CN106034452A - Method for carrying out original-soil cultivation on moderate saline-alkaline land by adopting coco coir powder containing nutritional soil - Google Patents
Method for carrying out original-soil cultivation on moderate saline-alkaline land by adopting coco coir powder containing nutritional soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN106034452A CN106034452A CN201610372593.3A CN201610372593A CN106034452A CN 106034452 A CN106034452 A CN 106034452A CN 201610372593 A CN201610372593 A CN 201610372593A CN 106034452 A CN106034452 A CN 106034452A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/70—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting wettability, e.g. drying agents
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for carrying out original-soil cultivation on moderate saline-alkaline land by adopting coco coir powder containing nutritional soil. The method comprises a land preparation step, wherein the land preparation step comprises the step of applying the nutritional soil, and the nutritional soil contains the following ingredients: red soil, pine needle mulch, a nitrogen-potassium-phosphate compound fertilizer, coco coir powder, dioscin, acetic acid, calcium bentonite, walnut green peel powder, tomato seed meal, chopped chaenomeles lagenaria pulp, tan yang sheep meal, hedgehog skin powder, a water retention agent and micro-elements. The invention further provides a preparation method for the nutritional soil. According to the cultivation method provided by the invention, the expense for transporting imported soil is saved, the cost is reduced, and the labor cost is reduced by 52%; the method plays roles in lowering the ion-exchange capacity of soil and lowering the salt content of the soil; and the relative water content of leaves of planted white bark pines is increased by 5.6% to 10.1%.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method using Nutrition Soil plantation lacebark pine alignment degree salt-soda soil to carry out original soil cultivation, specifically
Relate to a kind of method that Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation, belong to salt-soda soil original soil cultivation
Technical field.
Background technology
Salt-soda soil, whole world area is more than 900,000,000 hectares, and all kinds of saline and alkaline soil of China reaches 100,000,000 hectares, and alkaline land improving is generation
A criticality difficult problem.Salt-soda soil is a part for China's important land resources, and wasteland resources medium salting soil occupies significant proportion.China north
Coastal region salt-soda soil, side is mainly distributed on Bohai Rim, including the Huanghe delta of Laizhou Bay Coastline, Bohai Sea Gulf bank
The lower Liaohe River alluvial plain that sediment, Liaodong Wan are littoral.
These areas are affected by sea water, and level of ground water is high, salinity is strong, and soil salt content is high.Saline-alkali soil includes solonchak
The soil different with two kinds of character of alkaline earth.Solonchak includes excess water soluble salinity, belongs to neutral salt more, in alkaline reaction, pH value 7 to
Between 8.Salt damage mainly Na ion concentration is too high to be caused.Solonchak and salinization soil are by the neutral salt group such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride
Becoming, alkalescence is the strongest.The basic salt of containing water-soluble in alkaline earth, in stronger alkaline reaction, pH value is more than 8.5.Soil structure pole
Time bad, wet muddy, be full of cracks of hardening time dry, cause plant be unearthed difficulty.Alkaline earth is corrosive, and can destroy the cell tissue of plant.
Alkaline earth composition is based on sodium carbonate and raw sodium carbonate.Outside desalination soil, alkaline earth, often mostly is based on alkaline earth and Saline Soils, or salt
Soil is main and containing alkaline earth salt-mixture alkaline earth.
Still there are about 2.6 hundred million mu potential salinization soils in China according to statistics.If this kind of soil exploitation, irrigation farming etc.
Improper measures, easily there is secondary salinization.
At present, the Treatment process of saline-alkali soil mainly reduces salt, alkali composition, soil moved in improve the original cultivation, application of organic fertilizers by drip washing
Improving ASI systematic approach, conventional Gypsum Fibrosum dissolubility in the soil that pH value is high is poor, put into height.Organic acid mixture cost
Height, effect are of short duration.Existing on salt-soda soil planting plants carry out the method for original soil cultivation and be primarily present following defect:
(1) the existing method that planting plants carries out original soil cultivation on salt-soda soil, the reduction effect to soil acidity or alkalinity does not shows
Write；
(2) the existing method that planting plants carries out original soil cultivation on salt-soda soil, to reducing soil alkaline spot area accounting effect
Inconspicuous；
(3) the existing method that planting plants carries out original soil cultivation on salt-soda soil, the plant planted, leaf r elative water content
Low.
