CN112690185A - Ecological prevention and control method for rhizome decay disease of Paris polyphylla and application thereof - Google Patents
Ecological prevention and control method for rhizome decay disease of Paris polyphylla and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological prevention and control method for rhizome rot of Paris polyphylla, which comprises the aspects of planting base selection, seedling selection, cultivation treatment, ecological prevention and control and the like. The method has the advantages of simple and feasible operation and low cost, compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the method can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of the rhizome rot of the Paris polyphylla, and has good popularization prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of Chinese medicinal material planting, and particularly relates to an ecological prevention and control method for rhizome rot of paris polyphylla.
Background
Rhizoma paridis, namely rhizoma paridisParis polyphylla Smith var. chinensis(Franch) Hara, one of two basic species of Paris polyphylla medicinal material is recorded in 2015 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia[1]. The dried rhizome is the main medicinal part, and has effects of clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, arresting convulsion and cooling liver[2]. Rhizoma paridis is the main raw material of Yunnan Baiyao, GONGXUENING Capsule, and QUDESHENGSHEN. In recent years, due to the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry, the demand of the paris polyphylla medicinal material is increased rapidly, and the price is rising continuously. The phenomenon of excessive digging and excessive mining of wild rhizoma paridis resources is serious, and the growth period of the rhizoma paridis resources is long (7-10 years), so that the rhizoma paridis resources are seriously crisis, and the development and survival of the pharmaceutical industry using the rhizoma paridis resources as raw materials are seriously influenced[3]. In recent years, the artificial planting area of Paris polyphylla in Fujian province is continuously enlarged. Due to the long growth period of the Paris polyphylla, the damage of diseases and pests is getting more serious day by day, particularly the destructive soil-borne diseases such as Paris polyphylla rhizome rot disease and the like, the rhizome rot disease of the Paris polyphylla is caused to die mainly through root block cutting or wound invasion, and the rhizome rot disease becomes one of the key restriction factors of the artificial cultivation of the Paris polyphylla. The rhizome rot disease of the Paris polyphylla is a soil-borne disease caused by the synergistic action of fungi (mainly fusarium) and bacteria (Erwinia amylovora, Alcaligenes faecalis and the like), the rhizome rot disease of the Paris polyphylla is caused, the morbidity is usually 10-15%, and the morbidity is 40% of serious plotsThe above. Seriously affecting the development of the Paris polyphylla industry. The application of chemical pesticide seriously affects the quality of the Paris polyphylla and the environment, and the chemical control effect is generally poor due to poor soil permeability and persistence of the bactericide. Therefore, a safe and efficient ecological prevention and control measure is expected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an ecological prevention and control method for rhizome rot of paris polyphylla, which can solve the problems of high difficulty, high cost, poor chemical prevention and control effect, high pesticide residue, environmental pollution and the like of the prevention and control of the rhizome rot of paris polyphylla and provides the ecological prevention and control method for the rhizome rot of paris polyphylla.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an ecological prevention and control method for rhizome rot of Paris polyphylla comprises the aspects of base selection, seedling propagation, cultivation treatment, ecological prevention and control and the like, and comprises the following specific steps:
1) base selection
Selecting a near water source in an under-forest base, and well draining and irrigating broad-leaved forest and mixed forest with deep humus soil, wherein the canopy density is 40-60%, and the elevation is 500-1500 m; the field foundation is a dry land which has good drainage, good soil texture, rich humus and slight acidity. After the Paris polyphylla products are mined, planting plots are idle for 2-3 years.
