CN1079186C - Technology for culturing high yield double-sporophyte mushroom - Google Patents
Technology for culturing high yield double-sporophyte mushroom Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a novel technology for cultivating bisporus mushrooms with high yields. The technology process of the present invention mainly comprises the cultivation technologies of two stages: base material preparation, thermophilic fermentation in a short time and treatment after the fermentation and strain cultivation, bagging for sterilization, inoculation, nutrition mycelium cultivation and arrangement without the bags in fields for the cultivation of the fruiting bodies. The base material is prepared from the components according to the proportion by weight: 20 to 40 of cotton hull or straw knot, 10 to 20 of ox manure (dry weight), 10 to 20 of rice bran, 0 to 15 of corn cob granule, 0 to 40 of cotton hull fungus bran, 4 to 8 of oil cake, 4 to 6 of wheat bran, less than 0.5 of urea, 2 to 5 of gypsum, 1 to 2 of ordinary superphosphate, 0.01 to 0.02 of trace element and at most 1 of ash.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of cultivating method for edible fungi, especially the cultivation method of agaricus bisporus.
The inventor is at " technology for culturing high yield double-sporophyte mushroom " (number of patent application: 931110928.0) of first to file, its main technique flow process includes batching, fermentation, the production of hybrid seeds, inoculation, and bag cultural hypha and take off a bag pendulum ground entity and cultivate two sections cultivation methods, than the conventional cultivation method, simplify technical difficulty, obtained the high yield of mushroom.But its high yield repeatability is undesirable, and zymotechnique is outmoded, makes the base-material fermented quality unstable and influence high-yield stability.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of cultivation of agaricus bisporus method.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: it is to cultivation method and base-material proportioning on the basis of original application " technology for culturing high yield double-sporophyte mushroom " (application number 93110928.0), and base-material fermentation time, parameter and technology have been carried out more deep experimental study, a whole set of cultivation of agaricus bisporus method has been proposed, its main technique flow process includes the base-material outfit and the short-term hot fermentation is handled, the production of hybrid seeds and inoculation, and the bag nutrient hypha cultivates and takes off a bag pendulum ground entity and cultivate two sections cultivation methods, its key technology have following some.
(1) base-material proportioning (percentage by weight) is: boll hull or straw joint 20-40 cow dung (dry weight) 10-20 rice chaff 10-20 corncob grain 0-15 boll hull bacterium chaff 0-40 oil cake 4-8 wheat bran 4-6 urea＜0.5 gypsum 3-5 superphosphate 1-2 trace element 0.01-0.02 lime≤1
(2) spice: the boll hull in will filling a prescription, straw joint, corncob grain, cow dung, rice chaff, urea mix poach, oil cake grind up shape adds, superphosphate grind up shape adds the Paris white mix, transfer pH value to 6-7, add in the pan feeding again, the base-material water content is 60-70% (weight ratio), natural pH value.
(3) the short base of base-material (14-20 days) high temperature (local 70 ℃) fermentation: will being equipped with base-material well, to pile the cross section be top width 0.5-0.7m, bottom width 1.5-2m, high 1.3-1.5m, the trapezoidal heap of length＞3m, carry out the short-term hot fermentation, top and side at trapezoidal heap are equipped with some ventilation holes, side pore and ground form about 60 ° angle, and on the heap body, add a cover heat-insulation layer, layering is provided with point for measuring temperature and regularly picks up the survey pH value in the heap, determine turning time, number of times with this, and the fermenting-ripening situation.
(4) fermentation post processing: the base-material of fermenting-ripening spread out tan by the sun more than three days or ultraviolet irradiation use in oven dry, be used for cultivating, or it is stand-by to make water content be reduced to 14% following preservation.
(5) packed, bactericidal nurishing cultural hypha: with behind the heap fermentation and through shining the base-material that material is handled, evenly mix with unleavened wheat bran and gypsum, transfer water content 55-60% (weight ratio), transfer pH value 7-7.5 with limewash, pack into then in polyethylene (or polypropylene) the bacterium bag of 22 * 28-32 * 0.03, charging length is advisable with 14-20cm, degree of tightness is moderate, bacterium bag two ends cover bacterium circle seals sterilization, the sterile working two ends inoculation of cooling back, carry out cultural hypha 22-26 ℃ (material temperature in the bag), when mycelia is covered with base-material, after bacteria 5-10 days, enter and take off bag pendulum ground entity breeding phase.
Below in conjunction with description of drawings and embodiment, cultivation method of the present invention and process conditions are described in detail:
Fig. 1 is technological process of production figure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is base-material zymotechnique flow chart of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is base-material fermentation heap profile of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is for base-material fermentation heap point for measuring temperature of the present invention is provided with figure.
