CN104405395B - Mining method for transition of underground ore body from open stope mining method to caving mining method - Google Patents
Mining method for transition of underground ore body from open stope mining method to caving mining method Download PDFInfo
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- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
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Abstract
The invention provides a mining method for transition of underground ore bodies from open stope mining to caving mining, which is used for solving the problems in the prior art that the operation safety is poor, the ore recovery loss rate is high, the construction organization is complex and the like during transition of two mining methods. Step 1: dividing regions, determining critical exposure area, determining extraction regions and determining region extraction sequence, and step 2: recovering the top intermediate column, and step 3: generation of a waste rock covering layer, step 4: recovering adjacent area ore pillars, and step 5: ore drawing, step 6: and (5) recovering the bottom structure. The beneficial effects are as follows: the problems of potential safety hazard, poor ore recovery, high loss rate and the like in the mutual transition connection process of the two mining methods are solved, and conditions are created for comprehensively utilizing mineral resources, prolonging the service life of mines and improving the overall economic benefit of mineral deposits.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to mining technical field, the exploitation of design underground mine, especially realize underground mine from sky
The marching method of field mining normal direction caved stopes transition.
Background technology
High-dipping, without caking capacity, without the middle thickness orebody of pyrophorisity, top uses vertical orebody trend to arrange to utilize segmentation to dig
Rock Stage open stoping carries out back production to ore body, due to the change of ore body occurrence status, or rock joint spacing and joint condition etc.
Cataclysm occurs, and former mining methods have been not suitable for the safe and efficient back production of ore body.
The feature of sublevel drilling Stage open stoping is: these mining methods are applicable to more than Ore and country rock moderately stable
Middle thickness orebody with high-dipping；Divide stage ore body into segmentation, in drilling drift, carry out rock drilling, by stage base structure collection
Middle ore removal；Utilizing ore pillar naturally to support and the steadiness of country rock self is to safeguard goaf, goaf is within a certain period of time, it is allowed to
There is bigger exposed area；Mineral building, ore pillar carry out a kind of mining methods of Two step mining.
The feature of sublevel caving method without sill pillar is: divide stage ore body into segmentation, is carried out continuously single stage from top to bottom and returns
Adopt；Stope drift active workings are that isosceles triangle is arranged, the work such as sublevel drilling, ore caving and ore removal is all carried out at stope drift active workings, and Ore is in avalanche
Rock cover under ore removal；Force or free breakage country rock filling dead zone while broken ore, in order to realize Earth pres-sure control
A kind of mining methods with underground pressure management.
Above two mining methods are in exploitation process, and whether top board allows inbreak to be openstope method and caved stopes
The most basic difference.This also determines openstope method and to solve to push up the recovery of studding when caved stopes transition, cover rock
Formation, production management is complicated, Earth pres-sure control difficulty, transition stage loss, the control of dilution and the change etc. of rock drilling parameter, for
The back production connection problem of main contents.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome openstope method to caved stopes transition time back production linking problem, the present invention provides a kind of realization
Underground mine, is used for solving two kinds of mining methods excessive phases to the marching method of caved stopes exploitation transition from openstope method
Between the problems of the prior art such as operation poor stability, big, the complicated organization of ore recuperation poor loss rate.
The technical scheme is that a kind of underground ore bodies from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition,
It is applicable to country rock firmness coefficient 6 ＞ f >=4, tensile strength ＞ 6MPa, the ore body of comprcssive strength ＞ 30MPa, it is characterized in that；Calculate
Critical inbreak area, determines safety coefficient according to ore body fact, draws safe inbreak area, thus obtains safe dead zone span
Value；The studding that mineral building uses is combined from the safe inbreak area of above-mentioned gained and safe dead zone span value, mineral building, fore-set, foundation,
Level interval determine mineral building number as a back production region, ore pillar and mineral building fore-set in burst region, after a region explosion again
Two end regions that this region of explosion is adjacent, i.e. blasting sequence are to advance from mediad two ends；Wouldn't ore removal after ore pillar explosion so that it is
As Ore cushion, above goaf lower wall country rock, as the scope of freedom, is collapsed and adds into goaf by the goaf above Ore cushion
Upper natural inbreak forms waste rock overburden；Interregional studding, utilizes the drilling drift in studding from top to bottom to use complete disconnected
Face retrusive explosion falls ore deposit；Carried out by open-stope method polycrystalline substance after ore pillar and fore-set, region studding explosion in adjacent several region
Ore drawing, Ore cushion is the most all released and need to be stayed a part of thickness Ore, utilizes the drilling drift of open-stope method and by bottom-column-free sectional
The drilling drift that Caving Method with Large Space is made an opening through falls ore deposit to fan shaped medium length hole explosion on carrying out, and down can enter according to sublevel caving method without sill pillar
Row operation, thus openstope method is complete to caved stopes exploitation transition.
