CN108293702A - A kind of strawberry open field culture method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to technical field of strawberry cultivation, disclose a kind of strawberry open field culture method, including：Field selects；Site preparation before strawberry cultivating, is cultivated using high ridge, matches kind；Select plant complete, the rice shoot of no disease and pests harm；It was planted and is made using 1 year one, transplanted in autumn；Flat bedding cultivation；Plant seedling；North-south high ridge field planting；Fertilizing management；Watering management；Tillage and weeding；Plant manages；Harvesting in time；It is overwintering cold-proof；Anti- spring late frost harm；Anthracnose prevention and control；Gray mold prevention and control；Grub prevention and control.The present invention can solve the disadvantage that open country cultivated strawberry per unit area yield is low, fruit quality is poor, cultivation technique falls behind, and can further promote the healthy and stable development of China's open country Strawberry industry, can realize green strawberry production.

Description

A kind of strawberry open field culture method

Technical field

The invention belongs to technical field of strawberry cultivation more particularly to a kind of strawberry open field culture methods.

Background technology

Strawberry belongs to rose family Fragaria herbaceos perennial, and fruit colour is gorgeous, nutritive value is high, is referred to as in fruit Queen is well received by consumers.Strawberry occupies an important position in Fruits production, and Strawberry industry has become in China's fruit industry and sends out Most fast one of industry is opened up, at present 2,000,000 mu of China strawberry area or more, more than 200 ten thousand tons of annual output, the first in the world.Open country grass The certain kind of berries cultivates the advantage due to natural environmental condition, can avoid completely using any pesticide, it can be achieved that safe and harmlessization green production, And the maturity period of open country strawberry maturation generally since mid or late April according to the different ripening stages in area, weather at this time is just It is the good time of picking of going for an outing in early spring, is well received by consumers.China's open country cultivated strawberry there are per unit area yields low, fruit quality at present The shortcomings of difference, cultivation technique fall behind, therefore by this cultivation key technology 20, can be good at solving problem above, it will The healthy and stable development of China's open country Strawberry industry can further be promoted.

In conclusion problem of the existing technology is：China's open country cultivated strawberry there are per unit area yields low, fruit quality at present Difference, cultivation technique fall behind.

Invention content

In view of the problems of the existing technology, the present invention provides a kind of strawberry open field culture methods.

The invention is realized in this way a kind of strawberry open field culture method, the strawberry open field culture method includes following Step：

Step 1, field select ground even, and it is convenient to irrigate, and is rich in organic matter, moisture holding capacity is strong, the good husky earth of permeability Soil, soil acidity or alkalinity is with faintly acid or neutral soil；

Step 2, site preparation before strawberry cultivating, is cultivated using high ridge, matches kind；

Step 3 selects plant complete, the detoxification rice shoot of thick 1.0cm or more the no disease and pests harms of rhizome；It was planted and is made using 1 year one, It is transplanted in autumn；Flat bedding cultivation, 20~30cm of spacing in the rows, 30~40cm of line-spacing, mu are colonized 7 500 plants or so；High ridge is cultivated, ridge face Wide 50~60cm, 30~40cm of furrow width, are colonized two rows on the face of ridge, spacing in the rows 15~20cm, small 20~30cm of line-spacing, and wide row space 60~ 70cm, mu are colonized 8 500 plants or so；

Step 4 plants seedling；North-south high ridge field planting；Fertilizing management；Watering management；Tillage and weeding；Plant manages；It adopts in time It receives；It is overwintering cold-proof；Anti- spring late frost harm；Anthracnose prevention and control；Gray mold prevention and control；Grub prevention and control.

Further, the site preparation mu applies high-quality farm manure 5 000kg, calcium superphosphate 40kg, nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer 50kg. Base fertilizer is used sufficient when site preparation, can be promoted rice shoot robust growth, be improved fruit quality and yield.

Further, the high ridge cultivates the long 15m in ridge, the high 20~40cm in ridge, 50~60cm of ridge face width, and furrow is wide by 30~ 40cm.It is cultivated using high ridge, ventilation and penetrating light can be increased, the generation of gray mold can be made to reduce by 30% or so, fruit quality can be improved, Soluble solid content increases by 10% or more.

Further, it was planted and is made using 1 year one, transplanted in autumn, Shenyang and the plant of northern area August early and middle ten days, Hebei, mountain Eastern and Shanxi is early and middle ten days in October suitable for planting time in mid or late August plant, Zhejiang and In Guangdong Province.Plant within 1 year one system ratio for many years One plants 20% or more output increased processed, and disease reduces by 30% or more.

