CN109699382B - Low-cost rapid forest restoration technology for degraded forest in subalpine - Google Patents
Low-cost rapid forest restoration technology for degraded forest in subalpine Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of forest ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a low-cost rapid forest restoration technology for a subalpine degraded forest. Mainly aims at a specific degradation ecosystem of a typical secondary shrub stage formed by degradation of high mountain coniferous forests in southwest Asia, and provides a technology for low-cost and rapid forest recovery by depending on a local secondary shrub microbial habitat. The technology provided by the invention is very simple, strong in operability, low in cost and high in tree survival rate, and the cultivation survival rate of the saplings can be obviously improved only depending on natural environment without maintenance such as artificial watering and fertilization after the saplings are planted, so that the rapid succession and recovery of a degraded ecological system are promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of forest ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a low-cost ecological restoration technology for quickly planting degraded forests in sub-high mountains.
Background
The high mountains and sub-high mountains in the southwest are two important ecological barriers of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and loess plateau-Chuannan in the national Main functional area planning, and are also the main areas of the country implementing the natural forest protection project and the important ecological barrier areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. Although the country implements natural forest protection engineering and returning-to-farmland and grass-returning engineering in the region, the tendency of the overall ecological degradation is not turned over fundamentally due to local special ecological environment, human interference, global climate change and the like. Therefore, research for strengthening the restoration technology of the degraded forest ecosystem in the area is urgently needed.
At present, the technology and concept of ecological restoration of degraded forests in mountains and subalpine are relatively lagged behind. On the one hand, there has never been any prior art consideration of promoting the growth of planted seedlings by means of a degraded regional habitat. In China, the mode of planting single conifer species is mostly adopted for forest recovery of mountains and sub-mountains, and large-area artificial conifer pure forests are built in the open lands of degraded areas. The main defects of the technology are as follows: (1) the forest seedling is planted with more manpower to promote growth, for example, the survival rate of the seedling is improved by a chemical method (such as abscisic acid or root soaking before transplanting survival agent), and for example, fine large-hole land preparation and the like are carried out, so that the early-stage investment workload is large, the cost is high, and the large-area recovery and construction are not facilitated. (2) Because the mountain and the subalpine area have the conditions of poor soil, large water evaporation capacity, bad climate and the like, and the mountain is steep in slope and rare in pedestrian tracks and can arrive at the area by manpower, the area is not only dangerous, but also difficult, the cost for implementing effective management and protection for a long time after artificial planting is higher, the difficulty is higher, even the rooting water during planting the saplings is difficult to guarantee, the survival rate of the saplings is low, and the difficulty of afforestation is high. (3) Even after artificial forestation, the ecological function degradation problems of difficult updating, single community structure, low biological diversity, poor habitat suitability and the like also commonly exist in the artificial coniferous forest.
On the other hand, the adaptability and the popularization of the current restoration technology in different habitat areas are yet to be tested, and a technology for restoring and reconstructing the degraded forest ecosystems at different degradation stages is lacked. According to the community dominant species difference of the vegetation degradation stage, the subalpine degraded forest can be divided into a land tracking stage, a secondary shrub stage, a broad-leaved forest stage and a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest stage. Due to long-term forest felling and destruction, secondary bush distribution in sub-high mountain areas is positive, wide and various. However, due to the special fragile ecological environment of the alpine region, under the influence of factors such as artificial interference and global climate change, the problems of slow natural growth, difficult updating and the like of the tree species at the later stage of recovery exist, so that the natural succession recovery process of the secondary shrubs is slow, and the secondary shrubs are difficult to recover to the zonal forest stage. However, the conventional forest degradation recovery technology never takes any effective measures against the typical secondary shrub stage of southwest Asia high mountain conifer forest degradation.
In conclusion, it is urgent to provide a fast and effective afforestation restoration technology aiming at the typical secondary shrub stage of southwest Asia alpine coniferous forest degeneration.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-cost technology for recovering degraded forests in subalpine areas.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a low-cost technology for recovering degraded forest in subalpine area features that the seedlings of group-building tree are planted in the microbial habitat of secondary shrub. The method depends on the microbial habitat of the local secondary shrubs to carry out tree planting and afforestation, comprehensively utilizes the conditions of illumination, shade, accumulated moisture, nutrition and the like provided by the secondary shrubs, helps the local ecology to rapidly and successively recover from the secondary shrub stage to the needle-wide mixed stage, saves time and labor, and further promotes the ecological diversity of the local.
