CN107319208A - 一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用 - Google Patents
一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107319208A CN107319208A CN201710703595.0A CN201710703595A CN107319208A CN 107319208 A CN107319208 A CN 107319208A CN 201710703595 A CN201710703595 A CN 201710703595A CN 107319208 A CN107319208 A CN 107319208A
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- aquatic feeds
- fish
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Abstract
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域，尤其涉及一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用。本发明提供的水产饲料由鱼粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、酪蛋白、虾壳粉、面粉、木薯粉、豆油、鱼油、乌贼膏、维生素、矿物质、氯化胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、VC磷酸酯。该饲料制备方法简单，原料成本较低。该饲料根据石斑鱼幼鱼的营养生理，提出满足其最大生长所需的蛋白质、脂肪、能量、钙和磷等营养成分及各种维生素和微量元素的所需要量；该饲料能很好引诱石斑鱼进食，饲料利用率高；营养均衡。以其饲喂石斑鱼6周，养殖的石斑鱼生长性能好，形态健康，全鱼和肌肉中的营养成分高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域，尤其涉及一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用。
背景技术
石斑鱼是一种名贵的海水养殖经济鱼类，分布于我国东南沿海的热带、亚热带暖水海域，具有生长快、肉质鲜美和经济价值高等优点，已成为我国广东、海南、福建沿海海水养殖的名贵种类之一。但目前石斑鱼养殖还主要以投喂冰鲜鱼为主，配合饲料普及率低下。究其主要原因，是目前对石斑鱼营养需要的研究基础薄弱。无法明确石斑鱼对营养的需求就无法获知怎样的饲料更适宜石斑鱼的生长发育。
市场上常见的水产饲料的原料主要由鱼粉、谷物原料和油脂。一般而言，鱼粉和谷物原料往往占到饲料成本的50％以上，在饲料成本中占据重要地位。但是市售的水产饲料大多不能满足石斑鱼对营养物质的需求。饲料的营养不均衡，会直接导致石斑鱼在从幼鱼向成鱼转化过程中大量死亡，存活下来的石斑鱼也会因营养不良导致形态不健康、全鱼或肌肉中营养成分低，品质下降。并且，饲料的适口性也是决定石斑鱼生长性能的重要因素，通常而言，配合饲料的口感风味大多不及冰鲜鱼，以其投喂不能引起石斑鱼的食欲，进而导致石斑鱼的生长发育不良，形态不够健康。另外，饲料的稳定性也会对石斑鱼的生长发育产生重要的影响，饲料不稳定主要表现在：在水中沉降过快、溶散过快、致腐时间过短等。沉降快、溶散快，石斑鱼不容易吃到；而致腐时间过短，则易破坏水质，使石斑鱼容易生病。
因此，应当进一步的研究适宜石斑鱼的配合饲料，降低石斑鱼的养殖成本，提高石斑鱼的生长性能和肌肉营养成分。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明要解决的技术问题在于提供一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用，本发明提供的饲料水中稳定性好，摄食本实施例饲料的石斑鱼，稚鱼摄食活跃，石斑鱼生长性能好，经济效益好。
本发明提供的水产饲料，由以下质量份的原料制得：
本发明中，所述维生素包括如下质量份的：VA 0.85份；VB3 0.17份；VE 1.04份；VK30.13份；VB1 0.03份；VB2 0.42份；VB2 0.42份；VB6 0.33份；VC 1.56份；烟酸1.04份；泛酸钙1.12份；叶酸0.08份；VB12 0.2份；生物素0.22份。
