CN109105307A - 一种饲料及其制备方法和应用以及大黄鱼的饲养方法 - Google Patents
一种饲料及其制备方法和应用以及大黄鱼的饲养方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109105307A CN109105307A CN201810984238.0A CN201810984238A CN109105307A CN 109105307 A CN109105307 A CN 109105307A CN 201810984238 A CN201810984238 A CN 201810984238A CN 109105307 A CN109105307 A CN 109105307A
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- feed
- powder
- vitamin
- fish
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明涉及大黄鱼养殖领域,公开了一种饲料及其制备方法和应用以及大黄鱼的饲养方法。所述饲料含有鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻粉、磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉、鱼油、小麦粉、α‑淀粉、大豆卵磷脂、维生素、矿物质、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、牛磺酸、乌贼膏和防腐剂,鱼粉的含量为20‑40wt%,脱脂黑水虻粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉和小麦粉的含量为5‑15wt%,磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、鱼油和α‑淀粉的含量为2‑10wt%,大豆卵磷脂和磷酸二氢钙的含量为0.5‑3wt%,维生素、矿物质、氯化胆碱、牛磺酸的含量为0.5‑2wt%,乌贼膏的含量为0.1‑1wt%,防腐剂的含量为0.01‑0.2wt%。采用上述饲料对大黄鱼进行养殖结束后,大黄鱼的生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标、抗菌、抗氧化结果均较好,达到可节省饲料成本,保证鱼体健康的养殖效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于大黄鱼养殖领域,具体涉及一种饲料及其制备方法和应用以及大黄鱼的饲养方法。
背景技术
鱼粉因含有丰富且较为平衡的必需氨基酸和脂肪酸,抗营养因子少且适口性好,容易被消化吸收等特点,一直是水产饲料中不可或缺的优质蛋白源。目前全球每年海洋渔业捕捞总量约9000万吨,其中直接用于鱼粉生产的原料鱼约2400万吨,占捕捞总量的20%。全球水产品加工业产生的加工副产品(约占捕捞总量的6.2%)也用于鱼粉加工。因此,全球鱼粉加工业总共消耗了全球渔业捕捞总量的26.2%。近年来随着世界水产养殖业的不断发展,鱼粉需求量日益增加,由于渔业资源的衰退,鱼粉供不应求导致其价格不断飙升。为了解决日益凸显的供需矛盾,一方面可以通过寻求替代鱼粉的其他蛋白源,另一方面则是提高饲料蛋白的利用率,相比后者,寻求替代蛋白源更为简便实用。因此,研究开发可替代鱼粉的蛋白源是现阶段水产养殖业迫切需要解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种新的饲料及其制备方法和应用以及大黄鱼的饲养方法。
本发明提供的饲料含有鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻粉、磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉、鱼油、小麦粉、α-淀粉、大豆卵磷脂、维生素、矿物质、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、牛磺酸、乌贼膏和防腐剂,以所述饲料的总重量为基准,所述鱼粉的含量为20-40wt%,所述脱脂黑水虻粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉和小麦粉的含量各自独立地为5-15wt%,所述磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、鱼油和α-淀粉的含量各自独立地为2-10wt%,所述大豆卵磷脂和磷酸二氢钙的含量各自独立地为0.5-3wt%,所述维生素、矿物质、氯化胆碱和牛磺酸的含量各自独立地为0.5-2wt%,所述乌贼膏的含量为0.1-1wt%,所述防腐剂的含量为0.01-0.2wt%,且各组分的含量之和为100wt%。
根据本发明的一种优选实施方式,以所述饲料的总重量为基准,所述鱼粉的含量为25-35wt%,所述脱脂黑水虻粉的含量为7-14wt%,所述磷虾粉的含量为6-8wt%,所述玉米蛋白粉的含量为6-8wt%,所述发酵豆粕的含量为8-12wt%,所述谷朊粉的含量为8-14wt%,所述鱼油的含量为4-8wt%,所述小麦粉的含量为7-12wt%,所述α-淀粉的含量为4-8wt%,所述大豆卵磷脂的含量为1-2wt%,所述维生素的含量为0.8-1.2wt%,所述矿物质的含量为0.8-1.2wt%,所述磷酸二氢钙的含量为1-2wt%,所述氯化胆碱的含量为0.8-1.5wt%,所述牛磺酸的含量为0.8-1.5wt%,所述乌贼膏的含量为0.2-0.8wt%,所述防腐剂的含量为0.05-0.15wt%,且各组分的含量之和为100wt%。
在本发明中,所述鱼油、大豆卵磷脂和乌贼膏的含量以实际含量计,剩余组分的含量以干物质含量计。
所述磷虾粉中蛋白质的含量折合成干重计算为58-65wt%。
术语“发酵豆粕”是指豆粕经微生物发酵所得的产物。
优选地,所述鱼粉与脱脂黑水虻粉的重量比为(1.5-5):1。
一般的黑水虻粉中脂肪含量高,通常大于40wt%,而本发明采用经脱脂之后的黑水虻粉,其目的在于补充添加富含高度不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油,满足大黄鱼营养需求,黑水虻由于油脂含量太高,配置成等脂饲料,鱼油难以添加。特别优选地,所述脱脂黑水虻粉中的脂肪含量为12wt%以下。