2) Seedling propagation:
a) preparing seed seedlings: harvesting mature berries with red peel from 11-month-first ten days, retting the berries for fermentation, kneading and rinsing, sorting out full and undamaged seeds, uniformly mixing the seeds and the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1:3, and storing at 3-5 ℃ for 2-3 months to keep the seeds moist; the culture medium (prepared according to ZL 201410228080.6) specially used for applying Chinese medicinal materials in combination with a bed is 500 kg/hm2～750 kg/hm2(ii) a Then sowing in the first ten days of 1 month to the middle ten days of 2 months, watering the seedbed thoroughly with 30wt% ferrous sulfate solution or 0.3wt% potassium permanganate solution for disinfection before sowing, and then drilling or broadcasting; weeds are removed in time, so that 'early removal, small removal and removal' are realized; after more than 10 percent of nursery stocks are unearthed, 1.0 to 1.5 weight percent of special Chinese medicinal material is used for planting every 30 daysSpraying or irrigating the aqueous solution of the culture medium, and preparing for transplanting when the fresh weight of the seedlings is about 5g, the plant height is more than 5cm and the number of root systems is more than or equal to 5;
b) preparation of tuber seedlings: selecting a full 2-3-year-old plant tuber part with terminal buds, cutting the plant tuber part into small blocks with the length of 2.5-3.0 cm, drying in the shade, dipping plant ash in the small blocks, and preparing seeds; burying the treated bud-bearing tuber stems on a seedbed at intervals of 5-10 cm between 10 months and 2 months in the next year, uniformly covering a layer of substrate with the thickness of 5cm (the substrate is prepared by mixing river sand, vermiculite and peat soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1: 1), watering thoroughly, and covering a double-layer sunshade net; weeding is carried out in time, the seedlings of the same seeds are managed by fertilizer and water, and transplanting is carried out when the fresh weight of the seedlings is more than or equal to 25g, the bud length is more than or equal to 1.5cm, and the number of roots is more than or equal to 5.
3) Transplanting seedlings:
before transplanting, soaking the seedlings in 800-1000 times of 500wt% carbendazim or 70wt% thiophanate methyl for 5-7 min for disinfection; then, in the late 10 th ten days to 2 months in the next year, surface soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm is backfilled in the placed root control device, then 1.5-2.0 kg of base fertilizer with the thickness of 5-8 cm is added on the surface soil (the base fertilizer is formed by taking organic fertilizer as a main material and adding high-potassium inorganic fertilizer as an auxiliary material in a mixed mode, wherein the using amount of the inorganic fertilizer is 10-15% of the total weight of the base fertilizer, the total nutrient is more than or equal to 45% of the organic fertilizer, and the total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0%;
4) cultivation treatment:
a) unblocked irrigation and drainage and high-ridge cultivation: improve permeability under the forest, remove weeds in time in the cultivation process and keep irrigation and drainage smooth. High ridge cultivation, the ridge height is 40-50 cm, the planting density is properly reduced, and 37500-45000 plants are planted per hectare.
b) Fertilizing: organic fertilizer is used as the main material, and compound fertilizer is used as the auxiliary material. The application amount is 15000-22500 kg/hm of organic fertilizer respectively2(organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent, total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0), calcium superphosphate 375-450 kg/hm2High potassium compound fertilizer225～300 kg/hm2(5 Laetia long-term results, N, P, K ratio in the high-potassium compound fertilizer is 6:6: 28).
c) Impurity removal and cold prevention in winter: and (2) timely removing overground parts of the paris polyphylla after the paris polyphylla is fallen down, paying attention to not damage rootstocks in the removing process, removing deadwood disease residues and intensively burning the deadwood disease residues, spreading the burnt ash and the burnt rice straw ash on the surface layer of soil, then covering dry rice straws, wherein the rice straw covering thickness is 3-5 cm.
