CN109037811B - Charging method of graphite negative electrode system lithium ion battery - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, which comprises a multi-stage constant current charging initial charging process with gradually increased charging multiplying power, a multi-stage constant current charging intermediate charging process with gradually decreased charging multiplying power and a constant voltage charging process. The charge rate at each stage in the initial charging process increases as the SOC (state of charge) increases, and the charge rate at each stage in the intermediate charging process decreases as the SOC increases. The charging method fully considers the lithium intercalation process and the lithium separation process of the graphite particles of the negative electrode from the electrochemical aspect, avoids the damage of the crystal structure of the graphite negative electrode and the battery capacity loss caused by lithium separation, can improve the cycle life of the lithium ion battery of the graphite negative electrode system, and can shorten the charging time within the SOC range of 20-80%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of battery charging, and particularly relates to a charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery.
Background
In the prior art, there are three charging methods for lithium ion batteries, namely, a charging method based on temperature rise suppression, a charging method based on SOC (state of charge or remaining charge) and a charging method based on polarization voltage suppression.
The temperature rise of each stage of the lithium ion battery in charging is estimated in real time based on the charging method for inhibiting the temperature rise, and the current of each stage of the charging is designed by taking the shortest charging time of the temperature rise as a target. The SOC-based charging method considers that the lower the SOC, the higher the maximum charging current that the lithium ion battery can bear, i.e., the charging current of the charging method gradually decreases as the SOC increases during the entire charging process from SOC being 0% to SOC being 100%. The method is used for reducing the polarization voltage during charging, a constant current stage in the traditional constant current and constant voltage charging is divided into a plurality of stages of constant current charging, and a charging stopping stage with zero current or a transient discharging stage with negative current is added in the middle of each constant current charging stage.
Most of the charging methods for the lithium ion battery only consider external parameters of the battery such as temperature rise, SOC (system on chip), polarization voltage and the like in the charging process, and rarely consider the electrochemical characteristics inside the lithium ion battery, especially for the graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, if the method is adopted to charge the battery, the damage of the crystal structure of the graphite cathode and the battery capacity loss caused by lithium separation cannot be avoided, so that the service life of the battery is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
For the charging method based on temperature rise inhibition, the oxidability of the lithium ion battery anode material close to a full-charge state is greatly enhanced when the temperature is too high (above 60 ℃), and the possibility that the electrolyte is oxidized to emit gas and heat is indeed caused, so that the deteriorated battery bulges and even thermal runaway of the electrolyte is caused. However, below 55 ℃, the temperature rise of the battery is instead favorable for the desorption of lithium ions from the positive electrode, the diffusion in the electrolyte and the intercalation inside the negative electrode material, i.e. for the progress of the charging process. This is why the internal resistance of the battery decreases with an increase in temperature. Therefore, the temperature rise should not be taken as a basis for setting a charging method, and a higher upper temperature limit is correctly set as a safety threshold, and the influence of the temperature on the charging process is considered only when the temperature of the battery exceeds the safety threshold.