优选地,所述维生素为复合维生素且每kg所述复合维生素中含有胡萝卜素0.033g、维生素D 0.017g、生育酚0.127g、维生素B10.02g、维生素B20.063g、维生素B60.017g、氰钴素0.033mg、生物素0.003g、肌醇1.283g、尼克酸0.257g、泛酸0.09g、叶酸0.003g、氯化胆碱2.623g和纤维素0.64g,余量为甘氨酸和甜菜碱按照1:1的混合物。
优选地,所述矿物质为复合矿物质且该复合矿物质中含有氟化钠1mg、碘化钾0.4mg、浓度为1wt%的六水氯化钴水溶液25mg、五水硫酸铜5mg、硫酸亚铁40mg、硫酸锌25mg、硫酸锰30mg、七水硫酸镁600mg、磷酸二氢钙1500mg、氯化钠50mg和沸石粉7.72g。
本发明提供的饲料的制备方法包括将上述饲料中的各组分混合均匀。
本发明还提供了所述饲料作为大黄鱼饲料的应用。
本发明还提供了一种大黄鱼的饲养方法,其中,该方法包括在饲养过程中,采用上述饲料进行投喂。
优选地,所述饲养过程的水温为18.4-23.4℃,水体的pH值为7.8-8.0,盐度为27‰-29‰,溶解氧>5mg/L,氨氮浓度<0.05mg/L。
采用本发明提供的饲料对大黄鱼进行养殖,大黄鱼的生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标、抗菌及抗氧化结果均较好,在实际生产中可节省饲料成本达到最佳养殖效果。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例旨在用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
以下实施例和对比例中:
磷虾粉购自厦门嘉康饲料有限公司;
发酵豆粕购自厦门嘉康饲料有限公司;
维生素为复合维生素且每kg所述复合维生素中含有胡萝卜素0.033g、维生素D0.017g、生育酚0.127g、维生素B10.02g、维生素B20.063g、维生素B60.017g、氰钴素0.033mg、生物素0.003g、肌醇1.283g、尼克酸0.257g、泛酸0.09g、叶酸0.003g、氯化胆碱2.623g和纤维素0.64g,余量为甘氨酸和甜菜碱按照1:1的混合物;
矿物质为复合矿物质且该复合矿物质中含有氟化钠1mg、碘化钾0.4mg、浓度为1wt%的六水氯化钴水溶液25mg、五水硫酸铜5mg、硫酸亚铁40mg、硫酸锌25mg、硫酸锰30mg、七水硫酸镁600mg、磷酸二氢钙1500mg、氯化钠50mg和沸石粉7.72g;
防腐剂为双乙酸钠;
脱脂黑水虻粉中的脂肪含量为11.25wt%。
制备例
制备例以鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻虫粉为主要蛋白源,以鱼油为脂肪源,用脱脂黑水虻虫粉分别替代0%(对照组)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼粉配制成6种等氮(CP:45%)且等脂(CL:10%)的试验饲料,饲料配方组成见下表1:
表1试验饲料组成及营养成分(wt%)
饲料 | G0 | G20 | G40 | G60 | G80 | G100 |
鱼粉 | 42 | 33.6 | 25.2 | 16.8 | 8.4 | 0 |
脱脂黑水虻粉 | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 35 |
磷虾粉 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
玉米蛋白粉 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
发酵豆粕 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
谷朊粉 | 8 | 9.6 | 13.5 | 17.6 | 22 | 25.5 |
鱼油 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
小麦粉 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 8.7 | 6 | 3 | 0.9 |
α-淀粉 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
大豆卵磷脂 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
多维 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
多矿 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
磷酸二氢钙 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
氯化胆碱 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
牛磺酸 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
乌贼膏 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
防腐剂 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
三氧化二铬 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
合计 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
粗蛋白 | 45.27±0.35 | 45.05±0.52 | 45.00±0.26 | 45.06±0.53 | 45.30±0.63 | 44.98±0.75 |
粗脂肪 | 10.26±0.96 | 10.46±0.86 | 10.45±0.99 | 10.53±0.73 | 10.52±0.89 | 10.7±0.6 |
粗灰分 | 9..54±0.04 | 10.22±0.02 | 10.52±0.43 | 11.21±0.08 | 11.25±0.05 | 11.33±0.06 |
注:表1中,三氧化二铬起作指示剂的作用,添加的目的是为了后续测试做准备,G0、G20、G40、G60、G80、G100分别表示:对照组、采用脱脂黑水虻粉替代20%鱼粉组、替代40%鱼粉组、替代60%鱼粉组、替代80%鱼粉组、替代100%鱼粉组,下同。