Further, with 2~6h of 5~10mg/kg niacins or niacin sodium liquid root dipping before strawberry is planted；One is extractd before planting seedling Part old leaf leaves behind 2~3 young leaves；When strawberry Seedlings nursery is closer with a distance from production field, the method transplanted with Tu Tuo is taken, It digs before seedling and first spreads and sinks in seedling furrow with water with profit digging seedling, Tu Tuo can be cut into the Tu Tuo of 8~10cm square or triangle sticks together；Using reed curtain, plastics Yarn, the withe item with leaf, plastics sunshade net shade, or are fastened as interim Small plastic shed with silver gray plastic foil, and ceiling is capped reed Curtain shades.10% is can be improved using measures, rice shoot survival rates such as medicament root dipping, band Tu Tuo transplantings, shades.

Further, the fertilizing management includes：

1) root is applied fertilizer, first stage top dressing after bud differentiation, mu impose 15~20kg of composite fertilizer or urea 7.5~ 10kg；Second stage applies before flowering, and mu imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, 10~15kg of K composite fertilizer；Three phases be from bloom to Level-one sequence fruit starts maturation, and mu applies nitrogen, phosphorus, 10~15kg of K composite fertilizer；Four-stage is the best fruiting period, and mu applies phosphorus, potash fertilizer 10 ~15kg；

2) foliage application, early period to spray based on urea, can spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and borax before spending；Spend preceding foliage-spray 0.3% urea or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3~4 times.

Advantages of the present invention and good effect are：It can solve that open country cultivated strawberry per unit area yield is low, fruit quality is poor, cultivation technique Backward disadvantage can make open country cultivated strawberry output increased 20%, fruit soluble solids content improve 10% or more, can have Effect solves the harm of strawberry florescence in early spring late frost, thus can further promote the healthy and stable development of China's open country Strawberry industry, It can realize green strawberry production.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is strawberry open field culture method flow chart provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

Specific implementation mode

In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to embodiments, to the present invention It is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, it is not used to Limit the present invention.

The application principle of the present invention is explained in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

As shown in Figure 1, strawberry open field culture method provided in an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps：

S101：Field selects ground even, and it is convenient to irrigate, and is rich in organic matter, and moisture holding capacity is strong, the good sandy loam of permeability, Soil acidity or alkalinity is with faintly acid or neutral soil；

S102：Site preparation before strawberry cultivating, is cultivated using high ridge, matches kind；

S103：Select plant complete, the detoxification rice shoot of thick 1.0cm or more the no disease and pests harms of rhizome；It was planted and is made using 1 year one, in Autumn transplants；Flat bedding cultivation, 20~30cm of spacing in the rows, 30~40cm of line-spacing, mu are colonized 7 500 plants or so；High ridge is cultivated, ridge face width 50~60cm, 30~40cm of furrow width, are colonized two rows on the face of ridge, spacing in the rows 15~20cm, small 20~30cm of line-spacing, and wide row space 60~ 70cm, mu are colonized 8 500 plants or so；

S104：Plant seedling；North-south high ridge field planting；Fertilizing management；Watering management；Tillage and weeding；Plant manages；It adopts in time It receives；It is overwintering cold-proof；Anti- spring late frost harm；Anthracnose prevention and control；Gray mold prevention and control；Grub prevention and control.

Strawberry open field culture method provided in an embodiment of the present invention specifically includes following steps：

1, field selects

Strawberry field should select ground even, and it is convenient to irrigate, and is rich in organic matter, and moisture holding capacity is strong, the good sandy loam of permeability, soil Earth acid-base value is advisable with faintly acid or neutral soil.Simultaneously strawberry field should select with preceding crop of the strawberry without common pest and disease damage, Preceding crop is generally preferable with beans, melon, wheat, corn and rape.

2, site preparation

Site preparation before strawberry cultivating mainly removes earth's surface weeds sundries, applies fertilizer, ploughs, doing furrow ridging.It is wanted before ploughing in field Base fertilizer is used sufficient, based on decomposed manure, coordinates other fertilizer in right amount.General mu applies 5 000kg of high-quality farm manure, calcium superphosphate 40kg, nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer 50kg, if soil nutritional deficiency obviously should also supplement corresponding micro- fertilizer.Base fertilizer Yao Quan is spread fertilizer over the fields in garden, is turned over It is mixed well with soil after ploughing.Ploughing depth is generally advisable in 30cm or so, requires to rake lid after ploughing in fact, fine crushing smooth, on Noisy lower reality, then does furrow.