Fig. 5 is temperature and pH value change curve in the base-material fermentation process of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is outdoor planting fruiting bed bed base profile of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is outdoor planting fruiting bed profile of the present invention.
Embodiment:
One, any in listed three base material formulations of the optional table one of base material formulation.
Table 1 base material formulation
| 1 boll hull, 20 cow dungs (dry weight), 15 rice chaffs, 15 straw joint corncob grain oil cake, 4 urea, 0.3 calcium superphosphate, 1 boll hull bacterium chaff, 37 lime≤1 additive (trace element), 0.01 wheat bran, 5 |
2 15 15 25 10 6 0.3 1 20 ≤1 0.01 5 2 | 3 15 15 37 15 8 0.3 2 ≤1 0.01 5 2 |
Annotate: rice chaff is meant the rough rice shell of taking off when buying rice; Wheat bran and gypsum are not participated in fermentation.
Two, base-material is handled: the technological process that base-material is handled is referring to Fig. 2.
1, gets the raw materials ready
Select above-mentioned prescription to get the raw materials ready according to local raw material situation.That all raw material all require is fresh, do not have and go rotten.Straw dries and is cut into the long pipe nipple of 2-3cm.Cow dung can be with bright excrement or argol, and bright excrement should be made slurries, and argol is broken into powdery, and to be beneficial to mix even, do not lump during fermentation.It is rotten that boll hull bacterium chaff will select for use nothing to go mouldy, and crosses the waste material of flat mushroom, Asparagus, auricularia auriculajudae with the boll hull for the major ingredient kind, and smash, and was exposed to the sun before the fermentation two days.
2, spice
With base-material poaches such as the boll hull in the prescription, husk, straw joint, corncob grain, cow dung, rice chaff, oil cake, urea, wherein oil cake grind up shape adds, and superphosphate grind up shape adds the Paris white mix, transfers about pH value to 6.5, adds in the pan feeding again.The base-material water content transfers to 65-70% (weight ratio), natural pH value.
3, Jian Dui
(1) build heaping method: Jian Duiyi selects for use to have waterproof ground (as mattess) and has the also draughty place that hides the rain facility to carry out.It is top width 0.5-0.7m that the base-material that mixes up moisture content is piled the cross section, bottom width 1.5-2m, and the trapezoidal heap 2 (as Fig. 3) of high 1.3-1.5m, length is decided according to base-material what and place, but can not be less than 3m.It is loose ventilative to require base-material to pile up when building heap, and the side can be patted and be made heap shape regular.It is the ventilation hole 1 of 2-3cm that two row's diameters are made a call to by the interval of 20cm in the top, and 10-14 ventilation hole beaten for every square metre in the side, about 60 ° of side pore and ground angles.
(2) heat-insulation layer: add a cover heat-insulation layer after building up heap, impel rise early stage and prevent rapidly.Lid layer porous breathable plastics sunshade net 5 on the heap surface evenly covers the thick dry rice straw 4 of one deck 3-4cm on it earlier, also can directly cover straw screen or mat, replaces sunshade net and straw, last lid layer insulating plastic film 3.
(3) point for measuring temperature is set: will form three typical layer warm areas in the fermentation process in the heap, as Fig. 4 be respectively A (outward) layer, B (in) layer, C (interior) layer.The temperature of three layer warm areas utilizes the variation of the layer temperature difference can judge yeastiness and determine the turning time, the control fermentation process in continuous variation during the fermentation.
Build and several should be set on heap behind heap survey and prevent point, each point respectively outside, in, interior three layers plug thermometer 14 (Fig. 4).Between yeast phase externally, in, interior three layers of temperature and pH value do the periodic monitor record, sees (Fig. 5).
(4) build management behind the heap: the high temperature short-term fermentation principle of present technique is to utilize high-temperature group that base-material is carried out hot fermentation.Prior fermentation is to carry out high-temperature group to cultivate, so the intensification at 72 hours initial stages is very important.Build the activity of heap back along with microorganism in the heap, add to have covered heat-insulation layer, the effective accumulation of heat of fermentation makes heap prevent rising rapidly, reaches to make high-temperature group accelerate the propagation purpose.Build the heap back and generally the temperature in middle level is risen to when the middle level temperature is raised to 60 ℃ more than 60 ℃, should open insulating plastic film 3 and carry out aerobic fementation.
