CN102630478A - Organic tobacco field planting and field managing method - Google Patents
Organic tobacco field planting and field managing method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an organic tobacco field planting and field managing method, which comprises the following steps: preparing land and ridging, transplanting tobacco seedlings, applying fertilizer in fields, performing field management and pest control, and harvesting manually, wherein the section of a ridge is ladder-shaped, the ridge spacing is 100-120cm, the ridge height is 20-25cm, drainage ditches are formed according to the height of terrain, the tobacco seedlings are transplanted with the plant spacing of 45-55cm, watered with enough water, covered with soil, and covered with a mulching film, and the mulching film is broken to expose the seedlings, base fertilizer is applied before ridging and during the transplanting and topdressing is applied after the transplanting, the field management comprises seedling deficiency check and seedling supplementation, film removal, earthing up, water replenishing, topping, leaf retention and sprout removal, and the pest control comprises comprehensive control and chemical control. According to the organic tobacco plantation and management requirements, organic fertilizer is adopted, and a harmless medicament or biological agent is used for the pest control, so that the organic production of the tobacco is realized. Compared with the regular tobacco production method, lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, copper, chromium and other harmful elements as well as the residual quantities of imidacloprid, emamectin benzoate, permethrin, fenvalerate, thiamethoxam and other main pesticides can be obviously reduced.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the tobacco production technical field, be specifically related to a kind of organic tobacco field planting and field management method.
Background technology
According to the historical document record, tobacco is 16th century to import China into by Philippine, Vietnam, Korea in succession, but is accepted by people very soon.Through plantation and the propagation in surplus 400 years, tobacco in the distribution of China very extensively, from the east of seashore of the Huanghai Sea; To the Ili Prefecture, south gets Hainan Island, north is up between white mountain and black water; 74 ° ~ 135 ° of longitudes; In 180 ° ~ 53 ° scopes of latitude, to the mountain area, plateau more than the height above sea level 3000m, stayed the footprint of tobacco everywhere from the Turpan Basin that is lower than the sea level.Tobacco produces land fertility is had relatively high expectations, and generally selects strong plantation plot of fertility and crop rotation in time, and the land for growing field crops that could satisfy tobacco produces.In recent years, China's leaf tobacco production technology is standard and perfect day by day, and quality of tobacco and availability improve a lot, for domestic cigarette industry enterprise and international market provide a large amount of quality raw materials.But compare with sound tobacco in the world, still there are the more high outstanding problems of allogenic material detected level such as agricultural chemicals, heavy metal in China's tobacco leaf.Along with people's is to concern and the raising of food security and the development of organic farming of health, and organic leaf tobacco production has become characteristic and the only way which must be passed of leaf tobacco production.Therefore, improve the leaf tobacco production technology, explore organic leaf tobacco production planting patterns; Reduce foreign substance harm in the tobacco leaf, improve the tobacco leaf safety, adapt to the competition of international market; Satisfy of the requirement of domestic cigarette industry, remain a ten minutes urgent task of current leaf tobacco production quality of tobacco.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of organic farming production standard of in the leaf tobacco production process, abideing by; Do not use the material such as agricultural chemicals, fertilizer, growth regulator of chemosynthesis; Follow the course of nature and ecological principle, make scientific planning and a rational layout; Organic tobacco leaf characteristic style of giving prominence to the key points ensures a kind of organic tobacco leaf planting and the field management method of organic leaf tobacco production.
The objective of the invention is to realize like this, the inventive method comprises whole ground ridging, transplanting cigarette seedling, land for growing field crops fertilising, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and gathers, specifically may further comprise the steps:
A, whole ground ridging: should in time turn over after last one batch of harvesting and shine soil, harrow the fine earth piece before transplanting, level land, press the contour ridging, the cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 100 ~ 120cm, the high 20～25cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features;
B, transplant the cigarette seedling: will strengthen the cigarette seedling and transplant according to line-spacing 100 ~ 120cm, spacing in the rows 45 ~ 55cm, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5～3.0kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.0～1.5cm of soil layer;
C, land for growing field crops fertilising: topdress after comprising the preceding fertilising of ridging, apply fertilizer to the subsoil when transplanting and transplanting, execute pure nitrogen level 5～6kg by every mu and calculate applied nitrogen, press nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: the weight ratio balance fertilizing of potash fertilizer=1:1.0 ~ 2.0:2.0 ~ 3.0;
D, field management: comprise look into lack fill the gaps with seedlings, take off film ridging and moisturizing, pinch Liu Ye and bud picking, accomplish not have weeds, no ponding, no fireworks, smokeless wooden fork, no diseased plant, do not have that weak strain, nothing are short of seedling, no fertilizer deficiency, nothing are taken off fertilizer, nothing hardens, cigarette strain regularity is good;
E, the extermination of disease and insect pest: through select plot, crop rotation in time, remove the disease seedling, control Application Ratio and fertilizing amount, control ventilates, medicament for matching is used and is carried out integrated pest prevention and control; Described disease comprises fungoid disease and virus disease, bacteriosis; Described fungoid disease comprises anthracnose, damping off, rust, powdery mildew, balck shank; Bacteriosis comprises bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, and virus disease comprises that tobacco mosaic viruses is sick, tobacco cucumber mosaic virus is sick and tobacco potato Y virus is sick; Catch the mode pest control that worm, trapping or medicament are killed through manual work, described insect pest comprises cutworm, cigarette aphid, oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, prodenia litura;
F, gather: carry out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation and gather.