3, furrow are done

There are commonly flat furrow and high ridge, high ridge cultivation is mostly used in production.High ridge cultivates general long 15m in ridge or so, and ridge is high 20~40cm, 50~60cm of ridge face width, the wide 30~40cm of furrow.If for picking garden of going sightseeing, furrow is wide appropriate wide, adopts Spacious convenience when plucking.The advantages of high ridge is cultivated is that soil aeration increases, and strawberry fruit hangs over ridge both sides, divulges information, and illumination is sufficient, It colours, pest and disease damage is few, is not easy decayed fruit.High ridge cultivation also helps covering mulch and pad fruit, and that improves covering with ground sheeting heats effect Fruit improves fruit quality.After site preparation does furrow, primary small water or appropriate suppression should be filled, keeps soil heavy real, in order to avoid the rice shoot that waters after planting It sink, soil silt seedling or native table is caused cavity occur and cause crab rooting.

4, kind is matched

In north cold area, outdoor cropping strawberry should select long in rest period or grow, winter resistance is strong, fruiting period is concentrated, The more consistent improved seeds of fruit maturation；South should select suspend mode shallow, the strong improved seeds of high temperature resistant, disease resistance.If with fresh Based on food, big fruit, high yield, sugariness height, thick flavor, the kind that quality is excellent, disease resistance is strong should be selected；And based on processing, Should select yield is high, fruit it is medium it is less than normal it is uniformly neat, fruit is straight, pulp is red or peony, flavor are dense, easily de- calyx, anti- The excellent strawberry cultivars of processing traits such as the strong, storage tolerance of characteristic of disease.

To increase yield and improving quality, a main breed can configure 2~3 pollinated varieties.Main breed accounts for total cultivation Train 70% or so of area.Main breed and pollinated variety are at a distance of generally no more than 30m.

5, rice shoot selects

Outdoor cropping will select plant complete, no disease and pests harm, have 4 or more normotrophic blades, leaf color is bud green, newly Stem thickness is in 1.0cm or more, and petiole is sturdy without excessive growth, well developed root system, there is more white or a milky fibrous root, root long 5cm with On, for single-strain fresh weight in 20g or more, center bud is full, the rice shoot that top bud differentiation is completed.

6, planting generation

It was planted and is made using 1 year one, transplanted in autumn.Usually north field planting early south field planting evening, Shenyang and northern area August Early and middle ten days are transplanted, and the ground such as Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi are October suitable for planting time in mid or late August plant, Zhejiang and In Guangdong Province Early and middle ten days.Specific planting time will also see that the quality of Strawberry Seedlings, weak seedling can be planted early, and strong sprout can be planted in evening；Bare-root seeding should early plant, Plug seedling It can plant in appropriate evening.It to be also preferably selected and be planted in the dusk of cloudy day, mao mao's rainy day or fine day according to local weather forecast simultaneously Seedling is conducive to survive because temperature is low, humidity is big, evaporation capacity is small.

7, planting density

The planting density of Strawberry Seedlings is with depending primarily on planting type, kind habit, the quality of seedlings, management level and topography The factors such as power.Outdoor cropping is smaller compared with Protectorate cultivation density, general flat bedding cultivation, 20~30cm of spacing in the rows, 30~40cm of line-spacing, 7 500 plants or so of mu field planting；High ridge is cultivated, 50~60cm of ridge face width, 30~40cm of furrow width, and two rows, spacing in the rows 15 are colonized on the face of ridge ~20cm, small 20~30cm of line-spacing, 60~70cm of wide row space, mu are colonized 8 500 plants or so.The strong prosperous kind of growing way, rice shoot matter Measure, management level is high, soil fertility is good can appropriate thin planting, otherwise can be with rational close planted.

8, method for planting

When planting seedling, first position is determined by seeding row spacing, be then inserted into soil at cultivation seedling with perching knife and open cave, cave soil is taken off to cave Afterwards, portable rice shoot, earth's surface is equal at the top of the new stem of seedling before hole pressing is put into cave, exposes subject to heart bud, root is unfolded and is placed in cave Interior, filling fine earth expires cave, and gently mentions seedling, so that root system and soil is touched, levelling compacting of then banketing again.In accordance with The field planting principle of " on do not bury the heart, under not crab rooting ", it is too deep or excessively shallow can all influence survival rate.Poured immediately after field planting it is primary permeable, Such as the plant for finding to have crab rooting or the silt heart, soil should be mended immediately and buries root, take off the soil dew heart or transplant again.