Open after the insulating plastic film 3 because outer, in, interior three layers of temperature difference that existence is bigger, the stronger gaseous exchange of formation in heap.Gaseous exchange will replenish oxygen in the heap, accelerate the aerobic microbiological activity, and temperature raises rapidly in the heap, the temperature in middle level can reach more than 70 ℃, dejected difference between skin and middle level, middle level and the internal layer will be reduced to 5-7 ℃ gradually simultaneously, and need 5-6 days summer during this, and need 6-7 days winter.
4, turning
When the middle level temperature reaches more than 70 ℃, when outer and middle level, middle level and the interior-layer layer temperature difference drop to 5-7 ℃, instant turning, generally need turning 3-4 time, each turning about 3 days at interval.
During turning for the first time, need to add the prescription of bacterium chaff, should be earlier with bacterium chaff poach, water content 65-70%, and, build heap again with even mixing of prior fermentation base-material then with lime adjustment pH value 7-7.5.
Add trace element during turning for the third time, earlier trace element is dissolved with warm water, thin up again, turning limit, limit is sprayed onto in the base-material equably with sprayer.
With spades high slightly the throwing of base-material is scattered down during turning, so that the outmoded gas in the base-material spreads out, and additional fresh air.
Should whether replenish moisture content according to the water content decision of base-material during turning, should make the water content of base-material often remain on 65% in the fermentation process, turning limit, limit supplementing water should make the base-material water content even as far as possible.
The transverse cross-sectional size of each turning after fermentation heap should meet aforesaid (Fig. 3) and build the heap requirement, still will add a cover heat-insulation layer.This stage is higher because of initial stage base-material temperature, and high-temperature group is active, builds heap back temperature again and rises comparatively fast, generally can the middle level temperature be risen to more than 60 ℃.When the middle level temperature is raised to 60 ℃, should open insulating plastic film 3.
In the later stage fermentation process, should note each layer, the especially monitoring of internal layer pH value in piling.Generally speaking, early stage, pH value outer, the middle level may be elevated to 8-9 because of the effect of ammonia in piling, when fermentation when ripe, outer, middle level pH value descends gradually, and outer, in, interior three layers pH value is close.Differ about 0.5, the ammonia flavor of base-material is very faint.In the fermentation process, internal layer is an anoxic layer, local anaerobic fermentation may occur, so answer the pH value of emphasis monitoring internal layer.The pH value of internal layer should remain on about 6-7.5, should shift to an earlier date the turning (see figure 5) immediately if the pH value of discovery internal layer is reduced to below 5.
5, fermentation post processing
After fermentation process was finished, the carbon ammonia of base-material was than being reduced to 18-20 in preceding 30: 1 by fermentation: 1, and kjeldahl nitrogen content reaches about 2%.Can be according to the following degree of becoming thoroughly decomposed of what time judging base-material.
(becoming thoroughly decomposed, base-material is outer, the ammonia in middle level flavor is very light, base-material is shifted near the nostril just can smell light ammonia flavor.
(2) pH value outer, the middle level drops to 7, and tends towards stability.
(3) temperature rising in middle level eases up, and the maximum temperature that reaches is hanged down 4-5 ℃ than the maximum temperature that earlier fermentation reaches.
When judging the base-material fermenting-ripening, should stop fermentation immediately, in order to avoid base-material is overdone, gas permeability is reduced, be unfavorable for cultivation.
Base-material behind the fermenting-ripening should be spread out in the sun immediately and tan by the sun more than 3 days, makes free ammonia volatilization in the material, reduces moisture content simultaneously, and stuck fermentation is convenient to preservation.Then should base-material be spread out more than 5 days if meet rainy weather, have the solar time to shine again at bield.The material that dries (moisture content is reduced to below 14%) can be used for cultivation immediately, also can place aeration-drying place preservation, but preservation is more than 1 year and do not change base-material character.Production in enormous quantities or batch production production are big in batches because of base-material, and solarization material performance difficulty can shine to replace shining with heavy dose of ultraviolet ray and expect to handle in short-term with the base-material after fermenting 100 ℃ of oven dry again.
Three, cultivation method
The core of this method is two sections cultivations of pocket type, so this stage method is the key of succeeing, and Fig. 1 is consulted in its technological process.
(1) phase I cultivation (nutrient hypha cultivation stage)
Cultural hypha is to adopt the bag disinfection inoculation to carry out quick pure culture, mushroom mycelium is fully spread in material, thereby the hypha biomass of accumulation is several times as much as conventional half-feeding bed and plants, and this has accumulated the nutrition of enriching for the fruiting stage, has successfully laid firm base for cultivating.
