CN105900685B - Mixed planting method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss - Google Patents
Mixed planting method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a polyporus umbellatus and fern moss mixed cultivation method which mainly comprises the steps of selecting land, selecting time, selecting cultivation materials, planting, managing in a field, harvesting, processing and the like; the cultivation technique of the polyporus umbellatus by replacing fungus sticks and thin branches with fern roots is provided, in particular to the mixed cultivation technique of the polyporus umbellatus and fern mosses or ferns. The yield per unit area is equal to or greater than the yield of the traditional wood-planted polyporus umbellatus; the content of the main components of the produced umbellate pore fungus product is higher than the standard of pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China; the use of wood is reduced; meanwhile, the polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum are mixed and planted, and the planting households produce and sell polyporus umbellatus and also produce and sell terepera arborescens or pteridium aquilinum, so that the economic income of the planting households is directly increased.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine cultivation, in particular to a mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss.
Background
Polyporus, also called wild boar food, wild boar dung, anemone rhizome, wild Polyporus, etc., is sclerotia of Polyporus of Polyporaceae, and is a traditional rare Chinese medicinal material in China. The mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss effectively relieves the difficult problem of polyporus umbellatus cultivation and wood cutting, increases the economic income of growers, and lays a foundation for healthy and orderly development of polyporus umbellatus industry.
Polyporus umbellatus grows in semi-yin semi-yang forest land with elevation of about 1000-3500 m all year round, especially in miscellaneous forest, and often grows on root of broad-leaved trees such as birch, willow, green holly, poplar, etc. The polyporus umbellatus is suitable for growing in sandy loam with loose soil, rich organic matters, high humic acid content and gradient of 15-50 degrees. Polyporus umbellatus is sensitive to temperature change, the polyporus umbellatus starts to grow at the temperature of 8-9 ℃ at 5cm below the ground, the polyporus umbellatus grows optimally at the temperature of 15-24 ℃, hypha stops growing at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, enters short-term dormancy, or fruiting bodies grow out, and the polyporus umbellatus can live in a bad environment and proliferate as spores. In late autumn and early winter, the temperature of 5cm below the ground is lower than 8 ℃ and then the winter dormant period is started. The active growth period of the polyporus umbellatus hyphae is 4-6 months and 9-10 months in one year. The polyporus umbellatus is unevenly distributed in soil, the shallowest part is exposed out of the ground surface, and the deepest part is about 1m away from the ground surface. The water content of the soil is proper to be 30-50%, and subacid or neutral soil with the pH value of 5-6.7 is selected for cultivating the polyporus umbellatus. The grifola cannot be directly parasitized on the roots of the trees, and the armillaria mellea is required to provide nutrients, belongs to parasitic fungi, and can be parasitized on rotten wood and fresh and alive roots of the trees.
The artificial cultivation of the polyporus umbellatus needs fungus sticks and fine branches, and the cultivation of the polyporus umbellatus needs wood cutting, so that the ecological vegetation is damaged due to the industrial development of the polyporus umbellatus. Solves the contradiction of the mutual restriction of the industrial scale development and the ecological protection of the polyporus umbellatus, and is a main problem which is urgently needed to be solved in the current agricultural production.
Disclosure of Invention
Aims to solve the problems that the ecological vegetation is damaged and the like caused by the need of cutting down wood in the polyporus umbellatus cultivation in the prior art. The invention provides a cultivation technology for replacing fungus sticks and fine branches with fern roots in polyporus umbellatus cultivation, and particularly relates to a polyporus umbellatus and fern moss mixed cultivation technology.
The invention relates to a mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss, which comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land: selecting thick, humus-rich and loose sandy loam with the altitude of 1200-2500 m;
2) selecting time: mixed planting polyporus umbellatus and fern moss for 3-5 months or 9 months in autumn;
3) selecting a cultivation material:
A. preparation of Armillaria mellea
a. Separating and culturing mother seeds; collecting wild oak bacteria in the vigorous growth period of oak trees in 6-7 months, wherein the wild oak bacteria are collected from oak propagation strain sources; mother culture medium: potato, glucose, wheat bran, magnesium sulfate and the like; a configuration method;
b. preparing a stock (secondary) culture medium; a plurality of wood chips, rice bran, sugar and the like are prepared into material bottles through the processes of material mixing, inoculation, cultivation and the like;
c. preparing cultivated species; uniformly mixing the culture medium prepared in the early stage with a plurality of oak branches, wood chips, wheat bran, sugar and the like, and proportionally mixing the water phase; mixing, bottling, sealing the bottle mouth with 30% fine material, cleaning, filling cotton plug, and sterilizing. Keeping for 12 hours when the temperature reaches 100 ℃ during sterilization, stopping heating, taking out of the pot after one hour, cooling, inoculating, culturing in a culture room, and using after 60 days;
B. polyporus umbellatus seed selection
Selecting polyporus umbellatus sclerotia which grows for 2-3 years and has toughness and freshness in dark gray or oil black as polyporus umbellatus seeds;
C. selection of fern root
Digging fresh and alive fern roots, wherein the length of the fern roots is preferably 15-20 cm, so as to ensure the survival rate of the fern roots;
D. selection of humic sandy loam and dry wood leaves and preparation of wood leaf humic soil
Digging fallen leaf humus sandy loam of green hillock trees, willow trees or other broad-leaved trees; collecting the leaves of the green sentry trunks for later use.