The present invention adopts organic manure, and uses innoxious medicament or biologic product to carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest according to the requirement of organic cigarette plantation and management, thereby realizes the production that organises of tobacco.Compare with conventional tobacco production method, harmful elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, copper, chromium, and the residual quantity of main agricultural chemicals such as Imidacloprid, first dimension salt, high permethrin, sumicidin, thiophene worm piperazine all obviously reduces.
Embodiment
Be further described in the face of the present invention down, but never in any form the present invention limited, any conversion or improvement based on training centre of the present invention is done all fall into protection scope of the present invention.
The inventive method comprises whole ground ridging, transplants cigarette seedling, land for growing field crops fertilising, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, it is characterized in that specifically may further comprise the steps:
Described whole ground ridging is after last one batch of harvesting, should in time turn over to shine soil, harrows the fine earth piece before transplanting, levels land, and presses the contour ridging, and the cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 100 ~ 120cm, the high 20～25cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features;
Described transplanting cigarette seedling is that strong cigarette seedling is transplanted according to line-spacing 100 ~ 120cm, spacing in the rows 45 ~ 55cm, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5～3.0kg that waters, and earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, form and to be tea tray shape cigarette nest, make the seedling heart apart from ground 1.0～1.5cm;
The fertilising of described land for growing field crops is topdressed after comprising the preceding fertilising of ridging, apply fertilizer to the subsoil when transplanting and transplanting, and executes pure nitrogen level 5～6kg by every mu and calculates applied nitrogen, presses nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: the weight ratio balance fertilizing of potash fertilizer=1:1.0 ~ 2.0:2.0 ~ 3.0;
Described field management comprise look into lack fill the gaps with seedlings, take off film ridging and moisturizing, pinch Liu Ye and bud picking, accomplish not have weeds, no ponding, no fireworks, smokeless wooden fork, no diseased plant, do not have that weak strain, nothing are short of seedling, no fertilizer deficiency, nothing are taken off fertilizer, nothing hardens, cigarette strain regularity is good; Describedly look into that lacking fills the gaps with seedlings will accomplish in 1 ~ 7 day after transplanting.
The described extermination of disease and insect pest is through selection plot, crop rotation in time, removes disease seedling, control Application Ratio and fertilizing amount, control ventilation, and medicament for matching is used and carried out integrated pest prevention and control; Described disease comprises fungoid disease and virus disease, bacteriosis; Described fungoid disease comprises anthracnose, damping off, rust, powdery mildew, balck shank; Bacteriosis comprises bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, and virus disease comprises that tobacco mosaic viruses is sick, tobacco cucumber mosaic virus is sick and tobacco potato Y virus is sick; Catch the mode pest control that worm, trapping or medicament are killed through manual work, described insect pest comprises cutworm, cigarette aphid, oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, prodenia litura;
Described gathering is after the tobacco leaf maturation, to carry out manual work by standard to gather.
Described nitrogenous fertilizer is the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed; The described rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed is to be raw material with N content 3 ~ 4% rapeseed cake fertilizers; Ratio according to weight ratio 1/100 adds tobacco bacterial wilt biocontrol microorganisms, black shank biocontrol microorganisms and the fresh fermenation raw liquid of virus disease biocontrol microorganisms, the fertilizer that heap fermentation obtained in 60 days in fermentation vat respectively.
Described nitrogenous fertilizer is well-rotted farmyard manure; Described well-rotted farmyard manure is to be major ingredient with the excrement of animals; Agricultural crop straw is that auxiliary material is mixed into base-material; And one or more mixed culture fermentation stostes in 1/100 inoculation tobacco bacterial wilt biocontrol microorganisms, black shank biocontrol microorganisms and the virus disease biocontrol microorganisms, the fertilizer that obtains after the fermentation.
Said phosphate fertilizer is rock phosphate, and potash fertilizer is the potassium breeze, respectively by weight the clean water that adds 900 ~ 1000 times, uses as phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer with infusion when application of P fertilizer or potash fertilizer.
Fertilising is well-rotted farmyard manure before the described ridging, the trench digging row replacement, and amount of application is 450 ~ 550kg/ mu; Applying fertilizer to the subsoil during described transplanting is the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes, and amount of application is: rapeseed cake fertilizer 45 ~ 55kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 50～60kg/ mu, rock phosphate 40～50kg/ mu.
Topdress after the transplanting and the film ridging of taking off of D step the time is accomplished synchronously, topdress and use fertilizer and potassium breeze, the nitrogen of fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%, amount of application are 35 ~ 45kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 30 ~ 40kg/mu, 2.5～3.0kg/ strain of watering is simultaneously earthed up after the circulating application in the back that is soaked in water around the cigarette strain.