9, it is colonized direction

North-south high ridge field planting.The inflorescence of strawberry is extended with certain rule from new stem, and the usual new stem of plant is slightly arched, And inflorescence is stretched out from hunchbacked direction.It for ventilation and penetrating light, improves the operations such as fruit quality and pad fruit, fruit picking conveniently, makes every The inflorescence of strain extraction, should be by the hunchbacked towards fixed direction of new stem when planting seedling towards same direction.When flat ridge cultivation is planted, Bian Hangzhi Strain inflorescence direction should reach to prevent inflorescence on the furrow ridge towards in furrow, influence operation.Furrow expert inflorescence facing one direction, is convenient for Inflorescence and leaf are separated with bamboo stick, bulkhead or drawstring, is conducive to flower pollination, reduces malformed fruit, while being conducive to fruit and Color.When high ridge is transplanted, the strawberry back of a bow will can make berry when strawberry result hang over high ridge both sides, be conducive in this way towards outside high ridge By sunlight and ventilation, fruit surface humidity is reduced, improve berry quality and mitigates fruit pest and disease damage, reduces diseased fruit rate.

10, the measure of planting survival rate is improved

(1) root system is handled.In order to improve planting survival rate, strawberry plants preceding 5~10mg/kg niacins or niacin sodium medicine Liquid 2~6h of root dipping, fairly obvious to hestening rooting effect, processed rice shoot new root occurrence quantity increases closely than the rice shoot not handled 1 times, rice shoot survival rate can be significantly improved.

(2) old leaf is extractd.A part of old leaf is extractd before planting seedling, leaves behind 2~3 young leaves, rising dehydration, priming leaf can be reduced When excessively old blade is broken off from petiole base, 2~3 not break off leaf compared with old leaf piece from petiole base, and base portion will stay one section of leaf Handle is conducive to survive to protect rhizome, while pinching invalid leaf.

(3) band Tu Tuo transplants or uses Plug seedling.When strawberry Seedlings nursery is closer with a distance from production field, band Tu Tuo can be taken to move The method of cultivation digs before seedling and first spreads and sinks in seedling furrow with water with profit digging seedling, and Tu Tuo can be cut into the Tu Tuo of 8~10cm square or triangle sticks together.

(4) shade.To prevent the sun after planting to be exposed to the sun, while for sufficient moisture, reed curtain, plastics yarn can be used, with leaf Withe item, plastics sunshade net shade, or are fastened as interim Small plastic shed with silver gray plastic foil, and ceiling is capped the shading of reed curtain.It is fixed After plant survives, the seedling that dry in the air in time is taken exercise, and pays attention to ventilation, to prevent removing seedling of burning when shading object suddenly.

11, fertilizing management

(1) top dressing

1) root is applied fertilizer.Plant suction fertilizer can be generally divided into four-stage in entire growth course.First stage be from It is colonized and completes natural dormancy.Plant and root growth are still more vigorous after field planting slow seedling, and bud is carried out with the decline of temperature Differentiation, the base manure before being at this moment colonized largely are consumed, and therefore, after bud differentiation, this time fertilising is first time topdressing with nitrogenous fertilizer Main, mu imposes 7.5~10kg of 15~20kg of composite fertilizer or urea, can not only promote nutrient growth, and can also increase terminal bud flower Sequence spends number, enhances winter cabbage.Second stage is to show flower bud phase to plant after natural dormancy releasing.With the liter of temperature Height, plant start compared with vigorous growth, and the absorption of nutrient increases compared with previous stage, and therefore, second of top dressing should apply before flowering, Top dressing is to ensure that the important measures of strawberry good quality and high output, mu impose nitrogen, phosphorus, 10~15kg of K composite fertilizer before flowering.Third Since the stage be the maturation blooming to level-one sequence fruit.With the raising of temperature and ground temperature, plant enters vigorous period, inhales It receives and the nutrient of consumption peaks, therefore, third time top dressing should be applied before level-one sequence Fruit, and it is multiple that mu applies nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium 10~15kg of Hefei.Four-stage is the best fruiting period, i.e. second, third grade of sequence Fruit and maturity period.With a large amount of fruits Expand with it is ripe, absorbing nitrogen amount is begun to decline, and phosphorus potassium uptake starts to increase, and the uptake of wherein potassium reaches highest, this Secondary fertilising is based on phosphorus potash fertilizer, to improve fruit quality, promotes robust plant, prevents plant weak, mu apply phosphorus, potash fertilizer 10~ 15kg.The method of strawberry top dressing can be used plant both sides and spread fertilizer over the fields, and can also be applied from ditching at the 20cm of root, or using punching The method for pouring into liquid fertilizer.

2) foliage application.Since strawberry root system is shallow, resistance to fertility is poor, often occurs burning root seedling death phenomenon, institute because top dressing is improper With frequently with the method for foliage application, spray fertilizer is the important measures of strawberry field fertilizer and water management.The blade of strawberry has stronger suction Fertile ability, foliage application not only saves fertilizer, but also it is fast to play fertilizer efficiency.General early period to spray based on urea, can spray phosphoric acid before spending Potassium dihydrogen and borax can also select trace element according to local soil regime.0.3% urea of foliage-spray or 0.3% before spending Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3~4 times can increase single fruit weight, improve berry quality, and fruit-setting rate improves 8%~19%.Foliage application is preferably being close to It is carried out when late blade humidity, it be to spray based on leaf back.