Further, wave arrestment wall is set in the tunnel that there is direct UNICOM in goaf, in goaf height is more than two
When Duan Gaodu or dead zone strike length are more than 300m, increase pressure release courtyard.
Preferably, in region during the explosion of ore pillar and mineral building fore-set, burst region being divided into some districts, subregion elementary errors is quick-fried
Broken, detonate indirect initiation at the bottom of employing hole, and blasting network uses multibranch network structure.
Preferably, the average coefficient of charge of blasting hole is 0.80, and degree of packing is 1.0g/cm3, big gun hole uses interval dress
Medicine.
Preferably, overburden cover is 20m 30m.
Acquired provide the benefit that: solve two kinds of mining methods safety present in the mutual transition and linkage process the most hidden
Suffer from and the problem such as ore recuperation is lean, loss rate is big, be also Comprehensive utilization of mineral resource, extend mine life and raising mineral deposit
Overall economic benefit creates conditions.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is ore body structural representation of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is I-I direction view of Fig. 1；
Fig. 3 is II-II direction view of Fig. 1；
Fig. 4 is III-III direction view of Fig. 1；
Fig. 5 is a region ore pillar, withstand explosion avalanche after schematic diagram；
Fig. 6 is I-I direction view of Fig. 5；
Fig. 7 is II-II direction view of Fig. 5；
Fig. 8 is III-III direction view of Fig. 5；
Fig. 9 is continuous several regions ore pillar, withstand explosion avalanche after schematic diagram；
Figure 10 is I-I direction view of Fig. 9；
Figure 11 is II-II direction view of Fig. 9；
Figure 12 is the schematic diagram after Ore carries out part back production；
Figure 13 is I-I direction view of Figure 12；
Figure 14 is II-II direction view of Figure 12；
Figure 15 is the schematic diagram after continuous several regions Ore carries out part back production；
In figure, 1-upper stage casing barren rock, 2-medium-length hole, 3-deep hole, 4-drilling drift, 5-Chuan Mai tunnel, 6-caving talent's well,
7-supplements waste rock overburden deep hole, 8-Ore, the interregional ore pillar of 9-, and 10-Caving Method with Large Space rock drilling lane, 11-waste rock overburden, 12-adopts
Dead zone.
Detailed description of the invention
As a example by certain underground mine, this mine early stage uses the exploitation of sublevel drilling Stage open stoping, after due to ore body condition
Change and need to transfer sublevel caving method without sill pillar exploitation to.
Specifically comprise the following steps that
Step 1: the division in region
1) determination of critical exposed area
Sublevel drilling Stage open stoping is applicable to Ore and country rock without big fault belt, more than firmness coefficient f >=6
Tilt and high-dipping middle thickness orebody, tensile strength ＞ 10MPa, comprcssive strength ＞ 50MPa.Sublevel caving method without sill pillar is applicable to ore deposit
Stone and the inclination of country rock firmness coefficient 6 ＞ f >=2 and inclined thick ore body, tensile strength ＞ 3MPa, comprcssive strength ＞ 15MPa.Therefore
Need when running into the ore body of country rock firmness coefficient 6 ＞ f >=4, tensile strength ＞ 6MPa, comprcssive strength ＞ 30MPa to dig up mine barnyard
Method is changed into caved stopes.
According to force system in equilibrium principle, following relational expression can be obtained:
→ (1)
；Wherein:(2)
→ (3)
(4)
In formula: the S equivalence area of a circle, m2；R overlying rock unit weight, t/m3；H dead zone top plate buried depth, m；T vault
Surface pressing, N；R-support force；Q-pressure at right angle l-mined-out area span.