Described to take off film ridging be when the cigarette strain gets into group's after date film to be taken off from the cigarette ridge fully, weeds a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, and cigarette ridge, ridging back height is not less than 30cm.
Described Liu Ye of pinching and bud picking are to carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 3 ~ 4 times altogether.During this period, generally can dig the health pond of 1.5 * 1.5m, the fireworks that produce in the pipe process of field, cigarette wooden fork, sick leaf, diseased plant and other foreign material put into the health pond focus in the suitable place of headland.
Chemical control in the said E step comprises: to damping off, spray weight ratio 1:1:150～180 times bordeaux mixture at big ten after dates of cigarette seedling, sprayed once in per 7～10 days; To rust, the polyoxin with 10% is pinched the back to blade spraying by weight 800 times of amounts in the cigarette strain, per 5～7 days 1 time, connects and sprays 2～3 times; To virus disease, back 3 days of transplanting by weight the spraying in per 7 days of 500 times of liquid once, spray continuously 3～4 times with 0.5% amino oligosaccharide aqua; To anthracnose, prior to seeding Miao Chihe is floated dish and carry out disinfection, spray weight ratio 1:1:200 times bordeaux mixture in the tobacco grand cross phase; To bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, regularly spray 1:1:160 times of bordeaux mixture, 1 time weekly, spray continuously 2～3 times.
General requirements for integrated pest prevention and control: must adhere to the plant protection policy of " putting prevention first integrated control ", widely popularize and implement physics, biological control, forbid to use to ban use of chemical synthetic pesticide on the tobacco.
For disease is the mode of taking general prevention and treatment and chemical control to cooperate, and general prevention and treatment is taked to different diseases.
For fungal disease, damping off is the main fungal disease of tobacco in seedling stage, should pay attention to the seedbed and select, and is selected in the higher well-drained place of physical features, finds that the disease seedling will in time remove, and prevents that disease from spreading; For rust is to take early to plant principle early roasting, early pinch leaf, timely collecting, suitably increases potassium application, and the control nitrogen fertilizer amount is enhanced field management, and improves cigarette strain resistance against diseases, carries out crop rotation; Powdery mildew mainly occurs in cigarette strain middle and lower part blade, and is very big to the output and the quality influence of tobacco leaf, should note the field health, in time removes residual leaf.Early plant in good time, in time adopt roasting.The high railway carriage or compartment of zanjon, cigarette ground, the leaf of pinching early are beneficial to ventilatedly, reduce pathogeny.The rational application of fertilizer is noted the applicating ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, the control application of amount of nitrogen.
For viral disease, select for use virus-free plot to grow seedlings, seeds before seeding sterilization or use pelleted seed; Efficent rotation, early sowing is early planted, and finds that the disease seedling in time removes, and in time topdresses, earths up, irrigates the disease resistance that improves the cigarette strain after the transplanting; Can in time replenish potash fertilizer to the cigarette strain of morbidity, increase tobacco plant nutrition, actively carry out chemical control again; Note the field health, pinch and beat diseased plant after beating healthy tree earlier when smearing wooden fork that tobacco leaf picking is in time removed tobacco rod, cigarette root after finishing; Simultaneously, remove the virus disseminating media, like cigarette aphid etc. as far as possible.
For bacterial disease, balck shank is one of tobacco main bacteria venereal disease evil, and the whole strain of cigarette strain of falling ill when serious is dead.Mainly take to carry out crop rotation, plant and make the cigarette strain get into the disease-resistant phase ahead of time morning in good time; Play high railway carriage or compartment before arriving rainy season, dig zanjon, guarantee that draining is good, reduce vega humidity.Anthracnose is the disease that seedling stage and field period are often sent out, and should strengthen taking off film and ventilate, and reduces humidity, and thinning early weeds a garden.Should take efficent rotation for bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, transplant strong sprout; Will note the field health simultaneously, use the farmyard manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed, the diseased plant of in time rooting out the field is concentrated buried, does not arbitrarily abandon, and avoids causing new pollution.Strengthen the field pipe, high ridging, high ridging are wanted in rainy season or area, accomplish that the field do not have ponding; The rational application of fertilizer during nitrogen fertilizer application, executed nitrate nitrogen, does not execute ammonium nitrogen.Suitably increase and execute zinc, boron fertilizer, improve the resistance against diseases of cigarette strain.
Mainly comprise about fungal disease:
1, damping off: the main disease of tobacco in seedling stage.Method for integrated control: be selected in to the seedbed the higher well-drained place of physical features, the seedbed finds that the disease seedling will in time excavate, and prevents that disease from spreading.The chemical control method: big ten after dates of cigarette seedling can spray 1:1: (150～180) bordeaux mixture is protected, and sprays once in per 7～10 days.
