CN108450270A - A kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland - Google Patents

A kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland Download PDF

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CN108450270A
CN108450270A CN201810178839.2A CN201810178839A CN108450270A CN 108450270 A CN108450270 A CN 108450270A CN 201810178839 A CN201810178839 A CN 201810178839A CN 108450270 A CN108450270 A CN 108450270A
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soil
ginseng
farmland
culture
ratio
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陈士林
徐江
沈亮
李西文
董林林
李刚
张乃嘦
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Institute of Materia Medica of CAMS
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Abstract

The invention belongs to culture of ginseng fields, and in particular to a kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland.The present invention is directed to the indefinite problem in farmland ginseng planting suitable planting region, it is suitble to the farmland of ginseng planting to carry out culture of ginseng by selection, realize farmland ginseng planting large-scale promotion application, conducive to ginseng intensive management and scientific management, scientific and reasonable ginseng cultivation in farmland technical system is established, the ginseng of plantation meets《Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China》And《Medicinal plant and preparation import and export green professional standard》Regulation.

Description

A kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland
Technical field
The invention belongs to culture of ginseng fields, and in particular to a kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland.
Background technology
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) is Araliaceae Panax perennial root herbaceous plant, is me State's tradition rare medicinal herbs is " King of Herbs " that the superfine product of " life is mended in enriching yin, is strengthened the body resistance to consolidate the constitution " contains a variety of saponins and polysaccharide constituents, With reinforce vital energy, veins takes off admittedly, reinforce the spleen to benefit the lung, promote the production of body fluid, calm the nerves the effect of, cure mainly it is physically weak to be taken off, cold weak pulse of limb, spleen deficiency food Less, the deficiency syndrome of the lung is breathed with cough, injury thirst, Heat Diabetes, prolonged illness void are thin, insomnia of palpitating with fear, impotence Gong Leng, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, It is powerless for dyspnea with shortness of breath, palpitation and amnesia, thirsty hidrosis, deficiency of food, all acute and chronic diseases and caused shock, void after losing blood It is de-.Ginseng is mainly distributed on the region of 30 °~48 ° of north latitude, 110 °~130 ° of east longitude.In China, ginseng be mainly distributed on Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang Province., the main production model of China's ginseng is " deforestation plants ginseng " at present, but this cropping pattern is provided to forest Source and ecological environment cause heavy burden." deforestation plants ginseng " will wait that the trees for planting ginseng ground are all cut down, and then plant ginseng.In deforestation It plants in ginseng mode, hayashishita soil will all turn over plane one time after deforestation, and understory species is caused thoroughly to destroy, soil bareness, after planting ginseng Severe water and soil erosion, landslide phenomenon also happen occasionally.In the 1980s, Jilin Province plants ginseng every year need to cut woods more than 2000 Hectare causes the reproduction speed of the forest reserves less than felling speed along with production timber deforestation.
To meet the great demand and the limited forest reserves of protection in ginseng market, there is an urgent need to go on farmland ginseng planting in China Road for development.Farmland ginseng planting in farmland carries out ginseng planting by appropriate soil improvement.Ginseng mode is planted with traditional deforestation Can solve ginseng than, farmland ginseng planting, woods strives ground contradiction, ecology under forest reserve prevents erosion.Farmland not only topography it is flat It is smooth, and area is larger.Because closer from human living place, auxiliary facility is comprehensive, convenient for irrigation and do mechanization operation, is conducive to people Ginseng cultivating scale and intensive management.In addition, improvement after farmland ginseng planting soil not only increase soil organism nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium equal size, and water-stable granular structure is increased in soil, soil total gap increases, to coordinate the soil water, air and heat Relationship, therefore it is high and stable yields farmland to go back grain plot after joining, and promotes agroecological benign cycle.
However not all agricultural land soil is suitable for ginseng planting.Agricultural land soil is conventional compared with traditional timbered soil Physical and chemical index and physical arrangement etc. are all poor.Part agricultural land soil is hardened seriously, the content of organic matter is few, soil permeability energy It is difference, unbalanced nutrition, extremely low to the buffer capacity of unfavorable condition.Individual agricultural land soils there is also overfertilization, the excessively high situation of salt content, Soluble-salt too high levels in agricultural land soil may form reverse osmotic pressure, and the moisture in root system is cemented out, to make root Sharp browning is withered.The fluctuation of soil moisture can be such that the problem of soluble-salt too high levels further deteriorates, plant root damage Wound is serious, can not absorb moisture and nutrition, and plant is caused wilting, yellow, tissue necrosis or the symptoms such as plant is short and small occur.And It also will increase the Probability of root rot caused by Fusarium solani (Fusarium solani).How current period is joined Ground selection is the most important thing of culture of ginseng industry.