Preferably, the afforestation restoration technology is directed to a high mountain area and/or a sub-high mountain area. The technical scheme adopted by the invention is mainly carried out aiming at a typical secondary shrub stage formed by degeneration of subalpine coniferous forests in southwest. The long-term practice proves that the technical scheme provided by the invention has strong adaptability, low cost and high operability, can be further popularized to high mountain belts and sub-high mountain belts in other areas, and helps to quickly restore the ecological environment locally.
Preferably, the technology for restoring the microbial habitat of the secondary shrub mainly means that the clustered seedlings are planted in a ground projection area of the root system distribution range of the secondary shrub.
Preferably, the technique comprises the steps of:
(1) soil preparation is carried out before the soil is frozen in the current year: and arranging pits in the root distribution area of the local secondary shrubs. Before the soil is frozen, particularly in autumn, the specific time is different according to different regions for implementing the technology, and the soil can be selectively carried out in 9-10 months in southwest Asia alpine regions. The pit is arranged in a ground projection area corresponding to the coverage range of the root system of the secondary shrub, so that the subsequently planted tree seedlings of the mass-establishing species can fully utilize the micro habitat of the secondary shrub to quickly survive and grow.
(2) And after the soil freezing and thawing is finished in the next year, putting the seedlings of the colonized trees into the pits. The species and age of the saplings of the established population are very important. If a locally inappropriate tree species is selected, survival rates may be reduced; if introducing variety which is not available in the local area, biological invasion and the like can be caused. In addition, the survival rate is closely related to the over-age or under-age of the tree. Through long-term analysis, the population establishing sapling used when the forest is recovered in the southwest area is as follows: the spruce of 5 years old is young and about 30cm high; the seedling age of the red birch of 2 years is about 50 cm. The survival rate of the inventor is not ideal when the inventor uses spruce seedlings growing for 3 years or spruce seedlings growing for 6 years and uses red birch seedlings growing for 1 year and birch seedlings growing for 3 years, and the average survival rate is about 80 percent generally.
The pit is preferably arranged in the vertical direction of the slope line of the secondary shrub at the same time. If the planting area is in the sunny slope, the light is more severe when the mass-planted saplings are planted in the direction of the secondary shrub, which is not beneficial to the early-stage survival of the mass-planted saplings; if the planting area is in a shade slope, when the mass-planted sapling is planted under the secondary shrub, the illumination received by the mass-planted sapling is small, the sufficient photosynthesis can not be carried out, and the survival and the growth of the mass-planted sapling are still not facilitated. Therefore, the technology can plant the mass-planting sapling in the vertical direction of the secondary shrub, and the survival rate of the mass-planting sapling can be ensured no matter the planting area is in the sunny slope or the shade slope.
Preferably, the same variety of group-establishing seedlings are planted in the upper and lower directions of the slope line of the secondary shrub.
Preferably, the size of the pit is based on the natural relaxation of the root system of the sapling of the established species; and/or; and all the pits are uniformly distributed around the root system of the secondary shrub, and the distance between every two pits is 1-3 m.
Preferably, the distance between the pit and the main root of the secondary shrub is 20-35 cm; and/or; the planting distance of each group-building seed sapling is more than 2 m.
Preferably, the planting of the population-establishing saplings adopts a mode of mixed planting of coniferous trees and broad-leaved trees.
