CN109122129B - Winter wheat convex-concave planting method - Google Patents
Winter wheat convex-concave planting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a winter wheat convex-concave planting method, wherein soil is subjected to interval deep scarification within one week after previous wheat is harvested, ridging is performed in an area without deep scarification, furrowing is performed in a deep scarification area, crop straws are covered, a convex-concave earth surface and a soil-air barrier interface are formed, and rainwater is promoted to be collected and stored in the soil; weed control with herbicides in off-season in summer; before wheat is sowed, the seeds are mixed with bactericide or/and insecticide, sowing with equal row spacing and equal sowing width, fertilization, rotary tillage, sowing and pressing are integrated, and convex-concave planting of wheat is realized; chemical weeding is carried out in the early winter; spraying plant growth regulator and top dressing during the turning green and jointing stage; and spraying the foliar fertilizer in the heading-flowering period in combination with spraying of three prevention and prevention. The method reduces the negative influence of water and fertilizer stress on the growth and development of the wheat in the dry land, improves the substance production capacity and the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and ensures that the yield of the wheat is stably improved by improving soil, covering the straw with rain and preserving soil moisture, planting in convex and concave areas and positioning fertilization in root areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a convex-concave planting method for winter wheat.
Background
Winter wheat is a main grain crop in dry farming areas in China, and due to the fact that dry land has little rainfall, lacks of supplementary irrigation, is barren in soil and difficult in topdressing, the yield of the dry land wheat is low and unstable, and the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer is low. Therefore, the exploration of water-retaining cultivation and nutrient management measures which can synergistically improve the yield and the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer is of great importance to the sustainable development of the wheat industry and the guarantee of national food safety.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a convex-concave planting method for winter wheat, which is used for improving the utilization rate of water and fertilizer in dry land and increasing the yield of wheat.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme and the conception adopted by the invention are as follows:
a winter wheat convex-concave planting method comprises the following steps:
step one, performing interval deep scarification on soil within one week after harvesting of wheat at the previous crop, ridging in an area without deep scarification to form a convex-concave ground surface which is not deeply scarified and has ridges and is deeply scarified and provided with ditches, promoting rainfall to be collected and stored in the soil, covering crop straws in the ditches to form a soil-air separation interface, preventing soil moisture from evaporating, and improving the rainfall storage efficiency;
step two, in a summer season, in the middle 7 th month (high temperature and rainy days, strong weed growth and no seed setting), weeding out broadleaf weeds or/and grassy weeds (the broadleaf weeds and the grassy weeds are collected and combined) by using a herbicide;
thirdly, before wheat sowing, dressing seeds with a bactericide or/and an insecticide, sowing in equal rows and equal width, fertilizing, rotary tillage, sowing and pressing, and realizing convex-concave planting of crops; the method of fertilizing while ploughing and sowing is adopted, the efficiency is high, the speed is high, the technologies of positioning fertilization and soil testing fertilization are adopted, the requirement of nutrients required by the growth of wheat is met, the soil moisture is efficiently utilized, and the wheat yield and the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency are improved;
step four, in late 11 months, selecting a sunny day with the maximum temperature of 10 ℃ at noon, spraying tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon for weeding, wherein the dosages of the two herbicides are recommended for the product;
spraying a plant growth regulator in the green turning period or/and the jointing period of the winter wheat, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer to the soil according to rainfall conditions; the plant growth regulator comprises chlormequat chloride, gibberellin and plant cytokinin; in the green turning period or the jointing stage of winter wheat, applying a nitrogen fertilizer once when the first rainfall per day exceeds more than 15mm, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 2-3 kg/mu calculated as pure N;
step six, spraying insecticide, bactericide and leaf fertilizer in combination with spraying three prevention (pest and disease prevention, dry hot air and lodging) in the heading-flowering period of the winter wheat; when spraying the pesticide in the flowering period of wheat, the pollination time is avoided, the spraying is generally carried out after 10: 00 in the morning, and the spraying is supplemented when meeting rain within 6 hours after the spraying;
and seventhly, harvesting the winter wheat in a wax ripeness stage.
In the first step, deep scarification operation is 35-40 cm at intervals of 60cm, and ridge forming operation is carried out while the deep scarification operation is carried out, wherein the ridge width is 30cm, the height is 10cm, and the furrow width is 30 cm.