12, watering management

Strawberry is the plant for needing moisture more, higher to moisture requirement, and a strawberry about needs in entire breeding time Water 15L, but different growing is also different to soil moisture requirement.

1) it waters after being colonized.Autumn setting date temperature is higher, and ground transpiration rate is big, the not yet a large amount of shapes of the seedling new root newly planted At water absorbing capacity force difference such as waters insufficient, easily causes dead seedling.This phase, water was filled in a short time for furrow irrigation with relatively good using irrigating through furrow Foot can make soil heavy real, so that root system and soil is tightly combined, be conducive to survive.

2) it fills and freezes water.Primary freeze-up water is filled before overwintering, generally before soil is freeze-up, freeze-up water has to be filled with enough filling thoroughly, This water can improve plant winter cabbage, can also promote the growth in plant next spring.

3) early spring pours water.After early spring removes covering, ground temperature is relatively low, should not pour water too early, in order to avoid under causing ground temperature apparent Drop influences the growth of strawberry root regeneration and overground part rudiment, can plough shallowly with Meteorological effect, and rudiment water, which is generally postponed to squaring period, is Preferably.

4) flowering fruit bearing stage is poured water.Into after the florescence, bear fruit with blooming, water requirement is more and more, and the small water of to master frequently pours, and protects Hold the principle of ground moistening.Fruit increases to the berry maturity period, and in the case where ensureing ground moistening, unsuitable broad irrigation is wanted Appropriate control water should pour small water in the dusk after each fruit picking, and irrigation amount to penetrate into soil after pouring in short-term, and water is not original to furrow face Then.If watering is too many, higher in temperature, gray mold is easily contaminated, berry is caused to rot.Conditional place, can be with Using trickle irrigation, trickle irrigation can increase by 15%~20% healthy fruit, can also save 30% irrigation quantity.In addition, fertilising will combine every time It pours water, and waters and combine tillage and weeding.

5) rainwater is excluded in time.Strawberry had not only liked water but also had been afraid of flood, and long soaking time, blade will become strawberry in water Huang or even dead seedling, so to establish drainage system around strawberry field, heavy rain will drain the water away in time later.

13, tillage and weeding

Fragaria herbaceos perennial, root system is shallow, the loose soil of hygrophilous profit.Intertillage is conducive to soil aeration and increase The activity of edaphon is accelerated organic matter and is decomposed, and root system and overground part growth are promoted.Intertillage can eliminate weeds simultaneously, subtract Few pest and disease damage.Depending on number and time are intertilled because of the concrete condition of different strawberry fields.Weeds are few, soil loosening new strawberry field, often Year intertillage 5~6 times loses weeds, irrigation and drainage are unimpeded, subject to loosing soil to accomplish that field is cleaned.Depth is intertilled not hinder Root and weeding are loosened the soil as principle, and general 3~4cm is advisable.

14, plant manages

For strawberry in growth course, plant management is particularly significant.It generally includes to extract stolon, flower and fruit thinning, pad fruit, pluck Except sick old residual leaf etc..

(1) stolon is extractd.Stolon is the organ of nourishing and generating of strawberry, and generation stolon can consume maternal plant and largely support Point, weaken the growth potential of maternal plant, influence bud differentiation, the winter cabbage of yield and plant is reduced, for the purpose of harvesting berry Production garden should extract stolon at any time.

(2) flower and fruit thinning.General every plant of strawberry has 2~5 inflorescences, each inflorescence to have 7~15 flowers.The inflorescence of strawberry is more For dichasium.High level spends very little and majority cannot open, and is invalid flower, late and result is too small blooming, nothing Economic value, referred to as to no effect.Therefore, it is dredged early in squaring period and removes high level small bud, or break the weak of strain clump lower part pumping Inflorescence can save nutrient, increase fruit, ripe, picking time be promoted to concentrate, be also prevented from plant early ageing.General each inflorescence 1~3 grade of flowers and fruits of upper reservation.

(3) fruit is padded.After strawberry bears fruit, with the growth of fruit, fruit ear is sagging, and berry is contacted with ground, and fertilizing, watering is equal Fruit face easy to pollute, this not only easily introduced disease, causes to rot, while having an effect on coloring and maturation.Therefore, to not using mulch The strawberry field of covering, should be 2~3 weeks in Post flowering, are padded below berry with wheat straw, straw, sawdust etc..Pad fruit is conducive to improve slurry Fruit commodity value, to preventing gray mold, strawberry phytophthora fruit rot from also having certain effect.