Preferably, the planting composition of the population-establishing saplings is that conifer: broad leaf trees are 1: 2.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the scientific value is high. The invention closely surrounds the scheme of national middle and long term science and technology development planning (2006-2020), takes a typical secondary bush formed by the degradation of needle forest of southwest Asia mountain as a main object for accelerating the process of constructing ecological barriers and recovering degraded forests at the upstream of Yangtze river, aims at the problems that the natural renewal of tree species is difficult, the growth is slow, and the tree species are difficult to recover to the zonal forest stage at the later stage of the succession recovery of the secondary bush of the subalpine mountain, and the like, and utilizes the theory that the settlement and the growth of species (clustered seedlings) at the later stage of succession recovery can depend on the micro-habitat (including soil microorganisms, soil nutrients, water, illumination and the like) of the species (secondary bushes) at the early stage of succession recovery and recovery to plant the clustered seedlings in the root system distribution survival area of the secondary bush, so that the secondary bush promotes the survival and the growth of the clustered seedlings. The specific planting method adopted by the invention can reduce the economic cost of the recovery of the degraded forest, can quickly promote the recovery of vegetation and quick forestation, shortens the period of forward succession and recovery of the secondary shrubs to the zonal top-level vegetation, and provides scientific support for the recovery of the subalpine forest. In addition, the method makes up the defects of the current artificial recovery measures of the degraded forest of the sub-high mountain, and has great reference significance for the future recovery of the forest of the sub-high mountain.
(2) And (4) ecological benefit. The degraded forest ecological system of the subalpine in the southwest is one of the ecological fragile areas in China, the mountain high slopes in the areas are steep, the water source conservation function is weak, and geological disasters occur frequently. The method promotes vegetation recovery of degraded forests in southwest areas, is beneficial to maintaining regional ecological balance, improves forest land landscape patterns, promotes development of local ecological tourism industry, provides powerful support for sustainable development of ecological environment, and plays a positive role in improving regional ecological environment and even in long-term operation of national security and three gorges engineering in watersheds such as Yangtze river and the like.
In conclusion, the technology provided by the invention is simple, the operability is strong, the cost is low, the survival rate of the trees is high, maintenance such as artificial watering and fertilization is not needed after the saplings are planted, the survival rate of the saplings in planting can be obviously improved only by depending on natural environment, and the rapid afforestation succession and recovery of secondary bushes can be rapidly promoted.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the planting structure of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The method comprises the steps of surveying vegetation community characteristics of natural forests at subhigh mountains, obtaining the composition and distribution density of plant species in the natural forests, selecting suitable tree seedlings for establishing the population according to the composition and distribution density, planting the tree seedlings in secondary irrigated forests at the subhigh mountains, and carrying out reasonable community allocation (planting density of different species). The subalpine environment is special, the mountain is high and sloping, the interpersonal is rare, the fixed root water can not be irrigated, and the daily management and protection are not convenient. In order to improve the survival rate and growth of the tree seedlings, the invention creatively utilizes the micro habitat provided by the secondary bush plants to plant the tree seedlings of the established species in the ground projection area corresponding to the root distribution range of the secondary bush. In addition, the subalpine area also has the characteristics of strong sunlight, large water evaporation capacity and the like, and the invention shields the shade and maintains the water source for the saplings by means of secondary shrubs in the early stage of the sapling planting; meanwhile, considering the influence of the slope direction (a negative slope and a positive slope) on the sunlight irradiation plants, and planting and establishing the mass-planting seedlings respectively in the upper and lower directions of the slope direction line of the secondary shrub plants so as to improve the survival rate. The specific operation steps are as follows:
1. selection of tree species
According to the principle of adapting the tree and the source to the ground, the species of natural forest in subalpine is used as a reference basis, and under the premise of fully considering the factors of biological characteristics, ecological characteristics, suitable growth elevation range and the like of the tree species used for vegetation recovery, the local tree species which are strong in adaptability, easy to survive and rich in seedling source are selected for matching and planting. In the embodiment of the invention, spruce (conifer species) and red birch (broadleaf species) are selected as target species for planting.
2. Seedling planting technology
(1) Soil preparation
1) Time: soil preparation in autumn (9-10 months) is selected. Because the mountain height in the subalpine area is steep, the fixed root water is inconvenient to irrigate, and only natural conditions can be relied on. The mountain and sub-mountain areas belong to alpine regions, snow falls and freezes at the end of 10 months every year, soil preparation is carried out before soil freezing, on one hand, operation is easy, on the other hand, accumulated snow in the cave is melted, and a large amount of snow water is accumulated in the cave in the spring of the next year so as to be used as root fixing water for planting the saplings.