4) The planting method comprises the following steps: the tunnel cultivation method comprises the following steps:
a. digging a tunnel with proper length, width and depth proportion, digging and leveling the bottom of the tunnel, and scattering a thin layer of lime powder in the tunnel for sterilization so as to reduce infectious microbes and diseases in the growing process of the polyporus umbellatus; the gallery can be surrounded by wood bars, wood boards, stones or bricks to form a cultivation field;
b. adding Armillaria mellea into the humus sandy loam and the dry wood leaves, and uniformly scattering the Armillaria mellea on the humus soil in rows; preferably, Armillaria mellea is added according to the amount of 2 Armillaria mellea required by 0.5kg of Polyporus umbellatus seeds;
c. sowing polyporus umbellatus seeds and fresh fern roots according to the mass ratio of 1: 2-1: 5; when placing the grifola umbellata seed and the halimasch strain, the grifola umbellata seed and the halimasch strain are put together, and the fern root is sowed between the grifola umbellata seed according to the row interval;
d. covering with 10-15 cm of humus sandy loam, then spreading a layer of dry wood leaves with the thickness of 3-5 cm, lightly compacting, and preserving heat and moisture.
5) Field management:
weeding and fern promotion;
② moisture management
The water content of the soil is 30-50%, and the soil is watered once in half a month to keep moist, loose and not hardened, prevent drought and waterlogging; preferably, the water content of the soil is 30-40%;
thirdly, people and animals are strictly prevented from treading;
preventing and controlling diseases and pests
Polyporus umbellatus cultivation method for preventing cutworm and mainland invasion
6) Harvesting and processing
The cultivation production cycle of the polyporus umbellatus is 2-5 years, preferably, the growth cycle of the polyporus umbellatus cultivation is 4-5 years; the grifola can be harvested all the year round, preferably, the harvesting season of the grifola is spring and autumn, and the grifola which is black and hard is called old stone and is used as commercial grifola; the polyporus umbellatus is fresh and tender in color, brown or yellow, soft and elastic, and strong in growing capacity, and is used as a polyporus umbellatus seed.
Removing old and young polyporus umbellatus sclerotium during harvesting, removing impurities from harvested polyporus umbellatus sclerotium, and selling fresh and dry polyporus umbellatus without soil, wherein the water content of the finished product of dry polyporus umbellatus is less than 11%.
By the mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss, wood does not need to be cut down, damage caused by ecological vegetation is reduced in polyporus umbellatus industry development, and benign development of ecological environment is facilitated.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the yield per unit area of the mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss is equal to or greater than that of the traditional cultivation of polyporus umbellatus by using wood, and the yield is increased by at least 3-5 times and more than that of polyporus umbellatus seeds.
2. The polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum are mixed and planted, and the content of the components of the produced polyporus umbellatus product is completely equal to or higher than the standard of pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China.
3. The wood consumption is reduced. The mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss practically solves the bottleneck of mutual restriction of polyporus umbellatus industry development and ecology protection; and simultaneously solves the problem of restricting the industrial scale development of the polyporus umbellatus.
4. The polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum are mixed and planted, and the pteridium aquilinum (fiddlehead) is produced and sold by a grower at the same time, so that the economic income of the grower is directly increased.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the embodiments of the present invention are merely for illustrating the present invention and not for limiting the present invention, and that various substitutions and alterations made according to the common knowledge and conventional means in the art without departing from the technical idea of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
The invention will now be further described by way of specific examples, as shown in figure 1:
1. selection of cultivation site
The polyporus umbellatus is cultivated by selecting loose sandy loam with the altitude of 1200-2500 m and thick soil layer, more humus and can be cultivated in natural forests, secondary forests, orchards, agricultural lands, houses and hospitals, the requirements on land blocks are not strict, the limitation of the terrain is avoided, and the polyporus umbellatus can be cultivated in places convenient to manage.
