CN109790594A - 钢组合物 - Google Patents
钢组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109790594A CN109790594A CN201780047104.XA CN201780047104A CN109790594A CN 109790594 A CN109790594 A CN 109790594A CN 201780047104 A CN201780047104 A CN 201780047104A CN 109790594 A CN109790594 A CN 109790594A
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- Prior art keywords
- steel
- advantageously
- steel compositions
- content
- carburizing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 125
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 125
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical group [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021386 carbon form Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010313 vacuum arc remelting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006392 deoxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002310 Isopropyl citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002929 anti-fatigue Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/007—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Co
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/36—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for balls; for rollers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/40—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/24—Nitriding
- C23C8/26—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
- C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
- C23C8/32—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
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Abstract
本发明涉及表面可硬化和/或可渗氮的钢组合物,以总组合物的重量百分比计,所述钢组合物包含:碳:0.05‑0.40,优选0.10‑0.30;铬:2.50‑5.00,优选3.00‑4.50;钼:4.00‑6.00;钨:0.01‑1.80,优选0.02‑1.50;钒:1.00‑3.00,优选1.50‑2.50;镍:2.00‑4.00;钴:2.00‑8.00,优选3.00‑7.00;铁:余量;以及不可避免的杂质,任选地,所述钢组合物还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:铌:≤2.00;氮:≤0.50,优选≤0.20;硅:≤0.70,优选0.05‑0.50;锰:≤0.70,优选0.05‑0.50;铝:≤0.15,优选≤0.10;铌+钒总含量在1.00‑3.50的范围内;以及,碳+氮含量在0.05‑0.50的范围内。本发明还涉及所述钢组合物的生产方法、获得的钢坯和包含所述钢组合物的机械构件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于热化学处理的具有低碳含量的20CrMoCo型新型钢,特别是旨在用于例如轴承和齿轮的传动***领域。