1, spice
To expect that the base-material of handling evenly mixes in proportion with unfermentable wheat bran and gypsum behind the heap fermentation and through shining, the accent water content is 55-60% (weight ratio), and adjust pH value to 7-7.5 with limewash, oneself becomes thoroughly decomposed because of base-material after fermenting, should note not destroying the base-material granularity during spice, with the permeability that guarantees that it is good.
2, bag, sterilization
The base-material of mixing is packed in polyethylene (or polypropylene) the bacterium bag of 22 * 28-32 * 0.03, and charging length is advisable with 14-20cm, degree of tightness moderate (can with reference to table 2), and bacterium bag two ends cover bacterium circle seals, and sends into the sterilizing kitchen sterilization.
Table 2. charging length and siccative weight correlation table
| Heavy (kg) the every square metre of cultivation of every bag of siccative of bacterium bag specification charging length (cm) feeds intake (with 50 bags/m 2Meter) | 22×28 14 0.6 30 | 22×30 17 0.8 40 | 22×32 20 1.0 50 |
Sterilization can be adopted normal-pressure sterilization or autoclaving.
(1) normal-pressure sterilization: temperature rises 100 ℃, should keep 8-10 hour.
(2) autoclaving: 121 ℃ of temperature, pressure 0.15MPa kept 2 hours.
3, cooling, inoculation
After finishing sterilization, will the bacterium bag move in the sterile transfer room and cool off, and with ultra violet lamp 30 minutes, when treating that base-material is cooled to below 25 ℃, select for use high-quality special bacteria (cultivated species cell age should not above 50 days) to carry out the two ends inoculation by sterile working, every bottle of kind connects the 15-20 bag.
Sterilization, inoculation method and production flat mushroom, Yellow-back fungus are identical.
4, cultural hypha
Agaricus bisporus mycelia growth optimum temperature is 25 ℃, because bacterium bag self produces biological heat, than the high 2-3 of outside air temperature ℃, thereby culturing room's temperature should be controlled at 20-24 ℃ and be advisable, and should note the ventilation of culturing room simultaneously, keeps environmental drying, and diligent the inspection, discovery contaminated bacteria bag is in time handled.
The bacterium bag is cultivated and should be prevented that the too high generation of bag interior temperature from burning bag, prevent from again that temperature from hanging down excessively to cause mycelial growth slow, the while should not with other edible fungus bag co-incubation.
5, bacteria
Under the normal condition, the mycelia purseful, should continue to cultivate 6-10 days generally at 35-40 days after mycelia is covered with base-material, promoted the complete physiological ripening of mycelia, can carry out the fruiting cultivation.
(2) second stage cultivation (being the fruit body breeding phase)
The present invention adopts the mode of taking off bag pendulum field, soil fruiting to carry out the agaricus bisporus fruit body and cultivates.In the phase I cultivation is that pocket type mushroom nutrient hypha is cultivated under the good situation, mushroom mycelium buries very capable, (daily mean temperature 14-18 ℃) buddingged in 15 days under suitable temperature condition, the fruit body dense structure that generates, meat is thick to be difficult for parachute-opening, and first three damp mushroom can be received mushroom in back 35 days and finish buddingging.
1, takes off bag pendulum field and earthing
(1) bag that takes off of outdoor outdoor cropping is put field method
The fruiting place of outdoor planting should select for use draining good, has the granular structure loam soil property arable land of (containing husky below 30%), also can select dried rice field for use.It is dark to build the 20cm that turns over before the bed, and hack shines the soil a few days then.
Construct fruiting bed bed base with reference to Fig. 6.
Fruiting bed base 7 length are got 6-12M, the smooth reality of building of bed surface.The drain ditch should be offered in around the fruiting field and fruiting bed both sides, makes yard drain functional.
Before taking off bag pendulum field, should at first prepare earthing and bury soil, bury soil and refer to put ridging 10 (consulting Fig. 7) around banketing of space between pad soil 9 on the bed basal plane of using behind the field 6, bacterium bag and the bacterium bed, earthing refers to the overburden soil 13 in order to the mushroom bed surface of cultivating mushroom fruitbody.
Bury the pH value of soil and earthing and be advisable with 6.5-7, the granularity of burying soil is 4-6mm, and the granularity of earthing is 5-8mm.Burying soil can fetch earth on the spot in the fruiting field, and it is standby to adjust water content 25-30% (weight ratio) behind the hack, and should remove foreign material such as grass roots, stone
The consumption of earthing is less, and output is had suitable relation, so will conscientiously select and handle.Earthing should be selected the loam of good granular structure for use, removes the thick topsoil of surperficial 2cm when adopting soil, removes the residual cauline leaf of grass roots, stone and crop carefully, tans by the sun behind hack on the threshing ground then two.The earthing grain contains fine earth (granularity is below 3mm) can not surpass 30%, should screen out fine earth in case of necessity.