(4) the old residual leaf of disease is extractd.Strawberry the old and new's blade update in 1 year is frequent, in the season of growth, when under plant Portion's blade should be removed from petiole base in time in horizontal raw, and when starting to turn yellow withered.For overwintering old leaf, often there is cause of disease to post It is raw, it should be removed early after growing young leaves, with sharp ventilation and penetrating light, accelerate plant strain growth.It was found that sick leaf should also be extractd in time.It extracts The old residual leaf of disease not lose in strawberry field, should be collected together and burn or buried, to reduce the propagation of pathogen.

15, harvesting in time

Strawberry fruit soft and succulency, not storage tolerance, such as overdone harvesting are easy to change, rotten and lose commodity value；Such as maturation Degree not enough harvesting, fruit colour, flavor, internal substance accumulation are not achieved and should require, it is difficult to reach the built-in quality of kind, Commodity is poor.Strawberry needs certain number of days from blooming to fruit maturation, and under the conditions of outdoor cropping, fruit development number of days is generally 30 days or so, early, middle and late cooked food kind had certain difference；Determine that suitable picking time will be according to kind, purposes and selling market The conditions such as distance consider.Start to harvest when generally reaching 70% or more with fruit face colouring, as fresh food kind with Medium well harvesting is advisable, but for example new star of hard meat type kind, Hani etc., is harvested when close complete red with fruit face and can be only achieved the kind Due quality and flavor also have no effect on storing.For processing jam, fruit drink, jelly, it is desirable that adopt when fruit is well done It receives, to improve the sugar content and fragrance of fruit.For processed can, it is desirable that fruit size is consistent, fruit face colouring 70%~ Harvesting is more suitable when 80%.When remote sale, with it is ripe very likely when harvesting be advisable, sale nearby or now eaten as now adopting It is preferably harvested when well done, but also unsuitable overdone.

Strawberry is bloomed successively, successively as a result, the maturity period is inconsistent.Outdoor cropping harvesting is sustainable 20~40 days general, Fruit has just started negligible amounts when maturation, and primary, fruit picking peak period harvesting 1 time daily was adopted every 1~2 day.When specific harvesting Between carried out before preferably dew was done at 11 points in the morning in the morning or when dusk temperature is relatively low because temperature this period is relatively Low, fruit temperature is relatively low, and is conducive to fruit storage.Temperature is higher around noon, and the hardness of fruit is smaller, and carpopodium softens, Not only picking is taken a lot of work, and easily touches brokenly pericarp, and fruit is not easy to maintain, perishable rotten.By fruit size classification, gently put In in container.It cannot adopt, seize firmly firmly, in order to avoid fruit of damaging.It should individually case disease pest fruit, malformed fruit and fruit of damaging, can not mix Dress.Strawberry fruit is not pressure-resistant, therefore harvests container used and want shallow, and bottom will be put down, and inner wall wants smooth, the soft dunnage of interior pad, harvesting When to prevent from squeezing, fruit should not be stacked more than 3 layers, harvesting container cannot fill to obtain overfill.

16, overwintering cold-proof

(1) overwintering cold-proof.Strawberry grows to late autumn, just progresses into suspend mode, and petiole shortens, and blade becomes smaller, the flat length of plant, To resist the arrival of low temperature, while facilitating cold-proof covering.Although strawberry root system is resistant to ground 10 DEG C of gas of mild short time ﹣ of 8 DEG C of ﹣ Temperature, but in northern China, because winter cold is windy, arid few snow, strawberry is generally unable to open country safe overwintering, it is necessary to be covered It is cold-proof.The overwintering cover time, generally North China's mid or late November carry out, it is by north more a little earlier, it is by north more a little later.Strawberry at this time Plant have passed through the cold acclimation of frost several times, and soil is in " daytime food taken late at night freezes " state.Covering mulch should not too early or too late, such as Fruit covering is too early, and temperature is higher, can cause rotten seedling, covering that freeze injury can occur too late.It first fills primary before covering cold-proof object and freezes water, Current water will be filled with enough.

For covering material based on plastic film, cold district can use various crop materials, leaf, decomposed horsehit, circle fine crushing Loam etc..Such as with soil covering, the grass or stalk of one layer of 3~5cm thickness are preferably first covered, then earthing, a spring remove the earthwork again Just, plant is damaged when while avoidable spring removes soil, covering material does not have to that, with seed-bearing weeds, grass otherwise can be brought as possible It is waste.Using covering with ground sheeting, flat furrow cover film is wide and film length because of the wide length of furrow and plot situation depending on, by plastic film mulching furrow face before lid, Surrounding is sternly compressed with soil pressure, when furrow face is wide, is pushed down with bulk storage hill on film, and prevention strong wind scratches mulch.High ridge covers furrow face In ridge shape, covering with ground sheeting is wide every firming in furrow according to film on the face of ridge.Covering with ground sheeting can not only make strawberry safe overwintering, protect Moisture in the soil heats, and the greenery area of overwintering seedling can also be made up to 80% or more, and spring temperature one gos up, so that it may continued growth, manufacture Nutrient can make berry 7~10d of precocity, volume increase 20% or so.

