CN110679415B - Cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling - Google Patents
Cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice, which avoids mechanical rolling, and comprises variety selection; sowing: sowing about 3 months and 20 days every year; transplanting: reserving a harvesting path of a harvester for planting, reserving 60cm wide rows as a mechanical path during transplanting according to the mechanical harvesting characteristics of the first season, and enabling a crawler belt of the harvester to just walk on the path during first season harvesting; applying a fertilizer; managing water; mechanical harvesting: harvesting by using a crawler-type grain combine harvester when the maturity of first-season grains reaches about 90%, and harvesting by using the same harvester after the first-season grains are completely mature in a regeneration season; and comprehensively preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests. The reserved machine harvesting path planting method has the advantages that firstly, the grinding damage of mechanical harvesting in the first season to rice stakes is avoided, secondly, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the group are improved, the exertion of marginal effects in the first season and the regeneration season is promoted to the maximum extent, the annual yield of machine harvesting regeneration rice is not reduced on the premise that the planting density is reduced by 33.3%, the seed using amount and labor input are greatly reduced, and the rice quality in the regeneration season is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crops, and particularly relates to a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice, which avoids mechanical rolling.
Background
The regenerated rice is a planting mode that after harvesting in the first season, dormant buds surviving on rice stubbles are utilized and germinated into regenerated tillers by adopting a certain cultivation management measure so as to perform heading, flowering and fructification, and then the rice in one season is harvested. The ratoon rice has the advantages of short growth period, high daily yield, low production cost, high economic benefit and the like, and is one of effective measures for improving multiple cropping indexes and increasing yield per unit area and economic income in rice fields where surplus heat is generated in one-season rice planted in rice areas in south China and insufficient heat is generated in double-season rice planted in double-season rice areas and only one-season middle rice is planted in the double-season rice areas. Therefore, the development of the regenerated rice has important significance for improving the total rice yield in China and ensuring the national food safety.
In traditional ratoon rice planting, artificial harvesting is mainly used in the first season. Along with the expansion of agricultural production scale and the transfer of rural labor force, the problem of labor force shortage in agricultural production is increasingly highlighted, the harvesting mode of the first season of the regenerated rice is mainly mechanical harvesting gradually, and the area for harvesting the regenerated rice by a machine is continuously expanded. However, the existing rice harvester is difficult to meet the harvesting requirement of low rolling in first season of the regenerated rice, the rolling damage area of rice piles exceeds 1/3, the germination and growth of regenerated buds in a rolling area are seriously influenced, the yield in the regeneration season is greatly reduced, the quality of rice is seriously reduced, the economic benefit is remarkably reduced, and the further popularization of machine-harvested regenerated rice is limited. Under the background that the special harvester for the ratoon rice is not applied to the actual production, the method for solving the problem of mechanical harvesting of the ratoon rice in first season by optimizing a series of agricultural measures is a necessary way. And the proper enlargement of the planting row spacing is beneficial to the mechanical field operation, and the working efficiency and the economic benefit are improved. If the proper planting row spacing is selected to adapt to mechanical harvesting during first season transplanting, namely the machine is reserved to collect the planting in the walking way, the rolling damage of the first season mechanical harvesting on rice piles can be avoided, and the purpose of zero rolling of the first season machine harvesting of the rice piles is achieved. Meanwhile, the reserved machine collecting channel can reduce the seed consumption, labor input and other production costs, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions among rice plants, reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and promote the marginal effect. However, the problems of yield, rice quality performance, economic benefit and feasibility of the ratoon rice under the planting condition of collecting and walking channels of a reservation machine are lack of research. Therefore, the research of the invention mainly optimizes planting row spacing during first-season transplanting to adapt to mechanical harvesting, and aims to establish a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for mechanically harvesting ratoon rice, which avoids mechanical rolling, so as to promote large-area popularization of mechanically harvesting ratoon rice and guarantee national grain safety.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice, which avoids mechanical rolling, reserves a machine-harvesting path for planting, avoids rolling damage of mechanical harvesting of the first season to rice stakes on one hand, improves the ventilation and light transmission conditions of groups on the other hand, reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, promotes the exertion of marginal effects of the first season and the regeneration season to the maximum extent, ensures that the annual yield of the machine-harvested ratoon rice is not reduced on the premise of reducing the planting density by 33.3 percent, reduces the seed consumption and labor input, and improves the rice quality of the regeneration season at the same time.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice without mechanical rolling comprises the following steps:
(1) variety selection: selecting early-maturing middle rice or late-maturing late rice with the growth period of 120-year plus 135 days, good high yield, excellent quality and strong regeneration capacity;
(2) sowing: early sowing at proper time, sowing at about 3 months and 20 days every year, keeping away from rainy days until the bottom of 3 months, covering a Chinese dive tree film for heat preservation and seedling raising to prevent the seedlings from low-temperature cold damage, and controlling the seedling age within 35 days;
(3) transplanting: reserving a machine harvesting path for planting, reserving 60cm wide rows as a mechanical path during transplanting according to the harvesting characteristics of a first-season machine, enabling a crawler belt of the harvester to just walk on the path during first-season harvesting, wherein the mechanical path is slightly larger than the width (45-50cm) of the crawler belt of a long-time field-preserving combine harvester, such as a Ward-horse and an ocean horse and the like used in a large area, meanwhile, transplanting in a narrow row between two mechanical paths, inserting 3 rows, and setting a row spacing of 30cm, namely the width between the two mechanical paths is 60cm, and the width is slightly smaller than the track spacing width (70-72cm) of the harvester, and establishing a 'reserved machine harvesting path planting mode' suitable for first-season mechanical harvesting through spaced planting in the wide row and the narrow row so as to avoid rolling of the harvester crawler belt on rice piles, transplanting before 30 months and 4.7 million roots/hectare adopted;
(4) fertilizer application: quantitative fertilization, wherein the application amount of the first-season nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphatic fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is controlled to be 180 kg of N ha-1、80-100kg P2O5 ha-1、60-80kg K2O ha-1(ii) a The nitrogen fertilizer comprises the following base fertilizers in percentage by mass: is divided intoAnd (3) fertilizing the tillers: young ears are divided into fertilizers 4: 3: 3, applying the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer as base fertilizers 1 day before transplanting; the application amount of the germination-promoting fertilizer in the regeneration season is controlled to be 60-80kg of N ha-1And 60-80kg K2O ha-1Is applied 10 to 12 days after the first season is flush with the ears; the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 60-80kg N ha-1Applied within 3 days after harvesting in the first season;
(5) water content management: 2-3cm shallow water tillering is kept at the early stage of tillering, water is drained and the farmland is sunned when the number of stem tillers at the middle stage of tillering reaches 80% of the expected number of spikes, a water layer of 5-8cm is kept at the stage of booting and flowering to prevent high temperature damage, and water is drained again and the farmland is sunned 18-20 days after spike alignment so as to facilitate mechanical harvesting; immediately irrigating 1-2cm of shallow water after harvesting in the first season, irrigating 3-5cm of deep water when axillary buds grow to be more than 10cm, and then alternately irrigating by adopting dry and wet conditions to keep the field wet to be mature;
(6) mechanical harvesting: harvesting the first season rice when the maturity of the first season rice reaches about 90 percent by using a crawler-type grain combine harvester, reserving piles for 35-45cm, reserving inverted two-leaf pillows, and harvesting the first season rice by using the same harvester after the first season rice is completely mature;
(7) and (3) comprehensive pest control: and strictly controlling the pests and the diseases in the whole growth process according to a conventional mode.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the variety in the step (1) is two-line hybrid rice variety Liangyou 6326 or indica-japonica hybrid rice variety Yongyou 4949.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the seeding date in step (2) is between 3 months and 18 days and 3 months and 25 days.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the reserved mechanical walkway planting mode in the step (3) is established according to the size and harvesting characteristics of a harvester used in a large area in actual production, the width of the reserved walkway is 10-15cm greater than the width of a crawler of the harvester, and the distance between the two walkways is 10-12cm less than the width (track distance) between the two crawlers of the harvester, so that the harvester can better walk on the reserved walkway during harvesting, and the compaction of the crawler on rice piles is avoided.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first season fertilizer and the regenerated season fertilizer in the step (4) are both applied by irrigation.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first-season tillering middle-stage drainage sunning field in the step (5) takes soil dry cracking and white root as a standard.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the harvesting machine in the step (6) is a large-area Wonde 4LZ-4.0E crawler-type grain combine harvester used in the first season of the regenerated rice in actual production, and when the first season is harvested, the crawler of the harvester runs in a reserved 60cm wide row (mechanical walkway) during transplanting.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the plant diseases and insect pests in the step (7) are mainly the hazards of banded sclerotial blight, rice blast, rice planthopper, borer and the like, and the pesticide is sprayed for 1 time respectively in a first-season tillering stage, a young ear differentiation stage, a heading break stage and a regeneration season heading break stage.