2, balck shank: be one of main disease during tobacco produces, the whole strain of cigarette strain of falling ill when serious is dead.Should take method for integrated control, carry out crop rotation, plant and make the cigarette strain get into the disease-resistant phase ahead of time morning in good time.Play high railway carriage or compartment before arriving rainy season and dig zanjon, guarantee that draining is good, reduce vega humidity.
3, anthracnose: be the disease that seedling stage and field period are often sent out.Method for integrated control: strengthen taking off film and ventilate, reduce humidity, thinning early weeds a garden.Chemical control method: before the sowing Miao Chiji is floated dish and carry out disinfection.The grand cross phase is with 1:1:200 bordeaux mixture prevention doubly.
4, rust: method for integrated control is early to plant early to bake, the leaf of early pinching, timely collecting.Suitably increase potassium application, the control nitrogen fertilizer amount is enhanced field management, and improves cigarette strain resistance against diseases, carries out crop rotation.Chemical control method: take 800 times of sprayings of 10% polyoxin.In the back of pinching even spraying is carried out in cigarette strain (particularly middle and lower part blade), per 5～7 days once, and even spraying 2～3 times is that the controlled rust is popular.
5, powdery mildew: with the morbidity of cigarette strain middle and lower part, land for growing field crops blade at most, very big to the output and the quality influence of tobacco leaf.Method for integrated control: note the field health, in time remove residual leaf.Early plant in good time, in time adopt roasting.The high railway carriage or compartment of zanjon, cigarette ground, the leaf of pinching early are beneficial to ventilatedly, reduce pathogeny.The rational application of fertilizer is noted the applicating ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, the control application of amount of nitrogen.
Control about virus disease:
Integrated control: select for use virus-free plot to grow seedlings, seeds before seeding sterilization or use pelleted seed.Efficent rotation, early sowing is early planted, and finds that the disease seedling in time removes, and in time topdresses, earths up, irrigates the disease resistance that improves the cigarette strain after the transplanting.Can in time replenish potash fertilizer to the cigarette strain of morbidity, increase tobacco plant nutrition, actively carry out chemical control again.Note the field health, absolutely no smoking during the operation of field, pinches and beat diseased plant after should beating healthy tree earlier when smearing wooden fork, and tobacco leaf picking is in time removed tobacco rod, cigarette root after finishing.Take yellow ware to lure physical control measures such as aphid, aphid cocoon honeybee simultaneously, control aphid quantity reduces the harm that aphid passes virus disease.
Chemical control: transplant back 3 days with 500 times of liquid of 0.5% amino oligosaccharide aqua, spraying in per 7 days is sprayed 3～4 times continuously.
About the control of bacterial disease, be primarily aimed at bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot:
Integrated control: efficent rotation, transplant strong sprout.Note the field health, use the farmyard manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed, the diseased plant of in time rooting out the field is concentrated buried, does not arbitrarily abandon, and avoids causing new pollution.Strengthen the field pipe, high ridging, high ridging are wanted in rainy season or area, accomplish that the field do not have ponding.The rational application of fertilizer during nitrogen fertilizer application, executed nitrate nitrogen, does not execute ammonium nitrogen.Suitably increase and execute zinc, boron fertilizer, improve the resistance against diseases of cigarette strain.
Chemical control: regularly spray 1:1:160 bordeaux mixture prevention infection process, 1 time weekly, to spray 2～3 times, the controlled disease is popular.
The trapping of said E step or medicament are killed and are comprised: to the cigarette aphid, kill by weight 800 times of liquid sprayings with 5% aqueous matrine solution, or adopt yellow plate, viscose glue mode to trap and kill, or adopt aphid cocoon honeybee to prevent and treat; To oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, adopt sex pheromone to trap and kill or by weight 500 times of liquid the tobacco leaf positive and negative is sprayed with bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, sprayed once continuous 3 times in per 10 ~ 15 days; To prodenia litura, adopt sex pheromone trapping or Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrosis virus to spray by weight 1000 times of liquid smoke leaf positive and negatives, every at a distance from medication in 10 ~ 15 days 1 time, shared medicine 3 times.
Can take the different methods of preventing and treating to concrete insect pest:
1, the control of cutworm: cutworm is a main insect of transplanting phase, adopts manual work to catch worm at present, after transplanting, fills the gaps with seedlings the phase in 1 ~ 7 day, if finding to have is short of seedling, dead seedling, in time searches insect, and worm is caught in manual work.
2, the control of cigarette aphid: the cigarette aphid is the heavier insect of tobacco leaf mid-early stage harm.The method of preventing and treating is following:
Yellow plate trapping has wing to become aphid to lure the aphid effect the most desirable with 30 every mu.Be coated with the glutinous agent of adhesive sticker for well with the yellow plate of buff.The time of inserting yellow plate should not be inserted as when vega aphid occurs as yet, and yellow plate height is 32-40 centimetre.
Adopt the cigarette aphid natural enemy---aphidius gifuensis carries out biological control, effect is very desirable.
Also can adopt 800 times of liquid sprayings of 5% aqueous matrine solution, yellow ware lures measures such as aphid, aphid cocoon honeybee to prevent eliminating aphis.