背景技术
轴承是用于提供相对运动的机械装置,所述相对运动沿两个部件之间的定向和方向被约束。轴承包含若干组件:内座圈、外座圈和配置在这两个座圈之间的滚动体(滚珠或滚柱)。为了确保长期的可靠性和性能,重要的是这些不同的元件在滚动疲劳、磨损等方面具有良好的性能。
齿轮系是用于传递动力的机械装置。为了确保优异的功率密度(传递的动力与齿轮系的整体尺寸之比)和操作可靠性,齿轮系必须在结构疲劳(齿根)和接触疲劳(齿面)方面具有良好的性能。
用于生产这些金属组件的传统技术采用电炉炼钢工艺,随后是任选的重熔操作,或单次或多次真空重熔。然后通过热加工工艺(例如轧制或锻造)将由此生产的锭成形为棒、管或环的形式。
有两类用于提供最终的机械性能的冶金术(metallurgy)。
第1类:组件的化学组成允许在适当热处理之后直接获得机械性能。
第2类:组件需要热化学处理,以使表面富集有间隙元素(interstitialelement),如碳和氮。然后,这种通常在表面上的化学元素的富集允许在至多几毫米的深度上进行热处理之后获得高机械性能。这些钢通常在延展性方面具有比第1类钢更好的性能。
还存在应用于第1类钢的热化学工艺,其目的是使表面富集有氮,以获得非常高的机械性能。
在轴承或齿轮领域中所需的首要特性是获得非常高的硬度水平。这些1类和2类钢通常具有高于58HRC的表面硬度水平。在任选的热化学处理和适当热处理之后,作为M50(0.8%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-1%V)或50NiL(0.12%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-3.4%Ni-1%V)已知的最广泛使用的级别(grades)不超过63HRC的表面硬度。
申请GB2370281描述了一种通过粉末冶金技术由铁基和更硬颗粒的粉末混合物压制而成的粉末生产的阀座钢,以总组合物的重量百分比计,其基体具有以下组成:
碳:0.2-2.0;
铬:1.0-9.0;
钼:1.0-9.0;
硅:0.1-1.0;
钨:1.0-3.0;
钒:0.1-1.0;
镍+钴+铜:3.0-15.0;
铁:余量。
然而,该基体包含5vol%至40vol%的珠光体(pearlite),所述珠光体会导致该基体缺乏延展性并因此脆化。
专利申请WO2015/082342描述了一种轴承钢,以总组合物的重量百分比计,所述轴承钢具有以下组成:
碳:0.05-0.5;
铬:2.5-5.0;
钼:4-6;
钨:2-4.5;
钒:1-3;
镍:2-4;
钴:2-8;
铁:余量;
以及不可避免的杂质(inevitable impurities),所述轴承钢任选地还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:
铌:0-2;
氮:0-0.5;
硅:0-0.7;
锰:0-0.7;
铝:0-0.15,
特别是具有0.18%C-3.45%Cr-4.93%Mo-3.05%W-2.09%V-0.30%Si-2.89%Ni-5.14%Co-0.27%Mn组成的MIX5级别,其因具有最高的表面硬度而最令人感兴趣。该级别使得可在1150℃下固溶热处理(solution heat treatment)和560℃下回火(tempering)之后,达到最高硬度水平约为800HV或相当于最大64HRC的表面硬度(对比例1)。
因此,特别是在小于或等于1160℃的温度下使用固溶热处理时,很难获得高于64HRC的表面硬度,然而它们将允许显著改善组件的性能。
发明人惊奇地发现,通过降低在申请WO2015/082342中描述的钢的钨含量,所获得的钢在热化学处理(特别是渗碳(carburization)和/或渗氮(nitriding))之后具有非常高的表面硬度,在1100℃-1160℃范围内的温度下固溶热处理和在大于或等于475℃的温度下回火之后甚至大于或等于64HRC。
该结果基于上述文献很不显而易见,该文献推荐使用高钨含量,例如MIX5级别中的高钨含量(3%钨),其被认为是具有最佳硬度的组合物。
专利申请US2004/0187972描述了钨含量在0.5%-2%之间的钢。然而,该钢具有高碳含量(0.5%-0.75%),因此渗碳和/或渗氮很困难。因此,它不属于与申请WO2015/082342的钢或本发明所述的钢相同的技术领域。
此外,根据第[0035]段的如下内容,该文献证实了钨含量在0.5%-2%之间的范围时合理:
0.5%:通过溶解在基体中而有助于热硬度;
2%:最大限度地极力限制形成高温下稳定的M6C碳化物。
因此,它很好地教导了钨因为不仅在高温下而且在室温下都具有与增加硬度有关的有利作用而被本领域技术人员熟知。因此,在该文献中限制钨含量的唯一原因是为了避免形成高温下稳定的M6C碳化物。