(2) cold-proof object is removed.Covering is removed at twice after the next spring starts to thaw.It for the first time can be in average air Temperature carries out when being higher than 0 DEG C, removes the covering that upper layer has thawed, and so as to sunlight, improves ground temperature, is conducive to lower layer's covering Rapid defrosting.Second can be partly that will be carried out when rudiment on the ground, remove cold-proof object easy damaged young leaves too late.Covering is complete After portion is withdrawn from, the deadwood and rotten leaf in ground is removed clean, concentration is burnt or buried, to reduce pest and disease damage.It is overwintering to cover mulch The film time is removed depending on early spring weather conditions in plot, temperature recovery it is fast it is appropriate earlier, temperature recovery slowly will appropriate evening A bit.It removes the too early temperature of film and ground temperature is relatively low, plant turns green relatively slowly, yields positive results later, evening in maturity period；It removes film and crosses party and cause apprentice It is long, and bloom under film and cause poor pollination, influence yield.Intertillage in time is loosened the soil after removing film, is improved ground temperature and is preserved soil moisture, promotes plant Growth and development.

17, anti-spring late frost harm.It is very sensitive to low temperature after spring strawberry starts sprout growth, in 1 DEG C of ﹣, plant Aggrieved light, when 3 DEG C of ﹣, is then aggrieved heavier.After spire is endured cold, blade tip turns yellow with leaf margin, and cauline leaf reddens when heavy.The flower opened If encountering low temperature, petal reddens；When enduring cold light, only part gynoecium is endured cold browning, forms malformed fruit, is endured cold serious, gynoecium Blackening cannot develop into fruit.Young fruit is endured cold to be stopped developing in water stain shape.Since the flower early opened ties big fruit, frost often causes Early stage large-scale fruit loss, and then influence yield.Frequent area occurs in late frost, in order to avoid late frost endangers, does not plant morning as possible Cooked food kind, can transplant anti-late frost kind or in, late variety.Covering is removed in early spring delay, so as not to growth of turning green it is early and by Frost damage.In addition, can be carried out temporarily with plastic film, straw screen or mat or other coverings according to weather forecast, when there is cold current Covering, or fumigation of lighting a fire at mouth of being in the wind, have the place of Sprinkler Irrigation, can also spray with frost protection.

18, anthracnose prevention and control

(1) agriculture prevention and control.Select disease-resistant kind, various regions that should select high-quality, high yield, disease-resistant variety according to actual conditions； Nursery avoids continuous cropping, second crop soil from carrying out soil disinfection；Planting density is suitable, unsuitable overstocked；The rational application of fertilizer, nitrogenous fertilizer should not mistakes Amount, uses sufficient organic fertilizer and phosphorus potash fertilizer, helps strong strain gesture, improves plant premunition；Nursery of taking shelter from rain will be used to easily susceptible kind, it is high Warm season covers sunshade net；The withered old leaf of disease, sick stem and stubble in spite of illness are extractd in time, and concentrates and burns, and reduce pathogen transmission.

(2) medicament prevention and control.The medicament of anthracnose prevents, and to be done from seedling stage.25% Amici can be sprayed and reach suspending agent 1 750 times of liquid of 700 times of liquid of 500 times of liquid or 80% mancozeb wettable powder or 50% prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, are used alternatingly, every 5~7d is sprayed once, and even spray 3 times, it is noted that whole plant must all be sprayed onto when spraying, pour into root by medicine with watering when necessary Stem position.Strawberry is colonized medication 1 time again behind crop field.

19, gray mold

(1) agriculture prevention and control.Select disease-resistant variety；Excessive applied nitrogen is avoided, prevents cauline leaf excessively luxuriant, rational close planting, Enhance ventilation and penetrating light, remove the old dead leaf of disease and disease fruit in time, takes destruction or buried outside garden out of；Select that topography is high and dry, well-ventilated Plot plant strawberry, and carry out crop rotation, Protectorate cultivation wants zanjon high ridge, covers mulch, irrigation under film, and divulge information in time, To reduce the indoor air humidity of canopy, disease is reduced；During harvesting timely harvesting ripe fruit and throw away it is all rot, damage Fruit.