Substitute into (4) formula obtaining inbreak area by the parameter in this ore deposit is S=13000m2—15000m2, equivalent redius is R=
64.3m—69.1m.At the scene in Practical Project in critical inbreak areal calculation, safety coefficient takes 70%, therefore the sublevel drilling stage
When open-stope method ore pillar reclaims, safe inbreak area is S=9100m2—10500m2, start inbreak when dead zone span is more than 2R, this
When Shi Anquan dead zone span is 2R=104.6m 115.6m.
2) determination in back production region
This ore deposit sublevel drilling Stage open stoping carries out the parameter of stope of back production to ore body: studding 10m, mineral building 20m, fore-set
10m, foundation 10m, level interval 60m.When reclaiming according to sublevel drilling Stage open stoping ore pillar, critical inbreak area takes S=
10000m2, dead zone span starts the parameter of inbreak and is as the criterion when taking 2R=100m, determine that with 3 mineral buildings be a back production region, returns
After adopting middle two ore pillars and three mineral building fore-sets, on ore body, dish exposed area is S=9600m2, dead zone span is 2R=80m,
Get final product safe construction, reduce the harm that large area inbreak produces.
3) determination of region stopping sequence
When advancing from mediad two ends, along with the avalanche of middle studding, after the stress constraint of its cap rock layer releases, stress
Component shifts to both sides；The change frequency of ore pillar stress distribution is few, reduces the destruction being caused ore pillar repeated loading, and stress divides
Cloth is more reasonable；When advancing to end, 2 ore pillars can be recycled, it is ensured that the stability of ore pillar simultaneously, improve the peace of stope
Overall coefficient；
When from one end to the other side advancing, ore pillar stress distribution experience repeatedly redistributes, and fluctuating stress value every time
To increase；When advancing from end, can only arrange the recovery operation of an ore pillar, it is long to there is the time in ore pillar, and the probability of unstability is relatively
Greatly.
During from two ends to pushed, when the advance of the face to central authorities, ore pillar stress high concentration, stress value is big, ore deposit
The yielding destruction of post, difficulty of construction is big, poor stability.
In sum, region stopping sequence is to advance from mediad two ends.
Step 2: top studding reclaims
1) blasting scheme
In back production region, blasting engineering mainly includes middle two studdings and the recovery of three corresponding mineral building fore-set cavings
Explosion, uses onepull mode.Blasting scheme is: subregion short-delay blasting；Detonate indirect initiation at the bottom of employing hole；Blasting network is adopted
Use multibranch network structure.Whole explosion is detonated according to the section time interval order of Millisecond Nonel Tube Detonator, makes full use of mineral building
The scope of freedom formed after back production and goaf are as compensation space, according to each subregion successively explosion, become with studding reaching fore-set
The purpose that merit reclaims.
2) blasting technique
Explosion uses Delay between holes in row, indirect initiation technology at the bottom of hole.Each by stages uses Millisecond Nonel Tube Detonator time delay
Short-delay blasting, its purpose is to the firing order (first studding, the firing order of rear fore-set) by design accurately
Detonate, utilize the scope of freedom that goaf is formed, form multi-level detonative action, extend the detonative action time, improve explosion energy
Utilization rate, the explosion degree at the bottom of reinforced hole.
3) powder charge
Detonating maximum dose and the sequencing of explosion according to same section, burst region is divided into some districts, each subregion (is
Control onepull dosage, improves demolition effect, and burst region realizes mainly by the section of Nonel detonator, always
On body, two studdings are respectively a burst region, and fore-set is a burst region) according to firing order successively explosion.Detonate in district suitable
Sequence is controlled with each big gun hole difference section.The average coefficient of charge in big gun hole is 0.80, and degree of packing is 1.0g/cm3, big gun hole uses
Spaced loading, uses compound fuse arming test experiment initiation networking.
Step 3: the generation of waste rock overburden
Roof rock once unstability and the large-scale inbreak suddenly of generation, its underpart stope will be produced huge by the rock mass of inbreak
Big dynamic impact, and formed and can push away and ruin underground equipment, facility and the blast of injury operating personnel.The volume in goaf is the biggest,
The drop of top board is the biggest, and the extent of injury of blast is the biggest.Cover layer prevents and treats the function of large area Caving in mined area harm, essentially consists in
It as prose style free from parallelism bed course to the filtering of inbreak load, wave absorbing function so that by after prose style free from parallelism bed course, the pressure of blast and speed
It is minimized.