然而,该文献中描述的钢的热力学平衡明显不同于申请WO2015/082342中的热力学平衡或本发明所述的热力学平衡。
因此,在本发明的情况下,不禁止M6C碳化物的存在。因此,考虑到该文献的教导,本领域技术人员将不会试图减少申请WO2015/082342中的钢中钨的量。相反,本领域技术人员会倾向于增加钨的量,以提高这种钢的硬度。
因此,对于本领域技术人员而言,降低申请WO2015/082342中的钢中钨的水平会导致表面硬度增加的事实是完全预料不到的。
发明内容
因此,本发明涉及钢组合物,所述钢组合物有利地是可渗碳的(carburizable)和/或可渗氮的(nitritable),更有利地是可渗碳的,以总组合物的重量百分比计,所述钢组合物包含以下组分、有利地基本上由以下组分组成、特别是由以下组分组成:
碳:0.05-0.40,优选0.10-0.30;
铬:2.50-5.00,优选3.00-4.50;
钼:4.00-6.00;
钨:0.01-1.80,优选0.02-1.50;
钒:1.00-3.00,优选1.50-2.50;
镍:2.00-4.00;
钴:2.00-8.00,优选3.00-7.00;
铁:余量;
以及不可避免的杂质,
所述钢组合物任选地还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:
铌:≤2.00;
氮:≤0.50,优选≤0.20;
硅:≤0.70,优选0.05-0.50;
锰:≤0.70,优选0.05-0.50;
铝:≤0.15,优选≤0.10;
铌+钒总含量(combined content)在1.00-3.50的范围内;
以及,碳+氮含量在0.05-0.50的范围内。
以总组合物的重量百分比计,特别有利的组合物包含以下组分、有利地基本上由以下组分组成、特别是由以下组分组成:
碳:0.10-0.30,优选0.15-0.25;
铬:3.00-4.50,优选3.50-4.50;
钼:4.00-6.00,优选4.50-5.50;
钨:0.02-1.50,优选0.03-1.40;
钒:1.50-2.50,优选1.70-2.30;
镍:2.00-4.00,优选2.50-3.50;
钴:3.00-7.00,优选4.00-6.00;
硅:0.05-0.50,优选0.05-0.30;
锰:0.05-0.50,优选0.05-0.30;
铁:余量;
以及不可避免的杂质,
所述组合物任选地还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:
铌:≤2.00;
氮:≤0.20;
铝:≤0.10;
铌+钒总含量在1.00-3.50的范围内;
以及,碳+氮含量在0.05-0.50的范围内。
特别地,将不可避免的杂质(尤其是选自钛(Ti)、硫(S)、磷(P)、铜(Cu)、锡(Sn)、铅(Pb)、氧(O)及它们的混合物中的杂质)保持在尽可能最低的水平。这些杂质通常主要是由于生产方法和填料质量而造成的。有利地,相对于组合物的总重量,本发明所述的组合物包含至多1wt%的不可避免的杂质、有利地至多0.75wt%、甚至更有利地至多0.50wt%。
为了提供足够的硬度、耐热性和耐磨性,同样具有铁素体稳定化作用的碳化物形成元素(所谓的α形成元素)对于本发明所述的钢组合物是必不可少的。为了获得不含将会削弱组件的铁素体的微结构,有必要添加奥氏体稳定化元素(所谓的γ形成元素)。
奥氏体稳定化元素(碳、镍、钴和锰)和铁素体稳定化元素(钼、钨、铬、钒和硅)的正确组合使得可以获得具有优异性能的本发明所述的钢组合物,特别是在例如渗碳的热化学处理之后。
因此,本发明所述的钢组合物包含碳(C),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在0.05wt%-0.40wt%、优选为0.10wt%-0.30wt%、甚至更优选为0.15wt%-0.25wt%、甚至更有利地为0.18wt%-0.20wt%的范围内。事实上,碳(C)在热处理温度下稳定钢的奥氏体相,并且对于通常提供机械性能(尤其是机械强度、高硬度、耐热性和耐磨性)的碳化物的形成是必不可少的。钢中少量碳的存在有利于防止不希望的脆性金属间颗粒(intermetallicparticle)的形成,并且有利于形成少量碳化物以防止在淬火(quenching)期间过度的晶粒生长。然而,初始碳含量不必太高,因为可以通过渗碳来增加由钢组合物形成的组件的表面硬度。在渗碳期间,碳掺入组件的表面层中,从而获得硬度梯度。碳是控制渗碳和热处理之后形成的马氏体相的硬度的主要元素。在渗碳钢中,在渗碳的热化学处理之后,有必要具有低碳含量的固体芯并同时具有高碳含量的硬表面。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含铬(Cr),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在2.50wt%-5.00wt%、优选为3.00wt%-4.50wt%、甚至更优选为3.50wt%-4.50wt%、甚至更有利地为3.80wt%-4.00wt%的范围内。