(2) medicament prevention and control.Medication best period can be selected before strawberry blooms 50% captan wettable powder 400~ 600 times of liquid, 50% niacinamide dry suspending agent, 1 200 times of liquid, 75% Mancozeb dry suspending agent, 600 times of liquid, 50% procymidone can The sprayings such as 800 times of liquid of wet powder, 10% 1 000~2 000 times of liquid of Polyoxin wettable powder prevent.Every 7~10d sprays 1 time, continuous prevention 3 times pays attention to various medicine alternatively administereds, in order to avoid develop immunity to drugs.

20, grub

Prevention and control measure：Stubble transplants strawberry before not selecting potato, sweet potato, peanut, leek etc.；To lower yearly plan planting strawberry Plot is ploughed deeply in conjunction with the fertilising progress autumn in autumn, artificial to pick up to the grub routed up；Not decomposed organic fertilizer is not applied；It can be arranged black Light lamp traps and kills adult, reduces the generation quantity of grub；Biology is carried out using dark brown asilid, chafer black earth bee, muscardine etc. Prevention；With 5% phoxim granule, 2.5~3.0kg of medication, mixes 25.0~30.0kg of fine earth and pesticide-clay mixture is made per acre, is spread along ridge It applies, shallow hoe earthing；Or with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate, 800 times of liquid, 97% metrifonate soluble powder, 1 000 times of liquid irrigating roots, poisoning children Worm.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention All any modification, equivalent and improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention made by within refreshing and principle.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of strawberry open field culture method, which is characterized in that the strawberry open field culture method includes the following steps：

Step 1, field select ground even, and it is convenient to irrigate, and is rich in organic matter, and moisture holding capacity is strong, the good sandy loam of permeability, soil Earth acid-base value is with faintly acid or neutral soil；

Step 2, site preparation before strawberry cultivating, is cultivated using high ridge, matches kind；

Step 3 selects plant complete, the detoxification rice shoot of thick 1.0cm or more the no disease and pests harms of rhizome；It was planted and is made using 1 year one, Yu Qiu Season transplants；Flat bedding cultivation, 20~30cm of spacing in the rows, 30~40cm of line-spacing, mu are colonized 7 500 plants or so；High ridge is cultivated, ridge face width 50 ~60cm, 30~40cm of furrow width, are colonized two rows on the face of ridge, spacing in the rows 15~20cm, small 20~30cm of line-spacing, and wide row space 60~ 70cm, mu are colonized 8 500 plants or so；

Step 4 plants seedling；North-south high ridge field planting；Fertilizing management；Watering management；Tillage and weeding；Plant manages；Harvesting in time； It is overwintering cold-proof；Anti- spring late frost harm；Anthracnose prevention and control；Gray mold prevention and control；Grub prevention and control.

2. strawberry open field culture method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the site preparation mu applies high-quality farm manure 5 000kg, calcium superphosphate 40kg, nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer 50kg.

3. strawberry open field culture method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the high ridge cultivates the long 15m in ridge, and ridge is high by 20 ~40cm, 50~60cm of ridge face width, the wide 30~40cm of furrow.

4. strawberry open field culture method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that it was planted and is made using 1 year one, transplanted in autumn, Shenyang and the plant of northern area August early and middle ten days, Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi are transplanted in mid or late August, and Zhejiang and In Guangdong Province are suitable Planting time is early and middle ten days in October.

5. strawberry open field culture method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that strawberry plants preceding 5~10mg/kg niacins Or 2~6h of niacin sodium liquid root dipping；A part of old leaf is extractd before planting seedling, leaves behind 2~3 young leaves；Strawberry Seedlings nursery is from life Produce field distance it is closer when, take method transplant with Tu Tuo, dig before seedling and first to spread and sink in seedling furrow with water with sharp digging seedling, Tu Tuo can be cut into 8~ The Tu Tuo or triangle of 10cm square stick together；Shaded using reed curtain, plastics yarn, the withe item with leaf, plastics sunshade net, or with silver Gray tinted plastic film is fastened as interim Small plastic shed, and ceiling is capped the shading of reed curtain.

6. strawberry open field culture method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the fertilizing management includes：

1) root is applied fertilizer, first stage top dressing after bud differentiation, mu impose 15~20kg of composite fertilizer or urea 7.5~ 10kg；Second stage applies before flowering, and mu imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, 10~15kg of K composite fertilizer；Three phases be from bloom to Level-one sequence fruit starts maturation, and mu applies nitrogen, phosphorus, 10~15kg of K composite fertilizer；Four-stage is the best fruiting period, and mu applies phosphorus, potash fertilizer 10 ~15kg；

2) foliage application, early period to spray based on urea, can spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and borax before spending；Foliage-spray 0.3% is urinated before spending Element or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3~4 times.