Take off bag pendulum field with reference to Fig. 7.
Take off bag pendulum field method
1. at first on bed basal plane 6 consumption by every square metre of 0.4kg evenly dispense one deck pulverized limestone (CaO), then at the fluid-tight plastic film 8 in whole bed basal plane 6 upper berths.
The effect of laying water proof plastic film 8 is that mushroom bed and bed base 7 are kept apart, and is beneficial to the humidity control of mushroom bed and stops insect pest and assorted bacterium is invaded the mushroom bed by the bottom.
2. at the thick pad soil 9 of plastics impermeable film 8 upper berth one deck 3cm.
3. the mushroom bacteria bag after will having cultivated mycelia and having finished bacteria is sloughed the appearance plastic sack, and removes the old bacterial classification at two ends.
Must be noted that when taking off bag and can not destroy, can not make that the bacterium bag is loose, fracture or broken by formed shape behind the sticking symbasis material of mushroom mycelium.
The bacterium bag 11 that 4. will take off behind the bag is placed on the mushroom bed by the mode of " axially upright ", and intensive array, evenly arranges.
The mode of array is to arrange 49 bags by every square metre, spacing equalization between bag, the about 1-2cm in gap.
Should make the last top end face of bacterium bag concordant as far as possible during the pendulum bag.
5. fill up in the gap of bacterium bag and banket, earth up 10 in the surrounding of bacterium bed on training again, banketing should be concordant with the last top end face of bacterium bag.Banketing and earth up, it is ventilative to loosen.
6. if there is rugged situation bacterium bag upper surface, available veneer slightly firmly flattens, but should note the bacterium bag of can not crushing, and can make overburden layer 13 thickness even like this, and the bed surface fruiting is neat in the future.
The earthing method:
The earthing mode is divided two kinds of covering method and secondary soil-covering methods.
1. covering method
A covering method is the disposable earthing of finishing, earthing granularity 5-8mm, overburden layer 13 thickness 2-3cm.Require overburden layer 13 thickness even.The earthing water content for preparing is about 10%, and not moisturizing earlier taked the mode of moisturizing one by one to make its water content be adjusted to 25-30% in two days before the earthing behind the earthing, and overburden layer 13 moisture evenly (the earthing water content by weight).
2. secondary soil-covering method
The secondary soil-covering method is promptly carried out twice earthing, and for the first time requiring the earthing granularity during earthing is 5-8mm, the about 2cm of overburden layer thickness, and method of operating is complete identical with a covering method.
When mushroom mycelium grows overburden layer big time, carry out the earthing second time.The granularity of earthing is 4-6mm for the second time, overburden layer thickness 1cm.The method of earthing is: elder generation to water content 25-30% and moisture even, is spread in the damping of earthing grain water spray on the surface of the overburden layer first time again, requires even also loose the breathing freely of thickness.
Behind the earthing, the little shed 12 of plastics should be set on the mushroom bed, ceiling lid sunshade net or straw screen or mat lucifuge.
(2) bag that takes off of indoor growing is put field, earthing method
Indoor growing can directly be carried out facility cultivation in a flooring cultivation or a use layer frame, can utilize physioclimate to carry out the seasonality cultivation, also can utilize artificial temperature adjusting facility to carry out the annual cultivation.
Cultivate the flooring or the cultivation of layer frame no matter the indoor growing row is executed, and all should take off bag pendulum field, earthing according to the mode and the requirement of above-mentioned outdoor planting.The size of mushroom bed needn't be constructed by the requirement of outdoor planting, can be because of following inside plant condition otherwise designed, but every square metre of quantity of arranging the bacterium bag is constant, the bacterium bag is axially upright, the array spacing is even, the mode of pendulum field is constant, and the specification requirement of burying soil, earthing is constant, and method of operating is constant.
2, management of producing mushroom and bright aunt gather
It is identical that operation of the major part of management of producing mushroom of the present invention and routine are planted method, below different piece described.
The controlling element of management of producing mushroom is temperature, humidity and ventilation.
(1) nutrient accumulation process management before the fruiting in reproduction period
Take off bag and put the field, need behind the earthing to bury through mycelia, form bacterium and restraint the process that knot forms original hase again, this process is called the preceding nutrient accumulation process of fruiting in reproduction period.
This process is subjected to mushroom bed ambient air temperature, mushroom bed internal temperature and overburden layer humidity effect, and its time length is controlled relatively.