2) A land preparation principle: the method has the advantages that the secondary brush can provide moisture, nutrients and illumination protection for the planted tree seedlings by means of the secondary brush micro habitat, and meanwhile, the pits are required to be large as much as possible, more accumulated snow is accumulated, and the requirement for root fixing water is met. Therefore, how to dig the pit is very important. According to long-term field investigation, most of the lateral roots of the secondary brush are distributed within the range of 80cm to 100cm from the main roots. Selecting proper secondary bushes, and digging pit holes at the positions which are 20cm away from the main root of each secondary bush in the vertical direction of a slope line at multiple positions of each secondary bush, in a root system distribution area in a dotted mode, wherein the length, the width and the depth of each pit hole are respectively 30cm multiplied by 30cm, and the pit distance is 2 m. And after the pit is dug, paving a layer of humus soil at the bottom of the pit. The humus soil can be directly produced naturally around secondary shrubs.
(2) Requirements of sapling
By using the technical scheme provided by the invention, the planted saplings only depend on natural conditions for survival and growth, and no additional manual intervention is carried out. Therefore, the selected saplings are too large, require more water and nutrients to maintain growth, and are not beneficial to quick survival in the early stage; the selected saplings are too small to resist the adverse circumstances. Through experience accumulation and data analysis of long-term practice, selecting spruce seedlings of 5 years old with the plant height of about 30 cm; the seedling age of the red birch of 2 years is about 50 cm. The spruce seedlings and the red birch seedlings are seedling seedlings (seedlings directly propagated from seeds), when the seedlings are lifted, host soil is needed to be carried as much as possible, the seedlings are prevented from losing water in the transportation process, the roots of the seedlings are fully soaked before planting, and then the seedlings with the host soil are planted in pits.
(3) Time of planting
In early spring, the temperature of high mountain and sub-high mountain areas is usually low, and sometimes snow falls, so that planted seedlings are easy to freeze and are not beneficial to survival of the seedlings. Therefore, the planting selection is preferably within 5 months. At the moment, the freeze thawing of the area is finished, and snow water accumulated in the pit holes at the early stage is thawed to provide sufficient root fixing water for the planted seedlings. In addition, the seedlings are in rainy season for a long time, and the moisture required by the seedlings in the critical survival period can be solved.
(4) Requirements for planting
As shown in fig. 1, with reference to the natural conifer colony composition, according to the needle: broad 1:2, i.e. spruce: the planting ratio of the betula albo-marginata is 1:2, community configuration is carried out, and planting is carried out in a mixed crossing mode among plants and with the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 2 m. Planting the same tree species in the up-down direction of the slope line of the same secondary shrub.
3. Management and maintenance
Because the planted saplings naturally grow by means of natural conditions and management measures such as fertilization and irrigation are not provided, the later management and maintenance are very simple, the artificial planted forest is protected by only periodically patrolling, the planted saplings are guaranteed not to be damaged except by natural interference, the conditions such as fire and plant diseases and insect pests are monitored and processed in time, and the survival rate and the growth condition of the saplings are monitored periodically.
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Examples
The implementation place is as follows: the secondary jungle forest is irrigated in subalpine secondary jungle in Yuanxian county of Sichuan province and at elevation 3800 m.
1. Land preparation: soil preparation is carried out in 10 months. Selecting suitable secondary bushes, digging pit holes at the positions which are 20cm away from the main roots of the secondary bushes in the vertical direction of the slope line of each secondary bush and in the root distribution area of each secondary bush in a point-shaped downward digging mode, wherein the length, the width and the depth of each pit hole are respectively 30cm multiplied by 30cm, the pit distance is 2m, and covering a layer of humus soil at the bottom of each pit hole.
2. Seedling: selecting spruce which is 5-year old and about 30cm high; the seedling age of the red birch is 2 years old, and the plant height is about 50 cm. Spruce and red birch are seedling, and have multiple zones of soil during seedling lifting, and the seedlings should be prevented from losing water during transportation, and the roots of the seedlings should be fully soaked in water before planting. And in 5 months, planting after the soil freezing and thawing are finished.