Further, the agents are propiconazole, tricyclazole, pymetrozine, chlorantraniliprole and the like, and the effects of trapping and killing by combining light, and trapping and killing by sex, preventing and reducing plant diseases and insect pests are achieved.
The key steps of the invention lie in that the planting mode of 'reserving machine harvesting path' of the transplantation of the step (3) is established, which is different from the prior conventional transplantation mode, and according to the size and harvesting characteristics of a harvester used in large area in actual production, a matched transplantation mode suitable for first-season mechanical harvesting is established by wide-row and narrow-row spaced cultivation, and finally determined: a60 cm wide row is reserved as a mechanical walkway, the width of the walkway is 10-15cm larger than that of a crawler-type grain combine harvester such as a long-time conservation field, a Ward and an ocean horse used in a large area, and the distance between the two walkways is 10-12cm smaller than that between two crawlers of the harvester. Such configuration can guarantee that the harvester can better walk on the pavement of reservation when the results to avoid the track to the rolling of rice stake. In addition, the planting mode can enable the planting rows of the field 3/4 to be 'side rows' in the first season and the regeneration season, promotes the exertion of most marginal effects of plants, improves the ventilation and light transmission conditions among rice plants, reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, increases the leaf area index, prolongs the leaf service life, and accelerates the accumulation of dry matters, thereby achieving the purposes of high quality, high yield, cost saving and efficiency improvement.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention carries out the planting in the first season by reserving the machine harvesting path, which is an effective way for avoiding the stump damage caused by mechanical grinding and realizing cost-saving high-quality cultivation of machine harvesting ratoon rice. The invention can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the group, reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, promote the marginal effect of the first season and the regeneration season, ensure that the annual yield of machine-harvested regenerated rice is not reduced on the premise of reducing the planting density by 33.3 percent, reduce the seed consumption and the labor input by 1650.0 yuan/hectare, avoid the rolling damage during mechanical harvesting of the first season and obviously improve the processing quality and the appearance quality of the regenerated rice. The cultivation technical procedure of the invention is simple and easy, is beneficial to saving cost and increasing income of farmers and promotes the large-area popularization of machine-harvested ratooning rice.
Detailed Description
Other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention.
Example 1:
a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice without mechanical rolling comprises the following steps:
1. site selection: the test site was determined in the Hedgehog village, Heidongzhen, Qi Chun county, Huanggang, northeast of Hubei.
2. Variety selection: the two-line hybrid rice variety of Hubei province and large area is used as the second best 6326.
3. Sowing: and (4) sowing in 2018 in 23 days in 3 months, avoiding rainy days, selecting clear weather for sowing, and taking a Chinese dive covering film for heat preservation and seedling raising to prevent the seedlings from low-temperature cold damage and ensure that the seedling age is 35 days.