With the SOC-based charging method, when the SOC of the lithium ion battery exceeds a certain value (about 20%) as charging progresses, since the position where lithium is easily inserted in the negative electrode graphite particles gradually decreases as the charging process progresses, the maximum charging current that can be applied to the lithium ion battery also does gradually decrease. However, when the charge of the lithium ion battery is relatively low (SOC is within about 20%), the maximum charge current that can be borne by the lithium ion battery of the graphite negative electrode system increases with the increase of the SOC. This needs to be explained in terms of the electrochemical characteristics of graphite negative electrode lithium ion batteries. The negative electrode graphite particles have a layered structure, and when the SOC is 0, the amount of lithium contained in the layered structure of the graphite particles is small, and the graphite interlayer spacing is at a minimum. During charging from SOC 0 to SOC equal to a certain value (about 20%), as SOC increases, the amount of lithium embedded in graphite layers increases and the graphite layer spacing increases; and as the SOC increases, the rate at which the graphite layer pitch becomes larger gradually decreases. When the SOC exceeds a certain value (about 20%), the lithium content between graphite layers is sufficient, and the graphite layer spacing is substantially no longer increased with SOC, at a maximum. Therefore, if the large-current rapid charging is directly started under the low SOC, the graphite layers on the surfaces of the graphite particles are rapidly embedded with lithium, so that the interlayer spacing is rapidly increased; the graphite layers in the graphite particles are not as long as enough lithium can be inserted, and the spacing between the graphite layers is still small. As a result, the stress between the surface layer and the inside of the graphite particles is large, and the C — C chemical bond may be broken and the graphite crystal structure may be broken, thereby resulting in a loss of the usable graphite negative electrode material. The damage of the graphite crystal structure caused by the rapid charging of the low SOC large current can be observed from the Raman spectrum of the graphite cathode material.
In addition, when the SOC is less than 10%, the surface charge transfer resistance of the negative electrode graphite particles rapidly increases as the SOC decreases; under the same charging current, the potential of the negative electrode must also be rapidly reduced along with the increase of the charge transfer resistance, and when the potential of the negative electrode is lower than 0 volt (relative to Li/Li)+) There is a risk that lithium precipitation will occur on the surface of the negative electrode material. Therefore, as the SOC decreases, the charging current should also decrease to counteract the tendency of the negative electrode potential to decrease, preventing the negative electrode from precipitating lithium. In order to prevent the graphite crystal structure from being damaged and the lithium precipitation from occurring at low SOC, the maximum charging current that the graphite cathode lithium ion battery can bear at the low SOC stage should be a curve similar to an exponential relationship, which gradually increases with the increase of SOC.
For the charging method based on the suppression of polarization voltage, the use of the charging method of charge-stop-charge or charge-discharge-charge does suppress the polarization of lithium concentration in the negative electrode graphite particles; the lithium concentration tends to be uniform by suspending lithium intercalation or by removing a part of the high concentration lithium in the surface layer of the graphite particles to reduce the lithium concentration in the surface layer of the graphite particles, thereby preventing lithium precipitation or lithium dendrite formation due to overcharge of the surface layer of the graphite particles. However, this suppression of the lithium concentration polarization only works in the charge stop or discharge period and in the vicinity of this period, and in other constant current charging stages, the lithium concentration polarization in the negative electrode graphite particles must be rapidly reestablished. Thus, in the charge cycle of charge-stop-charge-stop (or charge-discharge-charge-discharge), if the charge time/stop time (or charge time/discharge time) is set to be too large, the function of preventing lithium precipitation is not performed; if the setting is too small, the charging time and the discharge heat generation are both greatly increased. In order to shorten the charging time, the current in the charging phase is often set to be larger in the charging method of charge-stop-charge-stop (or charge-discharge-charge-discharge), so that the polarization of the lithium concentration reestablished in the graphite particles will also be larger, more likely leading to lithium precipitation. In addition, this positive and negative pulse charging method would make the charging device very complicated.
In fact, proper polarization during charging does not cause negative pole precipitation, but is beneficial to improving the charging speed of the lithium ion battery; the concentration difference of polarized lithium inside and outside the graphite particles is beneficial to improving the diffusion speed of lithium into the graphite particles. In fact, as long as the lithium ion battery can bear the maximum charging current to continuously charge, the charging can be completed in the shortest time on the premise of ensuring that the lithium is not separated and the battery is not damaged; the polarization generated during this period is advantageous for accelerating the charging speed.
