CN115413740A - 一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115413740A CN115413740A CN202211094671.XA CN202211094671A CN115413740A CN 115413740 A CN115413740 A CN 115413740A CN 202211094671 A CN202211094671 A CN 202211094671A CN 115413740 A CN115413740 A CN 115413740A
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Abstract
本发明属于养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料及其制备方法。以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述大黄鱼饲料含玉米蛋白粉13.23%、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉28%。本发明的大黄鱼饲料配方设计合理,通过使用玉米蛋白粉替代传统大黄鱼饲料中的部分鱼粉,能有效节约饲料制作成本及大黄鱼饲养成本,同时对大黄鱼生长无显著影响,减少饲料中总磷含量,以减少养殖过程中的磷排放,保护海洋渔业资源。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
鱼粉是肉食性鱼类饲料中的主要蛋白源,具有营养均衡、适口性好等优点。而鱼粉主要由经济价值较低的捕捞鱼类制备而来,由于海洋鱼类资源的限制,鱼粉的产量一直保持稳定水平,无法满足水产饲料行业日益增长的需求。鱼粉的供需矛盾导致鱼粉价格持续上涨,极大提高了饲料生产成本,也严重限制了水产饲料行业的可持续发展。鱼粉的使用也给环境造成巨大压力,鱼粉生产过程涉及蒸煮和干燥工序,产生大量废水和废气排放,养殖鱼类对鱼粉的消化也会向养殖水体中排放大量氮磷等营养元素。因此,寻找合适的蛋白源替代水产饲料中的部分鱼粉成为水产饲料行业的研究热点。
我国玉米产量居世界第二位,约占全球总产量的23%。玉米蛋白粉是玉米淀粉加工副产品,具有蛋白质含量高(60%-70%),维生素E含量高,抗营养因子少,低纤维,能被水产动物较好吸收等特点,是一种优良的植物蛋白原料。大菱鲆、卵形鲳鲹等鱼类饲料中应用玉米蛋白粉能替代 50%-75%的鱼粉不会影响鱼类饲料利用率。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代60%的鱼粉对花鲈的生长性能无不利影响。在金头鲷的饲料中,玉米蛋白粉能够替代40%的鱼粉而对生长性能和饲料效率无显著影响,但能提升金头鲷的摄食率。
大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)又名黄花鱼,是我国传统海水养殖经济鱼类,也是产量最高的海水养殖鱼类,2020年大黄鱼养殖产量高达25.4万吨。随着大黄鱼养殖规模的不断扩大,对饲料的需求量激增,鱼粉作为大黄鱼饲料中的重要原料,其需求量也日益增加,寻找合适的鱼粉替代物对大黄鱼饲料行业和养殖产业至关重要。本发明使用玉米蛋白粉替代传统大黄鱼饲料中的鱼粉进行养殖实验,探究对大黄鱼存活率、生长和肠道健康的影响,目的是开发一种成本低、质量优的大黄鱼饲料配方。
发明内容
为了克服背景技术中存在的问题,本发明提供了一种营养均衡、能满足大黄鱼生长需求、环境友好、能促进大黄鱼养殖产业健康发展的低磷大黄鱼饲料。
为实现上述目的,本发明是通过如下技术方案实现的:
一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料由以下原料组成:玉米蛋白粉、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉、豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白,面粉、磷酸二氢钙、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、氯化胆碱、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料、鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂、羧甲基纤维素;以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料含玉米蛋白粉13.23%。
进一步的,上述的低磷大黄鱼饲料包括如下组分及重量比:玉米蛋白粉13.23%、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉28%、豆粕12%、大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%、磷酸二氢钙1.5%、氯化胆碱0.3%、赖氨酸0.35%、蛋氨酸0.21%、维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%、鱼油2.90%、豆油2.90%、大豆卵磷脂1.5%、羧甲基纤维素7.11%。
进一步的,按重量百分比计,上述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的营养成分包括:粗蛋白44.61%,粗脂肪9.91%,碳水化合物14.34%、粗纤维8.82%、灰分9.54%、水分12.78%和总磷含量1.83%。
进一步的,每1000g上述维生素预混料中含有:7500000 IU维生素A,22.5 g维生素B2,12 g维生素B6,0.03 g维生素B12,7.5 g维生素B1,7.5 g维生素B3,3.75 g叶酸,3g维生素H,75g维生素E,240 g肌醇,37.5g泛酸钙,60 g烟酸,1350000IU维生素D3,240 g维生素C,其余为填充剂沸石粉。
进一步的,每1000g上述矿物质预混料中含有:11.43 g柠檬酸亚铁,11.79 g七水硫酸锌,2.49 g一水硫酸锰,1.06 g五水硫酸铜,27.31 g七水硫酸镁,233.3 g磷酸二氢钾,228.39 g磷酸二氢钠,34.09 g五水乳酸钙,0.54 g氯化钴,0.06 g碘酸钾,其余为填充剂沸石粉。
进一步的,上述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的制备方法包括如下具体步骤:
S1.预先将配方比例的大豆卵磷脂和豆油溶于鱼油,并混匀;
S2.将除大豆卵磷脂、豆油、鱼油外的其他原料预先粉碎并过60目筛,按配方准确称取,各种饲料成分按比重从小到大逐级混匀后,加入大豆卵磷脂、豆油与鱼油的混合物充分混匀,后加40%的水并充分混匀;
S3.将步骤S2混匀后的饲料原料放入自动制粒机中制成粒径大小为2.5 mm的饲料颗粒,自然风干,即得所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的成品。
上述一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料在大黄鱼养殖中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1)本发明提供的低磷大黄鱼饲料所用原料来源充足,可规模化生产。
2)本发明饲料配方营养均衡,通过用玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉降低鱼粉的使用量,可降低大黄鱼饲养成本,同时对大黄鱼存活率、生长和肠道健康无显著不良影响。
3)本饲料配方的使用减少了大黄鱼饲料中的总磷含量,因此能够降低大黄鱼的磷排放量,减少对环境的污染,促进大黄鱼养殖业的健康发展。
附图说明
图1为不同玉米蛋白粉含量的饲料对大黄鱼肠道组织形态学的影响。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例来对本发明的技术方案做进一步解释,但本发明的保护范围不受实施例任何形式上限制。
本发明大黄鱼配方中的各营养物质均可通过市售获得,在此本发明对各营养物质作出详细说明,其可以作为本发明优选技术方案或进一步优选技术方案或最优选技术方案。
秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉(粗蛋白含量72.3%),玉米蛋白粉(粗蛋白含量61.3%),大豆浓缩蛋白(粗蛋白含量72.1%),豆粕(粗蛋白含量53.5%),面粉(食品级),赖氨酸(饲料级),蛋氨酸(饲料级),磷酸二氢钙(饲料级),氯化胆碱(饲料级),维生素预混料(鱼用维生素预混料),矿物质预混料(鱼用矿物质预混料),鱼油(食品级),豆油(食品级),大豆卵磷脂(食品级),羧甲基纤维素(饲料级)均购自福州海马饲料有限公司。其中,每1000g维生素预混料中含有:7500000 IU维生素A,22.5 g维生素B2,12 g维生素B6,0.03 g维生素B12,7.5 g维生素B1,7.5 g维生素B3,3.75 g叶酸,3g维生素H,75g维生素E,240 g肌醇,37.5g泛酸钙,60 g烟酸,1350000IU维生素D3,240 g维生素C,其余为填充剂沸石粉。其中,每1000g矿物质预混料中含有:11.43 g柠檬酸亚铁,11.79 g七水硫酸锌,2.49 g一水硫酸锰,1.06 g五水硫酸铜,27.31 g七水硫酸镁,233.3 g磷酸二氢钾,228.39 g磷酸二氢钠,34.09 g五水乳酸钙,0.54g氯化钴,0.06 g碘酸钾,其余为填充剂沸石粉。
实施例1 制备传统高鱼粉含量饲料,未使用玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉
一种大黄鱼饲料,以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的大黄鱼饲料含秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉40%,豆粕12%,大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%,磷酸二氢钙1.5%,氯化胆碱0.3%,维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%,鱼油2.62%,豆油2.62%,大豆卵磷脂1.5%,羧甲基纤维素9.46%。
所述大黄鱼饲料的制备方法为:
S1.预先将配方比例的大豆卵磷脂和豆油溶于鱼油,并混匀;
S2.将除大豆卵磷脂、豆油、鱼油外的其他原料预先粉碎并过60目筛,按配方准确称取,各种饲料成分按比重从小到大逐级混匀后,加入大豆卵磷脂、豆油与鱼油的混合物充分混匀,后加40%的水并充分混匀;
S3.将步骤S2混匀后的饲料原料放入自动制粒机中制成粒径大小为2.5 mm的饲料颗粒,自然风干,即得所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的成品。
实施例2 以玉米蛋白粉部分替代部分鱼粉,玉米蛋白粉含量6.60%
一种大黄鱼饲料,以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的大黄鱼饲料含秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉34%,玉米蛋白粉6.60%,豆粕12%,大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%,赖氨酸0.18%,蛋氨酸0.11%,磷酸二氢钙1.5%,氯化胆碱0.3%,维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%,鱼油2.77%,豆油2.77%,大豆卵磷脂1.5%,羧甲基纤维素8.27%。
所述大黄鱼饲料的制备方法与实施例1相同。
实施例3 以玉米蛋白粉部分替代部分鱼粉,玉米蛋白粉含量13.23%
一种大黄鱼饲料,以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的大黄鱼饲料含秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉28%,玉米蛋白粉13.23%,豆粕12%,大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%,赖氨酸0.35%,蛋氨酸0.21%,磷酸二氢钙1.5%,氯化胆碱0.3%,维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%,鱼油2.90%,豆油2.90%,大豆卵磷脂1.5%,羧甲基纤维素7.11%。
所述大黄鱼饲料的制备方法与实施例1相同。
实施例4 以玉米蛋白粉部分替代部分鱼粉,玉米蛋白粉含量19.84%