铬有助于钢中碳化物的形成,并且是排在碳之后的控制钢的硬化性(hardenability)的主要元素。
然而,铬也可以促进铁素体和残余奥氏体。此外,增加铬含量降低最大淬火温度。因此,本发明所述的钢组合物的铬含量不应太高。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含钼(Mo),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在4.00wt%-6.00wt%、优选为4.50wt%-5.50wt%、甚至更优选为4.80wt%-5.20wt%的范围内。
钼改善钢的耐回火性、耐磨性和硬度。然而,钼对铁素体相具有强稳定化作用,因此在本发明所述的钢组合物中不能存在过多的量。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含钨(W),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在0.01wt%-1.80wt%、优选为0.02wt%-1.50wt%、甚至更优选为0.03wt%-1.40wt%、有利地为0.04wt%-1.30wt%、甚至更有利地为0.05wt%-1.30wt%、特别是为0.1wt%-1.30wt%的范围内。
钨是铁素体稳定剂和强碳化物形成元素。它通过形成碳化物提高对热处理和磨损的抵抗性以及硬度。然而,钨非常昂贵;并且,作为铁素体稳定化元素,它还降低钢的表面硬度,特别是降低延展性和韧性性能。对于该元素,需要在高温下进行固溶热处理以充分发挥其作用。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含钒(V),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在1.00wt%-3.00wt%、优选为1.50wt%-2.50wt%、甚至更优选为1.70wt%-2.30wt%、有利地为2.00wt%-2.30wt%、特别是为2.00wt%-2.20wt%的范围内。
钒稳定铁素体相并具有与碳和氮的强亲和力。钒通过形成硬质钒碳化物提供耐磨性和耐回火性。钒可以部分地被具有相似性质的铌(Nb)代替。
因此,相对于组合物的总重量,铌+钒总含量必须在1.00wt%-3.50wt%的范围内。
如果存在铌,相对于组合物的总重量,其含量必须≤2.00wt%。有利地,本发明所述的钢组合物不包含铌。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含镍(Ni),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在2.00wt%-4.00wt%、优选为2.50wt%-3.50wt%、甚至更优选为2.70wt%-3.30wt%、有利地为3.00wt%-3.20wt%的范围内。
镍促进奥氏体形成,因此抑制铁素体形成。镍的另一作用是降低温度Ms(即,在冷却期间奥氏体开始转变为马氏体的温度)。这可以防止马氏体形成。因此,必须控制镍的量,以避免在渗碳组件中形成残余奥氏体。
本发明所述的钢组合物还包含钴(Co),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量在2.00wt%-8.00wt%、优选为3.00wt%-7.00wt%、甚至更优选为4.00wt%-6.00wt%、有利地为4.50wt%-5.50wt%、更有利地为4.90wt%-5.40wt%、更特别地为4.90wt%-5.20wt%的范围内。
钴是防止形成不期望的铁素体的强奥氏体稳定化元素。与镍相反,钴提高温度Ms,这转而降低残余奥氏体的量。钴与镍一起允许存在铁素体稳定剂,例如碳化物形成元素Mo、W、Cr和V。由于碳化物形成元素对硬度、耐热性和耐磨性的影响,碳化物形成元素对于本发明所述的钢是必需的。钴对提高钢硬度的作用很小。然而,硬度的增加与韧性的降低相关。因此,本发明所述的钢组合物不应含有过多的钴。
本发明所述的钢组合物还可包含硅(Si),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量为≤0.70wt%。有利地,所述钢组合物包含硅,相对于组合物的总重量,其含量特别是在0.05wt%-0.50wt%、优选为0.05wt%-0.30wt%、有利地为0.07wt%-0.25wt%、甚至更有利地为0.10wt%-0.20wt%的范围内。