Based on the above consideration, the invention aims to provide a charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, which is used for solving the problems that the existing charging method of the graphite cathode system lithium ion battery is easy to cause cathode segregation and damage to the crystal structure of the graphite cathode, so that the service life of the battery is reduced.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, which comprises the following steps:
performing constant current charging, wherein the constant current charging process comprises an initial charging stage and an intermediate charging stage, detecting the residual electric quantity of the battery, and the initial charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is less than or equal to a first set value, and the intermediate charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is greater than the first set value;
dividing the initial charging stage into a first group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, namely the first group of constant current charging stages comprises more than two sub-stages (small stages), and the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in each sub-stage in the first group of constant current charging stages is increased along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
dividing the intermediate charging stage into a second group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, namely the second group of constant current charging stages comprises more than two sub-stages (small stages), and the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in each sub-stage in the second group of constant current charging stages is reduced along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
the range of the remaining battery capacity of the first set value is 15% -25%.
Based on the consideration of the electrochemical characteristics in the graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, the first group of constant current charging stages and the second group of constant current charging stages are arranged, in the first group of constant current charging stages, the correspondingly arranged charging multiplying power is increased along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery, and in the second group of constant current charging stages, the correspondingly arranged charging multiplying power is reduced along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery, so that the damage of a graphite cathode crystal structure and the battery capacity loss caused by lithium precipitation are avoided, the cycle life of the graphite cathode system lithium ion battery can be prolonged, and the charging time in the middle charging stage can be shortened.
Further, in the constant current charging process, the terminal voltage of the battery is detected, and when the terminal voltage of the battery reaches the set charging cut-off voltage, the constant current charging is stopped, and the constant voltage charging is carried out.
As a further limitation to the charging rate set corresponding to the first group of constant current charging stages, the charging rate set corresponding to the first group of constant current charging stages has a first exponential function relationship with the battery remaining capacity increasing incrementally.
As a further limitation to the charging rate set corresponding to the second group of constant current charging stages, the charging rate set corresponding to the second group of constant current charging stages and the remaining battery capacity are in a second exponential function relationship of decreasing.
In order to ensure that the charging rate of the battery is sufficiently small during low SOC charging, further, the curvature of the first exponential function relation is larger than the curvature of the second exponential function relation.
In order to prevent the influence of the overhigh battery temperature on the service life of the battery, further, in the constant-current charging process, when the battery temperature reaches a set first temperature upper limit, the currently set charging rate is reduced to continue charging; stopping charging when the temperature of the battery reaches a set second upper temperature limit; the second upper temperature limit is set to be greater than the first upper temperature limit.
Specifically, when the battery temperature is greater than or equal to the first upper temperature limit and less than the second upper temperature limit, the reduction range of the charging rate is determined according to the detected ambient temperature, and the higher the ambient temperature is, the larger the reduction range of the charging rate is.
In order to prevent lithium separation during low-temperature charging of the battery, when the temperature of the battery is lower than a set lower temperature limit, the currently set charging rate is reduced to continue charging. And when the battery temperature is lower than the set lower temperature limit, determining the reduction amplitude of the charging multiplying power according to the difference value between the battery temperature and the lower temperature limit, wherein the larger the difference value is, the larger the reduction amplitude of the charging multiplying power is.
The invention also provides a charging method of the graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, which comprises the following steps:
performing constant current charging, wherein the constant current charging process comprises an initial charging stage and an intermediate charging stage, detecting the residual electric quantity of the battery, and the initial charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is less than or equal to a first set value, and the intermediate charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is greater than the first set value;
dividing the initial charging stage into a first group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, wherein the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in the first group of constant current charging stages is increased along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
dividing the intermediate charging stage into a second group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, wherein the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in the second group of constant current charging stages is reduced along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
the charging multiplying power set correspondingly in the first group of constant current charging stages and the battery residual capacity are in a first exponential function relationship of increasing.
Furthermore, the charging multiplying power set correspondingly in the second group of constant current charging stages and the residual electric quantity of the battery are in a second exponential function relationship of decreasing.
Further, the curvature of the first exponential function relation is larger than the curvature of the second exponential function relation.