Invention content
In view of this, it is an object of the invention in view of the defects existing in the prior art, it is fine to provide a kind of ginseng farmland Selection of land method is cultivated, culture of ginseng is carried out by screening suitable agricultural land soil, realizes the large-scale promotion application of farmland ginseng planting, Conducive to ginseng is intensive and scientific management.
To achieve the purpose of the present invention, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland, selects the soil climatic factor of culture of ginseng for annual gas - 2.10~14.00 DEG C of temperature;1-23.20~3.50 DEG C of monthly mean temperature;7 12.30~24.60 DEG C of monthly mean temperatures;Annual phase To humidity 54.39%~71.54%;520~1999mm of mean annual precipitation;113.21~158.55 (W/m of average annual sunshine2)。
Preferably, the climatic environment of the ginseng cultivation in farmland is average temperature of the whole year -0.20~14.00;1 monthly average gas - 17.80 DEG C~3.00 DEG C of temperature;7 15.10 DEG C of monthly mean temperatures~24.60 DEG C;Annual relative humidity 58.45%~ 71.53%;Mean annual precipitation 542mm~1999mm;118.38~158.55 (W/m of average annual sunshine2)。
Further, preferably, soil of the method to culture of ginseng of selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland of the present invention The soil environment on ground is selected.Specifically, the soil environment in the soil for selecting culture of ginseng for gradient be 1 °~ 25 ° the foot of a mountain obliquely, haugh, riverbed flatly and hilly ground etc., draining is good, is due east, due north, northwest and northeast Direction, available depth of soil >=20cm, rubble ratio be 0~35%, ginseng bed height be 15~35cm, hardened layer depth be 0~ 120cm。
It is furthermore preferred that the foot of a mountain that it is 2 °~15 ° that the soil soil environment, which is gradient, is obliquely, draining is good, for just North and northeastward, available depth of soil >=50cm, rubble ratio are≤10%, and ginseng bed height is 30~35cm, and hardened layer depth is ≤30cm。
Preferably, the method that selection of land is finely cultivated in the ginseng farmland further seeks the soil in the soil of culture of ginseng Foster condition is selected.Specifically, the Soil nutritional condition in the soil for selecting culture of ginseng for pH value range be 4.5~ 7.0, the content of organic matter is 1.5%~5.0%, alkaline hydrolysis 50~150g/kg of nitrogen content, available phosphorus contents ranging from 70~300mg/ Kg, quick-acting potassium content ranging from 40~160mg/kg, Ca ion concentrations ranging from 400~1200mg/kg, Mg ion concentration range For 200~900mg/kg.
It is furthermore preferred that it is 5.5~6.5 that the Soil nutritional condition in the soil of the culture of ginseng, which is pH value range, organic matter Content is 2.5%~5.0%, alkaline hydrolysis 50~100g/kg of nitrogen content, available phosphorus contents ranging from 70~200mg/kg, available potassium Content range be 40~100mg/kg, Ca ion concentrations ranging from 400~900mg/kg, Mg ion concentrations ranging from 200~ 400mg/kg。
Further, preferably, soil of the method to culture of ginseng of selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland of the present invention The physicochemical character on ground is selected.Specifically, described select the soil physicochemical character of culture of ginseng for clay ratios in soil Ranging from 6%~48%, silt ratio 8%~50% in soil, sand ratio 23%~86% in soil, organic carbon in soil Ratio 0.36%~39.40%, soil bulk density are 1.25~1.67g/cm3, soil exchangeable cations summation is 5~87 (cmol (+)/kg), soil degree of base saturation are 14%~100%.
It is furthermore preferred that the physicochemical character in the soil of the culture of ginseng be soil in clay ratios ranging from 15%~ 32%, silt ratio 27%~54% in soil, sand ratio 29%~49% in soil, organic carbon ratio 0.74% in soil ~39.40%, soil bulk density is 1.32~1.43g/cm3, soil exchangeable cations summation be 7~87 (cmol (+)/ Kg), soil degree of base saturation is 24%~65%.