5) Ecological prevention and control
a) The onset of disease is light: the incidence of disease is less than 1%, and under the condition of local concentrated incidence of disease, the plants can be manually pulled out, weeds are removed, irrigation and drainage channels are unblocked, the incidence of disease area and the periphery are within 1m, and 300-375 kg/hm of quicklime is spread2To avoid pathogen diffusion.
b) In the serious disease-causing plots: the disease incidence is less than 1 percent, the diseased plant is removed, quicklime is spread for sterilization, and the irrigation and drainage channel is unblocked. Adopting a limited tillage container for planting, preparing soil and placing a root control device: digging surface soil with the thickness of 8-10 cm, placing the surface soil outside a plowing limiting container, and burying a root control device into a soil pit with the depth of 10-15 cm; 5250-6750 tillage limiting containers are placed in the forest land per hectare; backfilling surface soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm in a placed limited tillage container, adding 1.5-2.0 kg of base fertilizer with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the surface soil (the base fertilizer is prepared by taking an organic fertilizer as a main material and mixing an inorganic fertilizer as an auxiliary material, wherein the using amount of a high-potassium inorganic fertilizer is 10-15% of the total weight of the base fertilizer, the using amount of the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 45%, the total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0%, N: P: K =10:12:23 in the inorganic fertilizer, then covering sterilized humus soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the base fertilizer, planting sterilized seedlings or seed stems in a root controller in a mode of enabling buds to face upwards, planting 3 plants in each container, finally spreading a special cultivation substrate for traditional Chinese medicinal materials with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the container, covering the special cultivation substrate with the sterilized humus soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm, and pouring 1-1.5L of root water.
Compared with the traditional Chinese paris rhizome rot disease prevention and control technology, the method has the following four technical advantages:
firstly, compared with chemical control, the invention is nontoxic, harmless and environment-friendly, is suitable for large-scale artificial cultivation of the Paris polyphylla, can effectively protect forest land or field ecosystem, and can realize sustainable development of the Paris polyphylla industry by adopting the method.
Secondly, the results of field experiments and forest land experiments show that the control effect of the field experiments can reach 85-90%, the yield can be increased by more than 10%, the control effect of limited-tillage cultivation under forests can reach 100%, and the yield can be increased by more than 20%.
Secondly, the soil improvement and labor cost can be reduced by adopting the technology of the invention, each tillage limiting container only needs to be cleaned about 0.8 square meter, compared with the traditional soil improvement, the workload is reduced by more than 50%, and the planting labor cost is reduced by more than 30%;
thirdly, the technology of the invention can reduce the influence of flood or soil conditions on the cultivation or growth of the Paris polyphylla. When the polygonatum cyrtonema planted in ridges or planted under the wild-imitating forest is invaded by flood, the polygonatum cyrtonema planted in the ridges or planted under the wild-imitating forest is easy to fall down or is directly washed away, the ploughing-limiting container is more firmly buried in the soil, the influence of the flood can be greatly reduced, meanwhile, the ploughing-limiting container can drain rainwater in time, the soil humidity is effectively reduced, and the occurrence of rhizome rot of the paris polyphylla is effectively prevented and controlled;
fourthly, the paris polyphylla is cultivated in the limited tillage container, diseased plants can be directly removed by replacing soil, fertilizer or matrix, accumulation of pathogenic bacteria is effectively reduced, and influence of paris polyphylla rhizome rot on paris polyphylla yield is reduced.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The preparation method of the special culture medium for the traditional Chinese medicinal materials (refer to ZL 201410228080.6):