4. Transplanting: and (5) reserving a machine to collect and plant in the channel. According to the characteristics of first-season mechanical harvesting, a 60cm wide row is reserved during transplanting to serve as a mechanical walkway, so that a crawler of the harvester just walks on the walkway during first-season harvesting, the mechanical walkway is slightly larger than the crawler width (45-50cm) of crawler-type grain combine harvesters such as long-time field, wodd and foreign horses used in large areas in production, and meanwhile, the two mechanical walkways are transplanted in a narrow row mode and are inserted for 3 rows, and the row spacing is 30cm, namely the width between the two mechanical walkways is 60cm, and is slightly smaller than the track spacing width (70-72cm) of the harvesters so as to avoid rolling of the crawler of the harvester on rice piles. Transplanting the seedlings at 4 months and 27 days, wherein the plant spacing is 13.3cm, and the density is 16.7 million stumps/hectare. The conventional planting mode is used as a control, the row spacing is 30cm, the plant spacing is 13.3cm, and the density is 25 kilo-stumps/hectare.
5. Fertilizer application: the application rates of the first-season nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are respectively 200kg of N ha-1、90kg P2O5 ha-1、72kg K2O ha-1. The nitrogen fertilizer comprises the following base fertilizers in percentage by mass: and (3) tillering fertilizer: young ears are divided into fertilizers 4: 3: 3, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are all used as base fertilizers 1 day before transplanting, and the tillering fertilizer and the young spike fertilizer are both used after watering. The application amount of the regeneration season germination-promoting fertilizer is 75kg N ha-1And 72kg of K2O ha-1Watering 10 days after the first season and the ear; the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 75kg N ha-1The fertilizer is applied after irrigation within 3 days after harvesting in the first season. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied with the Sanning brand urea, and the N content is 46.4 percent; rich pool brand superphosphate, P for phosphate fertilizer application2O5The content is 12.0 percent; chinese brand potassium chloride, K applied in potash fertilizer2The O content was 60.0%.
6. Water content management: the early tillering stage of the head season keeps 2-3cm shallow water tillering, when the tillering middle stem tillering number reaches 80% of the expected ear number, the water is drained and dried in the sun, when the soil is dry, the white roots are exposed, the water is rehydrated, the water layer of 5-8cm is kept in the booting flowering stage of the booting ear to prevent high temperature damage, the water is rehydrated in the sun until the differentiation stage of the young ear, and the water is drained again and dried in the sun 20 days after the ear is leveled, so that the mechanical harvesting is facilitated. Immediately irrigating 1-2cm of shallow water after harvesting in the first season, irrigating 3-5cm of deep water when the axillary buds grow to be more than 10cm, and then irrigating alternately by adopting dry and wet conditions to keep the field moist until the field is mature.
7. Mechanical harvesting: when the maturity of first season rice reaches about 90%, a Wald 4LZ-4.0E crawler-type grain combine harvester is adopted for harvesting, the height of a reserved pile is 45cm, a pillow with two leaves is reserved, and the rice straws covering the rice roots are pulled open as soon as possible after harvesting so as to be beneficial to the germination and growth of regenerated buds. And (3) setting the conventional planting mode of first season manual harvesting as a comparison of the two planting modes of first season mechanical harvesting so as to calculate and compare the marginal effect of each row of the regeneration season after the two planting modes of first season mechanical harvesting. Harvesting by the same harvester after the regeneration season is completely mature.
8. And (3) comprehensive pest control: in the whole growth process, plant diseases and insect pests are strictly controlled, the hazards of banded sclerotial blight, rice blast, rice planthopper, borer and the like are mainly controlled, 1 time of medicament is respectively sprayed in a first tillering stage, a young ear differentiation stage, a heading break stage and a regeneration season heading break stage, the medicament is propiconazole, tricyclazole, pymetrozine, chlorantraniliprole and the like, and the lamp light trapping and killing, the sexual trapping and killing are combined to prevent and reduce the plant diseases and the insect pests.
Example 2:
a cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice without mechanical rolling comprises the following steps:
1. site selection: the test site was determined in the Hedgehog village, Heidongzhen, Qi Chun county, Huanggang, northeast of Hubei.
2. Variety selection: yongyou 4949 of indica-japonica hybrid rice variety is selected for large-area planting of regenerated rice in Hubei province.
3. Sowing: and (4) sowing in 2018 in 23 days in 3 months, avoiding rainy days, selecting clear weather for sowing, and taking a Chinese dive covering film for heat preservation and seedling raising to prevent the seedlings from low-temperature cold damage and ensure that the seedling age is 35 days.