硅强烈地稳定铁素体,但通常存在于炼钢工艺中的钢液脱氧期间。低氧含量实际上对于获得低水平的非金属夹杂物和良好的机械性能(如疲劳强度和机械强度)也是重要的。
本发明所述的钢组合物还可包含锰(Mn),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量为≤0.70wt%。有利地,所述钢组合物包含锰,相对于组合物的总重量,其含量特别是在0.05wt%-0.50wt%、优选为0.05wt%-0.30wt%、有利地为0.07wt%-0.25wt%、甚至更有利地为0.10wt%-0.22wt%、甚至更特别地为0.10wt%-0.20wt%的范围内。
锰稳定奥氏体相并降低钢组合物中的温度Ms。锰通常在炼钢期间添加到钢中,使得其在固化期间通过形成锰硫化物而结合到硫上。这消除了形成铁硫化物的风险,铁硫化物对钢的热加工有不利影响。与硅一样,锰也参与脱氧步骤。相比这些元素中单独的每一个,将锰与硅组合带来更有效的脱氧。
任选地,本发明所述的钢组合物可包含氮(N2),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量为≤0.50wt%,优选为≤0.20wt%。
氮促进奥氏体的形成并减少奥氏体向马氏体的转变。氮可以在一定程度上代替本发明所述的钢中的碳。然而,相对于组合物的总重量,碳+氮含量必须在0.05wt%-0.50wt%的范围内。
任选地,本发明所述的钢组合物可以包含铝(Al),相对于组合物的总重量,其含量为≤0.15wt%,优选为≤0.10wt%。
铝(Al)实际上可以在本发明所述的钢的生产期间存在,并且非常有效地有助于钢液的脱氧。这在重熔工艺(如VIM-VAR工艺)中尤其如此。使用VIM-VAR工艺生产的钢中的铝含量通常高于通过粉末技术获得的钢中的铝含量。铝在雾化期间通过氧化物堵塞浇铸嘴而引起问题。低氧含量对于获得良好的微纯净度以及良好的机械性能(如疲劳强度和机械强度)是重要的。通过锭途径获得的氧含量通常低于15ppm。
具体实施方式
有利地,本发明所述的组合物是可渗碳的(即它可以经受渗碳处理)和/或可渗氮的(即它可以经受渗氮处理);并且甚至有利地,它可以经受热化学处理,特别是选自渗碳、渗氮、碳氮共渗以及渗碳之后渗氮。
通过添加元素碳和/或氮,这些处理可以提高钢的表面硬度。因此,如果使用渗碳,钢表面的碳含量增加,因此其表面硬度增加。因此,相对于组合物的总重量,表面有利地通过富集而特别是富集有0.5wt%-1.7wt%的碳。
如果使用渗氮,则氮含量在钢表面处增加,因此其表面硬度也增加。
如果使用碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮,则碳和氮含量在钢表面处增加,因此其表面硬度也增加。
这些方法是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
在一个有利的实施方式中,在进行有利地为渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的热化学处理并随后进行热处理之后,本发明所述的钢组合物具有大于或等于64HRC、有利地大于或等于65HRC、甚至更有利地大于或等于66HRC的表面硬度,其根据标准ASTM E18或等同标准来测量。相对于组合物的总重量,作为这些处理的结果而获得的钢组合物有利地具有在1wt%-1.25wt%之间的碳表面浓度。
所述热处理可包括:
(1)在1090℃-1160℃之间、有利地为1100℃-1160℃之间、更有利地为1100℃-1155℃之间、特别是为1100℃-1150℃之间、更特别地在1150℃的温度下进行钢的固溶热处理;
(2)随后,有利地保持在该温度下直到完全奥氏体化,特别是持续15分钟(淬火)(这两个步骤(1)和(2)允许最初存在的碳化物完全或部分溶解);
(3)然后,任选地进行第一冷却(淬火),特别是在中性气体下,例如在2bar的压力下,有利地冷却至室温(该步骤使得可以获得主要为马氏体且具有残余奥氏体的微结构;该残余奥氏体随冷却温度而变化:含量随冷却温度而降低);
(4)任选地,随后,保持在室温下;
(5)然后,有利地进行第二冷却,冷却至低于-40℃、更有利地为低于-60℃、甚至更有利地为约-75℃的温度,特别是持续2小时(该步骤使得可以降低残余奥氏体的含量);以及
(6)有利地进行一次或多次回火操作、更有利地为至少三次回火操作,有利地在大于或等于475℃、更有利地为大于或等于500℃、特别是为大于或等于550℃、更特别地为约560℃的温度下进行,甚至更特别地为每次持续1小时(这一回火操作或这些回火操作允许碳化物的沉淀以及残余奥氏体的部分或完全分解;这使得可以获得延展性性能)。