本发明中，所述矿物质包括如下质量份的：钙125份，镁100份，磷125份，铜1份，铁60份；锰1份和锌7.5份。
一些实施例中，水产饲料由以下质量份的原料制得：鱼粉552.5份；大豆浓缩蛋白90份；酪蛋白50.0份；虾壳粉25.0份；面粉181.5份；木薯粉20.0份；豆油15.0份；鱼油15.0份；乌贼膏15.0份；维生素10.0份；矿物质10.0份；氯化胆碱5.0份；磷酸二氢钙10.0份；VC磷酸酯1.0份。
一些实施例中，水产饲料由以下质量份的原料制得：鱼粉650份；酪蛋白50.0份；虾壳粉25.0份；面粉174份；木薯粉20.0份；豆油15.0份；鱼油15.0份；乌贼膏15.0份；维生素10.0份；矿物质10.0份；氯化胆碱5.0份；磷酸二氢钙10.0份；VC磷酸酯1.0份。
一些实施例中，水产饲料由以下质量份的原料制得：鱼粉357.5份；大豆浓缩蛋白270份；酪蛋白50.0份；虾壳粉25.0份；面粉196.5份；木薯粉20.0份；豆油15.0份；鱼油15.0份；乌贼膏15.0份；维生素10.0份；矿物质10.0份；氯化胆碱5.0份；磷酸二氢钙10.0份；VC磷酸酯1.0份。
一些实施例中，水产饲料由以下质量份的原料制得：鱼粉162.5份；大豆浓缩蛋白450份；酪蛋白50.0份；虾壳粉25.0份；面粉211.5份；木薯粉20.0份；豆油15.0份；鱼油15.0份；乌贼膏15.0份；维生素10.0份；矿物质10.0份；氯化胆碱5.0份；磷酸二氢钙10.0份；VC磷酸酯1.0份。
本发明提供的饲料的蛋白质主要由鱼粉、大豆浓缩蛋白和酪蛋白提供。海水鱼类对蛋白质需要量高，而在资源日益短缺的今天，鱼粉等优质蛋白质原料价格高昂，为节约养殖成本，养殖者希望饲料蛋白质能更有效地转化为鱼体蛋白质。然而虽然植物蛋白来源广泛，但是其氨基酸种类含量不均衡，且胰蛋白酶抑制因子和血球凝集素等抗营养因子也会抑制鱼类的吸收。因此，能够替代鱼粉提供给石斑鱼充足蛋白质来源的物质，始终是本领域寻找的目标。本发明以大豆浓缩蛋白部分替代鱼粉和酪蛋白，大豆浓缩蛋白(Soy ProteinConcentrate，简写SPC)是以大豆为原料，经过粉碎、去皮、浸提、分离、洗涤、干燥等加工工艺，去除了大豆中的油脂、低分子可溶性非蛋白组分(主要是可溶性糖、灰分、醇溶蛋白和各种气味物质等)后，所制得的含有65％(干基)以上蛋白质(N×6.25)的大豆蛋白产品。饲喂结果表明，替代后的饲料相对于未经替代的饲料而言，特定生长率更高、蛋白质效率比也更高，饲料系数更低，肥满度适中，而全鱼粗蛋白含量则显著提高。说明，本发明提供的饲料在降低成本的前提下，提高了石斑鱼的生长性能。
大部分的调配饲料都无法较好的引诱石斑鱼的摄食，主要原因是适口性差，本发明在饲料中添加乌贼膏以提高饲料适口性。乌贼膏是天然海洋乌贼(鱿鱼)内脏提浸物，经先进生产工艺处理，发酵、杀菌后烘干制成的膏体。具有浓烈的乌贼(鱿鱼)内脏腥香味。作为优选，本发明提供的水产饲料中，乌贼膏的质量份为15份。
虾壳粉中含丰富甲壳素、蛋白质、胆碱、磷脂、胆固醇、虾青素、虾红素及磷、钙、铁、锰、锌、铜等多种有益元素。可提高饲料的适口性，还可以为鱼类提供良好的营养，促进石斑鱼生长。作为优选，本发明提供的水产饲料中，虾壳粉的质量份为25份。
胆碱可以提高某些鱼类的增长率，同时还可以预防脂肪肝、贫血、肝脏变色，以及肝、肠、肾的出血，还可预防突眼症和扩大腹部。但是，对鱼类饲料中应当添加胆碱的量目前尚无定论。作为优选，本发明提供的水产饲料中，氯化胆碱的质量份为5份。
磷酸二氢钙是一种用于补充畜禽、水产动物钙磷营养的饲料添加剂。作为优选，本发明提供的水产饲料中，磷酸二氢钙的质量份为10份。
鱼油是鱼体内的全部油类物质的统称，它包括体油、肝油和脑油。豆油是取自豆科植物大豆种子的油脂。在鱼饲料中添加油脂的添加是否有利，目前尚存在不同的观点。饲料中的油脂可以作为能量来源供分解功能，或可以补充必须脂肪酸，维持正常的生理状态。但是，鱼类对脂肪的需求量与鱼的品种、生理状态、饲料中其他成分的种类、数量和比例等密切相关。本发明提供的饲料中添加鱼油和大豆油，其中，鱼油质量份为15份；豆油的质量份为15份。石斑鱼摄食后能够保持适中的肥满度，且饲料系数降低。
树薯粉是从树薯或木薯的根部精炼所得的淀粉，其对饲料由超强的粘结力，能够保证饲料在水中3个小时不分散，充分保证动物进食，提高饲料利用，避免水质污染。本发明中提供的水产饲料中，木薯粉的质量份为20份。
