CN109223608A - A kind of high speed homogenization forces solubilization method and its application - Google Patents
A kind of high speed homogenization forces solubilization method and its application Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109223608A CN109223608A CN201811445428.1A CN201811445428A CN109223608A CN 109223608 A CN109223608 A CN 109223608A CN 201811445428 A CN201811445428 A CN 201811445428A CN 109223608 A CN109223608 A CN 109223608A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- active ingredient
- alcohol
- added
- water insoluble
- insoluble active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
- A61K8/26—Aluminium; Compounds thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/31—Hydrocarbons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/34—Alcohols
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/34—Alcohols
- A61K8/345—Alcohols containing more than one hydroxy group
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
- A61K8/365—Hydroxycarboxylic acids; Ketocarboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/37—Esters of carboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/49—Solubiliser, Solubilising system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
- A61K2800/805—Corresponding aspects not provided for by any of codes A61K2800/81 - A61K2800/95
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of high speed homogenizations to force solubilization method and its application, is first added in alcohol after completely dissolution water insoluble active ingredient, then be conducted into deionized water, is dispersed in it in system, macromolecule component, and high-speed stirred homogeneous is then added.The present invention has reached prevention water insoluble active ingredient molecular collision agglomerate, the purpose with system precipitation and separation ensure that the stability of system by the way that macromolecule component is added.It is applied to but is not limited only in the production of the cosmetics such as transparent lotions, Essence, essence dew, gel using the present invention, the mildness of product can be effectively improved and felt using coating, so that product is not clearly sticky.
Description
Method field
The invention belongs to cosmetics method field, specifically discloses a kind of high speed homogenization and force solubilization method and its application.
Background method
As the improvement of people's living standards, cosmetics have come into huge numbers of families, cosmetic appeal day of the people to high quality
It is beneficial severe.Due to needing, it may require that the oil such as some greases, active matter, essence, preservative are added in selection in water-based system sometimes
Soluble substance (water insoluble active ingredient).But under general case, these lipophilic components are difficult to dissolve in formula system, cannot
It is formed homogeneous.Therefore, solubilizer just plays the role of in this kind of cosmetics vital, and solubilizer can help oily melt into
Divide and be dissolved in water, and forms homogeneous and transparent homogeneous system.
Traditional solubilization method is all to realize deliquescent increase by emulsification oil-soluble ingredients, both by strong non-of hydrophily
Ionic surface active agent is added in polyol humectant, is added oil-soluble ingredients, is added in water phase after mixed dissolution.Oil is molten
Property ingredient enters surfactant and forms minimum micella, to reach the solubilizing solution of appearance transparent.But such methods exist
The appearance of the product quality problems such as stability difference, meanwhile, because the addition of surfactant makes product be easy when using coating
Existing " blistering whiting " phenomenon, and the problem of the use of surfactant also brings along safety.And the grease that nonpolarity is high
Solubilising is made the preparations such as toner and is difficult to realize to transparent in water, often use a large amount of high polymerization degree it is non-from
Sub- surfactant, but solution be also difficult to it is transparent, not can guarantee Cutaneous permeation absorption.And use the nonionic of a large amount of high polymerization degrees
Surfactant can cause glutinous soapy feeling and irritation to skin.
In view of above-mentioned analysis, it is a kind of safely and effectively, stability is high, solution solubilising can be made to transparent, and skin stick soapy feeling it is low,
It is that the industry is badly in need of that bland high speed homogenization, which forces solubilization method,.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of high speed homogenizations to force solubilization method and its application, breaks through conventional emulsification solubilising
Method limitation is applied and transparent lotions, essence using the stable dispersion anti-agglomeration property of macromolecule raw material, and by this method
Liquid, essence dew, gel production in, by water-insoluble materials it is evenly dispersed with system in, then by the way that macromolecule component shape is added
At reticular structure, achieve the purpose that prevent water-insoluble materials molecular collision reunite, with system precipitation and separation, effectively improve
The mildness of product can make solution solubilising to transparent, and skin sticks that soapy feeling is low, irritation is small.
The present invention specifically uses following methods scheme to achieve the goals above:
(1) water insoluble active ingredient is added in alcohol and is sufficiently dissolved, it is spare to obtain mixture A;
(2) mixture A is directed into deionized water, is dispersed in it in system, it is spare to obtain mixture B;
(3) macromolecule component, and high-speed stirred homogeneous is added in mixture B.
Further, the water insoluble active ingredient usage amount is 0.05%-0.25%.