因此,本发明所述的钢的优点在于通过受限的热处理(温度在1090℃-1160℃之间、有利地为1100℃-1160℃之间、更有利地为1100℃-1155℃之间、特别是为1100℃-1150℃之间、更特别地为1150℃)获得高水平的硬度。
在一个特别有利的实施方式中,在进行有利地为渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的热化学处理并随后进行热处理之后,本发明所述的钢组合物具有残余奥氏体含量低于10wt%且不含铁素体和珠光体(已知这些相降低钢的表面硬度)的马氏体结构。
所述热处理可以如上所述。
本发明还涉及具有本发明所述的组合物的钢坯(steel blank)的生产方法,其特征在于,所述生产方法包括:
a)炼钢步骤;
b)钢加工步骤;
c)热化学处理;以及
d)热处理。
有利地,本发明所述的方法的步骤d)中的热处理如上所述。
有利地,本发明所述的方法的步骤c)中的热化学处理由渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的处理组成;并且有利地,其是渗碳处理。
特别地,本发明所述的方法的步骤b)由轧制、锻造和/或挤出的步骤组成。这些方法是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
在一个有利的实施方式中,本发明所述的方法的炼钢步骤a)通过电弧炉精炼和电渣重熔(ESR)的常规炼钢工艺;或通过任选地具有电渣重熔(ESR)和/或真空电弧重熔(VAR)步骤的VIM-VAR工艺;或通过例如气体雾化和通过热等静压(HIP)压缩的粉末冶金术来进行。
因此,可通过VIM-VAR工艺来生产本发明所述的钢。该工艺就夹杂物而言提供了非常好的清洁度,并改善了锭的化学均质性。也可以采用电渣重熔(ESR)的路线或将ESR和VAR(真空电弧重熔)操作结合。
这种钢也可以通过粉末冶金术获得。该方法使得可以通过雾化(优选气体雾化)来生产高纯度的金属粉末,以获得非常低的氧含量。然后,例如通过热等静压(HIP)压缩粉末。
这些方法是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
本发明还涉及可通过本发明所述的方法获得的钢坯。该坯是基于具有本发明所述的组成以及如上所述的组成的钢制成的。
本发明还涉及本发明所述的坯或本发明所述的钢组合物在制造机械装置中的用途,有利地在传动领域中,例如在齿轮系、传动轴和轴承中。
最后,本发明涉及在钢中具有本发明所述的组合物的机械装置或由本发明所述的钢坯获得的机械装置,有利地是传动装置或齿轮系;特别是齿轮系、传动轴或轴承;更特别地是轴承。
实际上,借助本发明所述的钢组合物,可以将高表面硬度和高耐表面磨损性与具有高抗疲劳性和高机械强度的芯组合。
因此,这些钢可用于要求苛刻的领域,例如用于航空航天应用的轴承。
此外,特别是由于钨含量低,所获得的钢是廉价的;然而,其在热化学处理之后具有高水平的表面硬度,具有不含奥氏体或铁素体或珠光体类的块状相(massive phases)的马氏体结构。
附图说明
通过阅读以下作为非限制性指南给出的实施例和附图,将更好地理解本发明。
在实施例中,除非另有说明,所有百分比均以重量比表示,温度以摄氏度表示,压力为大气压。
图1示出了具有下表1中所示组成的本发明所述的两个实施例(B级别和C级别)和申请WO2015/082342所述的对比例(A级别)以及对比例50NiL(0.12%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-3.4%Ni-1%V)随钢中的深度(以mm计)而变化的表面硬度(以HV0.5计的显微硬度)曲线,上述实施例和对比例在渗碳和包括以下步骤的热处理之后得到:(1)加热至1150℃;(2)在1150℃保持15分钟进行奥氏体化;(3)在2bar的压力下在中性气体下冷却;(4)在室温下一段时间;(5)冷却至-75℃保持2小时;以及(6)对于C级别在550℃下以及对于A级别和B级别在560℃下进行3次回火操作,每次持续一小时。
图2示出了具有下表1中所示组成的来自本发明所述的实施例2(C级别)以及对比例50NiL(0.12%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-3.4%Ni-1%V)随钢中的深度(以mm计)而变化的表面硬度(以HV0.5计的显微硬度)曲线,上述实施例和对比例在渗碳和包括以下步骤的热处理之后得到:(1)加热至1100℃;(2)在1100℃保持15分钟进行奥氏体化;(3)在2bar的压力下在中性气体下冷却;(4)在室温下一段时间;(5)冷却至-75℃保持2小时;以及(6)对于C级别在475℃或500℃或550℃或575℃的温度下以及对于对比例50NiL在560℃的温度下进行3次回火操作,每次持续一小时。
