CN103931451A - Minimal-tillage dry direct-seeding cultivating method for rice - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a minimal-tillage dry direct-seeding cultivating method for rice. The minimal-tillage dry direct-seeding cultivating method includes the steps that (1) straw turnover is carried out to cover soil after preceding crops in a rice field are harvested, and meanwhile pre-seeding preparation is carried out on rice seeds to obtain rice seeds to be seeded; (2) the rice seeds to be seeded are directly seeded after strip rotary tillage is carried out on the soil, and fertilizers are deeply applied to the soil; (3) the rice seeds get into the growth period after direct seeding is carried out, ditch infiltration irrigation is carried out on the rice field in the whole growth period, and meanwhile pest control and/or crop smothering control are/is carried out; (4) harvesting is carried out at the right moment according to the growth period of the rice, and next-round crop planting is carried out. According to the minimal-tillage dry direct-seeding cultivating method, minimal-tillage dry direct seeding and water management are combined, the rice seedling bed period is eliminated through minimal-tillage direct seeding, a submergence irrigation technology is replaced by a right-moment irrigation technology, the technical problem that a traditional rice cultivating technology is large in seedling transplantation and working intensity and low in fertilizer and water use efficiency is accordingly solved, and the comprehensive production capacity of a rice cultivating system is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to rice cultivating method, relate in particular to paddy rice and minimal till the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, belong to proportion of crop planting agronomy field.
Background technology
Paddy rice is the topmost fine grain crop that world food crop genetics area and gross yield are only second to wheat.China is one of area of origin of paddy rice, the cultivation history of existing more than 7000 year, and cultivated area is 0.33 hundred million hectare of left and right throughout the year, account for 23% of world's paddy rice gross area, occupy second, output accounts for 39% of the total product in the world, rank first, the stable high yield of paddy rice is particularly important to China's grain security.In traditional sense, Rice Cropping is taking the water kind in waterflooding soaked field as main, but China is one of 13 poor-water states in the whole world, agricultural water accounts for the 70-80% of total water amount, and particularly arid and semi-arid area Water Consumption in Agriculture reaches more than 90%, and rice field total water consumption accounts for the more than 65% of agricultural water.Due to the variation of global climate in the last few years, the phenomenons such as spring drought summer drought often occur, and cause rice in north china growing area to drop in production over a large area, serious blow rice agriculture produce enthusiasm.In addition China is in industrialization, Development of China's Urbanization, and a large amount of Farmer Labors in Cities are worked, rural laborer's wretched insufficiency.And current rice direct-seeding technology is taking water direct seeding as main, little at area, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces peasant's arable area, therefore one increases seed, day by day fertile water direct seeding area under cultivation.This directly causes that water and fertilizer utilization is low, Later Stage of Rice serious lodging, output do not ensure.Therefore the rice dry-farming culture technique of studying energy saving of labor abridged edition under a kind of stable high yield prerequisite seems particularly important.
Rice field-upland field rotation district refers on same field, have sequentially between season or year between the different crop of shifting cultivation or a kind of planting patterns of multiple cropping combination.Crop rotation is a kind of biology measure of combining the use of land with the nurturing of land, and generally uses rice field-upland field rotation in modern agriculture, as double-cropped paddy rice → wheat anniversary crop rotation.
Also generally speaking field mainly refers to straw-returning, be the well stimulation of a culture fertility of generally paying attention in the world today, also has the effect of getting fat volume increase in having stopped the atmospheric pollution that crop straw burning causes.Straw-returning can increase the soil organic matter, and improvement soil structure, makes loosing soil, and porosity increases, and unit weight reduces, and promotes the growth of microbial activity and crop root.Straw-returning getting fat production-increasing function is remarkable, generally can increase production 5-10%,
Rice cropping management mainly comprises: prepare rice seedling bed, presoaking and germinating, sowing seedling, shoot transplanting equipment, field management, results.Rice harves will be determined according to the maturity of paddy rice period, generally gathers in the crops at wax ripeness latter stage to the complete ripeness initial stage.Generally speaking, long-grained nonglutinous rice growing area late August to early September is best harvest time, and japonica rice growing area late September to early October is best harvest time.
Rice direct-seeding refers to a kind of planting type that does not carry out seedling, transplanting and directly seed is sowed to land for growing field crops.Large area rice direct-seeding can be saved a large amount of labours, alleviates the contradiction of seasonal labour's anxiety, and the light simplification, specialization, the scale that realize Rice Production are had great significance, and has wide promotion prospect.