Technical scheme of the present invention at least has following beneficial effect:
The present invention is directed to the indefinite problem of farmland ginseng planting Production Zones Suitable, is suitble to the farmland of ginseng planting to carry out by selection Culture of ginseng realizes the large-scale promotion application of farmland ginseng planting, is conducive to that ginseng is intensive and scientific management, establishes scientific and reasonable The nuisanceless cultivation in farmland technical system of ginseng, the ginseng of plantation meets《Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China》And《Medicinal plant and Preparation imports and exports green professional standard》Regulation.
Specific implementation mode
The invention discloses a kind of methods that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland.Those skilled in the art can use for reference herein Content is suitably modified technological parameter realization.In particular, it should be pointed out that all similar substitutions and modifications are to people in the art It is it will be apparent that they are considered as being included in the present invention for member.The method and product of the present invention is by preferably real Example is applied to be described, related personnel obviously can not depart from the content of present invention, in spirit and scope to method described herein It is modified or suitably changes and combine, to realize and apply the technology of the present invention.
For a further understanding of the present invention, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention, to the technical side in the embodiment of the present invention Case is clearly and completely described, it is clear that and described embodiment is a part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than all Embodiment.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art institute without making creative work The every other embodiment obtained, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, reagent involved in the embodiment of the present invention is commercial product, can pass through business canal Road purchase obtains.Ginseng planting wherein after selection of land includes that ginseng seeds carry out germination treatment, sowing, seedling receipts, seedling shifting It plants, specific operating procedure is as follows:
1, seed treatment
It selects that fruit is larger, ginseng seeds of full seed, fresh color, free from admixture, washes away pulp, it is laggard to dry epidermis Row vernalization is handled.According to sand and seed 2:1 ratio mixing, control sand humidity is 10%~15%.Keep sand storage temperature It at 18~22 DEG C, is handled by 90~120d vernalization, when ginseng seeds breach rate >=95% or more, 90% seed embryo length reaches 80% or more of endosperm length, you can for sowing;Seed can be also put in 2~4 DEG C, the condition that relative humidity is 10%~15% Lower refrigeration, the sowing of spring in next year.The solution that preceding 50% carbendazim of sowing dilutes 500 times impregnates breach seed 10min, removes flat After seed, pull seed out the transepidermal water that dries in the shade, with 2.5% it is suitable happy when be coated, method is that 100mL is watered when fitting happy 500mL mixes 25kg seeds, seed is stirred evenly, and dries and can be used to sow.
2, seeding and growing seedling
It sows in spring and is sowed after the defrosting of mid or late April soil, autumn sowing is in mid-October to freeze-up preceding progress.Nursery sowing can By the way of program request, drilling or disseminating.The mode of 3 × 20cm or 4 × 20cm can be used in program request or drilling seeding row spacing.With dry kind Sub- weight calculates, and program request sowing quantity is 15~20g/m2, and drilling sowing quantity is 20~25g/m2, and it is 25~30g/ to broadcast sowing sowing quantity m2.Depth of planting is 3~5cm, and thickness of earth covering is 3~5cm, furrow face is hugged flat, is slightly suppressed with plank.When goods is made in live streaming, strain 5 × 20cm can be used in line-spacing, and depth of planting is 3~5cm, after planting earthing 3cm.Ginseng Growth can be harvested after 4~5 years and be done Goods.
3, it transplants
Playing seedling should be carried out at the same time with seedling is selected, and should select that ginseng root is healthy and strong, reed head is complete, the ginseng of gemma hypertrophy and no disease and pests harm Seedling.In mid-April, soil defrosting can carry out for spring planting, and the autumn is planted in after mid or late October ginseng aerial part is withered and carries out.Plant ginseng When not hurt gemma and ginseng root, can mix root disinfection to seedling with 50% powder of carbendazim before transplanting plantation.
Life in 2 years and triennial transplanting will cultivate 2~3 years 1 equal seedlings and 2 equal seedlings are dug out, the same day with transporting to transplanting ginseng into Row plantation.It is placed in cultivation ditch in 30 °~45° angle with furrow face according to ginseng root.Seeding row spacing divides when the same year stranger does not join transplanting As shown in table 1 below.After the completion of transplanting, furrow face is hugged to flat, 4~6cm of earthing, is gently patted, is made with tablet on its surface after earthing Ginseng is adequately exposed to ginseng soil, and growth makees goods after 2~3 years.