3, following method is mainly taked in the control of oriental tobacco budworm/cotton bollworm:
(1) sex pheromone trapping oriental tobacco budworm/cotton bollworm
Oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm and prodenia litura are adopted the sex pheromone trapping, move into early stage adult, and the trapper that can will have sex pheromone is positioned between vega.It is 2 cover/mus that oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm trapper are placed density, places highly to be about 1.5 meters, and wherein PVC lures the efficient of core will be significantly higher than rubber stopper and lures core efficient.Because the current cotton bollworm that is mainly that endangers China south tobacco is moved into early stage oriental tobacco budworm (cotton bollworm) adult, can will have oriental tobacco budworm (cotton bollworm) trapper that lures core and be arranged at the field, is separated by about 25 meters.
(2) biologic product (bacillus thuringiensis,Bt) control oriental tobacco budworm, 500 times of liquid carry out tow sides to tobacco leaf and spray, and are every at a distance from medication in 10-15 days 1 time, shared medicine 3 times.
The cigarette seedling is taken off film ridging and is carried out in tobacco group's phase, promptly transplants back 30 ~ 35 days mulch film is removed, and transfers the field management phase to, takes off behind the film to cigarette strain and topdresses, waters, 2.5～3.0kg/ strain; If use potassium breeze soak, can suitably reduce and water the water yield.
4, mainly take following method for prodenia litura:
(1) sex pheromone trapping prodenia litura: move into early stage the prodenia litura adult, can will have the special-purpose trapper of the prodenia litura that lures core, prevent and treat between vega, placing density is 1 cover/mu, places highly to be about 1.5 meters.Wherein PVC lures the efficient of core will be significantly higher than rubber stopper and lures the core effect.
(2) biologic product control prodenia litura: take place early stage in the vega prodenia litura, uses 1000 times of liquid of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrosis virus that tobacco leaf is carried out tow sides and spray, every at a distance from medication in 10-15 days 1 time, shared medicine 3 times.
Embodiment 1
Choose 2 mu in the plot of suitable planting tobacco, after last one batch of harvesting, in time turn over and shine soil, rake fine earth piece before transplanting, level land, use 500kg/ mu well-rotted farmyard manure with the mode of trench digging row replacement.Vega is pressed the contour ridging, and the cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 100cm, the high 22cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features; Choose strong sprout and transplant according to line-spacing 100cm, spacing in the rows 50cm, using the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate during transplanting is base fertilizer, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes; Amount of application is: the rapeseed cake fertilizer 45kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 55kg/ mu, rock phosphate 40kg/ mu; After adding 900 ~ 1000 times clean water dilution, use, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.0cm of soil layer; Transplant the back and looked in one week to lack and fill the gaps with seedlings, treat that the cigarette seedling is long to topdress to an after date that strain imposes fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%) to cigarette afterwards, amount of application is a 45kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 35kg/mu, the back that is soaked in water is taken off the film ridging around the cigarette strain after the circulating application, weed a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, and cigarette ridge, ridging back height is 35cm, every strain 3.0kg that waters.Carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 4 times altogether.In the tobacco growing process, rust and anthracnose have appearred in 30% cigarette strain in the vega, cigarette aphid and oriental tobacco budworm have occurred, to the cigarette aphid, kill by weight 800 times of liquid sprayings with 5% aqueous matrine solution; To oriental tobacco budworm, adopt sex pheromone to trap and kill or by weight 500 times of liquid the tobacco leaf positive and negative is sprayed with bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, sprayed once continuous 3 times in per 10 days.To rust, the polyoxin with 10% is pinched the back to blade spraying by weight 800 times of amounts in the cigarette strain, per 6 days 1 time, connects and sprays 2 times; To anthracnose, spray weight ratio 1:1:200 times bordeaux mixture in the tobacco grand cross phase.Carrying out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation gathers.
Embodiment 2
Choose 10 mu in the plot of suitable planting tobacco, after last one batch of harvesting, in time turn over and shine soil, rake fine earth piece before transplanting, level land; Mode with the trench digging row replacement is used 550kg/ mu well-rotted farmyard manure vega by the contour ridging; The cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 120cm, the high 25cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features; Choose strong sprout and transplant according to line-spacing 120cm, spacing in the rows 45cm, using the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate during transplanting is base fertilizer, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes; Amount of application is: the rapeseed cake fertilizer 55kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 60kg/ mu, rock phosphate 50kg/ mu; After adding 1000 times clean water dilution, use, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.5cm of soil layer; Transplant the back and looked in one week to lack and fill the gaps with seedlings, treat that the cigarette seedling is long to topdress to an after date that strain imposes fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%) and potassium breeze to cigarette afterwards, amount of application is a 40kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 40kg/mu, the back that is soaked in water is taken off the film ridging around the cigarette strain after the circulating application, weed a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, ridging back cigarette ridge height 30cm, every strain 2.5kg that waters.Carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 3 times altogether.In the tobacco growing process, there are 10 strains damping off to occur in the vega, balck shank has appearred in 15 strains, has found cutworm in the piece of part field, adopts artificial method of catching worm to kill to cutworm; To damping off, spray weight ratio 1:1:150 times bordeaux mixture at big ten after dates of cigarette seedling, sprayed once in per 10 days.Carrying out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation gathers.