2. Cultivation time
The polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum are planted in a mixed mode in spring for 3-5 months or autumn for 9 months, at the moment, polyporus umbellatus is just over a dormant period and enters a growing period, armillaria mellea is also in the growing period, and a good symbiotic relationship can be established between the polyporus umbellatus and the armillaria mellea. The optimal cultivation period is 2-3 months in the lunar calendar in spring, and the mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss in this period is the optimal season for survival rate of the fern moss, and the mixed cultivation must be carried out well and timely sowed. The fern moss root is planted along with harvest and keeps fresh activity.
3. Selection of cultivation materials
The armillaria mellea is a main nutrient source for growth of the polyporus umbellatus, and is cultured before the polyporus umbellatus is cultured; selecting Polyporus umbellatus, digging fern moss root, preparing humus soil and dry wood leaves. At 1m2(one litter) as an example:
3.1 Armillaria mellea. The mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss is particularly key to the preparation and selection of halimasch strains. The use of Armillaria mellea with poor quality can slow the growth of fern moss root, and in severe cases, the fern moss root can rot. The preparation method of the armillaria mellea comprises the following steps: 1. and (5) separating and culturing the mother seeds. Collecting wild oak bacteria in the vigorous growth stage of oak trees in 6-7 months, wherein the wild oak bacteria are collected from oak propagation strain sources. Mother culture medium: potato, glucose, wheat bran, magnesium sulfate and the like; ② a collocation method (not shown). 2. Preparation of stock (secondary) culture medium. Sawdust, rice bran, sugar and the like are mixed, inoculated, cultured and the like to prepare the material bottle. 3. And (5) preparing cultivars. Mixing the culture medium prepared in the earlier stage with oak branches, sawdust, wheat bran, sugar, etc., and mixing with water phase in a certain proportion. Mixing, bottling, sealing the bottle mouth with 30% fine material, cleaning, filling cotton plug, and sterilizing. When the temperature reaches 100 ℃ during sterilization, keeping for 12 hours, stopping heating, taking out of the pot after one hour, cooling, inoculating, culturing in a culture room, and using after 60 days.
3.2 selecting the tuckahoe. The polyporus umbellatus is selected from polyporus umbellatus sclerotia which grows for 2-3 years and has toughness and freshness in dark gray or oil black, and cannot be used in visual aging, degeneration and symptoms (old skin is old and stiff, hard and has eyes, and the end face is dark brown and yellow).
3.2 fern root. Digging 5-7.5 kg of fresh and alive fern roots, wherein the length of the fern roots is preferably 15-20 cm, so as to ensure the survival rate of the fern roots.
3.2 humus soil and dry wood leaves. Digging 100kg of fallen leaf humus sandy loam of broad-leaved trees such as green hillock trees, willow trees and the like; collecting 20kg of dry leaves of the green hillock trees (folk custom called big leaf subtrees) for later use.
4. Cultivation method
4.1 digging 80cm long, 80cm wide and 30cm deep in the tunnel, digging and leveling the bottom of the tunnel, spreading a thin layer of lime powder in the tunnel for sterilization, so as to reduce the occurrence of infectious bacteria and diseases in the growing process of the polyporus umbellatus. Adding wood leaf humus with the thickness of 8-10 cm, putting 6-10 bottles of honey fungus, and uniformly scattering the honey fungus on the humus, wherein the honey fungus is scattered according to the proportion of 0.5kg of poria cocos and 2 bottles of honey fungus. 1.5-2.5 kg of polyporus umbellatus seeds and 5-7.5 kg of fresh fern roots are sown. When the seed poria cocos are placed, the seed poria cocos are placed in a parallel linear form, the distance between every two (2) seed poria cocos is 10cm, the line spacing is 15cm, and the seed poria cocos is placed in the pits until the pits are full; when the Armillaria mellea strains are placed, the Armillaria mellea strains and the seed poria are placed side by side, and the spacing and the row spacing are consistent with the seed poria; fern roots are sown in the row spacing of the seed poria from row to row at the interval of 6-8 cm. Placing the poria cocos, the armillaria mellea strain and the fern root, covering 10-15 cm of wood leaf humus, then spreading a layer of wood leaves with the thickness of 3-5 cm, lightly compacting, and preserving heat and moisture. 1m for tunnel cultivation2As a principle of one litter, the polyporus umbellatus has marginal benefit in the growth process, and the polyporus umbellatus generally grows more vigorously and better.