In the step one, the crop straws are wheat straws of previous crops.
In the second step, the herbicides are tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon, and the dosages of the two herbicides are recommended for the product.
In the third step, the bactericide used for dressing seeds is wettable triadimefon powder with the mass fraction of the effective component of 15 percent or wettable diniconazole powder with the mass fraction of 12.5 percent, the using amount of the effective component of triadimefon is 0.04 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds, and the using amount of the effective component of diniconazole is 0.2 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds; the pesticide for seed dressing is imidacloprid suspension emulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 64 percent or octathiophosphoryl emulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 53 percent, and the dosage of the effective component of the pesticide is 0.1 percent of the weight of wheat seeds.
In the third step, the seeding row spacing is 20cm, the seeding width is 4-6 cm, and the seeding depth is 3-5 cm; the fertilizer applied during sowing comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer and a potassium fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is one or more of urea, diammonium phosphate and ammonium chloride, the phosphate fertilizer is one or more of diammonium phosphate, calcium superphosphate or triple superphosphate, the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, the fertilizer is applied to a position with a depth of 10cm and 5cm on the seed side in strips, and the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is determined by the following method: predicting target yield according to the water content condition of soil before sowing, and recommending the application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer according to the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand of the target yield, wherein a hundred kilograms of seed pairs are N, P2O5And K2The O demand was measured as 2.8kg, 1.1kg and 2.7kg, respectively.
In the fifth step, the mu dosage of each plant growth regulator is respectively as follows: adding 13-15 mL of chlormequat chloride into 40-55 kg of water; 55-60 kg of 40ppm gibberellin spray liquid; adding 185-285 kg of water into 53g of plant cytokinin; the spraying of mepiquat chloride can inhibit internode elongation, prevent later lodging and improve yield; the grain number of the grains per ear can be increased by spraying gibberellin, and the yield is improved; spraying plant cytokinin can promote the formation of chlorophyll and the synthesis of protein, enhance photosynthesis and stress resistance, and is favorable to early maturing and high yield.
In the sixth step, the bactericide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 80g of triazolone wettable powder with 15% of mass fraction of active ingredients; the pesticide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 20g of imidacloprid wettable powder with the mass fraction of the active ingredients of 10 percent; the composition and the mu dosage of the foliar fertilizer are as follows: 200g of urea and 100g of monopotassium phosphate.
Has the advantages that:
1. according to the method, the ridging operation is carried out on the soil in the idle summer to form the convex-concave ground surface for promoting water collection, deep scarification, soil improvement and infiltration promotion, straw coverage and evaporation prevention, limited precipitation is stored in the soil, the supply time of the soil moisture on the growth and development of wheat is ensured or prolonged, the influence of moisture deficiency on the normal growth of the wheat is reduced, and the yield and the moisture utilization efficiency of the wheat are stably improved.
2. On the basis of soil testing and formulated fertilization, the invention realizes root zone fertilization by positioning fertilizer and applying fertilizer in strips and then sowing in rotary tillage, is more favorable for ensuring the supply of nutrients required in the growth and development process of wheat compared with the traditional fertilizer application, ensures the vigorous growth of wheat, can properly apply nitrogen fertilizer according to rainfall conditions in the jointing stage of wheat, improves the utilization efficiency of nutrients and ensures the maximum high yield of wheat.
3. According to the method, by sowing in equal row spacing and wide width, compared with the traditional furrow planting, the effective sowing area is increased, and the problem of reduction of spike number caused by reduction of the planting area in the traditional ridge-covering furrow sowing cultivation is solved; through sowing in equal row spacing, plants in the growth period of wheat form convex and concave surfaces, ventilation and light transmission, effective photosynthetic area and light radiation interception rate are increased, photosynthetic potential and dry matter production capacity are improved, and accordingly yield is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a winter wheat convex-concave planting method in different stages in the field; wherein A is a field schematic diagram in summer idle season; b is a field schematic diagram of a sowing period; c is a field schematic diagram in the flowering period.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, and the details which are not described below are prior art or can be implemented by the prior art.