Embodiment 3
Choose 5 mu in the plot of suitable planting tobacco, after last one batch of harvesting, in time turn over and shine soil, rake fine earth piece before transplanting, level land; Mode with the trench digging row replacement is used 450kg/ mu well-rotted farmyard manure vega by the contour ridging; The cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 120cm, the high 25cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features; Choose strong sprout and transplant according to line-spacing 120cm, spacing in the rows 45cm, using the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate during transplanting is base fertilizer, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes; Amount of application is: the rapeseed cake fertilizer 55kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 60kg/ mu, rock phosphate 50kg/ mu; After adding 1000 times clean water dilution, use, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.5cm of soil layer; Transplant the back and looked in one week to lack and fill the gaps with seedlings, treat that the cigarette seedling is long to topdress to an after date that strain imposes fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%) to cigarette afterwards, amount of application is a 38kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 30kg/mu, the back that is soaked in water is taken off the film ridging around the cigarette strain after the circulating application, weed a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, ridging back cigarette ridge height 40cm, every strain 2.5kg that waters.Carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 4 times altogether.In the tobacco growing process, prodenia litura has appearred in the vega, and there are 20 strains to hire out powdery mildew, 5 strain bacterial wilts.To prodenia litura, adopt sex pheromone trapping or Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrosis virus to spray by weight 1000 times of liquid smoke leaf positive and negatives, every at a distance from medication in 15 days 1 time, shared medicine 3 times.To bacterial wilt, regularly spray 1:1:160 times of bordeaux mixture, 1 time weekly, spray continuously 2 times.Carrying out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation gathers.
Embodiment 4
Choose 6 mu in the plot of suitable planting tobacco, after last one batch of harvesting, in time turn over and shine soil, rake fine earth piece before transplanting, level land; Mode with the trench digging row replacement is used 480kg/ mu well-rotted farmyard manure vega by the contour ridging; The cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 100cm, the high 20cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features; Choose strong sprout and transplant according to line-spacing 100cm, spacing in the rows 50cm, using the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate during transplanting is base fertilizer, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes; Amount of application is: the rapeseed cake fertilizer 55kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 60kg/ mu, rock phosphate 48kg/ mu; After adding 1000 times clean water dilution, use, every strain cigarette seedling 2.8kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.5cm of soil layer; Transplant the back and looked in one week to lack and fill the gaps with seedlings, treat that the cigarette seedling is long to topdress to an after date that strain imposes fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%) to cigarette afterwards, amount of application is a 35kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 37kg/mu, the back that is soaked in water is taken off the film ridging around the cigarette strain after the circulating application, weed a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, ridging back cigarette ridge height 45cm, every strain 2.5kg that waters.Carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 4 times altogether.In the tobacco growing process, the cigarette aphid has appearred in the vega, and there is 1 mu of vega wildfire to occur.To the cigarette aphid, adopt yellow plate, viscose glue mode to trap and kill, adopt aphidius gifuensis to prevent and treat simultaneously; To wildfire, regularly spray 1:1:160 times of bordeaux mixture, 1 time weekly, spray continuously 2～3 times.Carrying out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation gathers.
Embodiment 5
Choose 15 mu in the plot of suitable planting tobacco, after last one batch of harvesting, in time turn over and shine soil, rake fine earth piece before transplanting, level land; Mode with the trench digging row replacement is used 530kg/ mu well-rotted farmyard manure vega by the contour ridging; The cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 115cm, the high 22cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features; Choose strong sprout and transplant according to line-spacing 115cm, spacing in the rows 48cm, using the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate during transplanting is base fertilizer, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes; Amount of application is: the rapeseed cake fertilizer 48kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 55kg/ mu, rock phosphate 40kg/ mu; After adding 900 times clean water dilution, use, every strain cigarette seedling 3.0kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.5cm of soil layer; Transplant the back and looked in one week to lack and fill the gaps with seedlings, treat that the cigarette seedling is long to topdress to an after date that strain imposes fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%) to cigarette afterwards, amount of application is a 43kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 35kg/mu, the back that is soaked in water is taken off the film ridging around the cigarette strain after the circulating application, weed a garden, and removes disease Lao Ye, and tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, ridging back cigarette ridge height 33cm, every strain 2.5kg that waters.Carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 3 times altogether.In the tobacco growing process, cotton bollworm has appearred in the vega, and there are 10 strain cigarette strains to hire out angular leaf spot.To cotton bollworm, adopt sex pheromone to trap and kill or by weight 500 times of liquid the tobacco leaf positive and negative is sprayed with bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, sprayed once continuous 3 times in per 10 days; To angular leaf spot, regularly spray 1:1:160 times of bordeaux mixture, 1 time weekly, spray continuously 2 times.Carrying out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation gathers.