实施例
采用以上六种饲料(G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100)分别对大黄鱼进行投喂养殖,每组重复三次,每次将120尾大黄鱼(50.08±3.31g)在室内水泥池(2m×1m×1m)进行7周的养殖试验。试验期间每天投喂饲料2次(上午6:00和下午18:00)直至大黄鱼不抢食为止,每次投喂1h后吸污,每天上午7:30换水一次,试验期间水温为18.4-23.4℃,pH值为7.8-8.0,盐度为27‰-29‰,溶解氧>5mg/L,氨氮浓度<0.05mg/L。其中,各组饲料对大黄鱼生长性能的影响见表2,对大黄鱼体成分的影响见表3,对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响见表4,对大黄鱼抗氧化及抗菌能力的影响见表5。
表2各组饲料对大黄鱼生长性能的影响
由表2的结果可以看出,采用脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼存活率无显著影响,除100%替代(G100)之外,其他各组试验组(G0、G20、G40、G60和G80)鱼存活率均在82%以上,随着替代比例的升高,存活率、增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率都呈现先升高后下降的趋势,同时G20和G40增重率、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表3各组饲料对大黄鱼肌肉营养组成的影响(干物质基础)
项目 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 |
粗蛋白 | 62.64±2.11<sup>a</sup> | 63.42±2.17<sup>a</sup> | 60.28±2.5<sup>ab</sup> | 55.38±2.22<sup>b</sup> | 49.91±3.54<sup>bc</sup> | 46.14±1.92<sup>c</sup> |
粗脂肪 | 27.37±0.45<sup>b</sup> | 29.46±0.8<sup>ab</sup> | 31.51±0.66<sup>a</sup> | 27.16±0.88<sup>b</sup> | 25.57±0.5<sup>c</sup> | 30.37±0.49<sup>a</sup> |
粗灰分 | 6.60±0.65<sup>b</sup> | 6.57±0.50<sup>b</sup> | 6.24±0.52<sup>b</sup> | 7.34±0.39<sup>ab</sup> | 7.78±0.72<sup>ab</sup> | 8.61±0.09<sup>a</sup> |
由表3的结果可以看出,采用脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼肌肉中粗蛋白的影响,G0、G20、G40差异不显著(P>0.05),G60、G80、G100含量呈下降趋势,且G100组试验鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量最低,显著低于其他试验组(P<0.05)。粗脂肪含量除了G80组显著降低(P<0.05),G20和G40组均显著高于(P<0.05)对照组。随着脱脂黑水虻粉比例的上升,灰分含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且G100组灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表4各组饲料对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响
项目 | G0 | G20 | G40 | G60 | G80 | G100 |
TP(g/L)总蛋白 | 20.65±0.35<sup>b</sup> | 21.10±0.14<sup>a</sup> | 21.00±0.14<sup>ab</sup> | 17.45±0.07<sup>d</sup> | 17.5±0<sup>d</sup> | 19.2±0<sup>c</sup> |
ALB(g/L)白蛋白 | 2.20±0.14<sup>b</sup> | 2.50±0<sup>a</sup> | 2.35±0.07<sup>ab</sup> | 1.90±0<sup>c</sup> | 1.95±0.07<sup>c</sup> | 2.30±0<sup>b</sup> |
GLOB(g/L)球蛋白 | 18.45±0.49<sup>a</sup> | 18.60±0.14<sup>a</sup> | 18.65±0.21<sup>a</sup> | 15.55±0.07<sup>c</sup> | 15.55±0.07<sup>c</sup> | 16.90±0<sup>b</sup> |
A/G白球比 | 0.12±0.01 | 0.13±0 | 0.13±0 | 0.12±0 | 0.13±0 | 0.14±0 |
ALT(u/L)谷丙转氨酶 | 6.50±0.71<sup>d</sup> | 13.50±0.71<sup>b</sup> | 16.50±2.12<sup>a</sup> | 9.50±0.71<sup>c</sup> | 9.00±0<sup>c</sup> | 14.00±0<sup>b</sup> |
由表4的结果可以看出,血清中A/G在各组间无显著差异。TP、ALB、GLOB、ALT在各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。随着替代比例的增加,各组试验鱼血清中TP、ALB、GLOB含量均先升高后降低再升高,且在G20或G40组达到最大值。G0、G20、G40组中GLOB差异不显著,各组中ALT都显著高于对照组(P<0.05)且最大值出现在G40组。
表5各组饲料对大黄鱼抗氧化及抗菌能力的影响
如表5所示,在抗氧化指标中T-AOC、SOD随着替代比例上升都呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在G20或G40组达到最大值,其中G20组T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05),G20组CAT与对照组相比,差异不显著,MDA、LZM呈现先下降,后上升趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