Furthermore, in the process of constant-current charging, when the temperature of the battery reaches a set first temperature upper limit, the currently set charging rate is reduced to continue charging; stopping charging when the temperature of the battery reaches a set second upper temperature limit; the second upper temperature limit is set to be greater than the first upper temperature limit.
Further, when the battery temperature is greater than or equal to the first temperature upper limit and less than the second temperature upper limit, the reduction range of the charging rate is determined according to the detected ambient temperature, and the higher the ambient temperature is, the larger the reduction range of the charging rate is.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a charging method provided in experiment one of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional charging process provided in experiment two;
fig. 3 is a graph showing the results of the discharge capacity retention rate test performed by the charge method of experiment one and experiment two.
Detailed Description
The following further describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings.
The invention provides a charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery, which comprises the following steps:
the charging process of the graphite cathode lithium ion battery is divided into three charging stages, namely an initial charging stage, an intermediate charging stage and a final charging stage, wherein the initial charging stage comprises a plurality of constant current charging small stages with gradually increasing charging multiplying power, the intermediate charging stage comprises a plurality of constant current charging small stages with gradually decreasing charging multiplying power, and the final charging stage is a constant voltage charging stage.
The transition between the initial charging stage and the intermediate charging stage is based on the SOC being 15% to 25%, and the transition between the intermediate charging stage and the final charging stage is based on the terminal voltage of the battery reaching the set charging cut-off voltage.
In order to avoid the damage of lithium precipitation and graphite crystal structures during low SOC charging, the trend of the maximum charging multiplying power of each constant-current charging stage in the initial charging process relative to the gradual increase of SOC is close to the increasing exponential function relationship f1(x) In that respect In order to avoid lithium precipitation caused by local overcharge of graphite particles during charging with a large SOC, the trend that the maximum charging rate of each constant-current charging stage in the intermediate charging process is gradually reduced relative to the SOC is close to the decreasing exponential function relationship f2(x) Wherein f is1(x) The curvature of the function curve being greater than f2(x) This is because the destruction of the graphite crystal structure by charging occurs mainly at the lower SOC stage, f1(x) The large curvature of the function curve can ensure that the charging rate is small enough during low SOC charging. In practical application, function equation f is determined first1(x)、f2(x) And the SOC division intervals in the initial charging process and the intermediate charging process, and then the charging multiplying power of each constant current charging stage in the initial charging process and the intermediate charging process is determined according to the function equation and the SOC division intervals.
Setting a first upper temperature limit Tmax1And a second upper temperature limit Tmax2Monitoring the temperature of the battery during charging, and when the temperature of the battery reaches an upper temperature limit Tmax1When the charging rate is reduced, the charging is continued, and the higher the ambient temperature is or the worse the heat dissipation condition of the battery is, the larger the reduction amplitude is; when the temperature of the battery reaches the upper temperature limit Tmax2The charging is stopped.
Setting a lower temperature limit TminMonitoring the temperature of the battery during charging, when the temperature of the battery is less than TminThe charging rate should be reduced, and the battery temperature and T should be reducedminThe larger the difference ofThe larger the reduction.
In order to prove the effectiveness of the charging method, a first experiment and a second experiment are carried out for comparative analysis, the first experiment is the charging method, the second experiment is the conventional constant-current constant-voltage charging method, the first experiment and the second experiment adopt lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries with the same graphite cathode system, and the anode of each battery is composed of 95.3% LiFePO4+ 2% PVDF + 2.7% SP (conductive agent), the negative pole of the cell is formed by mixing 98% artificial graphite + 1% SBR + 1% CMC, the diaphragm is PP/PE/PP complex film, the electrolyte is formed by organic solvent (30% EC + 30% PC + 40% DEC), 1mol/L LiPF6And additives (0.5% VC, 5% FEC, 4% VEC).