1) preparing a strain mother strain: taking waste fungus sticks after wood-rotting fungi such as mushroom, black fungus and lucid ganoderma are cultivated by mixed wood, removing plastic bags, and crushing the waste fungus sticks to be used as strain raw materials; adding brown sugar 0.5-3% of the weight of the strain raw materials, wheat bran 3-10%, corn flour 2-8%, ammonium bicarbonate 1-7% and calcium superphosphate 3-15%, and uniformly stirring in a stirrer to obtain a strain composite material; mixing Trichoderma viable spore powder (effective viable count is more than or equal to 10)9cfu/g) and the strain composite material according to the weight ratio of 1: 1000-1500, and the mixture is covered and fermented in a closed way by a white plastic filmObtaining strain mother seeds after 15-20 days; the fermentation conditions were: pH 7-8, CO2The concentration is 0.5%, the culture temperature is 20-28 ℃, and the humidity is 65-70%;
2) preparation of fermentation substrate: taking waste fungus sticks after wood-rotting fungi such as lentinus edodes, black fungus, lucid ganoderma and the like are cultivated by miscellaneous trees, removing plastic bags, crushing the waste fungus sticks, mixing the crushed waste fungus sticks with calcium superphosphate according to a weight ratio of 100-: 1, uniformly mixing and stirring to obtain a mixture; and then, mixing the fermented strain mother seeds with the mixture according to the weight ratio of 1: 100-250, uniformly mixing and stirring, sealing with a plastic film, and carrying out stack retting fermentation for 20-30 days to obtain a fermentation substrate for later use;
3) preparing a culture medium: before cultivation, 150-250 times of solution of zinc manganese enoyl and amino acid SODm is added into a fermentation substrate and uniformly mixed, so that the concentration of the amino acid in the substrate is 100-200 g/L, the total amount of the manganese and the zinc is 20-40 g/L, and the mass fraction of the SODm is 2-10%; and then adding a primycin solution with the matrix volume of 300-600 times and the mass fraction of 4%, or a carbendazim solution with the matrix volume of 400-800 times and the mass fraction of 50%, or a thiophanate-methyl solution with the matrix volume of 500-800 times and the mass fraction of 70%, uniformly mixing, and adjusting the water content of the matrix to be 25-30% to obtain the bactericide.
The used tillage limiting container is not provided with a chassis, the height of the surrounding edge is 40-50 cm, and the diameter of the chassis bottom is 50-60 cm.
Examples
A method for ecologically preventing and controlling rhizome decay of Paris polyphylla comprises the following steps:
1) base selection
Selecting a near water source in an under-forest base, and well draining and irrigating broad-leaved forest and mixed forest with deep humus soil, wherein the canopy density is 40-60%, and the elevation is 500-1500 m; the field foundation is a dry land which has good drainage, good soil texture, rich humus and slight acidity. After the Paris polyphylla products are mined, planting plots are idle for 2-3 years.
2) Seedling propagation:
a) preparing seed seedlings: harvesting mature berries with red peel from 11-month-first ten days, retting the berries for fermentation, kneading and rinsing, sorting out full and undamaged seeds, uniformly mixing the seeds and the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1:3, and storing at 3-5 ℃ for 2-3 months to keep the seeds moist; combined bedApplying culture medium (prepared according to ZL 201410228080.6) specially used for Chinese medicinal materials 500 kg/hm2～750 kg/hm2(ii) a Then sowing in the first ten days of 1 month to the middle ten days of 2 months, watering the seedbed thoroughly with 30wt% ferrous sulfate solution or 0.3wt% potassium permanganate solution for disinfection before sowing, and then drilling or broadcasting; weeds are removed in time, so that 'early removal, small removal and removal' are realized; after more than 10 percent of seedlings come out of the soil, spraying or irrigating with 1.0 to 1.5 weight percent of aqueous solution of the special Chinese medicinal material culture medium every 30 days, and preparing for transplanting when the fresh weight of the seedlings is about 5g, the plant height is more than 5cm and the number of roots is more than or equal to 5;
b) preparation of tuber seedlings: selecting a full 2-3-year-old plant tuber part with terminal buds, cutting the plant tuber part into small blocks with the length of 2.5-3.0 cm, drying in the shade, dipping plant ash in the small blocks, and preparing seeds; burying the treated bud-bearing tuber stems on a seedbed at intervals of 5-10 cm between 10 months and 2 months in the next year, uniformly covering a layer of substrate with the thickness of 5cm (the substrate is prepared by mixing river sand, vermiculite and peat soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1: 1), watering thoroughly, and covering a double-layer sunshade net; weeding is carried out in time, the seedlings of the same seeds are managed by fertilizer and water, and transplanting is carried out when the fresh weight of the seedlings is more than or equal to 25g, the bud length is more than or equal to 1.5cm, and the number of roots is more than or equal to 5.
3) Transplanting seedlings:
before transplanting, soaking the seedlings in 800-1000 times of 500wt% carbendazim or 70wt% thiophanate methyl for 5-7 min for disinfection; then, in the late 10 th ten days to 2 months in the next year, surface soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm is backfilled in the placed root control device, then 1.5-2.0 kg of base fertilizer with the thickness of 5-8 cm is added on the surface soil (the base fertilizer is formed by taking organic fertilizer as a main material and adding high-potassium inorganic fertilizer as an auxiliary material in a mixed mode, wherein the using amount of the inorganic fertilizer is 10-15% of the total weight of the base fertilizer, the total nutrient is more than or equal to 45% of the organic fertilizer, and the total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0%;
4) cultivation treatment:
a) unblocked irrigation and drainage and high-ridge cultivation: improve permeability under the forest, remove weeds in time in the cultivation process and keep irrigation and drainage smooth. High ridge cultivation, the ridge height is 40-50 cm, the planting density is properly reduced, and 37500-45000 plants are planted per hectare.
b) Fertilizing: organic fertilizer is used as the main material, and compound fertilizer is used as the auxiliary material. The application amount is 15000-22500 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare (organic matter is more than or equal to 45%, total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0), 375-450 kg of calcium superphosphate and 225-300 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer (the ratio of N, P, K in the high-potassium compound fertilizer is 6:6:28 when the fertilizer is applied before 5 months).
c) Impurity removal and cold prevention in winter: and (2) timely removing overground parts of the paris polyphylla after the paris polyphylla is fallen down, paying attention to not damage rootstocks in the removing process, removing deadwood disease residues and intensively burning the deadwood disease residues, spreading the burnt ash and the burnt rice straw ash on the surface layer of soil, then covering dry rice straws, wherein the rice straw covering thickness is 3-5 cm.
5) Ecological prevention and control
a) The onset of disease is light: the incidence of disease is less than 1%, and under the condition of local concentrated incidence of disease, the plants can be manually pulled out, weeds are removed, irrigation and drainage channels are unblocked, the incidence of disease area and the periphery are within 1m, and 300-375 kg/hm of quicklime is spread2To avoid pathogen diffusion.
b) In the serious disease-causing plots: the disease incidence is less than 1 percent, the diseased plant is removed, quicklime is spread for sterilization, and the irrigation and drainage channel is unblocked. Adopting a limited tillage container for planting, preparing soil and placing a root control device: digging surface soil with the thickness of 8-10 cm, placing the surface soil outside a plowing limiting container, and burying a root control device into a soil pit with the depth of 10-15 cm; 5250-6750 tillage limiting containers are placed in the forest land per hectare; backfilling surface soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm in a placed limited tillage container, adding 1.5-2.0 kg of base fertilizer with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the surface soil (the base fertilizer is prepared by taking an organic fertilizer as a main material and mixing an inorganic fertilizer as an auxiliary material, wherein the using amount of a high-potassium inorganic fertilizer is 10-15% of the total weight of the base fertilizer, the using amount of the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 45%, the total nutrient is more than or equal to 6.0%, N: P: K =10:12:23 in the inorganic fertilizer, then covering sterilized humus soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the base fertilizer, planting sterilized seedlings or seed stems in a root controller in a mode of enabling buds to face upwards, planting 3 plants in each container, finally spreading a special cultivation substrate for traditional Chinese medicinal materials with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the container, covering the special cultivation substrate with the sterilized humus soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm, and pouring 1-1.5L of root water.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An ecological prevention and control method for rhizome rot of Paris polyphylla is characterized by mainly taking agricultural prevention and control and comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting a base; (2) selecting seedlings; (3) cultivating; (4) cultivating; (5) and (4) ecological prevention and control.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the base selection comprises: selecting a near water source in an under-forest base, and well draining and irrigating broad-leaved forest and mixed forest with deep humus soil, wherein the canopy density is 40-60%, and the elevation is 500-1500 m; selecting dry land with good drainage, good soil texture, rich humus and slight acidity from field foundation; after the Paris polyphylla products are mined, planting plots are idle for 2-3 years.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the seedling selection comprises: and selecting healthy seedling or tuber seedling without plant diseases and insect pests for planting in the last ten days of 2 to 3 months each year.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said preparing of said seedlings comprises the steps of: harvesting mature berries with red peel from 11-month-first ten days, retting the berries for fermentation, kneading and rinsing, sorting out full and undamaged seeds, uniformly mixing the seeds and the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1:3, and storing at 3-5 ℃ for 2-3 months to keep the seeds moist; 500 kg/hm of special culture medium for applying traditional Chinese medicinal materials in combination with a bed2～750 kg/hm2(ii) a Then sowing in the first ten days of 1 month to the middle ten days of 2 months, watering the seedbed thoroughly with 30wt% ferrous sulfate solution or 0.3wt% potassium permanganate solution for disinfection before sowing, and then drilling or broadcasting; timely removing weeds, and after more than 10 percent of seedlings come out of the soil, using 1.0 to 1.5 weight percent of special Chinese medicinal materials for cultivation every 30 daysSpraying or irrigating the substrate with water solution, and preparing for transplanting when the fresh weight of the seedlings is about 5g, the plant height is more than 5cm, and the number of root systems is more than or equal to 5.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein said tuber seedlings are prepared by a method comprising the steps of: selecting a full 2-3-year-old plant tuber part with terminal buds, cutting the plant tuber part into small blocks with the length of 2.5-3.0 cm, drying in the shade, dipping plant ash in the small blocks, and preparing seeds; burying the treated bud blocks on a seedbed at intervals of 5-10 cm between 10 months and 2 months in the next year, uniformly covering a layer of substrate with the thickness of 5cm, watering thoroughly, and covering a double-layer sunshade net; weeding in time, managing the same seed seedlings by using fertilizer and water, and preparing for transplanting when the fresh weight of the seedlings is more than or equal to 25g, the bud length is more than or equal to 1.5cm, and the number of roots is more than or equal to 5;
the matrix is prepared by mixing river sand, vermiculite and peat soil according to the weight ratio of 1:1: 1.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cultivation process comprises: permeability under the forest is improved, weeds are removed in time in the cultivation process, and smooth irrigation and drainage is kept; high ridge cultivation is carried out, the ridge height is 40-50 cm, the planting density is reduced, and 37500-45000 plants are planted per hectare; the fertilization is mainly carried out by using an organic fertilizer and is assisted by using a compound fertilizer; the application amount is 15000-22500 kg/hm of organic fertilizer respectively2375-450 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2225-300 kg/hm potassium sulfate fertilizer2。
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cultivation process comprises: the dead branches are removed in time and burnt out in a centralized way, the overground part is removed in time after the seedling of the paris polyphylla in 11 months falls, and the rhizome is not damaged in the removing process.
8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said ecological control comprises the following steps: under the condition that the diseased plants are few and locally occur, the diseased plants are removed, and quicklime is spread in the diseased area; cultivating in a limited cultivation container in a region with serious disease, and selecting 0.8-1.0 m2The forest land of (1) is,removing impurities, and then embedding the root control device into a soil pit with the depth of 10-15 cm; putting 350-450 root control devices in each mu of forest land; backfilling surface soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm in the limited tillage container, applying a base fertilizer with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the surface soil, and covering sterilized humus soil with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the base fertilizer; then, planting the disinfected seedlings or seed stems in a root control device in a mode that the bud heads are upward, planting 3 plants in each container, finally spreading a special Chinese medicinal material culture medium with the thickness of 5-8 cm on the seedlings or seed stems, covering the seedlings or seed stems with sterilized humus with the thickness of 5-8 cm, and watering the seedlings or seed stems with rooting water.
9. Use of the method of claim 1 for the control of rhizome rot of Paris polyphylla.
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