面粉作为水产饲料中的谷物原料，在提供营养的同时，还可以进一步提高饲料的粘合度，可以降低饲料的含粉率，从而提高饲料的利用率、减少浪费并提高饲料的生产性能。本发明中提供的水产饲料中，面粉的质量份为174～211.5份。
VC磷酸酯作为添加剂，起到增加抗应激能力的作用，提高鱼体的免疫能力，使养殖的鱼体更加健康，同时VC磷酸酯能耐高温，使饲料在高温制粒后仍能保持较高的有效成分。本发明中提供的水产饲料中，VC磷酸酯的质量份为1份。
本发明提供的水产饲料的制备方法为，将原料粉碎，过60目筛；与水混合后，再次过60目筛；然后经挤条、造粒，60℃烘12h，制得水产饲料；所述水的质量为原料总质量的50％。
所述挤条挤成直径为2.5mm±5mm的条；所述造粒制成直径为2.5mm±5mm的颗粒。具体的，所述挤条挤成直径为2.5mm的条；所述造粒制成直径为2.5mm的颗粒。
本发明制得的饲料直径为2.5mm左右，适合石斑鱼的摄食。
本发明提供的水产饲料用于石斑鱼的饲养。
本发明提供的水产饲料能够为鱼类提供全面而丰富的营养，饲料利用率高，饲养鱼类的生长性能好。除石斑鱼外，也可用于其它水产的养殖。但更适用于石斑鱼的养殖。
本发明还提供了一种石斑鱼的饲养方法，投喂本发明所述的水产饲料。
所述石斑鱼饲养的方法中，投喂的频率为每天2次，分别于08:00和16:00投喂。
本发明提供的水产饲料由鱼粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、酪蛋白、虾壳粉、面粉、木薯粉、豆油、鱼油、乌贼膏、维生素、矿物质、氯化胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、VC磷酸酯。该饲料制备方法简单，原料成本较低。该饲料根据石斑鱼幼鱼的营养生理，提出满足其最大生长所需的蛋白质、脂肪、能量、钙和磷等营养成分及各种维生素和微量元素的所需要量；该饲料能很好引诱石斑鱼进食，饲料利用率高；营养均衡。以其饲喂石斑鱼6周，养殖的石斑鱼生长性能好，形态健康，全鱼和肌肉中的营养成分高。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种水产饲料及其在石斑鱼饲养中的应用，本领域技术人员可以借鉴本文内容，适当改进工艺参数实现。特别需要指出的是，所有类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的，它们都被视为包括在本发明。本发明的方法及应用已经通过较佳实施例进行了描述，相关人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容、精神和范围内对本文的方法和应用进行改动或适当变更与组合，来实现和应用本发明技术。
下面结合实施例，进一步阐述本发明：
实施例1～4
表1实施例1～4饲料配方
制作饲料之前，先将所有的原料粉碎，过60目的筛网。按照表1的配方将所有的原料混合，然后加入约500kg的水，手工将其搓均匀并过60目的筛网，放入F-26型双螺杆挤条机(广州华工光机电科技有限公司)挤成直径为2.5mm的条，再利用G-500型造粒机(广州华工光机电科技有限公司)制成直径2.5mm左右的颗粒饲料。饲料在60℃恒温烘12h，将烘干的饲料用密封袋密封，放在-20℃冰箱保存。
对饲料的营养成分指标进行检测，结果如表2。
表2营养成分指标
| 组别 | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 |
| 粗蛋白(％) | 46.49 | 46.56 | 46.12 | 46.3 |
| 粗脂肪(％) | 9.37 | 9.63 | 9.10 | 9.15 |
| 粗灰分(％) | 14.56 | 15.73 | 11.85 | 9.26 |
| 总能(k cal kg-1) | 18.54 | 18.91 | 18.94 | 19.24 |
| ΣEAA(g kg-1) | 14.17 | 14.45 | 14.72 | 13.95 |
| ΣNEAA g kg-1) | 18.90 | 18.80 | 19.78 | 19.80 |
| Lysine | 2.24 | 2.41 | 2.20 | 1.98 |
| Methine | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.73 | 0.49 |
表2结果显示，本发明提供的饲料营养丰富而均衡，其中，实施例1和2提供的饲料中，各种营养成分含量与实施例3～4相比均更为丰富。