Specifically, the procedure of experiment one is as follows:
at room temperature of 23 ℃, the lithium ion battery is charged according to the charging method of the invention, the charging process is shown in figure 1, and the charging method specifically comprises the following steps:
the selection of the transition from the initial charging stage to the intermediate charging stage is based on the SOC of 20%, and the charging rate is 2.5C when the selected SOC is 20% to 30%.
In the "charging rate-SOC" coordinate system in fig. 1, an exponential function curve f during initial charging is determined with points (0,0.05) and (0.2,2.5)1(x) This curve can be regarded as the maximum charge rate curve that can be tolerated by the battery during initial charging. Since the damage of the graphite crystal structure mainly occurs in a very low SOC range, the curvature of the exponential function curve should be large, and the exponential function curve equation is set as follows:
f1(x)＝b1+a1e5x
solve the equation of
To obtain
I.e. f1(x)＝-1.3758+1.4258e5x。
In the "charge rate-SOC" coordinate system in fig. 1, at points (0.3,2.5) and (c1,0.05) determining the exponential function curve f of the intermediate charging process2(x) This curve can be considered as the maximum charge rate curve that can be tolerated by the battery during intermediate charging. The curve f2(x) Curvature ratio of (f)1(x) The curvature of the curve is small, and the exponential function curve equation is set as follows:
f2(x)＝b2+a2e-x
solve the equation of
To obtain
I.e. f2(x)＝-2.3668+6.5694e-x。
The division interval of the selected SOC is 10%, and then according to f1(x) And f2(x) The equation of (a) can determine the charging rate of each constant-current charging stage in the initial charging process and the intermediate charging process (the specific numerical values are labeled in fig. 1), and the charging rate value of each constant-current charging stage should be below the maximum sustainable charging rate curve of the battery (see fig. 1). As the damage of charging to the graphite crystal structure is mainly concentrated on the lower SOC stage, the invention divides the 0-10% SOC into two constant current charging stages of 0-5% SOC and 5-10% SOC. Because the charging rate of 0.05C is too small, the charging rate of two constant-current charging stages of 0-5% SOC and 90-100% SOC is set to be 0.1C.
As the lithium iron phosphate battery is adopted in the first experiment, the charging cut-off voltage can be selected to be 3.65v, when the battery terminal voltage reaches the set charging cut-off voltage of 3.65v in the charging process, the charging is switched to constant voltage charging, and when the charging multiplying power is reduced to 0.05C, the charging is stopped.
The experiment of the invention adopts a lithium iron phosphate battery, the ambient temperature is 23 ℃, and the upper limit T of the temperature can be set according to the ambient temperaturemax1＝45℃、Tmax2At 50 ℃. The battery temperature was measured in real time during the entire charging process and when the battery temperature reached 45 c the charging rate dropped to 80% of the corresponding charging rate in fig. 1. When the temperature of the battery is reduced to below 45 ℃ again and lasts for 10 minutesThe battery is recharged according to the charging rate in fig. 1 according to the current SOC.
Selecting 30 batteries to carry out 500 times of charge-discharge cycle tests, and specifically comprising the following steps:
the battery is charged by adopting the charging method of experiment one, the battery is charged from 0% SOC to 100% SOC, the battery is left for 20min, the battery is discharged to SOC which is 10% at a 1C discharge rate, then the battery is discharged to a battery terminal voltage of 2.5v at a small rate of 0.2C, and the battery is left for 20 min.
After repeating this for 499 times, the average discharge capacity retention of 30 batteries is shown by curve 1 in fig. 3.
The procedure for experiment two was as follows:
in an environment of 23 ℃ at room temperature, the lithium ion battery same as the first experiment is adopted to carry out conventional constant-current constant-voltage charging, and as shown in fig. 2, the specific steps are as follows:
starting from 0% SOC, charge at constant rate 1C until cut-off voltage 3.65 v. The charge was carried out at a constant voltage of 3.65v, and the charge was stopped when the charge rate was reduced to 0.05C.