从以上结果可以看出,采用G20-G40对大黄鱼进行养殖,大黄鱼的生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标、抗菌、抗氧化结果均较好,短期内不会对大黄鱼幼鱼生长性能造成影响,在实际生产中可节省饲料成本达到最佳养殖效果。
以上详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式,但是,本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节,在本发明的技术构思范围内,可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型,这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是,在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征,在不矛盾的情况下,可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复,本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外,本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合,只要其不违背本发明的思想,其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。
Claims (10)
1.一种饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料含有鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻粉、磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉、鱼油、小麦粉、α-淀粉、大豆卵磷脂、维生素、矿物质、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、牛磺酸、乌贼膏和防腐剂,以所述饲料的总重量为基准,所述鱼粉的含量为20-40wt%,所述脱脂黑水虻粉、发酵豆粕、谷朊粉和小麦粉的含量各自独立地为5-15wt%,所述磷虾粉、玉米蛋白粉、鱼油和α-淀粉的含量各自独立地为2-10%,所述大豆卵磷脂和磷酸二氢钙的含量各自独立地为0.5-3wt%,所述维生素、矿物质、氯化胆碱和牛磺酸的含量各自独立地为0.5-2wt%,所述乌贼膏的含量为0.1-1wt%,所述防腐剂的含量为0.01-0.2wt%,且各组分的含量之和为100wt%,所述鱼油、大豆卵磷脂和乌贼膏的含量以实际含量计,剩余组分的含量以干物质含量计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲料,其特征在于,以所述饲料的总重量为基准,所述鱼粉的含量为25-35wt%,所述脱脂黑水虻粉的含量为7-14wt%,所述磷虾粉的含量为6-8wt%,所述玉米蛋白粉的含量为6-8wt%,所述发酵豆粕的含量为8-12wt%,所述谷朊粉的含量为8-14wt%,所述鱼油的含量为4-8wt%,所述小麦粉的含量为7-12wt%,所述α-淀粉的含量为4-8wt%,所述大豆卵磷脂的含量为1-2wt%,所述维生素的含量为0.8-1.2wt%,所述矿物质的含量为0.8-1.2wt%,所述磷酸二氢钙的含量为1-2wt%,所述氯化胆碱的含量为0.8-1.5wt%,所述牛磺酸的含量为0.8-1.5wt%,所述乌贼膏的含量为0.2-0.8wt%,所述防腐剂的含量为0.05-0.15wt%,且各组分的含量之和为100wt%,所述鱼油、大豆卵磷脂和乌贼膏的含量以实际含量计,剩余组分的含量以干物质含量计。
3.根据权利要求1所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述鱼粉与脱脂黑水虻粉的重量比为(1.5-5):1。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述脱脂黑水虻粉中的脂肪含量为12wt%以下。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述维生素为复合维生素且每kg所述复合维生素中含有胡萝卜素0.033g、维生素D 0.017g、生育酚0.127g、维生素B10.02g、维生素B2 0.063g、维生素B6 0.017g、氰钴素0.033mg、生物素0.003g、肌醇1.283g、尼克酸0.257g、泛酸0.09g、叶酸0.003g、氯化胆碱2.623g和纤维素0.64g,余量为甘氨酸和甜菜碱按照1:1的混合物。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述矿物质为复合矿物质且该复合矿物质中含有氟化钠1mg、碘化钾0.4mg、浓度为1wt%的六水氯化钴水溶液25mg、五水硫酸铜5mg、硫酸亚铁40mg、硫酸锌25mg、硫酸锰30mg、七水硫酸镁600mg、磷酸二氢钙1500mg、氯化钠50mg和沸石粉7.72g。
7.权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括将权利要求1-6中任意一项所述饲料中的各组分混合均匀。
8.权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的饲料作为大黄鱼饲料的应用。
9.一种大黄鱼的饲养方法,其特征在于,该方法包括在饲养过程中,采用权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的饲料进行投喂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的饲养方法,其中,所述饲养过程的水温为18.4-23.4℃,水体的pH值为7.8-8.0,盐度为27‰-29‰,溶解氧>5mg/L,氨氮浓度<0.05mg/L。
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