Summary of the invention
The present invention solves above technical problem, it is provided that a kind of employing Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil containing coconut palm bran powder is carried out
The method of original soil cultivation, to realize following goal of the invention:
(1) salt-soda soil is carried out original soil cultivation, eliminate the expense of carrying soil moved in improve the original, reduce greening cost, save expense 52%；
(2) reduce soil ion exchange capacity, reduce soil salt content；
(3) porosity of soil in salt-soda soil is increased；
(4) soil acidity or alkalinity is reduced；
(5) organic matter in soil is improved；
(6) soil alkaline spot area accounting is reduced；
After this moderate saline-alkali soil is planted 1 year:
(7) seedling percent is improved；Improve the wind resistance progression of trunk；
(8) leaf r elative water content is increased；
(9) improve the nutrition kind of the plant planted, improve fatty oil content in Pinus bungeana Seeds.
For solving above technical problem, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
A kind of method that Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation, including whole ground step.
The following is and the further of technique scheme is improved:
Described whole ground step, including applying Nutrition Soil, described Nutrition Soil includes following components: laterite, pine soil, N P and K are compound
Fertilizer, coconut palm bran powder, dioscin, acetic acid, calcium-base bentonite, Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder, Rrinaceus earopaeus
Corium farinosum, water-retaining agent, trace element.
Described Nutrition Soil by weight, including following components: laterite 36-41 part, pine soil 35-47 part, azophoska
Hefei 11-17 part, coconut palm bran powder 13-26 part, dioscin 5-11 part, acetic acid 1-5 part, calcium-base bentonite 13-28 part, Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus
Powder 6-13 part, Tomato Seed dregs of rice 8-14 part, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh 4-9 part, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder 2.5-7.5 part, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum 3.2-7 part, water conservation
Agent 1-5.5 part, trace element 0.4-1.7 part.
Institute's dioscin active constituent content is 34%, water content≤4%.
Described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, by weight, including calcium superphosphate 20-30 part, Chemical Potassium 10-15 part, carbamide 15-
30 parts.
Described Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, smashs to pieces after fresh mature Fructus Chaenomelis is gone seed and makes muddy flesh, organic acid content 13-18%, biological
Cellulose content 9-21%.
Described Nutrition Soil, its preparation method, plant Lumbricus step including supporting, described supporting plants Lumbricus, temperature 25-30 DEG C, humidity
64-72%。
Described Nutrition Soil, its preparation method, ferment including stacking, described stacking ferments, and temperature 50-70 DEG C, humidity is 65-
70%。
A kind of method that Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation, also includes selecting Seedling to walk
Suddenly, described select Seedling, choose hat width 45-65 cm, footpath, ground 4-5 cm, the seedling of highly 1.3-1.5m.
A kind of method that Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation, also includes transplanted seedling pipe
Reason step, described transplanted seedling management process, including the foliage fertilizer spraying 4 ‰.
Use above technical scheme, the invention have the benefit that
(1) salt-soda soil is carried out original soil cultivation, eliminate the expense of carrying soil moved in improve the original, reduce greening cost, save expense 52%；
(2) soil ion exchange capacity is decreased obviously, and soil salt content is 0.14-0.20%；
(3) adding the porosity of soil in salt-soda soil, porosity of soil is 38.9-40.3%；
(4) reducing soil acidity or alkalinity, soil pH is 6.6-7.1；
(5) improve the organic matter in soil, soil organic matter content 6.6-9.3mg/kg；
(6) reducing soil alkaline spot area accounting, alkaline spot area accounts for cultivated area percentage ratio 24-31%；
After this slight alkaline land is planted 1 year, improve seedling percent, seedling percent is up to 95.8-98.2%；
(7) improve the wind resistance progression of trunk, plant trunk can resist the Caulis Piperis Kadsurae of 7-9 level；
(8) adding leaf r elative water content, RWC value increase rate is 5.6-10.1%；
(9) improve the nutrition kind of planted plant, in Pinus bungeana Seeds, fatty oil content is 77.2-81.3%.
Detailed description of the invention
Hereinafter the preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated, it will be appreciated that preferred embodiment described herein is only used
In the description and interpretation present invention, it is not intended to limit the present invention.
Embodiment 1 one kinds uses the method that the Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation
Comprise the following steps:
(a) selection of land: selecting physical features smooth, draining is good, soil salt content 0.24-0.56%, and soil acidity or alkalinity pH is 7.2-8.3,
The moderate saline-alkali soil of soil organic matter content 5.2-6.4mg/kg sets up nursery lot；Applying fertilizer to the subsoil, deep plough 50 cm.