对饲料的性状进行检测，结果如表3。
表3颗粒饲料性状
表3记载为实施例1饲料的性状，其他实施例制得饲料的性状与此相似，但在适口性方面，实施例1～2的饲料显著优于实施例3～4。
各实施例的饲料喂养石斑鱼，石斑鱼胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊的变化，长鳍棘的长出与收缩，鳞片和体色斑纹的出现分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。幼鱼期：该期鱼苗全身覆盖鳞片，身体形成斑纹，鱼苗个体在形态上、习性上都与成鱼相似。
本发明实验以稚鱼期石斑鱼为实验对象，养殖周期为6周。实验在相同水域进行，每组鱼苗50尾，饲养于0.5m3的水体中，每天投喂2次，每天投喂率为鱼体重的3％-5％。每组实验设三次重复，实验结束，检测生长性能、饲料利用度，石斑鱼形态指标和肌肉营养成分，结果如表4：
表4生长性能、饲料利用率和形态指标
结果表明，以本发明提供的饲料饲养的石斑鱼肥满度、脏体比皆适中，实施例1的饲料在鱼体增重、特定生长率、蛋白质效率比三个方面的效果显著优于实施例2～4，p<0.05；而实施例1的饲料在饲料系数方面则显著低于实施例2～4，p<0.05。
表5全鱼和肌肉营养成分
结果表明，以本发明提供的饲料饲养的石斑鱼营养成分丰富，实施例1的饲料饲养的石斑鱼肌肉中粗蛋白的含量较高，与实施例2全部采用鱼粉和酪蛋白作为蛋白来源的饲料的喂养效果未见显著性差异(p>0.05)，但实施例1～2饲养的石斑鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白含量皆显著性优于实施例3～4(p<0.05)。各实施例喂养的石斑鱼肌肉中的脂肪和灰分含量未见显著性差异(p>0.05)。
在对全鱼进行检测的结果表明，实施例1饲养的石斑鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于实施例2～4饲养的石斑鱼体内粗蛋白含量，p<0.05；而在脂肪和灰分方面，实施例1和2饲养的石斑鱼则显著低于实施例3～4饲养的石斑鱼，p<0.05.
以上仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种水产饲料，其特征在于，由以下质量份的原料制得：
2.根据权利要求1所述的水产饲料，其特征在于，所述维生素包括如下质量份的：VA0.85份；VB3 0.17份；VE 1.04份；VK3 0.13份；VB1 0.03份；VB2 0.42份；VB2 0.42份；VB60.33份；VC 1.56份；烟酸1.04份；泛酸钙1.12份；叶酸0.08份；VB12 0.2份；生物素0.22份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水产饲料，其特征在于，所述矿物质包括如下质量份的：钙125份，镁100份，磷125份，铜1份，铁60份；锰1份和锌7.5份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的水产饲料，其特征在于，由以下质量份的原料制得：鱼粉552.5份；大豆浓缩蛋白90份；酪蛋白50.0份；虾壳粉25.0份；面粉181.5份；木薯粉20.0份；豆油15.0份；鱼油15.0份；乌贼膏15.0份；维生素10.0份；矿物质10.0份；氯化胆碱5.0份；磷酸二氢钙10.0份；VC磷酸酯1.0份。
5.权利要求1～4任一项所述的水产饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，将原料粉碎，过60目筛；与水混合后，再次过60目筛；然后经挤条、造粒，60℃烘12h，制得水产饲料；所述水的质量为原料总质量的50％。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述挤条挤成直径为2.5mm±5mm的条；所述造粒制成直径为2.5mm±5mm的颗粒。
7.权利要求1～4任一项所述的水产饲料用于石斑鱼的饲养。
8.一种石斑鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，投喂权利要求1～4任一项所述的水产饲料。
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