4.2 Stacking method
The stacking means that no pit is dug in the cultivation field, and a cultivation field is enclosed by wood bars or wood boards, stones, bricks and the like. The heaping method needs to prepare a lot of humus soil, the dosage of other materials is the same as that of the tunnel cultivation, and the heaping cultivation method is the same as that of the tunnel cultivation.
5. Management of field
The key period of the field management of mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss is from the first year to the next spring, the survival rate and normal growth of the fern moss are ensured, and the high survival rate and vigorous growth of the fern moss are also important for the growth of polyporus umbellatus.
5.1 weeding out
The field management of the mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss from the first year to the next spring mainly comprises weed removal, namely weeding and fern promotion, and weed removal and promotion of multiple batches of normal growth of the fern moss.
5.2 moisture management
If the mixed cultivation of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss lacks water, it can directly react on the leaves of fern moss. The demand of water is different in different seasons throughout the year, the armillaria mellea can grow normally in water, the polyporus umbellatus requires that the soil moisture content is 30% -40%, the water content is slightly large, and the polyporus umbellatus cannot absorb nutrition from the armillaria mellea rhizomorph due to insufficient ventilation. The water content of the soil is proper to be 30-50%, and the soil is watered once in about half a month generally to keep moist, loose and not hardened, so that the requirement of polyporus umbellatus on water can be met.
5.3 Severe defense against human and animal treading
The cultivation field of polyporus umbellatus fern moss is forbidden for people and animals to tread, and the seedling emergence and growth of the fern moss are damaged. Whether the fern moss grows vigorously or not is directly related to the yield of the polyporus umbellatus, and the growth and development of the fern moss are highly regarded. The water is needed to be watered when the water is short, the water drainage is needed when the rain and the water are flooded, the polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum have the commonality, the polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum can not be soaked in the water for a long time, and the polyporus umbellatus can rot or die after being soaked for a long time.
6. Pest control
The main harm of polyporus umbellatus cultivation is insect pest, mainly including cutworm, mainland and other pests.
6.1 land tiger
Cutworms, also called tussah, are the main soil pests that bite tender grifola and fern moss roots.
The control method comprises the following steps: before cultivation, the soil is ploughed and harrowed deeply in autumn, the overwintering environment is damaged, a large number of larvae, pupae and imagoes are frozen to death, and the overwintering quantity is reduced. Trapping and killing by using poisonous soil or poisonous baits, namely 1-1.5 kg of 10% diazinon granules and 15kg of soil are used per mu, and the mixture is scattered in the cultivation pits; or 5kg of 6 percent phoxim granules are scattered in the cultivation pits with soil.
6.2 Malong
Ma Lu is also called Qiang Zu Chong.
The control method comprises the following steps: the preparation method comprises the steps of using 40% phoxim emulsion oil, matching according to the minimum concentration, and pouring into a cultivation field, wherein the concentration is about 1000 times. After the prevention, such as cleaning the surrounding environment, stopping insect sources and the like, is paid attention to, the pesticide can be sprayed to the surrounding every 3-7 days, and then the insect source channel can be prevented and cut off.
7. Harvesting and processing
Polyporus umbellatus is perennial, the yield is low in one or two years, and the period of vigorous reproduction is three or four years after cultivation. The production cycle of the polyporus umbellatus cultivation is 2-3 years, the best is 4-5 years, the growth time is long, and the yield is correspondingly increased. The growing period of the polyporus umbellatus is longer as the period of mixed planting of the polyporus umbellatus and the pteridium aquilinum is longer, the yield is higher, and the double benefits are better. Polyporus umbellatus can be harvested all the year round, and is best harvested in spring and autumn. The dark and hard is called old nucleus, which is commercial Polyporus umbellatus. The grifola which is fresh and tender in color and luster, is brown or yellow, and is soft and elastic, and strong in growing capacity, is generally used as grifola seeds.
When harvesting, old and young polyporus umbellatus is removed, the sclerotium of the harvested polyporus umbellatus is removed, fresh and dry polyporus umbellatus without soil can be sold, and the water content of the finished product of the dry polyporus umbellatus is less than 11%. The outer skin of Polyporus umbellatus is black and glossy, and the body weight is firm, and the cross section is white or yellow.