The nutrient accumulation management is with constant temperature before the reproduction period fruiting, and constant humidity is a principle, and promptly controlling mushroom bed ambient air temperature and be 18 ℃, mushroom bed internal temperature and be 20 ℃, overburden layer water content is 25-30%.Under these conditions, nutrient hypha well-grown and the agaricus bisporus mushroom bag by 5-10 days bacterias last 12-14 days and can budding fruiting after taking off bag pendulum, earthing.
Generally speaking, mushroom bed environmental temperature (or natural temperature) is when remaining on 14-18 ℃, mushroom bed internal temperature can self be constant in 18-20 ℃, but when the bed cultivation is built in outdoor outdoor cropping or flooring, the ground skin temperature is bigger to the influence of mushroom bed internal temperature, can consider to set up thermal insulating warm-keeping layer between mushroom bed bottom and bed base.
Before the reproduction period fruiting in the nutrient accumulation process moisture management of overburden layer extremely important, earthing is moisturizing suddenly after 7 days, the humidity that changes overburden layer can be impelled the mushroom bed fruiting of buddingging in advance, the inhomogeneous bed surface fruiting that will cause of overburden layer water content is irregular.
The mode moisturizing of must should take progressively repeatedly during moisturizing if overburden layer moisture deficit (being lower than 25%) or water content are seriously uneven, little spray all being sprayed.
(2) impel the uniform measure of mushroom bed bed surface fruiting
The uniformity of overburden layer thickness, its water content and water content uniformity will influence the neat situation of mushroom bed surface fruiting, and the while also will influence the neat situation of bed surface fruiting with the regularity of mushroom bacteria bag " purseful " time of regional row cloth.So should when bacteria, make the mushroom bacteria bag sorting stacking of purseful simultaneously, and will while purseful and bacterium bag row cloth the same area on the mushroom bed when taking off bag pendulum field with identical bacteria phase.
It is also conceivable that in addition and be aided with the uniformity that following measure improves the bed surface fruiting.
1. upset mycelia, the bacterium bundle on overburden layer surface.
When implementing an earthing, when there being mycelia dense when unearthed between the partial zones on overburden layer surface, the little tooth harrow made from iron sheet is taken off the shallow top layer (0.5cm is thick) that pine should the part overburden layer lightly, upsets the bacterium bundle and makes it to form original hase too early.
2. take the secondary soil-covering mode
Secondary soil-covering can improve the uniformity of bed surface fruiting, for the first time earthing with thin, pine, slightly be characteristics, induce mycelia neatly to be unearthed, treat to implement earthing for the second time again after mycelia neatly is unearthed.
(3) urge mushroom
Behind earthing, can spray water when the mushroom bacteria bundle generally grows overburden layer and urge mushroom, injection flow rate is advisable to 30-35% to adjust the overburden layer water content, should make the surface of overburden layer evenly saturating wet and excessively do not change the humidity of overburden layer deep layer during water spray.
Water spray is urged the mushroom fruiting of can buddingging two days later.
Should remove bed surface mushroom handle and dead mushroom after every damp mushroom is gathered and finishes immediately, maintaining sprays water after two days again urges mushroom.
(4) the fruiting bed preserves moisture and ventilates
Preamble has been told about the moisture management of overburden layer, and its main points are: 1. often keeping its water content is 25-35%, 2. keeps its water content even.
Should also be noted that the water content of the ridging layer that keeps edge, fruiting bed surrounding, the water content of ridging should often remain on about 35%.The ridging or bury native moisture content deficiency, the moisture content reverse osmosis of (being the bacterium bag) in the base-material will be come out, this will obviously influence output.
The second stage cultivation phase, all should pay attention to ventilating management from start to finish.
The agaricus bisporus mycelia begins to grow in a large number soil layer after taking off bag pendulum, earthing, and bacterium Shu Budan is in the space of stretching between grogs, also will stretch in the structure space of grogs and make the sticking connection of whole overburden layer.Should regularly ventilate every day for inducing mycelia to bury during this, make mushroom bed surrounding air be rich in oxygen, but ventilation number is too much unsuitable, each time is unsuitable long, should be unaffected to guarantee overburden layer humidity.But ventilate one to secondary this every day phase, each 30 minutes.
After young mushroom grows to more than the diameter phi 5mm, should add forced ventilation, this phase is that the main humidity that keeps is taken second place with the good ventilation.The variation that children's mushroom culture phase should be looked the overburden layer water content strengthens rate of water make-up, and the overburden layer water content should remain on 30-35%, and takes the mode moisturizing of diligent spray, each few spray.