Selecting 30 batteries to carry out 500 times of charge-discharge cycle tests, and specifically comprising the following steps:
the average discharge capacity retention of 30 batteries was shown by curve 2 in fig. 3, after charging from 0% SOC to 100% SOC by the charging method of experiment two and then discharging by the discharge method of cycle discharge described in experiment one.
As can be seen from the results of the room-temperature full charge discharge cycle test of the graphite negative electrode system lithium ion battery in fig. 3, compared with the conventional constant-current constant-voltage charging method, the charging method of the present invention can significantly improve the cycle life of the graphite negative electrode system lithium ion battery.
The table above is a comparison of the charging times of the first experiment and the second experiment, and it can be seen from the table that if the lithium ion battery is charged from the empty state to the full state, i.e., from 0% SOC to 100% SOC, the time required for charging by using the charging method of the first experiment is much longer than that of the second experiment; however, if the charging is from 20% SOC to 80% SOC, the charging time required by the charging method of experiment one will be 5.3min faster than experiment two; in particular, if the charging is from 20% SOC to 60% SOC, the charging method using experiment one will be 10.1min faster than experiment two. Therefore, the charging method of the present invention is particularly suitable for rapid charging in the 20% to 80% SOC range and rapid boost charging in the 20% to 60% SOC range. According to the experiment I, although the charging time outside the SOC range of 0-100% is long, the damage of the graphite cathode crystal structure and the battery capacity loss caused by lithium precipitation are avoided, and the service life of the battery is effectively guaranteed.
In conclusion, the charging method fully considers the lithium intercalation process and the lithium separation process of the graphite particles of the negative electrode in the formulation process, and improves the charging speed of the lithium ion battery in the SOC range of 20-80% on the premise of ensuring the cycle life of the lithium ion battery of the graphite negative electrode system.
The above description is only a preferred experiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A charging method of a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
performing constant current charging, wherein the constant current charging process comprises an initial charging stage and an intermediate charging stage, detecting the residual electric quantity of the battery, and the initial charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is less than or equal to a first set value, and the intermediate charging stage is performed when the residual electric quantity of the battery is greater than the first set value;
dividing the initial charging stage into a first group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, wherein the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in the first group of constant current charging stages is increased along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
dividing the intermediate charging stage into a second group of constant current charging stages with more than two small stages, wherein the charging multiplying power correspondingly set in the second group of constant current charging stages is reduced along with the increase of the residual electric quantity of the battery;
the range of the residual battery capacity of the first set value is 15% -25%;
the charging multiplying power set correspondingly in the first group of constant current charging stages and the battery residual capacity are in a first exponential function relationship of increasing; the charging multiplying power set correspondingly in the second group of constant current charging stages and the residual electric quantity of the battery are in a descending second exponential function relationship; the curvature of the first exponential function is greater than the curvature of the second exponential function.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein during the constant current charging, the terminal voltage of the battery is detected, and when the terminal voltage of the battery reaches a predetermined charge cut-off voltage, the constant current charging is stopped and the constant voltage charging is performed.
3. The method for charging a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the constant-current charging process, when the battery temperature reaches a set first upper temperature limit, the charging is continued by reducing the currently set charging rate; stopping charging when the temperature of the battery reaches a set second upper temperature limit; the second upper temperature limit is set to be greater than the first upper temperature limit.
4. The method of charging a graphite cathode system lithium ion battery according to claim 3, wherein when the battery temperature is equal to or higher than the first upper temperature limit and lower than the second upper temperature limit, the decrease width of the charge rate is determined based on the detected ambient temperature, and the decrease width of the charge rate increases as the ambient temperature increases.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein when the temperature of the battery is lower than a set lower temperature limit, the charging is continued by reducing the currently set charging rate, and the reduction of the charging rate is determined according to the difference between the temperature of the battery and the lower temperature limit, and the larger the difference is, the larger the reduction of the charging rate is.
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