B () selects Seedling: choose hat width 45-65 cm, diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 2-3 cm, footpath, ground 4-5 cm, the lacebark pine of highly 1.3-1.5m
Seedling, root soil ball diameter 50-60 cm.
C () wholely: before Yi Zaiing, nursery lot being done growth 5m, the sunken bed of wide 2.5 m, ditching on sunken bed, footpath, hole is 60-
65cm, the degree of depth is 10cm, applies the Nutrition Soil of the present invention in ditch, and applied amount is 800 kgs/acre, is then pressed by lacebark pine Seedling
15cm × 25cm seeding row spacing is transplanted, transplanting depth 2.5cm, covers Nutrition Soil 1-2cm, and water permeable in time after transplanting.
The Nutrition Soil of the present invention, includes following components by weight:
36 parts of laterite, pine soil 35 parts, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 11 parts, 13 parts of coconut palm bran powder, dioscin 5 parts, acetic acid 1 part, calcio
Bentonite 13 parts, 6 parts of Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice 8 parts, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh 4 parts, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder 2.5 parts, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum 3.2 parts,
Water-retaining agent 1 part, trace element 0.4 part.
Institute's dioscin active constituent content is 34%, water content≤4%；
Described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, by weight, including calcium superphosphate 20-30 part, Chemical Potassium 10-15 part, carbamide 15-30
Part；
Described Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, smashs to pieces after fresh mature Fructus Chaenomelis is gone seed and makes muddy flesh, and organic acid content 13-18%, biotin contains
Amount 9-21%.
Wherein, the preparation method of described Nutrition Soil, comprise the steps:
1) weigh: weigh each raw material according to formula；
2) pulverize: by coconut palm bran powder, dioscin, acetic acid, calcium-base bentonite, Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, beach
Mutton powder, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum are mixed into row sterilization, and pulverize；
3) breeding earthworm: the powder after pulverizing add water 5-10 days after breeding earthworm, carry out Lumbricus improvement, temperature 25-30 DEG C, wet
Degree 64-72%；
4) stacking fermentation: dealing with earthworm sieve again after 5 days stacking fermentation, fermentation the phase keep temperature 50-70 DEG C, humidity is 65-
70%；
5) carry out after fermentation sieving and carrying out ripe after tunning adds laterite, pine soil and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, ripe
Rear interpolation water-retaining agent and trace element, stir, and obtains Nutrition Soil of the present invention.
D () transplants: transplanting time 12-22 in October day, put in the hole dug in advance by above-mentioned seedling, covers original soil to from hole
Top 7-8, waters sufficient water, fills out training Nutrition Soil to exceeding hole 5-6cm.
E () transplanted seedling manages: trophophase, every the foliage fertilizer of 15-20 days foliage-sprays 4 ‰, does anti-curing the disease according to a conventional method
Insect pest processes.
Wherein, described foliage fertilizer, including the raw material of following weight portion:
Potassium nitrate 16 parts, 0.5 part of magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 11 parts, tryptophan 1 part, Fructus Momordicae charantiae extract 1.5 parts, isoleucine
15 parts, proline 11 parts, salicylic acid 0.6 part, methionine 0.1 part, jasmonic 1 part, 30 parts of water.
Embodiment 2 one kinds uses the method that the Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation
Implantation methods is with embodiment 1, and difference is only and changes Nutrition Soil and the composition of foliage fertilizer:
Described Nutrition Soil, by weight, including following components:
41 parts of laterite, pine soil 47 parts, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 17 parts, 26 parts of coconut palm bran powder, dioscin 11 parts, acetic acid 5 parts, calcio
Bentonite 28 parts, 13 parts of Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice 14 parts, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh 9 parts, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder 7.5 parts, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum 7 parts,
Water-retaining agent 5.5 parts, trace element 1.7 parts.
Described foliage fertilizer, by weight, including consisting of:
Potassium nitrate 20 parts, 1.6 parts of magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 22 parts, tryptophan 20 parts, Fructus Momordicae charantiae extract 5 parts, isoleucine 35
Part, proline 15 parts, salicylic acid 2 parts, methionine 0.6 part, jasmonic 26 parts, 100 parts of water.
Embodiment 3 one kinds uses the method that the Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation
Implantation methods is with embodiment 1, and difference is only and changes Nutrition Soil and the composition of foliage fertilizer:
Described Nutrition Soil, by weight, including following components:
40 parts of laterite, pine soil 37 parts, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 13 parts, 15 parts of coconut palm bran powder, dioscin 8 parts, acetic acid 3 parts, calcio
Bentonite 18 parts, 9 parts of Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice 11 parts, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh 6 parts, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder 4.6 parts, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum 5.2
Part, water-retaining agent 3.6 parts, trace element 0.9 part.