1) determination of waste rock overburden thickness
Specifying according to associated safety design specification, the pressure limitation that in metal mine tunnel, personnel can bear is
0.003MPa, the wind speed limit that can bear is 12m/s.Combine with reference to delaying that she remote Ni Tuofu of B. P proposes according to this qualifications
Rush layer thickness empirical equation to calculate:
(5)
In formula: kcFor cushion rough rock system, kc=6.6×0.1da, daTypically take 0.5；L is upper dish avalanche thickness
Degree, m；F0 is that collapse of roof aspect is amassed, m2；F is top board exposed area, m2。
The regression equation of the blast be given by Northeastern University pressure after bed course and prose style free from parallelism cushion thickness relation and leading to
Crossing the functional relationship of the wind speed after bed course and cushion thickness, the requirement of waste rock overburden thickness is tested by comprehensive caved stopes
Card.
(6)
(7)
In formula: δ prose style free from parallelism cushion thickness, m.
Being computed waste rock overburden thickness is 20m 30m.
2) formation of waste rock overburden
Ore pillar wouldn't ore removal after reclaiming so that it is as Ore cushion, for preventing the goaf unexpected inbreak of country rock large area, from
And cause the destruction of stage casing polycrystalline substance and produce the blast harm to tunnel, equipment and the person.Barren rock after the recovery of this ore pillar
Cover layer is by utilizing upper goaf, stage casing lower wall to be respectively layered in the existing drilling drift suitable location arrangements of selection to fan
Shape medium-length hole, with goaf as the scope of freedom, collapses lower wall country rock to supplement into goaf formation waste rock overburden and natural caving and covers
The mode of cap rock is formed.
3) safety prevention measure
After the ore pillar recovery that sublevel drilling Stage open stoping stays, the exposed area of this stage upper dish is very big,
Can form suddenly large area inbreak at any time, and compress air in goaf and be formed with the high speed compression air-flow of considerable damage effect.
In order to preventing portion partial compression air-flow flows into have in the tunnel of direct UNICOM with goaf, equipment in tunnel and personnel are damaged
And injury, need in tunnel, arrange wave arrestment wall or using pungent drugs for dispersion and bitter drugs for purgation pressure courtyard.When dead zone height is walked more than two miding level heights or dead zone
To length more than 300m time, need to consider to increase pressure release courtyard, otherwise wave arrestment wall is set depending on site specific.
Step 4: adjacent area ore pillar reclaims
After in the middle of in region, two studdings and three corresponding mineral building fore-sets reclaim explosion, broken ore amount is about 14.5 ten thousand
Ton, is 3.0t/m by ore body weight3, the coefficient of volumetric expansion is 1.5 calculating, can form the high Ore cushion of nearly 37m, then add in region
The barren rock that the upper upper nearly 14m of stage casing lower wall avalanche is thick, will form high being formed by Ore and barren rock of nearly 51m on polycrystalline substance
Cover layer.After studding in region and fore-set reclaim explosion, the rock mass around region loses original poised state, and it produces
Stress needs redistribution, ultimately forms new equilibrium stress.Formed according to region stopping sequence, the Ore of adjacent area and barren rock
Cover layer formed after, at this moment waste rock overburden height has exceeded the nearly 10m of the height bottom top board, interregional studding, utilizes
Drilling drift in studding from top to bottom uses tunneling boring drawing back.
Step 5: ore drawing
After studding and fore-set reclaim explosion in adjacent 23 regions, Ore cushion forms waste rock overburden, by district
After the rib pillar stoping of territory, forming a length of 240m above polycrystalline substance, thickness is the Ore cushion of 37m and thickness is 14m's
Waste rock overburden, will carry out large area ore drawing when the time comes.In order to control ore removal poor loss rate, equilibrium ore removal should be followed, under nugget is parallel
The principle of fall.Being computed waste rock overburden safe thickness is 20m 30m, owing to upper dish spontaneous caving requires time for, and therefore ore drawing
Time ore body released the thickness of 25m after, stop ore drawing immediately, the Ore cushion thick by remaining 12m and the thick waste rock overburden of 14m
Together as waste rock overburden.Instantly, when stage casing transition is caved stopes back production, the Ore of avalanche is to cover at the Ore that 12m is thick
Ore removal under cap rock, can the very effective control ore removal rate of dilution.Along with upper armor rock is natural across the supplementary waste rock overburden that falls, cover
Ore thick for 12m in layer, also by along with the carrying out of caved stopes, it reclaims the most at last.