Further, the alcohol use amount is 5-10%.
Further, the macromolecule component usage amount is 0.5%-5%.
Further, the high-speed stirred condition is to be stirred 5 minutes at 45 DEG C with 2000 revs/min of revolving speed.
Further, the alcohol concentration is 99%.
Further, the macromolecule component is one or both of gum gellan, xanthan gum.
The invention also discloses a kind of application using above method scheme in Cosmetic Manufacture, the application include but
It is not limited to the preparation of toner, essence lotion, essence dew, transparent gel.
Further, the present invention also provides a kind of preparation method of toner, this method is as follows:
(1) by mass percentage, 0.2% water insoluble active ingredient is added to 5% concentration to dissolve in 99% alcohol, so
The alcohol that water insoluble active ingredient has been added is imported in deionized water afterwards, it is dispersed in system, adds 3% height
Molecular chaperones, and stirred homogeneous 5 minutes at 45 DEG C with 2000 revs/min of revolving speed, it obtains water insoluble active ingredient molecule and uniformly divides
Scattered reserve liquid A;
(2) by mass percentage, 0.2% essence is dissolved in 7% concentration and obtains reserve liquid B for 95% ethyl alcohol;
(3) by mass percentage, by reserve liquid A, the citric acid of reserve liquid B and 0.1%, 4% glycerol, 0.2% alum in room
Middle benefit gas is uniformly mixed, then sterilized ageing filtering, is discharged to obtain the final product.
Further, the water insoluble active ingredient be selected from one of lutein, saualane, cetanol ethylhexoate or
It is a variety of.
Further, the macromolecule component is one or both of gum gellan, xanthan gum.
The present invention compared with the conventional method, has the following beneficial effects:
(1) present invention is by having PEG with PEG structure nonionic surfactant, high polymerization degree for higher alcohol, low polymerization degree
Structure nonionic surfactant and lower alcohol and animal fat are combined the solubilized animal fat composition being prepared,
Applied to toner, Essence, the low alcohol such as facial mask, without in alcohol aqua cosmetics can effectively facilitate saualane, cetanol ethyl hexyl
The skins effective component such as acid esters, cholesterol is soluble in water, the moist degree that can be supplemented oil to skin, increase skin;
(2) nonionic surfactant of the structure containing PEG used in the composition of solubilized animal fat prepared by the present invention is used
Amount is few, and the glutinous soapy feeling of skin is low, irritation is small, is suitable for most of aqua system, and will not have an impact to system stability;
(3) preparation method of the present invention is easy to operate, easy to accomplish, and prepared cosmetics cost performance is high, at low cost;
(4) high speed homogenization provided by the invention forces solubilization method, the limitation of conventional emulsification solubilization method is broken through, by water-insoluble object
Matter is dispersed in system, then reaches the reunion of its molecular collision of prevention and system precipitation and separation by the way that macromolecule component is added,
Effectively improve the mildness of product and using coating sense.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is specifically described combined with specific embodiments below, it is necessary to which indicated herein is following embodiment
It is served only for should not be understood as limiting the scope of the invention, those skilled in the art's root to further explanation of the invention
Still belong to protection scope of the present invention according to some nonessential modifications and adaptations that the content of present invention makes the present invention.
Embodiment 1: toner
1. being formulated (weight %)
。
2. step
(1) water insoluble active ingredient lutein is added in the alcohol that concentration is 99% and is dissolved, the alcohol that lutein has been added is led
Enter in deionized water (D), be dispersed in it in system, adds gum gellan, and with 2000 revs/min of revolving speed at 45 DEG C
Stirring homogeneous 5 minutes, obtains the evenly dispersed reserve liquid A of lutein molecule;
(2) essence is dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol and obtains reserve liquid B;
(3) reserve liquid A, B and component C substance are uniformly mixed, then sterilized ageing filtering at room temperature, are discharged to obtain the final product.
Embodiment 2: toner
1. being formulated (weight %)
。
2. step
(1) water insoluble active ingredient saualane is added in the alcohol that concentration is 99% and is dissolved, the alcohol that saualane has been added is led
Enter in deionized water (D), be dispersed in it in system, adds gum gellan, and with 2000 revs/min of revolving speed at 45 DEG C
Stirring homogeneous 5 minutes, obtains the evenly dispersed reserve liquid A of saualane;
(2) essence is dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol and obtains reserve liquid B;
(3) reserve liquid A, B and component C substance are uniformly mixed, then aged filtering at room temperature, are discharged to obtain the final product.