4. Transplanting: and (5) reserving a machine to collect and plant in the channel. According to the characteristics of first-season mechanical harvesting, a 60cm wide row is reserved during transplanting to serve as a mechanical walkway, so that a crawler of the harvester just walks on the walkway during first-season harvesting, the mechanical walkway is slightly larger than the crawler width (45-50cm) of crawler-type grain combine harvesters such as long-time field, wodd and foreign horses used in large areas in production, and meanwhile, the two mechanical walkways are transplanted in a narrow row mode and are inserted for 3 rows, and the row spacing is 30cm, namely the width between the two mechanical walkways is 60cm, and is slightly smaller than the track spacing width (70-72cm) of the harvesters so as to avoid rolling of the crawler of the harvester on rice piles. Transplanting the seedlings at 4 months and 27 days, wherein the plant spacing is 13.3cm, and the density is 16.7 million stumps/hectare. The conventional planting mode is used as a control, the spacing is 30cm, the plant spacing is 13.3cm, and the density is 25 kilo-stumps/hectare.
5. Fertilizer application: the application rates of the first-season nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are respectively 200kg of N ha-1 and 90kg of P2O5 ha-1、72kg K2O ha-1. The nitrogen fertilizer comprises the following base fertilizers in percentage by mass: and (3) tillering fertilizer: young ears are divided into fertilizers 4: 3:3, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are all used as base fertilizers 1 day before transplanting, and the tillering fertilizer and the young spike fertilizer are both used after watering. The application amount of the regeneration season germination-promoting fertilizer is 75kg N ha-1And 72kg of K2O ha-1Watering 10 days after the first season and the ear; the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 75kg N ha-1The fertilizer is applied after irrigation within 3 days after harvesting in the first season. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied with the Sanning brand urea, and the N content is 46.4 percent; rich pool brand superphosphate, P for phosphate fertilizer application2O5The content is 12.0 percent; chinese brand potassium chloride, K applied in potash fertilizer2The O content was 60.0%.
6. Water content management: the early tillering stage of the head season keeps 2-3cm shallow water tillering, when the tillering middle stem tillering number reaches 80% of the expected ear number, the water is drained and dried in the sun, when the soil is dry, the white roots are exposed, the water is rehydrated, the water layer of 5-8cm is kept in the booting flowering stage of the booting ear to prevent high temperature damage, the water is rehydrated in the sun until the differentiation stage of the young ear, and the water is drained again and dried in the sun 20 days after the ear is leveled, so that the mechanical harvesting is facilitated. Immediately irrigating 1-2cm of shallow water after harvesting in the first season, irrigating 3-5cm of deep water when the axillary buds grow to be more than 10cm, and then irrigating alternately by adopting dry and wet conditions to keep the field moist until the field is mature.
7. Mechanical harvesting: when the maturity of first season rice reaches about 90%, a Wald 4LZ-4.0E crawler-type grain combine harvester is adopted for harvesting, the height of a reserved pile is 45cm, a pillow with two leaves is reserved, and the rice straws covering the rice roots are pulled open as soon as possible after harvesting so as to be beneficial to the germination and growth of regenerated buds. And (3) setting the conventional planting mode of first season manual harvesting as a comparison of the two planting modes of first season mechanical harvesting so as to calculate and compare the marginal effect of each row of the regeneration season after the two planting modes of first season mechanical harvesting. Harvesting by the same harvester after the regeneration season is completely mature.
8. And (3) comprehensive pest control: in the whole growth process, plant diseases and insect pests are strictly controlled, the hazards of banded sclerotial blight, rice blast, rice planthopper, borer and the like are mainly controlled, 1 time of medicament is respectively sprayed in a first tillering stage, a young ear differentiation stage, a heading break stage and a regeneration season heading break stage, the medicaments are propiconazole, tricyclazole, pymetrozine, chlorantraniliprole and the like, and the lamp light trapping and killing, the sexual trapping and killing are combined to prevent and reduce the plant diseases and the insect pests.