3. Planting mode: planting in a mixed plant-plant mode with plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 2m according to the ratio of spruce: and (3) carrying out community configuration on the betula albo-marginata planting ratio of 1:2, and planting the same tree species in the up-down direction of a slope line of the same secondary shrub. The planting method comprises the following main points: the spruce and red birch seedlings are planted along with the spruce and red birch seedlings, the seedlings are kept upright during planting, the root systems are naturally relaxed, the planting depth is proper, and the soil is covered and compacted.
4. The technical points are as follows: during digging, the distance between the main root of the secondary brush and the main root is kept to be 20cm, digging is carried out on the position, in the vertical direction, of a slope line of a single secondary brush, the same tree seedlings are planted, the planted tree seedlings are guaranteed to be in a secondary brush side root distribution area, and meanwhile, the planting row spacing of the planted tree seedlings is guaranteed to be 2m multiplied by 2m when the secondary brush is selected to adapt to land preparation and digging.
5. And (3) management and maintenance: the artificial plantation is regularly patrolled, the planted seedlings are guaranteed not to be damaged except by natural interference, the conditions such as fire, plant diseases and insect pests are monitored and processed in time, and the survival rate and the growth condition of the seedlings are regularly monitored.
6. Control group
In order to better show the technical effect of the invention, a control group is specially established: a piece of open space is selected to plant the spruce and the red birch in the area according to a conventional planting method, and other planting methods are the same as the method except that the microbial environment of secondary bushes is not used.
7. Results
According to the planting technology provided by the invention, 20 mu of francolin partridge secondary jungle marbles are planted in 5 months in 2018 in Ritukawa prefecture in an accumulated way, and a control group is set to plant 5 mu of francolin in open land according to a conventional method. The seedlings planted in the invention do not undergo any pretreatment such as fertilization and irrigation, only survive in the environment, and the survival rate of spruce and red birch is up to 92% through investigation and statistics of 11 months in 2018, while the survival rate of the control group planted in the open space is only 73%.
Claims (6)
1. A method for helping degraded forest to quickly recover forest, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: planting group-building saplings by means of secondary bush microbial habitat; planting the population-establishing tree seedlings in a ground projection area of the root system distribution range of the secondary shrub; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) before the soil is frozen in the current year, a pit is arranged in a ground projection area in the root distribution range of the local secondary shrub; after the pit is dug, paving a layer of humus at the bottom of the pit, wherein the humus comes from the periphery of a secondary shrub;
(2) after the soil freezing and thawing is finished in the next year, putting the seedlings of the colonized trees into the pits; the distance between the pit and the main root of the secondary shrub is 20-35 cm, and/or the planting distance between the tree seedlings of each group is more than 2 m.
2. A method for assisting in the rapid forest establishment and restoration of a degraded forest according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the size of the pit is based on natural relaxation of the root system of the tree seedlings of the established species, and/or the pits are uniformly distributed around the root system of the secondary shrub, and the distance between every two pits is 1-3 m.
3. A method for assisting in the rapid forest establishment and restoration of a degraded forest according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and simultaneously planting the group-building seed saplings in the upper and lower directions of the slope line of the secondary shrub.
4. A method for assisting in the rapid forest establishment and restoration of a degraded forest according to claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and planting the same variety of group-establishing seedlings in the upper and lower directions of the slope line of the secondary shrub.
5. A method for assisting in the rapid forest establishment and restoration of a degraded forest according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the planting of the tree seedlings of the group-building seeds adopts a mode of mixed planting of coniferous trees and broad-leaved trees.
6. A method for assisting in the rapid forest establishment and restoration of a degraded forest according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the planting composition of the seedlings of the group-building seeds is as follows: broad leaf trees =1: 2.
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| CN111133940A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-05-12 | 上海琸源水生态环境工程有限公司 | Method for building suburban forest community |
| CN111713325A (en) * | 2020-05-18 | 2020-09-29 | 北京亿利生物科技有限公司 | Method for planting nursery stocks in alpine altitude areas |
| CN113575260A (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2021-11-02 | 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地 | Method for recovering suitable habitat of pandas in secondary sub-high mountain bamboo shrub forest land |
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