During ventilation operation, should note not making the mushroom bed directly to be brushed, in order to avoid the dehydration of young mushroom by distinguished and admirable.
Ventilation operation mode during outdoor outdoor cropping is to open or the local plastic film of opening little shed, but must add a cover plastics sunshade net or straw screen or mat outside shed.
(5) bright mushroom is gathered
It is exactly that first three time of tide mushroom bed surface fruiting is intensive that the high yield cultivation of agaricus bisporus has characteristics, and fruiting is excessively intensive, and the mushroom shape that can cause part mushroom because of mutual extrusion is the garden not, should note in time adopting mushroom or row in batches and execute the mushroom measure of dredging.
The method of dredging mushroom is to root out part children mushroom in the serious intensive zone of young mushroom with narrow sword pocket knife, makes remaining young mushroom have rational growing space.
Adopt mushroom regional feasible the executing that young mushroom is not too intensive in batches.
The method of in batches adopting mushroom is: adopt during to diameter phi .5cm and stay for a short time greatly when mushroom is long, make the mushroom that stays have sufficient space to grow up to diameter phi 3～4cm.
The correct method of plucking bright mushroom is: with the adjacent mushroom of left hand the five fingers protection, adopt mushroom with the right hand.Note not destroying overburden layer when adopting mushroom and the bacterium bundle under the adjacent mushroom handle is ruptured.
After every damp mushroom is gathered and finishes, should in time remove residual mushroom handle and dead mushroom.
From on can find out, good effect of the present invention have following some:
1, this high yield cultivating method can make the average per unit area yield of agaricus bisporus bring up to 15-25kg/m2More than, high reached at 30kg/m2About, and highly yielding ability is stable. Both the present family cultivation truth of suitable China also can be carried out large-scale industrialized production.
2, the present invention adopts " high temperature short-term zymotechnique " that fermentation period is foreshortened to 14-20 days, " half ripe " of generation material without secondary fermentation but by after processing with not Fermented ingredient is mixed and made into synthetic base-material. This mode technology is simple, the degree of becoming thoroughly decomposed is easily controlled System cooperates two sections cultivations of the present invention, utilizes before reproduction period the abundant nutrition of biomass to amass Tired and to shorten the reproduction period vegetative hyphae former to the nutrition of fructification, moisture content delivering path etc. Reason realizes stablizing high yield.
3, the present invention is when utilizing the cultivating bisporous mushroom of natural temperature, especially outdoor cultivation Training can be cultivated cultural hypha and fructification indoor, outdoor two sections of (fruiting) branch and be carried out, Be convenient to the fruiting stage is arranged in the suitableeest fruiting phase of natural climate, increase mushroom-cultivating Number of times, and make northern China can realize a natural temperature cultivation.
Claims (2)
1 one kinds of cultivation of agaricus bisporus methods include outfit and the base-material fermentation and the fermentation post processing of base-material, and the production of hybrid seeds and inoculation and bag nutrient hypha are cultivated and take off bag pendulum ground entity and cultivate two sections cultivation methods, it is characterized in that:
(1) base-material proportioning (percentage by weight) is: boll hull or straw joint 20-40 cow dung (dry weight) 10-20 rice chaff 10-20 corncob grain 0-15 boll hull bacterium chaff 0-40 oil cake 4-8 wheat bran 4-6 urea＜0.5 gypsum 2-5 superphosphate 1-2 trace element 0.01-0.02 lime＜1
(2) spice: the boll hull in will filling a prescription, straw joint, corncob grain, cow dung, rice chaff, urea mix poach, oil cake grind up shape adds, superphosphate grind up shape adds the Paris white mix, transfer pH value to 6-7, add in the pan feeding again, the base-material water content is 60-70% (weight ratio), natural pH value;
(3) base-material short-term (14-20 days) high temperature (local 70 ℃) fermentation: will being equipped with the base-material of getting well, to pile the cross section be top width 0.5-0.7m, bottom width 1.5-2m, high 1.3-1.5m, the trapezoidal heap (2) of length＞3m, ferment, top and side at trapezoidal heap (2) are equipped with some ventilation holes (1), side pore and ground form about 60 ° angle, and on the heap body, add a cover heat-insulation layer, layering is provided with point for measuring temperature and regularly picks up the survey pH value in the heap, determine turning time, number of times with this, and the fermenting-ripening situation.