Claims (4)
1. A mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land: selecting thick, humus-rich and loose sandy loam with the altitude of 1200-2500 m;
2) selecting time: mixed planting polyporus umbellatus and fern moss for 3-5 months or 9 months in autumn;
3) selecting a cultivation material:
A. preparation of Armillaria mellea
a. And (3) separating and culturing mother seeds: collecting wild oak bacteria in the vigorous growth period of oak trees in 6-7 months, wherein the wild oak bacteria are collected from oak propagation strain sources; the mother culture medium comprises potato, glucose, wheat bran, and magnesium sulfate;
b. preparation of stock culture medium: comprises wood dust, rice bran and sugar, and is prepared into a material bottle through the procedures of material mixing, inoculation and cultivation;
c. preparing a honey fungus cultivated species: uniformly mixing the culture medium prepared in the early stage with oak branches, sawdust, wheat bran and sugar in a water phase according to a proportion; bottling after mixing, sealing the bottle mouth by 30% of fine materials, cleaning the bottle mouth, filling a cotton plug for sterilization; keeping for 12 hours when the temperature reaches 100 ℃ during sterilization, stopping heating, taking out of the pot after one hour, cooling, inoculating, culturing in a culture room, and using after 60 days;
B. polyporus umbellatus seed selection
Selecting polyporus umbellatus sclerotia which grows for 2-3 years and has toughness and freshness in dark gray or oil black as polyporus umbellatus seeds;
C. selection of fern root
Digging fresh and alive fern roots, wherein the length of the fern roots is preferably 15-20 cm, so as to ensure the survival rate of the fern roots;
D. selection of humic sandy loam and dry wood leaves and preparation of wood leaf humic soil
Digging fallen leaf humus sandy loam of green hillock trees, willow trees or other broad-leaved trees; collecting the leaves of the green hillock trunks for later use;
4) the planting method comprises the following steps: a tunnel cultivation method;
the tunnel cultivation method comprises the following steps:
a. digging a tunnel with proper length, width and depth proportion, digging and leveling the bottom of the tunnel, and scattering a thin layer of lime powder in the tunnel for sterilization so as to reduce infectious microbes and diseases in the growing process of the polyporus umbellatus;
b. filling wood leaf humus soil with the thickness of 8-10 cm, and uniformly scattering armillaria mellea on the wood leaf humus soil in rows; adding Armillaria mellea according to the amount of 2 Armillaria mellea required for 0.5kg of Polyporus umbellatus seed;
c. sowing polyporus umbellatus seeds and fresh fern roots according to the mass ratio of 1: 2-1: 5; when placing the grifola umbellata seed and the halimasch strain, the grifola umbellata seed and the halimasch strain are put together, and the fern root is sowed between the grifola umbellata seed according to the row interval;
d. covering 10-15 cm of wood leaf humus soil, then spreading a layer of dry wood leaves with the thickness of 3-5 cm, compacting, and preserving heat and moisture;
5) field management:
weeding and fern promotion;
② moisture management
The water content of the soil is 30-40%, and the soil is watered once in half a month to keep moist, loose and not hardened, prevent drought and waterlogging;
thirdly, people and animals are strictly prevented from treading;
preventing and controlling diseases and pests
Polyporus umbellatus cultivation method for preventing cutworm and mainland invasion;
the cutworm prevention and control method comprises the following steps: before cultivation, deep plowing and harrowing are carried out in autumn, the overwintering environment is damaged, a large number of larvae, pupae and imagoes are frozen to death, and the overwintering quantity is reduced; trapping and killing by using poisonous soil or poisonous baits, namely 1-1.5 kg of diazinon granules with the concentration of 10% and 15kg of soil per mu, mixing and spreading in the cultivation pits; or 5kg of 6 percent phoxim granules are scattered in the cultivation pits with soil mixing per mu;
the method for preventing and treating the hippophae rhamnoides comprises the following steps: using 40% phoxim emulsion oil, pouring the mixture into a cultivation place after matching according to the minimum concentration; spraying insecticide around every 3-7 days to prevent and cut off pest source channels;
6) harvesting and processing
The cultivation production cycle of the polyporus umbellatus is 2-5 years, the polyporus umbellatus can be harvested all the year round, and the black and hard polyporus umbellatus is called as old nucleus and serves as commercial polyporus umbellatus; the polyporus umbellatus is fresh and tender in color, brown or yellow, soft and elastic in nucleus body and strong in growth capacity, and is used as a polyporus umbellatus seed;
removing old and young polyporus umbellatus sclerotium during harvesting, removing impurities from harvested polyporus umbellatus sclerotium, and selling fresh and dry polyporus umbellatus without soil, wherein the water content of the finished product of dry polyporus umbellatus is less than 11%.
2. The mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step a of the gallery cultivation method, the gallery is surrounded by wooden bars, boards, stones or bricks to form a cultivation field.
3. The mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the growth cycle of the polyporus umbellatus cultivation in the step 6) is 4-5 years.
4. The mixed cultivation method of polyporus umbellatus and fern moss as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the harvesting season of the polyporus umbellatus in the step 6) is spring and autumn.
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