A winter wheat convex-concave planting method comprises the following steps:
step one, performing interval deep scarification on soil within one week after harvesting of previous wheat, ridging in an area without deep scarification to form a convex-concave ground surface which is not deeply scarified and ridged and is deeply scarified and grooved, promoting rainfall to collect and store into the soil, covering all straws and glumes of previous wheat in the grooves to form a soil-air separation interface, preventing soil moisture from evaporating, and improving rainfall storage efficiency; wherein the deep scarification operation is 35-40 cm deep scarification at intervals of 60cm, and the ridging operation is carried out while the deep scarification operation is carried out, wherein the ridge width is 30cm, the height is 10cm, and the furrow width is 30 cm;
step two, in a summer season, in the middle 7 th month (high temperature and rainy days, strong weed growth and no seed setting), weeding out broadleaf weeds or/and grassy weeds (the broadleaf weeds and the grassy weeds are collected and combined) by using a herbicide; the herbicide is tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon, and the dosage of the two herbicides is the recommended dosage of the product;
thirdly, before wheat sowing, dressing seeds with a bactericide or/and an insecticide, sowing in equal rows and equal width, fertilizing, rotary tillage, sowing and pressing, and realizing convex-concave planting of crops; the method of fertilizing while ploughing and sowing is adopted, the efficiency is high, the speed is high, the technologies of positioning fertilization and soil testing fertilization are adopted, the requirement of nutrients required by the growth of wheat is met, the soil moisture is efficiently utilized, and the wheat yield and the water and fertilizer efficiency are improved;
in the embodiment, the bactericide used for seed dressing is wettable triadimefon powder with 15 mass percent of active ingredients or wettable diniconazole powder with 12.5 mass percent of active ingredients, the using amount of the active ingredients of triadimefon is 0.04 percent of the weight of wheat seeds, and the using amount of the active ingredients of diniconazole is 0.2 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds; the pesticide used for seed dressing is imidacloprid suspoemulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 64 percent or octathiophosphoryl emulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 53 percent, and the using amount of the effective component of the pesticide is 1 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds;
in the embodiment, the seeding row spacing is 20cm, the seeding width is 4-6 cm, and the seeding depth is 3-5 cm; the fertilizer applied during sowing comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer and a potassium fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is one or more of urea, diammonium phosphate and ammonium chloride, the phosphate fertilizer is one or more of diammonium phosphate, calcium superphosphate or triple superphosphate, the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, the fertilizer is applied to a position with a depth of 10cm and 5cm on the seed side in strips, and the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is determined by the following method: predicting target yield according to the water content condition of soil before sowing, and recommending the application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer according to the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand of the target yield, wherein a hundred kilograms of seed pairs are N, P2O5And K2The O demand is respectively calculated by 2.8kg, 1.1kg and 2.7 kg;
step four, in late 11 months, selecting a sunny day with the maximum temperature of 10 ℃ at noon, spraying tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon for weeding, wherein the dosages of the two herbicides are recommended for the product;
spraying a plant growth regulator in the green turning period and the jointing period of the winter wheat, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer to the soil according to rainfall conditions; the plant growth regulator comprises chlormequat chloride, gibberellin and plant cytokinin, and the mu dosage of each plant growth regulator is as follows: adding 13-15 mL of chlormequat chloride into 40-55 kg of water; 55-60 kg of 40ppm gibberellin spray liquid; adding 185-285 kg of water into 53g of plant cytokinin; in the green turning period and the jointing stage of winter wheat, applying a nitrogen fertilizer once when the first rainfall per day exceeds more than 15mm, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 2-3 kg/mu calculated as pure N; the spraying of mepiquat chloride can inhibit internode elongation, prevent later lodging and improve yield; the grain number of the grains per ear can be increased by spraying gibberellin, and the yield is improved; spraying plant cytokinin can promote the formation of chlorophyll and the synthesis of protein, enhance photosynthesis and stress resistance, and is beneficial to precocity and high yield;
step six, spraying insecticide, bactericide and leaf fertilizer in combination with spraying three prevention (pest and disease prevention, dry hot air and lodging) in the heading-flowering period of the winter wheat; the bactericide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 80g of triazolone wettable powder with 15% of mass fraction of active ingredients; the pesticide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 20g of imidacloprid wettable powder with the mass fraction of the active ingredients of 10 percent; the composition and the mu dosage of the foliar fertilizer are as follows: 200g of urea and 100g of monopotassium phosphate;
and seventhly, harvesting the winter wheat in a wax ripeness stage.