The test results for example 1 and example 2 are as follows:
1. planting density and yield under the way planting and conventional planting modes of reserved machine
TABLE 1 comparison of planting Density under different planting modes
| Planting mode | Planting density (Wan Di/ha) | Percentage of reduction (%) |
| Conventional planting | 25.0 | — |
| Reserved machine harvesting and walking channel planting | 16.7 | 33.3 |
TABLE 2 comparison of first season, regeneration season and annual yield under different planting modes
Note: the values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
As can be seen from table 1, the planting density of the reserved machine harvesting lane is reduced by 33.3% compared with the conventional planting. However, the annual yield of the reserved machine harvest lanes planted was comparable to conventional planting (table 2). Although the former first season yield showed a slight decrease as compared to the latter, the regeneration season yield showed an upward trend.
2. Single plant yield and marginal effect of first season and regeneration season of each row under planting mode of reserved machine collecting walking path
TABLE 3 comparison of individual plant yields and marginal effects for different head seasons in a planting mode with reserved machine harvesting lanes
Note: side 1 row, side 2 row: 2 rows which can generate marginal effect in the first season at two sides of the walkway in the planting mode of collecting the walkway by the reservation machine; the middle row is as follows: middle row under conventional planting (control). Marginal effect (%) - (edge row yield-middle row yield)/middle row yield × 100. The values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
TABLE 4 comparison of yield per plant and marginal effect in each row of regeneration season under different planting modes
Note: side 1 row, side 2 row: in the conventional planting mode, the non-rolling area of the regeneration season after the first season machine cutting can generate 2 rows with marginal effect, and in the planting mode of reserving machine collecting walking channels, the regeneration season at two sides of the walking channels after the first season machine cutting can generate 2 rows with marginal effect; and (3) rolling: the mechanical rolling loss of the regeneration season rolling area is 1 line after the first season mechanical cutting in the conventional planting mode; the middle row is as follows: the middle row of the regeneration season after the first season was manually cut in the conventional planting manner (control). Marginal effect (%) - (edge row or crush row yield-middle row yield)/middle row yield × 100. The values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
The yield is not reduced in the planting mode of collecting the tracks by the reservation machine, and the marginal effect is promoted to be exerted mainly due to the expansion of the row spacing, so that the yield loss caused by the reduction of the density is made up (tables 3 and 4). As can be seen from Table 3, in the first season, the yield of single plants in the 2 rows and the side rows at two sides of the walkway is obviously improved in comparison with the conventional planting mode by the reserved machine harvesting walkway planting mode, the side 1 row and the side 2 row can respectively generate the marginal effects of 76.7-80.6% and 31.7-40.3%, and the planting rows of 3/4 are arranged in the field in the planting mode, so that the loss of the yield in the first season is compensated by the exertion of the marginal effects of most plants. In the regeneration season, on the basis of the advantages of the 2 rows at the two sides of the walkway in the first season in the planting mode of reserving the machine harvesting walkway, the marginal effects of 60.0-66.2% and 31.4-32.4% can be exerted to make up for the yield loss in the regeneration season (Table 4). Although the regeneration season population is changed after the first season machine cutting in the conventional planting mode, the non-rolling area can also generate certain marginal effect, the marginal effect value is obviously reduced compared with that of the reserved machine harvesting channel planting, the side 1 behavior is 19.0-37.6%, the side 2 row is only 2.0-6.9%, and the yield of the rolling row is reduced by 50.3-57.1% due to mechanical rolling damage, so that the regeneration season population yield of the conventional planting is slightly lower than that of the reserved machine harvesting channel planting (Table 4).