Embodiment 3: toner
1. being formulated (weight %)
。
2. step
(1) water insoluble active ingredient cetanol ethylhexoate is added in 99% alcohol and is dissolved, cetanol ethyl hexyl will be added
The alcohol of acid esters imports in deionized water (D), is dispersed in it in system, adds gum gellan, and at 45 DEG C with
2000 revs/min of revolving speed stirs homogeneous 5 minutes, obtains the evenly dispersed reserve liquid A of cetanol ethylhexoate;
(2) essence is dissolved in 95% ethyl alcohol and obtains reserve liquid B;
(3) reserve liquid A, B and component C substance are uniformly mixed, then aged filtering at room temperature, are discharged to obtain the final product.
Comparative example 1: toner
(step for forcing solubilising to prepare dispersion liquid divided by water insoluble active ingredient, ethyl alcohol, gellan gum high speed homogenization is gone compared to embodiment 1
Suddenly)
1. being formulated (weight %)
。
2. step
(1) ethyl alcohol that essence is dissolved in 95% is obtained into reserve liquid A;
(2) reserve liquid A and B component substance are dissolved in deionized water, are uniformly mixed at room temperature, then aged filtering,
It discharges to obtain the final product.
Test case
Embodiment 1 ~ 3 and the property of toner made from comparative example are detected, specific targets are as follows:
1. color
Appropriate toner is taken to be evaluated by visual observations, bigger grade, and color is deeper.
2. transparency
Appropriate toner is taken to be evaluated by visual observations.
3. smell
It takes appropriate toner to hear observation by nose to be evaluated.
4. screening characteristics
It is judged with clearly not sticky.
5. with rear skin sense
It is judged with the soft and smooth sense of the exquisiteness of skin.
6. moisture retention
It is judged with applying the moist degree of skin after ten minutes.
As a result:
The property of toner made from 1 each group embodiment of table and comparative example
。
As can be known from Table 1, solubilization method is only being forced using water insoluble active ingredient, ethyl alcohol, gellan gum high speed homogenization,
The limitation of conventional emulsification solubilization method is broken through, water-insoluble materials are dispersed in system, then by the way that macromolecule component is added
Reach and prevent the reunion of its molecular collision and system precipitation and separation, could preferably improve the moistening effect of toner, while making
As clear as crystal with being still able to maintain in the case where oil-soluble ingredients, clearly not sticky, screening characteristics is good.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, patent protection model of the invention
It encloses and is subject to claims, it is all to change with equivalent structure made by description of the invention, similarly should all include
Within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of high speed homogenization forces solubilization method, which is characterized in that method includes the following steps:
(1) water insoluble active ingredient is added in alcohol and is sufficiently dissolved, it is spare to obtain mixture A;
(2) mixture A is directed into deionized water, is dispersed in it in system, it is spare to obtain mixture B;
(3) macromolecule component, and high-speed stirred homogeneous is added in mixture B.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the water insoluble active ingredient usage amount is 0.05%-0.25%.
3. the method according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol use amount is 5-10%.
4. the method according to claim 1, wherein the macromolecule component usage amount is 0.5%-5%.
5. the method according to claim 1, wherein the high-speed stirred condition is at 45 DEG C with 2000 revs/min
Revolving speed stir 5 minutes.
6. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the alcohol concentration is 99%.
7. according to the method described in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the macromolecule component is gum gellan, one in xanthan gum
Kind or two kinds.
8. a kind of application of any one method described according to claim 1 ~ 7 in production cosmetics, which is characterized in that this is answered
With including but not limited to toner, the preparation of essence lotion, essence dew, transparent gel.
9. application according to claim 8, it is characterised in that: the toner the preparation method is as follows:
(1) by mass percentage, 0.2% water insoluble active ingredient is added to 5% concentration to dissolve in 99% alcohol, so
The alcohol that water insoluble active ingredient has been added is imported in deionized water afterwards, it is dispersed in system, adds 3% height
Molecular chaperones, and stirred homogeneous 5 minutes at 45 DEG C with 2000 revs/min of revolving speed, it obtains water insoluble active ingredient molecule and uniformly divides
Scattered reserve liquid A;
(2) by mass percentage, 0.2% essence is dissolved in 7% concentration and obtains reserve liquid B for 95% ethyl alcohol;
(3) by mass percentage, by reserve liquid A, the citric acid of reserve liquid B and 0.1%, 4% glycerol, 0.2% alum in room
Middle benefit gas is uniformly mixed, then sterilized ageing filtering, is discharged to obtain the final product.