In order to verify the practical effect of the technical scheme, a comparison scheme is implemented between 2016 and 2017 in 6, in the small country village Mei kiln village (112.25E; 34.36N) in Luoning county in Henan province of yellow-Huai-southern and loess plateau southern regions of a typical dry land wheat growing area where the yellow-Huai-southern and loess plateau regions are intersected.
The soil of the test field is loamy soil, and the main planting system is winter wheat/summer leisure. Compared with the mean value of 1954-2016, the rainfall is reduced by 93.5mm in leisure seasons (2016, 6-9 months), the rainfall is increased by 35mm in growing seasons (2016, 10 months to 2017, 5 months), and the total rainfall is partial drought years.
The test adopts a random block design, and 4 treatments of traditional flat planting, deep scarification coverage, furrow planting and convex-concave planting are arranged:
(1) traditional ploughing: according to the local traditional habit, the wheat is turned over within 1 week after being harvested, the depth is 25-30 cm, fertilizer is applied 1 week before sowing, 15cm of rotary tillage is immediately performed, and then sowing is performed.
(2) And the step of deep scarification coverage is to perform deep scarification on the soil at intervals of 60cm within one week after the previous wheat is harvested, uniformly cover the ground surface with the straws, fertilize 1 week before sowing, immediately perform rotary tillage for 15cm, and then sow.
(3) The ridge and furrow planting is that the soil is turned over within 1 week after wheat is harvested, the depth is 25-30 cm, fertilizer is applied within 1 week before sowing, rotary tillage is immediately carried out for 15cm, then ridge forming and sowing are carried out, the ridge width is 30cm, the height is 10cm, the furrow width is 30cm, the furrow is sowed, and the row spacing is 20 cm.
(4) Convex-concave planting is performed according to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention.
Each treatment was repeated 3 times for 12 cells with a cell area of 180m2(60 m.times.3 m). The tested wheat variety is Luohan No. 6, and the seeding time is 150kg per 2016, 10 months and 15 days-2And harvested in 2017 on day 29 of 5 months. 180kg of basal nitrogenous fertilizer-2、P2O5 135kg•hm-2、K2O 90kg•hm-2. During the test period, artificial irrigation is not carried out, and other fields are managed in the same high-yield field.
And (4) analyzing results: the invention effectively improves the rainfall storage efficiency in the leisure period of summer and the soil mass water storage capacity of 2m before sowing, has the functions of optimizing wheat populations, improving photosynthetic property and delaying senescence, and obviously improves the yield and the water utilization efficiency. Test results show that compared with the traditional flat culture, the rainfall storage efficiency in leisure seasons is improved by 23%, the soil water storage before sowing is improved by 42mm, the net photosynthetic rate in the grouting period is improved by 16%, the maturation period is delayed by 3d, the yield is improved by 24%, and the water utilization efficiency is improved by 18%; compared with deep scarification coverage, the invention improves the rainfall storage efficiency by 18% in leisure seasons, improves the water storage capacity of the soil by 33mm before sowing, improves the net photosynthetic rate by 12% in the grouting period, delays the mature period by 2d, improves the yield by 17% and improves the water utilization efficiency by 13%; compared with furrow planting, the invention improves the rainfall storage efficiency by 23 percent in leisure seasons, improves the water storage capacity of soil by 42mm before sowing, improves the net photosynthetic rate by 20 percent in the grouting period, delays the mature period by 3d, improves the yield by 30 percent and improves the water utilization efficiency by 25 percent. Therefore, the technical scheme of the invention can effectively collect and store rainfall and improve the yield and the water utilization efficiency.