一种大黄鱼饲料,以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的大黄鱼饲料含秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉22%,玉米蛋白粉19.84%,豆粕12%,大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%,赖氨酸0.53%,蛋氨酸0.32%,磷酸二氢钙1.5%,氯化胆碱0.3%,维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%,鱼油3.05%,豆油3.05%,大豆卵磷脂1.5%,羧甲基纤维素5.91%。
所述大黄鱼饲料的制备方法与实施例1相同。
实施例1至实施例4中所述饲料配方及其营养组成如表1所示。由表1可见,实施例2~4的大黄鱼饲料中的总磷含量均低于实施例1。
表1 实施例1至实施例4饲料原料配比表(以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计)
实施例6 本发明所述大黄鱼饲料的喂食效果:
选取960尾初始体重为18.52 ± 2.1 g的大黄鱼随机分配到16个海面上的浮式网箱(1m×1m×1.5m),每个网箱60大黄鱼,每4个网箱随机分配投喂实施例1-实施例4中的饲料配方,养殖实验持续8周,每天05:30和17:30各投喂一次,饱食投喂(投喂饲料后鱼不抢食,有少量剩余残饵视为饱食),每天清理和记录每个网箱大黄鱼的死亡数。实验结束后统计存活率,测定每尾鱼的体重,计算增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率,制作肠道组织切片,并在光学显微镜下观测肠道健康情况。
表2是实施例1至实施例4处理组的大黄鱼存活率、增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率,结果显示实施例1至实施例4处理组的存活率无显著性差异(P > 0.05);但是实施例1的增重率和特定生长率的显著高于实施例4(P < 0.05);实施例2与实施例3的增重率和特定生长率与其他实施例无显著差异(P > 0.05);实施例4的饲料效率显著低于实施例1(P <0.05),但与实施例3无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
表 2 不同玉米蛋白粉含量的大黄鱼饲料对大黄鱼存活率和生长指标的影响
注:表中同一列中的不同字母代表存在显著性差异(P < 0.05)。
图1是不同玉米蛋白粉含量的大黄鱼饲料对大黄鱼肠道组织形态学的影响。结果显示,实施例1至实施例3的肠道绒毛上皮完整性、绒毛高度显著高于实施例4。
以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰,这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:由以下原料组成:玉米蛋白粉、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉、豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白,面粉、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、赖氨酸,蛋氨酸,维生素预混料,矿物质预混料、鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂、羧甲基纤维素;以占饲料总重的重量百分比含量计,所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料含玉米蛋白粉13.23%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:包括如下组分及重量比:玉米蛋白粉13.23%、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉28%、豆粕12%、大豆浓缩蛋白10%,面粉15%、磷酸二氢钙1.5%、氯化胆碱0.3%、赖氨酸0.35%、蛋氨酸0.21%、维生素预混料3%,矿物质预混料2%、鱼油2.90%、豆油2.90%、大豆卵磷脂1.5%、羧甲基纤维素7.11%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:每1000g所述维生素预混料中含有:7500000 IU维生素A,22.5 g维生素B2,12 g维生素B6,0.03 g维生素B12,7.5 g维生素B1,7.5 g维生素B3,3.75 g叶酸,3g维生素H,75g维生素E,240 g肌醇,37.5g泛酸钙,60 g烟酸,1350000IU维生素D3,240 g维生素C,其余为填充剂沸石粉。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:每1000g所述矿物质预混料中含有:11.43 g柠檬酸亚铁,11.79 g七水硫酸锌,2.49 g一水硫酸锰,1.06 g五水硫酸铜,27.31 g七水硫酸镁,233.3 g磷酸二氢钾,228.39 g磷酸二氢钠,34.09 g五水乳酸钙,0.54 g氯化钴,0.06 g碘酸钾,其余为填充剂沸石粉。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:按重量百分比计,所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的营养成分包括:粗蛋白44.61%,粗脂肪9.91%,碳水化合物14.34%、粗纤维8.82%、灰分9.54%、水分12.78%和总磷含量1.83%。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料,其特征在于:所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的制备方法包括如下具体步骤:
S1.预先将配方比例的大豆卵磷脂和豆油溶于鱼油,并混匀;
S2.将除大豆卵磷脂、豆油、鱼油外的其他原料预先粉碎并过60目筛,按配方准确称取,各种饲料成分按比重从小到大逐级混匀后,加入大豆卵磷脂、豆油与鱼油的混合物充分混匀,后加40%的水并充分混匀;
S3.将步骤S2混匀后的饲料原料放入自动制粒机中制成粒径大小为2.5 mm的饲料颗粒,自然风干,即得所述的低磷大黄鱼饲料的成品。
7.如权利要求1所述的一种以玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料在大黄鱼养殖中的应用。
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