature measurement cannot be simultaneously covered. And step two, the advantages of two infrared thermometers with different types and different temperature ranges are maximized, so that the peripheral temperature change data of the molten pool are more accurately acquired, and the appearance of the molten pool is accurately constructed.
b) The position of the monochromatic infrared thermometer 4 is adjusted, and the temperature description can be carried out on the appearance of the molten pool by combining a repeatability experiment, so that the size of the molten pool is accurately presumed according to an experiment result, and the conventional simulation prediction is not carried out.
c) The monochromatic infrared thermometer 4 in a low temperature range is adopted, and the measured temperature is in the temperature measuring interval of the monochromatic infrared thermometer by adjusting the measuring position, so that the real-time temperature of any point near a heat source in the forming process can be obtained.
In step 3, when the dual-color infrared thermometer 5 is used to measure the temperature of the light spot, the dual-color infrared thermometer 5 has better robustness. Therefore, the actual temperature of the heat source laser spot can be accurately measured only by ensuring that the area of the heat source laser spot is not less than 30% of the area of the infrared laser spot of the bicolor infrared thermometer 5.
In step 4, the core idea of the invention is the conversion of the speed. On the premise of ensuring the scanning path, the scanning movement of the heat source laser is converted into the movement of the substrate 2. Therefore, the difficult laser is quickly and accurately followed to measure the temperature, and the relatively simple fixed-point temperature measurement is converted. The infrared thermometer can capture the center of the laser spot (heat source) of the heat source (both remain still during the forming process) and the temperature of the surrounding molten pool. The temperature measuring dot matrix can be obtained by arranging the positions of the infrared thermometers, so that the accurate temperature of different positions in the scanning process can be measured.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the device for measuring the temperature of the molten pool in the SLM forming process by laser synchronous tracking comprises a programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1 and an infrared temperature measuring module which are arranged on SLM forming equipment, wherein a substrate 2 is fixed on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1, and the molten pool 3 is arranged on the substrate 2. The infrared temperature measurement module comprises a two-color infrared thermometer 5 and three monochromatic infrared thermometers 4. The light spots of the two-color infrared thermometers 5 are aligned to the center of the heat source laser light spot, the light spots of the other three single-color infrared thermometers are distributed on the rear side, the left side and the right side of the heat source laser light spot, and the size of the molten pool can be measured under the combined action of the 4 infrared thermometers.
Example 1
Consider a rectangular single-layer scanning thermometry experiment 40mm long and 10mm wide. Powder 316L is spread on the movable substrate 2, and the central temperature of the laser facula of the heat source is measured in real time by using a bicolor infrared thermometer 5. The implementation steps are as follows:
(1) according to the figure 3, a programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1 is built in the SLM forming equipment, a moving substrate 2 is installed on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1, the height of the substrate 2 is adjusted to the minimum plane of a heat source laser spot, and then the substrate 2 is fixed on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1. The moving speed of the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1 is adjusted to 200 mm/s.
(2) A double-color infrared thermometer 5 is arranged in SLM forming equipment, and the temperature measuring range of the double-color infrared thermometer 5 is 500-3000 ℃. The bicolor infrared thermometer 5 is adjusted to make the center of the temperature measuring light spot align with the center of the heat source laser light spot, as shown in fig. 4.
(3) And (3) importing a moving program of the programmable two-dimensional moving platform 1, wherein an S-shaped scanning strategy is adopted in the example, and the scanning distance is 0.1 mm. The movement track of the substrate 2 in the forming process is opposite to the theoretical forming track, and the movement of the heat source laser can be converted into the movement of the substrate 2.
(4) The monochromatic infrared thermometer 4 is turned on to start temperature measurement. Setting the laser power of the heat source to be 500W, and starting the heat source laser. And after the forming is finished, storing the temperature measurement data and drawing.
Fig. 5 shows the temperature variation curve of the center of the laser spot in the SLM forming process measured by the method of the present invention, which demonstrates the feasibility of the method. It should be noted that, although the present example only uses a single infrared thermometer to measure the central temperature of the heat source laser spot, when the conditions allow, the real-time temperature of any point near the molten pool during printing can be obtained by setting multiple sets of infrared thermometers to be fixedly aligned with the temperature measuring points near the heat source laser.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for measuring temperature of a molten pool in a SLM forming process by laser synchronous following based on a temperature measuring device is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, adjusting the position of a substrate (2) to enable the working surface of the substrate (2) to be a heat source laser spot minimum plane;
step 2, aligning the light spots of the two-color infrared thermometer (5) to the center of the heat source laser light spot, and distributing the light spots of the single-color infrared thermometer (4) on different sides of the heat source laser light spot;
step 3, aligning the bicolor infrared laser emitted by the bicolor infrared thermometer (5) and the heat source laser to ensure that the minimum spot diameter of the bicolor infrared laser is concentric with the spot of the heat source laser;
step 4, keeping the laser position of the heat source still;
step 5, starting the bicolor infrared thermometer (5) and the monochromatic infrared thermometer (4), starting the programmable two-dimensional mobile platform (1) and the heat source laser, starting temperature measurement, and recording the temperatures measured by the bicolor infrared thermometer (5) and the monochromatic infrared thermometer (4);
step 6, making a change diagram of the measured temperature of each infrared thermometer along with time according to the measured temperature;
the temperature measuring device comprises an infrared temperature measuring module and a programmable two-dimensional moving platform (1) arranged on SLM forming equipment, wherein a substrate (2) is arranged on the programmable two-dimensional moving platform (1), and a molten pool (3) is arranged on the substrate (2); the infrared temperature measurement module comprises at least one double-color infrared thermometer (5) and a plurality of single-color infrared thermometers (4), when temperature measurement is carried out, light spots of the double-color infrared thermometers (5) are aligned to the center of a laser light spot of a heat source, and light spots of the single-color infrared thermometers (4) are distributed on a contour line of the molten pool (3).
2. The method for measuring the temperature of the molten pool in the SLM forming process through the laser synchronous following according to the claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the shape of the molten pool is described through adjusting the position of a monochromatic infrared thermometer (4) and combining with a repeatability experiment.
3. The method for measuring the molten pool laser synchronous following temperature in the SLM forming process according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the measured temperature is within a temperature measuring interval using a monochromatic infrared thermometer (4) by adjusting the measuring position, so as to obtain the real-time temperature of any point near a heat source in the forming process.
4. The method for measuring the molten pool laser synchronous follow temperature in the SLM forming process according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3, when the temperature of the light spot is measured by using the two-color infrared thermometer (5), the light spot area of the heat source laser is not less than 30% of the infrared laser light spot area of the two-color infrared thermometer (5).
5. The method for measuring the molten pool laser synchronous following temperature in the SLM forming process according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5, the size of the molten pool is measured by the temperature of different positions measured by the two-color infrared thermometer (5) and the single-color infrared thermometer (4).
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