1 perennial ginseng transplanting's seeding row spacing of table compares
Grade 1 equal seedlings 2 equal seedlings
1 year stranger's ginseng 8×20cm 6×20cm
2 years stranger's ginsengs 9×20cm 8×20cm
Triennial ginseng 10×20cm 10×20cm
The influence of embodiment 1, soil physico-chemical characteristic
According to Jilin, Liaoning, the multiple culture of ginseng place of production relevant informations in Heilungkiang and 4 province of Shanxi, select respectively not similarly The ginseng soil types for changing property, compares influence of the different soils physicochemical property (table 2) to ginseng yield, the results are shown in Table 3.
2 different producing area Analysis On Physical And Chemical Property of table
Influence of the 3 different soils physicochemical property of table to ginseng yield and quality
3 result of table shows the ginseng yield and saponin content highest of the soil plantation of a-quadrant culture of ginseng;The soil of B area The ginseng yield and saponin content of earth physicochemical property plantation are moderate;And the soil physico-chemical property production of the regions C ginseng cultivation in farmland Ginseng growing way it is bad, yield and saponin content it is relatively low.Therefore ranging from suitable for the soil physico-chemical property of farmland ginseng planting Clay ratios ranging from 6%~48% in soil, silt ratio 8%~50% in soil, sand ratio 23% in soil~ 86%, organic carbon ratio 0.36%~39.40% in soil, soil bulk density is 1.25~1.67g/cm3, soil is commutative Cationic summation is 5~87 (cmol (+)/kg), soil degree of base saturation is 14%~100%..
The influence of embodiment 2, climatic factor
The area that selection different producing area climatic factor differs greatly respectively, carries out planting ginseng on farmland according to the method described above, Compare the influence of Different climate factor pair ginseng yield and quality, each producing region climatic factor is as shown in table 4 below, as a result such as 5 institute of table Show.
4 different producing area Preliminary Evaluation On Climatic Factors of table
The influence of 5 Different climate factor pair ginseng yield of table and quality
Plant producing region Ginseng yield (kg/m2) Ginsenoside Rb1 (%) Ginsenoside Rg1 (%)
A-quadrant 2.02-3.00 0.476~0.725 0.414~0.430
B area 1.80-2.20 0.419~0.585 0.251~0.378
The regions C 1.20-1.40 0.352~0.380 0.241~0.277
5 result of table shows a-quadrant ginseng yield and the equal highest of saponin content, and B area ginseng yield and saponin content are suitable In, and the regions C ginseng yield and saponin content are relatively low.Therefore, practical ginseng growing location area, selection are combined in China The soil climatic factor of ginseng cultivation in farmland is -2.10~14.00 DEG C;1-23.20~3.50 DEG C of monthly mean temperature;7 monthly average 12.30~24.60 DEG C of temperature;Annual relative humidity 54.39%~71.54%;520~1999mm of mean annual precipitation;Year 113.21~158.55 (W/m of equal sunshine2)。
Embodiment 3, Soil nutritional condition
Select the soil types (producing regions A, the producing regions B, the producing regions C) of different three kinds of different contents respectively, according to the method described above into Row planting ginseng on farmland compares influence of the different soils nutritive element content to ginseng yield and quality, each soil types nutrition Condition is as shown in table 6 below, and the results are shown in Table 7.