(4) fermentation post processing: the base-material of fermenting-ripening spread out tan by the sun more than three days or use ultraviolet irradiation, be used for cultivating or to make water content be reduced to the following preservation of 14% (weight ratio) stand-by for doing;
(5) packed, bactericidal nurishing cultural hypha: with behind the heap fermentation and through shining the base-material that material is handled, evenly mix with unleavened wheat bran and gypsum, transfer pH value 7-7.5 with limewash, water content 55-60% (weight ratio), pack into then in polyethylene (or polypropylene) the bacterium bag of 22 * 28-32 * 0.03, charging length is that 14-20cm is advisable, degree of tightness is moderate, bacterium bag two ends cover bacterium circle, seal sterilization, the sterile working two ends inoculation of cooling back is carried out cultural hypha under the material temperature in 22-26 ℃ of bag, cover with the base-material bacteria after 5-10 days when mycelia, enter and take off bag pendulum ground entity breeding phase;
(6) take off bag pendulum field, earthing carries out fruit body and cultivates: set up fruiting bed (7) at indoor or outdoors, on bed surface (6), spread one deck drystone ashes, the layer overlay plastic film (8) of preserving moisture again, slough mushroom bacteria bag appearance plastic sack, remove two ends old " bacterial classification ", axially stand on bacterium bag (11) in the bed, intensive, evenly arrange, bacterium bag spacing 1-2cm, in bacterium bag gap, insert the hack of granularity 4-6mm to the bag upper surface, bacterium bed surface earthing, thickness of earth covering is 2-3cm, the mushroom bed should be provided with plastic canopy (12), in the whole fruit body cultivating process, the water content of overburden layer (13) that should keep the mushroom bed is in 25-35% (weight ratio), 14-20 ℃ of mushroom bed ambient air temperature, ventilate, to guarantee the excellent growing conditions of pestering.
2 according to the said cultivation of agaricus bisporus method of claim 1, it is characterized in that building in the heap fermentation process at base-material, out-pile table covering and heat insulating layer, heat-insulation layer is by porous breathable sunshade net (5), dry rice straw (4) and insulating plastic film (3) are formed, to promote the fermentation fever accumulation to heat up, reach short-term hot fermentation purpose.Three typical layer warm areas of formation are divided into A (skin), B (middle level), C (internal layer) layer in the heap, and the temperature of three layer warm areas reaches the interlayer difference variation in continuous variation in the monitor layer, determine turning and fermenting-ripening situation;
(1) turning: when the middle level temperature reaches more than 70 ℃, skin and middle level, the temperature difference drops to 5-7 ℃ following time between middle level and interior-layer layer, both carried out the turning first time, need add the bacterium chaff by prescription during turning for the first time, earlier with bacterium chaff poach, transfer water content 60-70% (weight ratio), and transfer to pH value 7-7.5 with limewash, again build heap with even mixing of prior fermentation base-material again, during turning for the third time, add the 0.01-0.02 trace element, earlier trace element is dissolved with warm water, thin up again, be sprayed at equably in the base-material, build the heap fermentation once more, still undertaken after each turning by the requirement of building heap in early days, out-pile is added a cover heat-insulation layer, will keep base-material water content 60-70% (weight ratio) simultaneously;
(2) fermenting-ripening: after fermentation process is finished, the C/N ratio of base-material was reduced to 18-20 in preceding 30: 1 by fermentation: 1, kjeldahl nitrogen content reaches about 2%, also but root a tree name pH value and variations in temperature are judged, because outside the base-material earlier fermentation, the pH value in middle level is increased to 8-9 because of the effect of ammonia in piling, when the approaching maturation of later stage fermentation, the ammonia amount reduces, outward, the middle level pH value reduces to 7, and tend towards stability, the temperature in middle level rises and eases up, and the maximum temperature that reaches is hanged down 4-5 ℃ than the maximum temperature that earlier fermentation reaches, both can judge the base-material fermenting-ripening, stop the postprocessing working procedures of fermenting.
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| CN94111780A CN1079186C (en) | 1994-06-07 | 1994-06-07 | Technology for culturing high yield double-sporophyte mushroom |
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| CN101284750B (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2012-01-11 | 贾恩茂 | Culture medium for cultivating agaricus bisporus and cultivating process thereof |
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| CN112449989A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-03-09 | 河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所 | Method for cultivating oyster mushrooms by induced sterilization of fermented materials |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1058691A (en) * | 1991-03-26 | 1992-02-19 | 福建农学院食用菌实验场 | The mushroom grass replacing wood and grain method for cultivating adible mushroom |
| CN1077332A (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1993-10-20 | 张湖泽 | Novel high-yield cultivation technology for agaricus bisporus |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101284750B (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2012-01-11 | 贾恩茂 | Culture medium for cultivating agaricus bisporus and cultivating process thereof |
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