图3示出了具有下表1中所示组成的来自本发明所述的实施例2(C级别)以及对比例50NiL(0.12%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-3.4%Ni-1%V)随钢中的深度(以mm计)而变化的表面硬度(以HV0.5计的显微硬度)曲线,上述实施例和对比例在渗碳和包括以下步骤的热处理之后得到:(1)加热至1150℃;(2)在1150℃保持15分钟进行奥氏体化;(3)在2bar的压力下在中性气体下冷却;(4)在室温下一段时间;(5)冷却至-75℃保持2小时;以及(6)对于C级别在475℃或500℃或550℃或575℃的温度下以及对于对比例50NiL在560℃的温度下进行3次回火操作,每次持续一小时。
实施例
实施例1和实施例2:
根据下表1中所示组成通过VIM-VAR工艺生产各自为约110kg的三个实验室铸件(laboratory casts)(本发明所述的两个实施例:实施例1和实施例2;以及申请WO2015/082342所述的对比例:对比例1):
表1
这三种组合物非常相似。主要区别在于W的含量。
在2000T压力下通过热锻造工艺将这三个实验室铸件转变为直径为40mm的棒。从该棒加工出直径为30mm的棒并渗碳。
通过以下工序来处理渗碳棒:(1)加热到1100℃或1150℃;(2)在该温度下保持15分钟进行奥氏体化;(3)在2bar的压力下在中性气体下冷却;(4)在室温下一段时间;(5)冷却至-75℃保持2小时;以及(6)在475℃-560℃之间的温度下进行3次回火操作,每次持续一小时。
在图1-图3中比较了根据标准ASTM E384测量的所获得的表面硬度(以HV计)曲线与利用50NiL钢(0.12%C-4%Cr-4.2%Mo-3.4%Ni-1%V)获得的表面硬度曲线,该50NiL钢经受了相同的处理:奥氏体化并冷却至室温;然后冷却;并在560℃下进行3次回火操作。
本发明所述的具有低W含量的组合物具有更高的硬度水平,约为860HV,对应于66HRC。还应注意,相对于现有技术降低W含量不会显著影响基底金属(base metal)的硬度水平,该基底金属的硬度水平约为540HV,对应于51HRC。
因此,与具有较高W含量的现有技术的硬度相比,具有本发明所述组成的钢(低W含量)使得可以采用限制到1150℃的热处理来获得较高水平的硬度。
还应指出,因为硬度水平达到66-67HRC,500℃的回火温度是特别有利的(在1100℃和1150℃下进行固溶热处理)(图2和图3)。
在575℃下,仅是在1150℃下固溶热处理后结果仍然非常有利,其值高于64HRC(图3)。
Claims (16)
1.可渗碳和/或可渗氮的钢组合物,以总组合物的重量百分比计,所述钢组合物包含以下组分、有利地基本上由以下组分组成:
碳:0.05-0.40,优选0.10-0.30;
铬:2.50-5.00,优选3.00-4.50;
钼:4.00-6.00;
钨:0.01-1.80,优选0.02-1.50;
钒:1.00-3.00,优选1.50-2.50;
镍:2.00-4.00;
钴:2.00-8.00,优选3.00-7.00;
铁:余量;
以及不可避免的杂质,
所述钢组合物任选地还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:
铌:≤2.00;
氮:≤0.50,优选≤0.20;
硅:≤0.70,优选0.05-0.50;
锰:≤0.70,优选0.05-0.50;
铝:≤0.15,优选≤0.10;
铌+钒总含量在1.00-3.50的范围内;
以及,碳+氮含量在0.05-0.50的范围内。
2.如权利要求1所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,以总组合物的重量百分比计,所述钢组合物包含以下组分、有利地基本上由以下组分组成:
碳:0.10-0.30,优选0.15-0.25;
铬:3.00-4.50,优选3.50-4.50;
钼:4.00-6.00,优选4.50-5.50;
钨:0.02-1.50,优选0.03-1.40;
钒:1.50-2.50;
镍:2.00-4.00,优选2.50-3.50;
钴:3.00-7.00,优选4.00-6.00;
硅:0.05-0.50,优选0.05-0.30;
锰:0.05-0.50,优选0.05-0.30;
铁:余量;
以及不可避免的杂质,
所述钢组合物任选地还包含以下元素中的一种或多种:
铌:≤2.00;
氮:≤0.20;
铝:≤0.10;
铌+钒总含量在1.00-3.50的范围内;