3. Group light transmittance of different growth periods in first season and regeneration season under reserved machine collecting and walking planting and conventional planting modes
TABLE 5 comparison of group transmittance at different growth periods in the first season under different planting modes
Note: the values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
TABLE 6 comparison of light transmittance of groups in different growth periods in different growing seasons in different planting modes
Note: the values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
As can be seen from table 5, the light transmittance of the population in the first tillering stage, the young ear differentiation stage, the heading stage and the mature stage of the planting in the reserved machine harvesting path is higher than that of the conventional planting, which indicates that the ventilation and light transmittance conditions of the population in the first season are improved by the planting in the reserved machine harvesting path, so that the middle and lower leaves obtain more light energy radiation, the continuous photosynthesis time of the leaves is prolonged, the photosynthesis of the population is improved, the accumulation of dry matters is accelerated, and the exertion of marginal effect and the improvement of yield are promoted. In addition, the reserved machine has the advantages that the occurrence of field diseases and insect pests is reduced under the condition of good ventilation and light transmission of the reserved machine collecting channel and planting, the health condition of the rice piles is guaranteed, and a foundation is laid for high yield in the regeneration season. As can be seen from Table 6, the group light transmittance of the plants planted in the reserved machine collecting channel is significantly lower than that of the conventional plants before the harvest is finished in the regenerated season, and the two planting modes have no significant difference after the harvest is finished. The regenerated buds grow fast and close rows early due to the row advantages at the edge of the first season in planting by the reserved machine, and more light energy can be intercepted; and the conventional planting non-rolling area has no marginal effect in the first season, the regeneration buds grow slowly, and the rolling rows are damaged by mechanical rolling, so that the regeneration buds are few in quantity, the row sealing is slow, the light leakage is serious, and a lot of light energy is wasted.
4. Seed input and seedling transplanting labor input under the way-collecting planting and conventional planting modes of reservation machine
TABLE 7 comparison of seed input and transplanting labor input for different planting patterns
From table 7, from the perspective of saving production cost, the reserved machine harvesting path planting can save 637.5 yuan/hectare of seed input and reduce 1012.5 yuan/hectare of transplanting labor input for 1650.0 yuan/hectare due to the great reduction of transplanting density.
5. Processing quality and appearance quality of regenerated season rice in reserved machine collection track planting and conventional planting modes
TABLE 8 comparison of processing quality and appearance quality of regenerated season rice for different planting modes
Note: the values for labeling different letters within the same species in the same column were significantly different at the level of P ═ 0.05.
As can be seen from Table 8, the polished rice rate and the whole polished rice rate of the regenerated rice planted in the collection channel of the reserving machine are obviously higher than those of the conventional planting, the chalky grain rate and the chalky degree are obviously lower than those of the conventional planting, and the processing quality and the appearance quality of the rice are effectively improved. The improvement of the rice quality is mainly benefited by the fact that the reserved machine collects the planting way to avoid crushing damage to rice stakes when the machine harvests in the first season, and the marginal effect is exerted, so that the regenerated buds germinate fast, the ears are taken early, and the maturity is consistent; and under the conventional planting mode, the rice quality is reduced due to the fact that the rice piles are rolled and damaged when the machine harvests in the first season, the germination of the regenerated buds of the rolled rows is late, the growing period is long, the rice seedlings cannot normally mature and are inconsistent with the maturity of a non-rolled area.
Therefore, the applicant thinks that the reserved machine harvesting path planting in the first season can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the population, reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, promote the exertion of the marginal effect in the two seasons, ensure that the annual yield of machine harvesting of the ratoon rice is not reduced on the premise of reducing the density by 33.3 percent, greatly reduce the seed using amount and labor input, avoid the rolling damage during the mechanical harvesting in the first season, obviously improve the processing quality and the appearance quality of the ratoon rice, further promote the cost saving and income increase of farmers, and be beneficial to the large-area popularization of machine harvesting of the ratoon rice.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims (3)
1. A cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) variety selection: selecting early-maturing medium rice or late-maturing late rice with the growth period of 120-plus 135 days, good yield, excellent quality and strong regeneration capacity, wherein the variety is two-excellent 6326 of a two-line hybrid rice variety or Yongyou 4949 of an indica-japonica hybrid rice variety;