Step 6: polycrystalline substance reclaims
Utilize discharging tunnel carry out on to fan shaped medium length hole rock drilling, use tunneling boring drawing back by the end of ore pillar bottom
Portion's structure reclaims.The route arranged according to Structural Parameters of Sub-level Caving Method is Pedicellus et Pericarpium Trapae with the discharging tunnel of a upper layering
Shape is arranged.To fan shaped medium length hole rock drilling on route is carried out, polycrystalline substance is reclaimed.So far openstope method is adopted to avalanche
Ore deposit method exploitation transition is complete.
Claims (5)
1. a underground ore bodies from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition, it is adaptable to country rock firmness coefficient 6
＞ f >=4, tensile strength ＞ 6MPa, the ore body of comprcssive strength ＞ 30MPa, is characterized in that: calculates critical inbreak area, is multiplied by ore deposit
Body safety coefficient, draws safe inbreak area, thus obtains safe dead zone span value；From the safe inbreak area of above-mentioned gained and
Safe dead zone span value combines studding that mineral building uses, mineral building, fore-set, foundation, level interval determine that mineral building number returns as one
Territory, exploiting field, ore pillar and mineral building fore-set in burst region, two end regions that after a region explosion, this region of explosion is adjacent again, the most quick-fried
Broken order is to advance from mediad two ends；Wouldn't ore removal after ore pillar explosion so that it is as Ore cushion, above Ore cushion
Goaf is the scope of freedom, is collapsed by above goaf lower wall country rock and forms waste rock overburden into goaf plus natural inbreak；District
The back production of the studding between territory is to utilize the drilling drift in studding from top to bottom to use tunneling boring retrusive explosion to fall ore deposit；Adjacent several
Being carried out ore drawing by open-stope method polycrystalline substance after ore pillar and fore-set, region studding explosion in individual region, Ore cushion is the most all released
A part of thickness Ore need to be stayed, utilize the drilling drift of open-stope method and the drilling drift made an opening through by sublevel caving method without sill pillar to carry out
On fall ore deposit to fan shaped medium length hole explosion, down can operate according to sublevel caving method without sill pillar, thus openstope method to
Caved stopes exploitation transition is complete.
Underground ore bodies the most according to claim 1 is from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition, and it is special
Levying is to have in the tunnel of direct UNICOM with goaf to arrange wave arrestment wall, when goaf height is walked more than two miding level heights or dead zone
To length more than 300m time, increase pressure release courtyard.
Underground ore bodies the most according to claim 1 is from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition, and it is special
Levy when being the explosion of ore pillar and mineral building fore-set in region, burst region is divided into some districts, subregion short-delay blasting, employing of detonating
Indirect initiation at the bottom of hole, blasting network uses multibranch network structure.
Underground ore bodies the most according to claim 2 is from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition, and it is special
Levy be the average coefficient of charge of blasting hole be 0.80, degree of packing is 1.0g/cm3, big gun hole uses spaced loading.
Underground ore bodies the most according to claim 1 is from openstope method to the mining methods of caved stopes transition, and it is special
Levy be overburden cover be 20m 30m.
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| CN113216964B (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2022-05-27 | 中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司 | Recovery method of deposit ore in process of transferring caving method to filling method |
| CN114278296A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-04-05 | 西北矿冶研究院 | Method for recovering top column by bundle-shaped deep hole blasting |
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| CN101967973B (en) * | 2009-07-28 | 2012-10-31 | 鞍钢集团矿业公司 | Open stope-caving combined mining method |
| CN103089266B (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-12-10 | 鞍钢集团矿业公司 | Drift-pillar-free sublevel barnyard caving mining method of open pit transferred underground transitional period |
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