6 different producing area soil types nutritional condition of table is analyzed
Soil physico-chemical index The producing regions A The producing regions B The producing regions C
PH value ≤4.5 4.5~7.0 5.5~6.5
Organic matter (%) 1.50≤ 1.50~5.00 2.50~5.00
Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/kg) 50.00~150.00 50.00~100.00
Rapid available phosphorus (mg/kg) 70.00≤ 70.00~300.00 70.00~200.00
Available potassium (mg/kg) 40.00≤ 40.00~160.00 40.00~100.00
Ca contents (mg/kg) 400.00≤ 400.00~1200.00 400.00~900.00
Mg contents (mg/kg) 200.00≤ 200.00~900.00 200.00~400.00
Influence of the 7 different soils nutritional condition of table to ginseng yield and quality
Plant producing region Ginseng yield (kg/m2) Ginsenoside Rb1 (%) Ginsenoside Rg1 (%)
A-quadrant 1.92-2.06 0.75 0.41
B area 1.62-1.84 0.42 0.30
The regions C 1.20-1.32 0.44 0.27
The ginseng yield and saponin content of the visible a-quadrant of 7 result of table are higher, and the ginseng yield and soap of B area production Glycosides content is in medium level, and the ginseng yield and content of ginsenoside of the soil production in the regions C are relatively low.Therefore it is planted suitable for farmland It is 4.5~7.0 that the soil nutrient elements content of ginseng, which is pH value range, and the content of organic matter is 1.5%~5.0%, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content 50~150g/kg, available phosphorus contents ranging from 70~300mg/kg, quick-acting potassium content ranging from 40~160mg/kg, Ca ions Content range is 400~1200mg/kg, Mg ion concentrations ranging from 200~900mg/kg.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of method that selection of land is finely cultivated in ginseng farmland, it is average temperature of the whole year-to select the soil climatic factor of culture of ginseng 2.10~14.00 DEG C;1-23.20~3.50 DEG C of monthly mean temperature;7 12.30~24.60 DEG C of monthly mean temperatures;Annual is opposite Humidity 54.39%~71.54%;520~1999mm of mean annual precipitation;113.21~158.55 (W/m of average annual sunshine2)。
2. according to the method described in claim 1, the climatic environment of the ginseng cultivation in farmland be average temperature of the whole year -0.20~ 14.00;1-17.80 DEG C of monthly mean temperature~3.00 DEG C;7 15.10 DEG C of monthly mean temperatures~24.60 DEG C;Annual relative humidity 58.45%~71.53%;Mean annual precipitation 542mm~1999mm;118.38~158.55 (W/m of average annual sunshine2)。
3. according to the method described in claim 1~2 any one, select the soil environment in the soil of culture of ginseng for gradient For 1 °~25 ° the foot of a mountain obliquely, haugh, riverbed flatly and hilly ground etc., draining is good, is due east, due north, northwest And northeastward, available depth of soil >=20cm, rubble ratio are 0~35%, ginseng bed height is 15~35cm, and hardened layer depth is 0 ~120cm.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, the foot of a mountain that it is 2 °~15 ° that the soil soil environment, which is gradient, is obliquely, Draining is good, is due north and northeastward, and available depth of soil >=50cm, rubble ratio is≤10%, and ginseng bed height is 30~35cm, Hardened layer depth is≤30cm.
5. method according to claims 1 to 4, the Soil nutritional condition in the soil of culture of ginseng is selected to be for pH value range 4.5~7.0, the content of organic matter is 1.5%~5.0%, alkaline hydrolysis 50~150g/kg of nitrogen content, available phosphorus contents ranging from 70~ 300mg/kg, quick-acting potassium content ranging from 40~160mg/kg, Ca ion concentrations ranging from 400~1200mg/kg, Mg ions contain Measure ranging from 200~900mg/kg.
6. according to the method described in claim 5, it is 5.5 that the Soil nutritional condition in the soil of the culture of ginseng, which is pH value range, ~6.5, the content of organic matter is 2.5%~5.0%, alkaline hydrolysis 50~100g/kg of nitrogen content, available phosphorus contents ranging from 70~ 200mg/kg, quick-acting potassium content ranging from 40~100mg/kg, Ca ion concentrations ranging from 400~900mg/kg, Mg ions contain Measure ranging from 200~400mg/kg.
7. method according to claims 1 to 6 selects the soil physicochemical character of culture of ginseng for clay ratios model in soil It is 6%~48% to enclose, silt ratio 8%~50% in soil, sand ratio 23%~86% in soil, organic carbon ratio in soil Example 0.36%~39.40%, soil bulk density are 1.25~1.67g/cm3, soil exchangeable cations summation is 5~87 (cmol (+)/kg), soil degree of base saturation are 14%~100%.
8. according to the method described in claim 7, the physicochemical character in the soil of the culture of ginseng is clay ratios model in soil It is 15%~32% to enclose, silt ratio 27%~54% in soil, sand ratio 29%~49% in soil, organic carbon in soil Ratio 0.74%~39.40%, soil bulk density are 1.32~1.43g/cm3, soil exchangeable cations summation is 7~87 (cmol (+)/kg), soil degree of base saturation are 24%~65%.
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