Described foliage fertilizer, by weight, including consisting of:
Potassium nitrate 18 parts, 0.6 part of magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 12 parts, tryptophan 16 parts, Fructus Momordicae charantiae extract 4 parts, Bulbus Allii extract
0.06 part, isoleucine 18 parts, proline 12 parts, salicylic acid 0.9 part, methionine 0.4 part, jasmonic 20 parts, 65 parts of water.
The application test effect of implantation methods of the present invention
2013 so far, and the plantation of lacebark pine is tested by the implantation methods of the applicant of the present invention present invention, passes through
Conventional method has carried out detection to the indices in salt-soda soil with the plant planted and has done Data Analysis Services.
Concrete experimental data processing result is as follows:
After a kind of table is planted 1 year, soil salt content changes (unit: %)
After 2 kinds of table is planted 1 year, porosity of soil changes (unit: %)
After 3 kinds of table is planted 1 year, each index of soil changes (degree of depth 0-50cm)
4 kinds of table plant 1 year after plant each index change
Wherein, matched group is for using conventional method to plant lacebark pine 1 year in identical salt-soda soil.
Except as otherwise noted, the percent employed in the present invention is percetage by weight, ratio of the present invention, all
For mass ratio.
Finally it is noted that the foregoing is only the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is not limited to the present invention,
Although being described in detail the present invention with reference to previous embodiment, for a person skilled in the art, it still may be used
So that the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments to be modified, or wherein portion of techniques feature is carried out equivalent.
All within the spirit and principles in the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. made, should be included in the present invention's
Within protection domain.
Claims (10)
1. the method that the Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder carries out original soil cultivation, it is characterised in that include
Whole ground step.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 1 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described whole ground step, including applying Nutrition Soil, described Nutrition Soil includes following components: laterite, pine soil,
Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, coconut palm bran powder, dioscin, acetic acid, calcium-base bentonite, Exocarpium Juglandis Immaturus powder, the Tomato Seed dregs of rice, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, beach
Mutton powder, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum, water-retaining agent, trace element.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described Nutrition Soil by weight, including following components: laterite 36-41 part, pine soil 35-47 part, nitrogen
Phosphorus potassium complex fertilizer 11-17 part, coconut palm bran powder 13-26 part, dioscin 5-11 part, acetic acid 1-5 part, calcium-base bentonite 13-28 part, recklessly
Fructus Persicae Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride powder 6-13 part, Tomato Seed dregs of rice 8-14 part, Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh 4-9 part, sheep known for its fine thick wool meat powder 2.5-7.5 part, Rrinaceus earopaeus corium farinosum 3.2-7
Part, water-retaining agent 1-5.5 part, trace element 0.4-1.7 part.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that institute's dioscin active constituent content is 34%, water content≤4%.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, by weight, including calcium superphosphate 20-30 part, Chemical Potassium 10-15 part,
Carbamide 15-30 part.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described Fructus Chaenomelis muddy flesh, smashs to pieces after fresh mature Fructus Chaenomelis is gone seed and makes muddy flesh, organic acid content 13-
18%, biotin content 9-21%.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described Nutrition Soil, its preparation method, plant Lumbricus step including supporting, described supporting plants Lumbricus, temperature 25-30
DEG C, humidity 64-72%.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 2 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that described Nutrition Soil, its preparation method, ferment including stacking, described stacking ferments, and temperature 50-70 DEG C is wet
Degree is 65-70%.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 1 carries out the side of original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that also include selecting Seedling step, described selects Seedling, chooses hat width 45-65 cm, footpath, ground 4-5 cm, highly 1.3-
The seedling of 1.5m.
A kind of Nutrition Soil alignment degree salt-soda soil used containing coconut palm bran powder the most according to claim 1 carries out original soil cultivation
Method, it is characterised in that also including transplanted seedling management process, described transplanted seedling management process, including the foliage fertilizer spraying 4 ‰.
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| CN106900197A (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2017-06-30 | 天津海林生态建设股份公司 | A kind of sustainable synthesis improvement method of marine solonchak ecological circulation |
| CN113455266A (en) * | 2021-07-12 | 2021-10-01 | 枣阳市香木瓜技术开发服务中心 | Seedling raising method for extra-large apple type fragrant papaya |
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Application publication date: 20161026 |