(2) sowing: early sowing in due time, wherein the sowing date is between 18 days per 3 months and 25 days per 3 months, avoiding rainy days, covering with an arch cover film for heat preservation and seedling raising, and the seedling age is controlled within 35 days;
(3) transplanting: reserving a machine for planting in a harvesting channel, reserving 60cm wide rows as mechanical channels during transplanting according to the size and harvesting characteristics of a long-time field, Wald and Mars harvester used in large area in actual production, the width is 10-15cm larger than the width of all the reaper crawler tracks, the crawler tracks just walk on the walking track when the reaper reaps in the first season, meanwhile, the transplanting is carried out between the two mechanical walking tracks in narrow rows, 3 rows are inserted, the row spacing is 30cm, namely the width between the two mechanical walkways is 60cm, the width is 10-12cm less than the width between the two tracks of all harvesters, establishing a planting mode of reserved machine harvesting road suitable for first-season mechanical harvesting through wide-row and narrow-row spaced cultivation, the planting mode can enable the planting rows of 3/4 in the field to become 'side rows' in the first season and the regeneration season, promotes the exertion of most marginal effects of plants, and can be transplanted 4 months and 30 days ago, wherein the transplanting density is 16.7 million stumps/hectare;
(4) fertilizer application: quantitative fertilization, wherein the application amount of the first-season nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphatic fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is controlled to be 180 kg of N ha-1、80-100 kg P2O5 ha-1、60-80 kg K2O ha-1(ii) a The nitrogen fertilizer comprises the following base fertilizers in percentage by mass: and (3) tillering fertilizer: young ears are divided into fertilizer = 4: 3: 3, applying the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer as base fertilizers 1 day before transplanting; the application amount of the germination-promoting fertilizer in the regeneration season is controlled to be 60-80kg of N ha-1And 60-80kg K2O ha-1Is applied 10 to 12 days after the first season is flush with the ears; the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 60-80kg N ha-1Applying the fertilizer within 3 days after harvesting in the first season, and applying the fertilizer in the first season and the fertilizer in the regeneration season by combining irrigation;
(5) water content management: keeping 2-3cm shallow water tillering at the early stage of tillering, draining water and drying in the sun when the number of tillers in the middle stage of tillering reaches 80% of the expected number of spikes, keeping 5-8cm water layer at the flowering stage of booting, and draining water and drying in the sun again 18-20 days after the spikes are leveled; immediately irrigating 1-2cm of shallow water after harvesting in the first season, irrigating 3-5cm of deep water when axillary buds grow to be more than 10cm, then performing dry-wet alternative irrigation to keep the field moist to be mature, and draining water in the middle stage of tillering in the first season and drying the field by taking soil dry crack and dew white roots as a standard;
(6) mechanical harvesting: harvesting the first season paddy when the maturity of the first season paddy reaches about 90 percent by using a Wald 4LZ-4.0E crawler type grain combine harvester, reserving a pile for 35-45cm, and reserving an inverted two-leaf pillow; when harvesting in the first season, the crawler of the harvester runs in the row with the width of 60cm reserved during transplanting, and the harvester is adopted to harvest after the regeneration season is completely mature;
(7) and (3) comprehensive pest control: strictly controlling the plant diseases and insect pests in the whole growth process according to a conventional mode;
the cultivation method promotes the marginal effect of the first season and the regeneration season, and can ensure that the annual yield of the machine-harvested regenerated rice is not reduced on the premise of reducing the planting density by 33.3 percent.
2. The cost-saving and high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratooning rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diseases and insect pests in step (7) are mainly banded sclerotial blight, rice blast, rice planthopper and borer, and the first-season tillering stage, young ear differentiation stage, heading break stage and secondary season heading break stage are respectively sprayed with 1 time of pesticide.
3. The cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling as claimed in claim 2, wherein the chemical agents are propiconazole, tricyclazole, pymetrozine and chlorantraniliprole, and the method combines light trapping and killing, sex trapping and killing to prevent and reduce plant diseases and insect pests.
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| CN111587752A (en) * | 2020-05-22 | 2020-08-28 | 四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所 | Formulated plant row spacing configuration method for rice machine harvesting, storing and retaining ratooning rice |
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| CN113016530A (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2021-06-25 | 池州市农业科学研究所 | High-yield planting method for mechanically rolling and row direct seeding after harvesting first season rice |
| JP7504505B2 (en) | 2022-05-23 | 2024-06-24 | 国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Regenerative double cropping method for rice |
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