以及,碳+氮含量在0.05-0.50的范围内。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,相对于所述钢组合物的总重量,所述钢组合物包含至多1wt%的不可避免的杂质、有利地为至多0.5wt%的不可避免的杂质。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,所述不可避免的杂质选自钛、硫、磷、铜、锡、铅、氧及它们的混合物。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,以总组合物的重量百分比计,钨的含量在0.03-1.40的范围内,优选在0.04-1.30的范围内。
6.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,在进行有利地为渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的热化学处理并随后进行热处理之后,所述钢组合物具有大于或等于64HRC、有利地大于或等于65HRC的表面硬度。
7.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,在进行有利地为渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的热化学处理并随后进行热处理之后,所述钢组合物具有残余奥氏体含量低于10%且不含铁素体和珠光体的马氏体结构。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的钢组合物,其特征在于,所述热处理包括:在1090℃-1160℃之间的温度下进行固溶热处理;随后进行淬火,任选地冷却至低于-40℃的温度;以及在大于或等于475℃的温度下进行若干次回火操作、有利地为至少三次回火操作。
9.具有如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的钢组合物的钢坯的生产方法,其特征在于,所述生产方法包括:
a)炼钢步骤;
b)钢加工步骤;
c)热化学处理;以及
d)热处理。
10.如权利要求9所述的生产方法,其特征在于,步骤c)由渗碳或渗氮或碳氮共渗或渗碳之后渗氮的处理组成;有利地,步骤c)是渗碳处理。
11.如权利要求9或10所述的生产方法,其特征在于,步骤d)包括:在1090℃-1160℃之间、有利地为1100℃-1150℃之间的温度下进行固溶热处理;随后,保持在该温度下直到完全奥氏体化,任选地冷却至低于-40℃的温度、有利地冷却至-75℃;以及在大于或等于475℃、有利地为大于或等于500℃的温度下进行若干次回火操作、有利地为至少三次回火操作。
12.如权利要求9至11中任一项所述的生产方法,其特征在于,步骤b)由轧制、锻造和/或挤出的步骤组成。
13.如权利要求9至12中任一项所述的生产方法,其特征在于,炼钢步骤a)通过电弧炉精炼和电渣重熔(ESR)的常规炼钢工艺;或通过任选地具有电渣重熔(ESR)和/或真空电弧重熔(VAR)步骤的VIM-VAR工艺;或通过例如气体雾化和通过热等静压(HIP)压缩的粉末冶金术来进行。
14.通过如权利要求9至13中任一项所述的生产方法获得的钢坯。
15.如权利要求14所述的钢坯或如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的钢组合物在制造机械装置中的用途,所述机械装置有利地为轴承。
16.钢中具有如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的钢组合物的机械装置或由如权利要求14所述的钢坯获得的机械装置,所述机械装置有利地为轴承或齿轮系。
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CN110423955A (zh) * | 2019-07-29 | 2019-11-08 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 表层超硬化型超高强度耐热齿轮轴承钢及制备方法 |
CN113249680A (zh) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-08-13 | 江苏新合益机械有限公司 | 高强度耐腐蚀精密活塞杆的表面处理方法 |
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FR3078978B1 (fr) | 2018-03-14 | 2020-03-13 | Aubert & Duval | Composition d'acier |
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FR3052789B1 (fr) | 2018-07-13 |
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