With the organic cigarette tobacco planting and the field management test in the local main cigarette in Baoshan City Tengchong County district the principle of the present invention and the course of work are described below in Yunnan Province:
15～27 ℃ of test region maximum temperature range, rainy season, mean temperature of air was about 19～22 ℃, and dry season, mean temperature of air was 13～19 ℃; Mean temperature difference is 10～16 ℃ round the clock.21.2 ℃ of flue-cured tobacco mean temperature of air in vegetative period, mean temperature difference is 11.7 ℃ round the clock.The transplanting phase mainly by the end of April ~ at the beginning of 5 months (generally select April 15 before and after), precipitation is moderate, can satisfy the needs of high-quality tobacco growth, adds that temperature is higher, sunshine is sufficient, promotes root growth, fit to produce for the flue-cured tobacco high-quality to lay the first stone.Prosperous long-term (6～July) cigarette district precipitation is sufficient, and monthly total precipitation is 100～200 mm, and maturation is adopted the roasting phase (8～September); Precipitation is moderate, about early stage monthly total precipitation 200 mm, and the later stage decrease in precipitation; About monthly total precipitation 100 mm, meet of the requirement of tobacco leaf maturing stage to moisture.The Baoshan Yan Qu tobacco-growing soil overwhelming majority belongs to loam, and typical structure is for containing sand grains 30%～50%, coarse dust 15%～20%, thin clay 10%～20%.Soil clay particle has secondary inorganic iron, aluminium mineral component basically; The false powder shape structure of goodish type of pelletoid shape of glued easily one-tenth water stability; Have ventilative preferably, water penetration; Loose and porous crack, the content of organic matter is abundant, simultaneously through returning crop stocks to the field, green manuring, using bio-fertilizer, strengthen measures such as the crop rotation quality of improving the soil.
The tobacco planting of different weather conditions is planted the difference that does not have essence with field management method basically; Different is to grow seedlings and the temporal difference of field-transplanting; Technical scheme of the present invention is not limited by the region; Have universal applicability and application value, be suitable in different cigarettes district and can realize the object of the invention equally.
Experimental field be positioned at Quercus acutissima village, Mingguang City, Baoshan City Tengchong County, Yunnan.Check experiment promptly adopts general planting, way to manage and the embodiment of the invention to plant and field management mode check experiment for 5 kinds, and comparison of test results is following:
Content of beary metal relatively in the different kind of the table 1 method for planting tobacco leaf
Show that from table 1 content of beary metal that the present invention plants in method for planting and the general planting method tobacco leaf significantly reduces, quality of tobacco improves, and harmfulness is lower greatly.
Residue of pesticide comparative analysis in the different kind of the table 2 method for planting tobacco leaf
Show that from table 2 the present invention plants and all do not detect residue of pesticide in the method for planting tobacco leaf, the safety of tobacco leaf is higher.
Characteristics of the present invention:
1, method of the present invention is workable, and is easy to implement;
2, method of the present invention is each link that the tobacco land for growing field crops produces, and implements production and the management of tobacco with ecological production method.
Claims (10)
1. organic tobacco field planting and field management method comprise whole ground ridging, transplant cigarette seedling, land for growing field crops fertilising, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and gather, and it is characterized in that specifically may further comprise the steps:
A, whole ground ridging: should in time turn over after last one batch of harvesting and shine soil, harrow the fine earth piece before transplanting, level land, press the contour ridging, the cross section, ridge is trapezoidal, row spacing 100 ~ 120cm, the high 20～25cm in ridge; Just offer the drain ditch that is interconnected according to physical features;
B, transplant the cigarette seedling: will strengthen the cigarette seedling and transplant according to line-spacing 100 ~ 120cm, spacing in the rows 45 ~ 55cm, every strain cigarette seedling 2.5～3.0kg that waters, earthing, lid mulch film, rupture of membranes are drawn seedling; Again with the solid seedling of fine earth press mold; Only reveal lobus cardiacus, formation is tea tray shape cigarette nest, makes the seedling heart apart from the surperficial 1.0～1.5cm of soil layer;
C, land for growing field crops fertilising: topdress after comprising the preceding fertilising of ridging, apply fertilizer to the subsoil when transplanting and transplanting, execute pure nitrogen level 5～6kg by every mu and calculate applied nitrogen, press nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: the weight ratio balance fertilizing of potash fertilizer=1:1.0 ~ 2.0:2.0 ~ 3.0;
D, field management: comprise look into lack fill the gaps with seedlings, take off film ridging and moisturizing, pinch Liu Ye and bud picking, accomplish not have weeds, no ponding, no fireworks, smokeless wooden fork, no diseased plant, do not have that weak strain, nothing are short of seedling, no fertilizer deficiency, nothing are taken off fertilizer, nothing hardens, cigarette strain regularity is good;
E, the extermination of disease and insect pest: through select plot, crop rotation in time, remove the disease seedling, control Application Ratio and fertilizing amount, control ventilates, medicament for matching is used and is carried out integrated pest prevention and control; Described disease comprises fungoid disease and virus disease, bacteriosis; Described fungoid disease comprises anthracnose, damping off, rust, powdery mildew, balck shank; Bacteriosis comprises bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, and virus disease comprises that tobacco mosaic viruses is sick, tobacco cucumber mosaic virus is sick and tobacco potato Y virus is sick; Catch the mode pest control that worm, trapping or medicament are killed through manual work, described insect pest comprises cutworm, cigarette aphid, oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, prodenia litura;
F, gather: carry out manual work by standard after the tobacco leaf maturation and gather.
2. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that: described nitrogenous fertilizer is the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed; The described rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed is to be raw material with N content 3 ~ 4% rapeseed cake fertilizers; Ratio according to weight ratio 1/100 adds tobacco bacterial wilt biocontrol microorganisms, black shank biocontrol microorganisms and the fresh fermenation raw liquid of virus disease biocontrol microorganisms, the fertilizer that heap fermentation obtained in 60 days in fermentation vat respectively.
3. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that: described nitrogenous fertilizer is well-rotted farmyard manure; Described well-rotted farmyard manure is to be major ingredient with the excrement of animals; Agricultural crop straw is that auxiliary material is mixed into base-material, and one or more mixed culture fermentation stostes in 1/100 inoculation tobacco bacterial wilt biocontrol microorganisms, black shank biocontrol microorganisms and the virus disease biocontrol microorganisms, the fertilizer that obtains after the fermentation.
4. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that: said phosphate fertilizer is rock phosphate; Potash fertilizer is the potassium breeze, respectively by weight the clean water that adds 900 ~ 1000 times, uses as phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer with infusion when application of P fertilizer or potash fertilizer.
5. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method is characterized in that: fertilising is well-rotted farmyard manure before the described ridging, the trench digging row replacement, and amount of application is 450 ~ 550kg/ mu; Applying fertilizer to the subsoil during described transplanting is the rapeseed cake fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze and rock phosphate, takes to transplant in the cave nest and executes, and amount of application is: rapeseed cake fertilizer 45 ~ 55kg/ mu that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potassium breeze 50～60kg/ mu, rock phosphate 40～50kg/ mu.
6. like claim 1 or 5 described organic tobacco field planting and field management methods; It is characterized in that: topdress after the transplanting and the film ridging of taking off of D step the time is accomplished synchronously; Topdress and use fertilizer and potassium breeze; The nitrogen of fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium content >=6%, the content of organic matter >=30%, amount of application are 35 ~ 45kg/ mu; Potassium breeze 30 ~ 40kg/mu, 2.5～3.0kg/ strain of watering is simultaneously earthed up after the circulating application in the back that is soaked in water around the cigarette strain.
7. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that: described to take off film ridging be when the cigarette strain gets into group's after date film to be taken off from the cigarette ridge fully; Weed a garden; Remove disease Lao Ye, tight no base of leaf bar is buried in ridging then, and cigarette ridge, ridging back height is not less than 30cm.
8. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method is characterized in that: described Liu Ye of pinching and bud picking are to carry out disposable pinching when the flowers are in blossom at cigarette strain center in the field after putting up 50%, stay 19～21/strain of leaf; Pinch back manual method bud picking in per 7 days once, and bud picking is 3 ~ 4 times altogether.
9. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that the chemical control in the said E step comprises: to damping off; Spray weight ratio 1:1:150～180 times bordeaux mixture at big ten after dates of cigarette seedling, sprayed once in per 7～10 days; To rust, the polyoxin with 10% is pinched the back to blade spraying by weight 800 times of amounts in the cigarette strain, per 5～7 days 1 time, connects and sprays 2～3 times; To virus disease, back 3 days of transplanting by weight the spraying in per 7 days of 500 times of liquid once, spray continuously 3～4 times with 0.5% amino oligosaccharide aqua; To anthracnose, prior to seeding Miao Chihe is floated dish and carry out disinfection, spray weight ratio 1:1:200 times bordeaux mixture in the tobacco grand cross phase; To bacterial wilt, wildfire, angular leaf spot, regularly spray 1:1:160 times of bordeaux mixture, 1 time weekly, spray continuously 2～3 times.
10. organic tobacco field planting as claimed in claim 1 and field management method; It is characterized in that described trapping of E step or medicament are killed comprises: to the cigarette aphid; Kill by weight 800 times of liquid sprayings with 5% aqueous matrine solution; Or adopt yellow plate, viscose glue mode to trap and kill, or adopt aphid cocoon honeybee to prevent and treat; To oriental tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, adopt sex pheromone to trap and kill or by weight 500 times of liquid the tobacco leaf positive and negative is sprayed with bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, sprayed once continuous 3 times in per 10 ~ 15 days; To prodenia litura, adopt sex pheromone trapping or Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrosis virus to spray by weight 1000 times of liquid smoke leaf positive and negatives, every at a distance from medication in 10 ~ 15 days 1 time, shared medicine 3 times.
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