10. application according to claim 9, it is characterised in that: the water insoluble active ingredient be selected from lutein, saualane,
One of cetanol ethylhexoate is a variety of;The macromolecule component is one or both of gum gellan, xanthan gum.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811445428.1A CN109223608B (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2018-11-29 | High-speed homogeneous forced solubilization method and application thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811445428.1A CN109223608B (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2018-11-29 | High-speed homogeneous forced solubilization method and application thereof |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN109223608A true CN109223608A (en) | 2019-01-18 |
CN109223608B CN109223608B (en) | 2022-02-01 |
Family
ID=65073759
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811445428.1A Active CN109223608B (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2018-11-29 | High-speed homogeneous forced solubilization method and application thereof |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN109223608B (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101283964A (en) * | 2008-05-27 | 2008-10-15 | 王喆明 | No-ethanol essence aquose dispersion system |
CN102085162A (en) * | 2011-01-13 | 2011-06-08 | 广州环亚化妆品科技有限公司 | Face cleansing emulsion without surfactant and preparation method thereof |
CN104473878A (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2015-04-01 | 中国海洋大学 | Method for preparing high-aqueous-dispersion astaxanthin ester microspheres |
-
2018
- 2018-11-29 CN CN201811445428.1A patent/CN109223608B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101283964A (en) * | 2008-05-27 | 2008-10-15 | 王喆明 | No-ethanol essence aquose dispersion system |
CN102085162A (en) * | 2011-01-13 | 2011-06-08 | 广州环亚化妆品科技有限公司 | Face cleansing emulsion without surfactant and preparation method thereof |
CN104473878A (en) * | 2014-11-20 | 2015-04-01 | 中国海洋大学 | Method for preparing high-aqueous-dispersion astaxanthin ester microspheres |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
MA CARMEN GARCÍA,MA CARMEN ALFARO,JOSÉ MU˜NOZ: "《Influence of the ratio of amphiphilic copolymers used as emulsifiers》", 《ELSEVIER》 * |
张德重等: "结冷胶研究进展", 《科技创业家》 * |
徐蔓等: "《中国化工产品大全》", 31 January 2005, 化学工业出版社 * |
王雪梅: "《画眉深浅入时无-化妆品于健康美容》", 30 September 2004, 安徽大学出版社 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN109223608B (en) | 2022-02-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Taarji et al. | Formulation and stabilization of oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a saponins-rich extract from argan oil press-cake | |
TWI730023B (en) | Hair growth composition and method | |
CN107397714A (en) | With anti-blue light contamination and the elite breast of desalination microgroove effect and its preparation and application | |
US5855826A (en) | Matrix-double encapsulation method and a cosmetic composition containing matrix-double capsules | |
CN113274308B (en) | Two-phase skin care composition and preparation method thereof | |
Zainol et al. | Development and characterization of cinnamon leaf oil nanocream for topical application | |
CN111568829B (en) | High-content ceramide repair cream and preparation method thereof | |
CN104884032B (en) | Skin gel-form composition | |
CN110075032A (en) | A kind of compound oil-in-water emulsion of xanthan gum/sodium alginate and preparation method thereof rich in function factor | |
KR20090057044A (en) | Emulsion composition with good feeling of use | |
CN111991243A (en) | Double-layer multi-effect coagulated bead and preparation method and application thereof | |
JP6039484B2 (en) | Composition and cosmetics | |
JP2007204381A (en) | LIPOSOME FOR beta-GLUCAN-CONTAINING COSMETIC | |
Yao et al. | Emulsifying properties of Chinese quince seed gum in oil-in-water emulsions | |
CN109223608A (en) | A kind of high speed homogenization forces solubilization method and its application | |
JPS58183938A (en) | Emulsified composition | |
CN116459183A (en) | Mild residue-free cleansing surfactant composition and use thereof | |
WO2003022239A2 (en) | Stable water in oil aminophylline emulsions | |
Prima et al. | Techniques of additional Kappaphycus alvarezii on seaweed face mask production | |
CA2880756C (en) | Natural personal care cream to powder compositions | |
Saeidy et al. | Optimization of Asafoetida gum extraction and assessments of emulsion stability | |
CN110151628A (en) | A kind of rose lipstick and preparation method thereof | |
CN110583972A (en) | Protein-polyphenol complex and preparation method and application thereof | |
CN109363993A (en) | A kind of step emulsifying cooling and shaping method and its application | |
CN115040437B (en) | Cosmetic composition in the form of an O/W emulsion |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |