CN104663226A - Cold-proof drought-resistant cultivation method for potatoes - Google Patents
Cold-proof drought-resistant cultivation method for potatoes Download PDFInfo
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- CN104663226A CN104663226A CN201510109541.2A CN201510109541A CN104663226A CN 104663226 A CN104663226 A CN 104663226A CN 201510109541 A CN201510109541 A CN 201510109541A CN 104663226 A CN104663226 A CN 104663226A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cold-proof drought-resistant cultivation method for potatoes, and relates to the technical field of potato cultivation. The cultivation method comprises the following steps: selecting varieties, processing potato seeds, preparing soil and ridging, sowing and applying a fertilizer, laying a trickle irrigation pipeline and watering, laminating a film and covering soil, taking cold-proof measures, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, harvesting and grading. Compared with a normal no-tillage cultivation and straw covering cultivation technology, the cold-proof drought-resistant cultivation method for potatoes disclosed by the invention does not need to use straws for planting the potatoes, so that the production raw materials and the artificial operation cost are reduced, the cold-proof drought-resistant effects are good, and high-quality products are produced. Moreover, a green potato rate and morbidity are obviously reduced, the goods potato rate of the potatoes and the yield are increased, so that the economic benefits are remarkable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to potato culture technical field, specifically a kind of high yield and high quality, reduce the potato efficient cultivation method of green potato rate, cold-proof drought resisting, particularly relate to a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method.
Background technology
Potato is the fifth-largest crop of China, Annual planting area 7000 ten thousand mu, and output is at about 100,000,000 tons, and comprehensive nutrition, can grain dish dual-purpose.Due to after southern Winter potato results on the occasion of the national market neutral gear phase, price is higher, remarkable in economical benefits, has become the dominant crop of increasing farmers' income winter.
At present, the potato culture technology of south Dong Zuo district extensive use is non-tillage field rice straw mulching culture technique, this technology is after rice harves, non-tillage field, directly ditches into furrow, potato seed is placed in Tu Mianshang, and use straw Wheat straw mulching, coordinating suitable fertilising and nursing intervention, until gather in the crops a potato dart transfer, the high-yield high-efficiency cultivation technology of fresh potato, is the cultivation technique of potato.It changes traditional plantation way needs whole furrow of turning over, ferti-seeding, intertill and clean tillage and the way of digging potato, changing " potato seed " is " pendulum potato ", changing " digging potato " is " picking potato ", and whole process can be summarised as visually " putting, Gai Yigai; pick ", eliminate turn over wholely, dig to sow in cave, intertill and clean tillage and dig all multiple operation such as potato, extensive management, dart transfer, and output is high, profitable.
But in actual production, we find that this technology still also exists following problem:
1. needed for, straw amount is larger, and every mu of potato needs the straw consumption of more than 1300 kilograms paddy rice (namely planting the straw consumption that 1 mu of potato needs 3 mu of ground), and in straw district in short supply, straw multipurpose regional development is limited; The adverse consequences that straw consumption greatly also brings economic benefit to decline, with per kilogram straw 0.3 yuan calculating, enterprise or large plantation family's mu Productive statistics can increase nearly 500 yuan, are unfavorable for very much potato production development.
2. emerge slow and irregular, management difficulty of emerging strengthens, and the too thick meeting of lid grass is unfavorable for emerging, and too thin, moisture content easily evaporates, and causes potato seed dehydration.
3. green potato rate is high.After potato raw rice straw post-partum period rots, lift portion is very easily blown away by wind, and even a lot of situation is that rice straw mulching is too thin, became uneven is even, the contact of mulching straw joint is not tight, and potato block easily exposes and turns green.In 2003 and the comparative trial of carrying out for 2004, adopt the green potato rate of No-tillage cultivation and straw covering technology, within 2 years, be respectively 4.84% and 3.26%, than conventional method respectively high 4.1% and 2.6%.
4. straw zero tillage pattern, the middle and later periods topdresses on straw top, and fertilizer is not easy down to ooze, and utilization rate of fertilizer is low, and potato raw fertilizer efficiency post-partum period is poor, and straw decomposes insufficient, and straw dissolving fertilizer efficiency availability is not high yet.
5., because straw decomposes insufficient, increase the difficulty of the lower whole ground of stubble paddy field and Rice Cropping.
6. easily there is the plague of rats.Winter, field mouse food was less, and can nest in straw lower floor, bite potato seed, has a strong impact on and emerge.
Therefore have to pass through culture technique improvement, just have better application prospect.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned Problems existing, provide a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, solve No-tillage cultivation and straw covering cultivation method Problems existing, reduce green potato rate and the incidence of disease, improve commodity rate, increase yield, increases economic efficiency.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, comprises the following steps:
(1) Fruit variety: select good quality and high output, wide adaptability, disease resistance is strong, commodity good, the precocious toxicity-removing white potato kind of fresh type;
(2) the fritter potato seed whole photo sowing of potato seed process: 30 ~ 50g, with how clever bacterium 500 ~ 700 times of liquid soaking disinfection 15 ~ 20min; Stripping and slicing is carried out in the potato seed of more than 50g, prepares two cutting knifes and is all immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% and carries out disinfection, and rotation uses, every block potato seed 25 ~ 40g, and with 1 ~ 2 eye, the potato block quicklime after stripping and slicing or seed dressing disinfectant powder carry out stripping and slicing seed dressing;
(3) whole ground ridging: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam; After loosening the soil to soil breaking, by the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 40 ~ 45cm between furrow band furrow width 110 ~ 120cm, the high 25 ~ 30cm of ridge furrow, furrow face width 70 ~ 80cm, two furrow;
(4) seeding and fertilizing: shallowly on furrow face open the dark plantation ditch of two 10cm before sowing, every mu of sowing 4500 ~ 5600 strains, every mu needs potato seed 150 ~ 180kg, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 20 ~ 25cm, line-spacing 35 ~ 40cm; Putting build soil two row potato seeds between, shallow cut dressing furrow, every mu execute decomposed manure 250kg, 45% Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg;
(5) lay droping irrigating pipe to water: after seeding and fertilizing, lay drip irrigation main pipeline at the edge of a field, in the middle of furrow face, lay drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way connection between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), and then water;
(6) overlay film blinding: use is artificial or laminating machine is wide by 1m, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness covers on furrow, adopt hack to compress mulch film both sides, on the film of unregistered land, cladding thickness is 6 ~ 8cm soil in small, broken bits;
(7) freeze prevention measure: foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers before frost arrives, after temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation;
(8) damage by disease and insect prevention and control: spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate; Spray 40% can kill 600-700 doubly or 72% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 600-800 doubly prevent and treat the generation of balck shank; Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T8321;
(9) results and classification: time and conventional method are gathered in the crops routinely; After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, remove the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
As preferred version of the present invention, in step (2), potato seed process within 5 ~ 8 days, carries out before planting.
As another preferred version of the present invention, in the dicing process of step (2) potato seed process, cutting knife can also be immersed in the alcohol of 75% or the potassium permanganate of 5% or 5% aqueous soup solution or entreat in the mixed solution of the fertile 1:200 in mass ratio with water of large organic coordination sterilize.
Owing to adopting such scheme, inhibit the courses of infection of seed potato stripping and slicing otch, reduce the propagation probability of germ between seed potato stripping and slicing, decrease the loss of seed potato stripping and slicing moisture, improve the emergence rate of potato.
As preferred version of the present invention, the raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 800 ~ 1200g, the thiophanate methyl 10 ~ 30g of 5%, how clever bacterium 10 ~ 30g and new phytomycin 1 ~ 2g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes.
As preferred version of the present invention, after step (6) terminates, to occurring that seedling cannot carry out human assistance rupture of membranes during rupture of membranes.
Fruit variety of the present invention: moderate growth duration, marketable high yield, high-quality, disease-resistant variety, and be resting stage cross high-quality detoxification one-level, secondary potato seed, avoid use band poison, potato seed and commodity potato are planted in spite of illness.As, the breeding times such as Favorita, No. 3, middle potato, No. 5, middle potato, at the precocious high-quality Potato Cultivars of 90-100 days, select original seed one-level, secondary virus-free seed potato.Can also select that K3 is pale reddish brown, cooperation 88, the Atlantic Ocean, Dongnong303, grams new No. 4, Xia Bodi, No.-2, meeting, No. 2, middle potato, pale reddish brown 851.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
1, compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method does not need straw, cold-proof better effects if.
Result of study shows, compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, use cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method to plant potato not need to use straw, reduce planting cost, and due to its good cold-proof effect, the product quality of the better output of No-tillage cultivation and straw covering planting technology and high-quality more can be obtained.
2, cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method obviously reduces green potato rate and the incidence of disease than No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, increases commodity potato rate and output
The coverage effect of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method plantation potato is better, and compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, green potato rate reduces 5.32%, and the incidence of disease reduces 11.07%.Result of the test shows, the commodity potato rate of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method plantation potato is 87.36%, and the commodity potato rate of No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique is 76.96%, increases by 10.4% on year-on-year basis, and output increases by 21.41%.
3, compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method is more conducive to the machinery cultivated land operation in next crop corn field
Application No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique plantation potato, to when gathering in the crops, straw only has half to dissolve or broken, second half undissolved straw, under early in the morning paddy field mechanical cultivation time, the facility of machinery can be wound around, increase the difficulty of mechanical work; Apply cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method plantation potato, owing to not needing to use straw, and unregistered land film is easily taken away, to results potato during paddy field farming, can not increase mechanical work difficulty.
4, by increasing income, Jie Zhi and raising commodity potato rate, Economic model obviously increases
Cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method do not need use straw, save production cost, improve commodity potato rate and increase yield etc., acquisition increase income and economize on spending effect clearly, compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, increase income and economize on spending 659 yuan for every mu.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, foregoing invention content of the present invention is described in further detail, but this should be interpreted as that the scope of the above-mentioned theme of the present invention is only limitted to following embodiment.
Embodiment 1
A kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, comprises the following steps:
(1) Fruit variety: select good quality and high output, wide adaptability, disease resistance is strong, commodity good, the precocious toxicity-removing white potato kind of fresh type;
(2) potato seed process: carry out for 8 days before planting; The fritter potato seed whole photo sowing of 30g, with how clever bacterium 500 ~ 700 times of liquid soaking disinfection 20min; Stripping and slicing is carried out in the potato seed of more than 50g, prepares two cutting knifes and is all immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% and carries out disinfection, and rotation uses, every block potato seed 35g, and with 1 ~ 2 eye, the potato block seed dressing disinfectant powder after stripping and slicing carries out stripping and slicing seed dressing; The raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 1000g, the thiophanate methyl 20g of 5%, how clever bacterium 20g and new phytomycin 1g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes;
(3) whole ground ridging: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam; After loosening the soil to soil breaking, by the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 45cm between furrow band furrow width 120cm, ridge furrow height 30cm, furrow face width 75cm, two furrow;
(4) seeding and fertilizing: shallowly on furrow face open the dark plantation ditch of two 10cm before sowing, every mu of sowing 5000 strains, every mu needs potato seed 160kg, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 20cm, line-spacing 40cm; Putting build soil two row potato seeds between, shallow cut dressing furrow, every mu execute decomposed manure 250kg, 45% Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg;
(5) lay droping irrigating pipe to water: after seeding and fertilizing, lay drip irrigation main pipeline at the edge of a field, in the middle of furrow face, lay drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way connection between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), and then water;
(6) overlay film blinding: use is artificial or laminating machine is wide by 1m, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness covers on furrow, adopt hack to compress mulch film both sides, on the film of unregistered land, cladding thickness is 6cm soil in small, broken bits; To occurring that seedling cannot carry out human assistance rupture of membranes during rupture of membranes;
(7) freeze prevention measure: foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers before frost arrives, after temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation;
(8) damage by disease and insect prevention and control: spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate; Spraying 40% can kill 600 ~ 700 times or 72% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 600-800 doubly prevent and treat the generation of balck shank; Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T8321;
(9) results and classification: time and conventional method are gathered in the crops routinely; After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, remove the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
Embodiment 2
A kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, comprises the following steps:
(1) Fruit variety: select good quality and high output, wide adaptability, disease resistance is strong, commodity good, the precocious toxicity-removing white potato kind of fresh type;
(2) potato seed process: carry out for 5 days before planting; The fritter potato seed whole photo sowing of 40g, with how clever bacterium 500 ~ 700 times of liquid soaking disinfection 15min; Stripping and slicing is carried out in the potato seed of more than 50g, prepares two cutting knifes and is all immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% and carries out disinfection, and rotation uses, every block potato seed 25g, and with 1 ~ 2 eye, the potato block seed dressing disinfectant powder after stripping and slicing carries out stripping and slicing seed dressing; The raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 1000g, the thiophanate methyl 20g of 5%, how clever bacterium 20g and new phytomycin 1g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes;
(3) whole ground ridging: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam; After loosening the soil to soil breaking, by the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 45cm between furrow band furrow width 120cm, ridge furrow height 30cm, furrow face width 80cm, two furrow;
(4) seeding and fertilizing: shallowly on furrow face open the dark plantation ditch of 10cm before sowing, every mu of sowing 5600 strains, every mu needs potato seed 180kg, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 25cm, line-spacing 30cm; Putting build soil two row potato seeds between, shallow cut dressing furrow, every mu execute decomposed manure 250kg, 45% Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg;
(5) lay droping irrigating pipe to water: after seeding and fertilizing, lay drip irrigation main pipeline at the edge of a field, in the middle of furrow face, lay drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way connection between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), and then water;
(6) overlay film blinding: use is artificial or laminating machine is wide by 1m, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness covers on furrow, adopt hack to compress mulch film both sides, on the film of unregistered land, cover soil in small, broken bits, on the film of unregistered land, cladding thickness is 8cm soil in small, broken bits;
(7) freeze prevention measure: foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers before frost arrives, after temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation;
(8) damage by disease and insect prevention and control: spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate; Spray 40% can kill 600-700 doubly or 72% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 600-800 doubly prevent and treat the generation of balck shank; Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T8321;
(9) results and classification: time and conventional method are gathered in the crops routinely; After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, remove the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
Embodiment 3
A kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, comprises the following steps:
(1) Fruit variety: select good quality and high output, wide adaptability, disease resistance is strong, commodity good, the precocious toxicity-removing white potato kind of fresh type;
(2) the fritter potato seed whole photo sowing of potato seed process: 50g, with how clever bacterium 500 ~ 700 times of liquid soaking disinfection 15min; Stripping and slicing is carried out in the potato seed of more than 50g, prepares two cutting knifes and is all immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% and carries out disinfection, and rotation uses, every block potato seed 40g, and with 1 ~ 2 eye, the potato block seed dressing disinfectant powder after stripping and slicing is dressed seed to dividing the potato block cut; The raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 1000g, the thiophanate methyl 20g of 5%, how clever bacterium 20g and new phytomycin 1g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes;
(3) whole ground ridging: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam; After pulverizing soil rotary tillage, by the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 40cm between furrow band furrow width 120cm, ridge furrow height 25cm, furrow face width 70cm, two furrow;
(4) seeding and fertilizing: shallowly on furrow face open the dark plantation ditch of two 10cm before sowing, every mu of sowing 4500 strains, every mu needs potato seed 150kg, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 20cm, line-spacing 35cm; Putting build soil two row potato seeds between, shallow cut dressing furrow, every mu execute decomposed manure 250kg, 45% Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg;
(5) lay droping irrigating pipe to water: after seeding and fertilizing, lay drip irrigation main pipeline at the edge of a field, in the middle of furrow face, lay drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way connection between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), and then water;
(6) overlay film blinding: use is artificial or laminating machine is wide by 1m, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness covers on furrow, adopt hack to compress mulch film both sides, on the film of unregistered land, cladding thickness is 8cm soil in small, broken bits;
(7) freeze prevention measure: foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers before frost arrives, after temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation;
(8) damage by disease and insect prevention and control: spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate; Spray 40% can kill 600-700 doubly or 72% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 600-800 doubly prevent and treat the generation of balck shank; Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T8321;
(9) results and classification: time and conventional method are gathered in the crops routinely; After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, remove the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
Embodiment 4
Be with above-described embodiment difference: in the dicing process of step (2) potato seed process, cutting knife can also be immersed in the alcohol of 75% or the potassium permanganate of 5% or 5% aqueous soup solution or entreat in the mixed solution of the fertile 1:200 in mass ratio with water of large organic coordination sterilize.
Embodiment 5
Be with above-described embodiment difference, the raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 1200g, the thiophanate methyl 30g of 5%, how clever bacterium 30g and new phytomycin 2g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes.
Embodiment 6
Be with above-described embodiment difference, the raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 800g, the thiophanate methyl 10g of 5%, how clever bacterium 10g and new phytomycin 1g, mixes 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing after above raw material mixes.
Below by test, the present invention will be further described:
One, experimental scheme
Experimental scheme two process, process one adopts cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method of the present invention, as experimental group; What process two adopted is traditional No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, as a control group; Each process area under cultivation is 1 mu, and each process arranges three repetitions.The cultivation carrying out single treatment one and process two every year contrasts, and contrasts from 2010 to 2012 continuous 3 years.
Two, kind is tested
Potato Cultivars: Favorita
Three, process of the test
(1) one is processed: using the embodiment 1 of the present invention's cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method as experimental group
Be below concrete process of the present invention:
Planting site is selected: planting site environment should meet the requirement of NY5010-2002, selects the sandy soil plantation that the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, irrigation and drainage are good.Avoid and mix up with solanaceous crops continuous cropping or concentrate, select previous crops to be the field of paddy rice, the soil-borne disease such as bacterial wilt, shot hole can be avoided.
Sowing time of sowing time: Gui Bei, western Guangxi autumn planting potato August by 9 months at the beginning of; Spring sowing is by the end of December; Gui Zhong, the regional Winter potato in south, osmanthus were sowed to mid-November in mid-October.
Potato seed process: to the potato seed after results, according to respective resting stage, stack at the environment of ventilation shading, pilling up time exceedes the potato seed of resting stage, is considered as brokenly sleeping.The fritter potato seed of less than 60 grams, does not generally need stripping and slicing, takes whole photo sowing; The potato seed of more than 60 grams should carry out stripping and slicing, and every block potato seed will more than 30 grams, to ensure that potato seedling has enough basal nutrient supplies.Rip cutting or cut sth. askew during stripping and slicing, becomes wedge-like, can not into strips or sheet, and each stripping and slicing has 1-2 eye.Dicing process kind will be noted carrying out cutting knife sterilization.Generally eachly cut potato workman and be immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% by two cuttves, use wherein one after cutting a potato seed, then soaked in cutter liquid by cutter, take out another cutter and carry out cutting potato operation, hocket stripping and slicing.Potato block ash, lime or dry powder after stripping and slicing, add 5% thiophanate methyl or carbendazim is evenly dressed seed.The fritter potato seed that cutting is handled well, unified stacking was planted after one day.General after stripping and slicing process within 5 days under plantation, otherwise it is uneven easily to cause emerging, or it is more weak to emerge.
Wholely: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam.After previous crops results, turn over the broken soil of plough with rotovator, the layer that loosens the soil reaches more than 20-25 centimetre, furrow band furrow width 110 centimetres ~ 120 centimetres is pressed again with whole furrow machine, ridge is high 25 centimetres ~ and 40 centimetres, furrow face width 80 centimetres ~ 90 centimetres, the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 20 centimetres ~ 30 centimetres between two furrow.After ridger ridging, then manually to use the meticulous whole furrow of hoe, accomplish in small, broken bits, neat.
Sowing: more than every mu of sowing 4500-5600 strain, every mu needs potato seed 150 kilograms ~ 180 kilograms.On furrow face, about 5-10 centimetre of dark plantation ditch is opened with spud is shallow before sowing, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 20 centimetres ~ 25 centimetres, line-spacing 23-30 centimetre, eye is downward, puts in plantation ditch, fetch earth on a small quantity to cover with hoe and plant, be beneficial to early root of hair, absorb moisture and early emerge, evenly emerge.
Discharge base manure: putting between two good row potato seeds of blinding, shallow cut dressing furrow, discharges base manure, and base manure should execute decomposed manure 250kg, the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg of 45%, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg.
Lay droping irrigating pipe: after seeding and fertilizing, major groove is laid drip irrigation main pipeline, in the middle of furrow, lays drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with a bit of sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), note keeping the unimpeded of each pipeline enclosure connection.
Overlay film blinding: wide with 1 meter, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness, above being covered by unregistered land film with artificial or laminating machine, all around a small amount of firming tightens unregistered land film, the unregistered land film in order to avoid wind is thrown.Soil moisture content is bad drier, first will carry out trickle to ground moistening to plot, then carry out unregistered land film overwrite job, be beneficial to potato and emerge in time and ensure full stand.After unregistered land film is tightened in covering, with artificial or drag links on mulch film, on the film of unregistered land, cover soil in small, broken bits, thickness is at about 5-6cm.
Human assistance rupture of membranes: in tightening unregistered land film at firming, have and tighten not on a small quantity, then occur that seedling cannot the phenomenon of bursting mulch film, field inspection is just started after half comes up, to can not the seedling of bursting mulch film, carry out human assistance rupture of membranes, by mulch film cut, seedling can be grown in time and bassets.
Field management: 1, can not nitrogen fertilizer application partially, enriches farmyard manure and phosphorus, potash fertilizer and trace element, improves premunition.2, within 40 ~ 50 days, remaining 40% nitrogenous fertilizer and 50% potash fertilizer are divided and have imposed for 3 ~ 5 times after emerging, early stage with nitrogen for main potassium is auxiliary, mid-term nitrogen and potassium lay equal stress on, later stage potash fertilizer.When imposing, first fertilizer is dissolved in the water tank surrounded with long cloth and plastics, then with suction pump, the fertilizer after dissolving is arrived face by pipeline drip irrigation.Execute first time blade face phosphate fertilizer after Qi Miao, execute 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days, totally 4 ~ 5 times later; Top dressing divides to be carried out for 2 ~ 3 times, if will pour water in time without rain after topdressing.3, look soil dry-wet situation whole breeding time, pour water 2 ~ 4 times, early stage arid short of rain, should irrigate through furrow, pour water highly be about furrow high 1/3, be no more than 1/2 at most, encumbrance hour; Middle and later periods keeps ground moistening, meets drought and fills with half ditch-water, timely draining of raining.4, in process of growth, because the reasons such as weather cause the potato growth impetus excessively prosperous, then take the way that the paclobutrazol page sprays, suitably suppress its growing way, working concentration is 100mg/kg water.
Cold-proof technical measures: 1. foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers strengthen the Freezing hardiness of potato plant before frost arrives.After temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation, spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate.
2. half ditch-water is filled with in field.Have the field of irrigation ability, before frost comes, fill with half ditch-water, field water was discharged morning by second, and fill with first ditch-water the dusk again, in case frost again.Half ditch-water method of filling with is very effective, can improve field conditions, improve field temperature 0.5-1.5 DEG C, in most cases effectively can resist the harm of frost to potato.
3. spraying.High bar sprinkling irrigation or micro-spray are all a kind of water saving irrigation facilities, and pre-frost damage prevention effect is also good.Can carry out in place with good conditionsi.
4. plastic film covering.At about kind of potato 25-45 days, by film limit compacting that is wide 3 meters, thick 0.14mm in furrow ditch, film volume is also placed in ditch for subsequent use.When listening weather forecast to have frost to occur, the film spooled being opened and covers on potato plant, the large walk in film limit is fastened.But it should be noted that the air vent will making a call to a 5-8cm on film every 40cm, in case in noon film, cauline leaf is burnt by high temperature.After frostbite comes to an end temporarily, film is opened and rolls, be placed on another side.When comeing again, cover at once, a season can be reused, guarantee potato not by frost damage.
Damage by disease and insect prevention and control: the disease of potato mainly contains early blight, late blight and balck shank.Insect pest mainly contains aphid, ladybug and cutworm.Spray 40% and can kill to obtain 600-700 times or the 72% first frost mancozeb wettable powder 600-800 times extremely significantly reduction blakleg of potato incidence of disease, preventive effect reaches more than 75%.Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T8321.
Results and classification: Guangxi Winter potato generally gathers in the crops listing successively from late Febuary.Select fair weather, field do not have to gather in the crops when ponding, take artificial, plough to turn over or mechanical equivalent of light excavation results, mechanical damage will be reduced as far as possible.After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population should be removed, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
(2) two are processed: with traditional rice straw for potato no-tillage with straw mulch cultivation method as a control group
Be below the concrete process of traditional rice straw for potato no-tillage with straw mulch cultivation method:
Rice field and potato seed are selected: the cultivation of rice straw for potato no-tillage with straw mulch is suitable for not having the very light region of frost or frost to apply, and have the place of frost will avoid frost damage sowing time by adjustment.Flood should be selected to arrange, non-irrigated to fill with, more than medium fertility rice field carries out zero tillage, must guard against and plant in waterlogged lowland.Seed farm and middle rice field are more conducive to playing temperature, the light resources advantage enriched early stage.According to the demand in local climate condition and market, select moderate growth duration, marketable high yield, high-quality, disease-resistant variety, and be crossed resting stage high-quality detoxification one-level, secondary potato seed, avoid using band poison, potato seed and commodity potato planted in spite of illness.In recent years, mainly contain in the good kind of my district's Planted: Favorita, K3 be pale reddish brown, cooperation 88, the Atlantic Ocean, Dongnong303, grams new No. 4, No. 3, middle potato, Xia Bodi, No.-2, meeting etc.
Stripping and slicing is sterilized: 20 ~ 30 grams of small seed potato whole photo sowing effects are better.Large potato seed answers stripping and slicing to plant.Each stripping and slicing is not less than 25 grams, at least will have the bud that more than healthy and strong, and be linked with position, top as far as possible.Shapes of cutout with tetrahedron as well, is avoided thinly slicing.Cut potato method: 1. about 50 grams little potatos.Vertical partial application, is divided into two.2. the middle potato of about 100 grams.Rip cutting two cutter, is divided into 3 ~ 4 pieces.3. the yampi of more than 125 grams.First cut 2 ~ 3 pieces from umbilical region along eye, then tip portion rip cutting is 2 ~ 4 pieces.Prepare 2 ~ 3 when cutting potato cutting knife, be placed in the aqueous soup solution soaking disinfection of the alcohol of 75% or the potassium permanganate of 5% or 5%, rotation at set intervals, uses front clear water to rinse well.By its reject, and cutting knife and cutting plate should be changed when particularly meeting disease, rotten potato at once, prevent germ from transmitting and infect.Potato seed sterilization based on whole potato sterilization, should be aided with stripping and slicing sterilization.Whole potato sterilize available gram of dew, carbendazim 500 ~ 700 times of liquid or agricultural streptomycin 150 ~ 200 unit soak 15 ~ 20 minutes.Also 20 kilograms, clear water immersion 2 hours can be converted with fertile 100 grams of the large organic coordination in centre.Be positioned over ventilation after potato seed sterilization and see that the airing of light place carried out vernalization or stripping and slicing after half day.Stripping and slicing sterilization with quicklime or can make disinfectant powder seed dressing potato by oneself.Self-control disinfectant powder sterilization: after 1000 grams of dry powders+20 grams of thiophanate methyls+20 grams of carbendazim+1 gram of new phytomycin mixes, mix 100 kilograms of potato seed strippings and slicings.
Vernalization pendulum kind: husky bed vernalization will be carried out in indoor seasoning, ventilation.First by intensive for the potato seed disinfected (stripping and slicing) ground be laid in through sterilization, cover with the wet river sand of cleanliness without any pollution, river sand cladding thickness 3 centimetres, then intensive lay second layer tubercle on river sand, bedding river sand thereon again, one deck potato block one deck like this wets river sand lay 2 ~ 3 layers, finally builds with gunnysack or straw.After 6 ~ 8 days, when (bud grows a shelled peanut size) is sprouted in most of potato block sprouting, suitably dry in the air kind of a white silk bud (with bud mutation purple for degree).In pregermination procedure, note running check river sand wettability, too dryly will to spray water in time, but unsuitable trickle is too much, must guard against bottom ponding.After having urged bud, carry out classifying seed according to the length of potato seed bud, sturdy degree.Potato seed (stripping and slicing) straw and the black plastic mulching that will be able to disinfect in rice field that potato seed amount is larger, vernalization of taking shelter from rain.But note holding drain ditch successfully, running check temp. and humidity (remaining on about 25 DEG C).South, my osmanthus, district and coastal area Suitable Sowing Period be early October to mid-November, too early temperature is too high, and output is not good enough; Cross the phase rainwater that lags too many, disease is serious, and also affect next year spring ploughing, key avoids high temperature and frost.Gui Bei and Gui Xi to postpone sowing time in 12 months, the last ten-days period, to circumvent sombre weather and the frost in January.
Little furrow plantation: equally first employ tractor-ploughing or animal-drawn plough pine irrigation and drainage ditch.By furrow width 30 centimetres, ditch depth 20 centimetres, furrow face width 70 centimetres.The every drill seeding 2 row, line-spacing 30 centimetres, spacing in the rows 25 cm, furrow limit respectively stays 20 centimetres.By triangle disposition pendulum kind, every mu of plantation 5000 ~ 5500 strains.Potato seed is placed in Tu Mianshang, and eye downwards or side direction presses close to native face and use irrigation and drainage ditch fine earth covers, and cover the thick straw of 5 cm after fertilising equably, then ditch cleaning earthing, ditch soil covers on straw, blinding thickness 5 cm.
Fertilising lid kind: in the ratio of N P and K 2:1:4, according to rice field fertility with output demand is disposable before lid straw uses sufficient fertilizer.Execute high-quality farmyard manure 1000 ~ 1500 kilograms for every mu, ternary compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 70 ~ 100 kilograms, potassium sulfate 20 ~ 30 kilograms.Base manure made by the barnyard manure become thoroughly decomposed, and suitably can convert soil and directly divide at seeding time and be placed in potato seed.Chemical fertilizer is placed on the centre of two strain potato seeds, also can be placed near potato seed, but need keep the distance of more than 5 centimetres with potato seed, directly can not contact, in case rotten kind with potato seed.Later growth takes off available 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate of fertilizer or the urea solution of 0.5% carries out 1 ~ 2 top dressing.Mulching straw neatly should be paved with whole furrow face, not leave a blank, and ensures that potato seed is easily emerged, improves the quality of products.Otherwise can reduce heat and moisture preserving effect, potato block is also easily existing blue or green general green, and green potato rate is high, and product quality declines., there is " card seedling " phenomenon sometimes, need manually to draw seedling in straw Stagger-wrap.Should final singling in time after Qi Miao, every potato retains 1 ~ 2 the most strong strain, wipes out unnecessary weak seedling, seedling, in order to knot yampi.
Trench digging Guan Shui: first with power or animal-drawn plough pine furrow ditch, then artificial ditch cleaning.Before emerging, soil remains moistening (field capacity about 60%), and running into arid should pour water in time, water layer suitable shallow (not dipped field papula is to potato seed), and to moisten filling, sprinkling irrigation as well, forbid flood irrigation, timely draining falls dry.Growth is suitably poured water mid-term, keeps ground moistening (field capacity 70% ~ 80%).Later growth straw starts to decay, and moisture capacity strengthens, and running into unbroken rainy weather will note draining, prevents accumulated water excessive with the straw humidity of pressing close to native face, otherwise affects the growth of potato seedling, and stem tuber also easily rots.
Preventing disease pest control: Main Agronomic measure: one is select the anosis potato kind of detoxification; Two is do potato seed sterilization well; Three is rice field-upland field rotation, avoids and solanaceous crops or root crop continuous cropping; Four is when field finds diseased plant, soil is with in time to excavate, and moves on to the outer buried or burning of growing area.Chemical prevention and control method: late blight, ring rot and black stem mancozeb 1000 times or metalaxyl MnZn 1000 times of solution spray control, sprayed every 7-10 days once, connect spray 2-3 time, also can spray with a gram dew, the many Mils of thunder or Ridomil MZ Gold 600 times of solution.Bacterial wilt at the initial stage of a disease, wettable particulate pulvis 500 times of solution or 12% green newborn copper missible oil, 600 times of molten liquid irrigating roots can be killed to obtain with 72% agricultural streptomycin sulphate, 4000 times of solution or 77%, the liquid 250 ~ 500 grams converted is filled with in every strain, fills with 1 time every 10 days, connects filling 2 ~ 3 times.The anti-available 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times of solution sprays that eliminate aphis.Controlling underground pest can spread fertilizer over the fields with chlorophos, the phoxim preparation full field of pesticide-clay mixture.
Frost prevention kills mouse: adjust sowing time, avoids frost damage as far as possible; Vegetative period, when there is frosty weather, fiery sootiness frost protection was piled in position of will being in the wind, and noted watering, and kept ground moistening, or used antifreeze or composite biological fertilizer alleviates frost damage.The Winter potato often plague of rats is comparatively serious, need unify to kill mouse, select the raticide meeting No-harmful apple orchard requirement, note person poultry safety.
Potato block is gathered in the crops: when cauline leaf turns withered by green flavescence gradually, stolon and stem tuber easily come off, and when stem tuber epidermis toughness is large, cortex is thick, color and luster is normal, can gather in the crops.Raise straw during results and can pick up potato, the part potato block waddy buried or bamboo let just can dig out, and pick potato dress basket a little and transport, prevent from drenching with rain and daylight insolation, in order to avoid potato block rots and potato skin turns green, guarantee good product quality, sell at a good price after airing.
Four, result of the test:
The Yield and quality of closer 3 years (2010-2012 years) two kinds of cultivation method results potatos, the results are shown in following table 1:
Table 1 embodiment of the present invention 1 and traditional No-tillage cultivation and straw covering cultivate the test data contrasted
Experimental result is analyzed: the coverage effect of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method plantation potato is better, and compared with No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, green potato rate reduces 5.32%, and the incidence of disease reduces 11.07%.Result of the test shows, the commodity potato rate of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method plantation potato is 87.36%, and the commodity potato rate of No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique is 76.96%, increases by 10.4% on year-on-year basis, and output increases by 21.41%.
Conclusion: the present invention, compared with conventional No-tillage cultivation and straw covering culture technique, using cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method to plant potato without the need to using straw, saving production cost, having good cold-proof effect, the product of production high-quality; And green potato rate, the incidence of disease obviously reduce, improve potato commodity potato rate and increase yield, therefore remarkable in economical benefits.
Claims (5)
1. a cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
(1) Fruit variety: select good quality and high output, wide adaptability, disease resistance is strong, commodity good, the precocious toxicity-removing white potato kind of fresh type;
(2) the fritter potato seed whole photo sowing of potato seed process: 30 ~ 50g, with how clever bacterium 500 ~ 700 times of liquid soaking disinfection 15 ~ 20min; Stripping and slicing is carried out in the potato seed of more than 50g, prepares two cutting knifes and is all immersed in the liquor potassic permanganate of 1% and carries out disinfection, and rotation uses, every block potato seed 25 ~ 40g, and with 1 ~ 2 eye, the potato block quicklime after stripping and slicing or seed dressing disinfectant powder carry out stripping and slicing seed dressing;
(3) whole ground ridging: select irrigation and drainage convenience, farming layer depth, be rich in organic matter, loose sandy loam or loam; After loosening the soil to soil breaking, by the whole furrow of specification ridging of furrow width 40 ~ 45cm between furrow band furrow width 110 ~ 120cm, the high 25 ~ 30cm of ridge furrow, furrow face width 70 ~ 80cm, two furrow;
(4) seeding and fertilizing: shallowly on furrow face open the dark plantation ditch of two 10cm before sowing, every mu of sowing 4500 ~ 5600 strains, every mu needs potato seed 150 ~ 180kg, by potato seed according to duplicate rows triangular planting, spacing in the rows 20 ~ 25cm, line-spacing 35 ~ 40cm; Putting build soil two row potato seeds between, shallow cut dressing furrow, every mu execute decomposed manure 250kg, 45% Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 75kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 15kg;
(5) lay droping irrigating pipe to water: after seeding and fertilizing, lay drip irrigation main pipeline at the edge of a field, in the middle of furrow face, lay drip irrigation branch pipe(tube), branch pipe(tube) end is locked with sebific duct after giving a discount, be connected by four-way connection between main pipeline with branch pipe(tube), and then water;
(6) overlay film blinding: use is artificial or laminating machine is wide by 1m, the brand-new unregistered land film of 0.008cm thickness covers on furrow, adopt hack to compress mulch film both sides, on the film of unregistered land, cladding thickness is 6 ~ 8cm soil in small, broken bits;
(7) freeze prevention measure: foliage-spray fulvic acid or 600 times of Tianda-2116s+800 times of shrimp peptide ammino acid foliage fertilizers before frost arrives, after temperature is stable, when having young leaves to occur, drains ditch internal water accumulation;
(8) damage by disease and insect prevention and control: spray the general generation of making every effort to overcome bactericidal agent for preventing and treating epidemic disease, downy mildew of+700 times 72.2%, 3 ‰ potassium nitrate; Spray 40% can kill 600-700 doubly or 72% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 600-800 doubly prevent and treat the generation of balck shank; Other damage by disease and insect prevention and control are carried out according to the requirement of GB/T 8321;
(9) results and classification: time and conventional method are gathered in the crops routinely; After results, by suitable for potato airing with air-dry surface moisture, remove the potato block of rotten, damaged, sick potato, blue or green head and band insect population, then carry out classification according to size, adopt mesh bag or packed in cases listing.
2. a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in step (2), potato seed process within 5 ~ 8 days, carries out before planting.
3. a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the dicing process of step (2) potato seed process, cutting knife can also be immersed in the alcohol of 75% or the potassium permanganate of 5% or 5% aqueous soup solution or entreat in the mixed solution of the fertile 1:200 in mass ratio with water of large organic coordination sterilize.
4. a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the raw material of described seed dressing disinfectant powder is by weight ratio: dry powder 800 ~ 1200g, the thiophanate methyl 10 ~ 30g of 5%, how clever bacterium 10 ~ 30g and new phytomycin 1 ~ 2g, after above raw material mixes, mix 100kg potato seed stripping and slicing.
5. a kind of cold-proof drought resisting potato culture method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: after step (6) terminates, to occurring that seedling cannot carry out human assistance rupture of membranes during rupture of membranes.
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Application publication date: 20150603 |