By combining the above steps, the technical scheme of the invention realizes efficient storage and precipitation, improves the growth and development characteristics of wheat, improves the yield of wheat and the utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water, and has good social benefit and economic benefit.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method is characterized in that the dry land refers to a land with little rainfall and lack of supplementary irrigation, and comprises the following steps:
step one, performing interval deep scarification on soil within one week after harvesting of wheat at the previous crop, ridging in an area without deep scarification to form a convex-concave ground surface which is not deep scarified and provided with ridges and deep scarification and provided with ditches, and covering crop straws in the ditches to form a soil-air barrier interface; carrying out ridging operation while carrying out deep scarification operation, wherein the ridge width is 30cm, the height is 10cm, and the furrow width is 30 cm;
step two, in summer off season, using herbicides tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon to prevent and kill broad leaf weeds and grassy weeds in the middle ten days of 7 months;
dressing seeds with a bactericide or/and an insecticide before wheat seeding, seeding with equal row spacing and equal seeding width, wherein the seeding row spacing is 20cm, 1 row on the ridge surface, 2 rows in the ditch, 4-6 cm in the seeding width and 3-5 cm in the seeding depth, and fertilizing, rotary tillage, seeding and compacting are integrated, the fertilizer applied during seeding comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer and a potash fertilizer, and the fertilizer is applied to the positions of 5cm and 10cm in depth on the seed side, so that convex-concave planting of crops is realized;
step four, in late 11 months, selecting sunny days with the maximum temperature of 10 ℃ at noon, and spraying tribenuron-methyl and isoproturon for weeding;
spraying a plant growth regulator in the green turning period or/and the jointing period of the winter wheat, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer to the soil according to rainfall conditions; the plant growth regulator comprises chlormequat chloride, gibberellin and plant cytokinin; in the green turning period or the jointing stage of winter wheat, topdressing a nitrogen fertilizer once when the first rainfall per day exceeds 15mm, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 2-3 kg/mu calculated by pure N;
step six, spraying insecticide, bactericide and leaf fertilizer in combination with spraying three prevention functions in the heading-flowering period of the winter wheat;
and seventhly, harvesting the winter wheat in a wax ripeness stage.
2. The dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step one, the crop straws are previous wheat straws.
3. The dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the third step, the bactericide used for dressing seeds is wettable triadimefon powder with the mass fraction of the effective component of 15 percent or wettable diniconazole powder with the mass fraction of 12.5 percent, the using amount of the effective component of triadimefon is 0.04 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds, and the using amount of the effective component of diniconazole is 0.2 percent of the weight of the wheat seeds; the pesticide for seed dressing is imidacloprid suspension emulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 64 percent or octathiophosphoryl emulsion with the mass fraction of the effective component of 53 percent, and the dosage of the effective component of the pesticide is 0.1 percent of the weight of wheat seeds.
4. The dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the third step, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is determined by the following method: predicting target yield according to the water content condition of soil before sowing, and recommending the application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer according to the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium demand of the target yield, wherein a hundred kilograms of seed pairs are N, P2O5And K2The O demand was measured as 2.8kg, 1.1kg and 2.7kg, respectively.
5. The dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the fifth step, the mu dosage of each plant growth regulator is respectively as follows: adding 13-15 mL of chlormequat chloride into 40-55 kg of water; 55-60 kg of 40ppm gibberellin spray liquid; the plant cytokinin is added with water by 53g and 185-285 kg.
6. The dry land winter wheat convex-concave planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the sixth step, the step of,
the bactericide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 80g of triazolone wettable powder with 15% of mass fraction of active ingredients;
the pesticide and the dosage per mu are as follows: 20g of imidacloprid wettable powder with the mass fraction of the active ingredients of 10 percent;
the composition and the mu dosage of the foliar fertilizer are as follows: 200g of urea and 100g of monopotassium phosphate.
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| CN111699933A (en) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-09-25 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Cultivation method for improving light energy interception of wheat |
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| CN101803514A (en) * | 2009-12-30 | 2010-08-18 | 西北农林科技大学 | Ridge-covering and trench-sowing cultivation and fertilization technology of dryland winter wheat |
| CN102150541B (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-08-22 | 青岛农业大学 | Water-saving and yield-increasing cultivation method for wheat, spinach, peanut and green Chinese onion four-harvest multiple-cropping and intercropping based on ridge-furrow structure |
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Application publication date: 20190104 Assignee: Henan Junpin Ecological Agriculture Development Co.,Ltd. Assignor: HENAN University OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Contract record no.: X2022980028181 Denomination of invention: A convex and concave planting method for winter wheat Granted publication date: 20210430 License type: Common License Record date: 20230111 |
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