Rice dry-farming technology is taking northern under-film drip irrigation cultivation method as main at present, and its main technical essential is to carry out cultivation management under film the time of infertility, and the needed whole moisture of paddy growth and fertilizer all need to carry out drip irrigation by irrigate band.This method can improve the utilization ratio of moisture to a great extent, but that it requires water source and fertilizer is high, and lays dropper band and film has also increased planting cost.
Summary of the invention
The cultivation method that the present invention seeks to propose a kind of paddy rice and minimal till direct-sowing dry, has saved nursery period to a certain extent, preferably resolves that traditional rice cultivating technique exists that seedling raising and transplanting, work intensity are large, fertilizer and the lower technical problem of water use efficiency.
Technical solution problem of the present invention adopts following technical scheme: a kind of paddy rice is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, and its step comprises:
S10, after rice field preceding crop results, carry out straw-returning mulching soil, rice paddy seed is broadcast to front preparation simultaneously and obtained rice paddy seed to be sowed;
S20, described soil is carried out after band rotary tillage live rice paddy seed described to be sowed sowing, and described soil is carried out to deep application of fertilizer;
S30, live after planting rice paddy seed enter breeding time, in whole breeding time, railway carriage or compartment ditch irrigation by infiltration are carried out in described rice field, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest and/or prevention and control of weeds simultaneously;
S40, gather in the crops according to growth period duration of rice in good time, and carry out next round crop-planting.
Optionally, describedly broadcast front preparation and be specially and broadcast front rice varieties and select and/or process, describedly broadcast that front rice varieties selects that stooling is strong, emergence rate is high and the precocity of strong stress resistance japonica rice variety in evening, described broadcasting before front rice varieties is treated to sowing basked seeds and seed coat agent dressing, obtains rice paddy seed to be sowed after above-mentioned processing.
Optionally, adopt rice wheat no-tillage fertilizing seeding integrated machine to carry out live sowing.
Optionally, rotary blade rotary tillage sowing row when described soil is carried out to band rotary tillage, this soil remainder keeps no-tillage state.
Optionally, when described live sowing, sown scope width is 3m, adopts the sowing of size row, the large little row 12cm of row 18cm, totally 21 row.
Optionally, interior employing railway carriage or compartment ditch irrigation by infiltration in the described time of infertility.
Optionally, described prevention and control of weeds for sowing paddy rice after 3-5 days rice paddy seed do not emerge or even have emerge, and weeds carry out chemical weed control for the first time in the time of seedling, during rice seedling one wholeheartedly to two of leaf leaf is wholeheartedly, carry out chemical weed control for the second time.
Optionally, the described extermination of disease and insect pest comprise panicle blast, four generation rice leaf roller, banded sclerotial blight or control rice fulgorid control.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
A kind of paddy rice of the present invention is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, comprise returning total stalks into fields, irrigation by infiltration, the key technologies such as paddy rice band rotary tillage, the present invention will minimal till live and irrigation by infiltration combination, minimal till live having saved nursery period, replace waterflooding irrigation with water-saving irrigation technique, thereby solve traditional rice cultivating technique and had seedling raising and transplanting, work intensity is large, the technical problem that fertilizer and water use efficiency are lower, improve the integrated production capacity that rice makes system, reach the object increasing production and improying productivity, and mechanization degree is higher, technology is simplified, easily penetration and promotion, particularly has promotion prospect in rice-Mai (oil) crop rotation district.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, technical scheme of the present invention is further elaborated.
The present embodiment discloses a kind of paddy rice minimal tills the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, after preceding crop results, carries out stalk and covers total crop return, the rotary tillage of soil band, mechanization direct-sowing dry, chemical weed control in conjunction with the disposable operation of chemical fertilizer side deep placement; In rice at whole growth periods, carry out irrigation by infiltration, its concrete steps comprise:
S10, after rice field preceding crop results, soil is carried out to straw-returning mulching soil, rice paddy seed is broadcast to front preparation simultaneously and obtained rice paddy seed to be sowed; Broadcast front preparation comprise broadcast front kind select and preparation and the agricultural machinery of processing, soil are prepared, variety adoption stooling is strong, emergence rate is high and the precocity of strong stress resistance japonica rice variety in evening, the preparation of soil comprises straw-returning, and agricultural machinery is prepared to select rice wheat to minimal till ferti-seeding all-in-one.When sowing, soil moisture is not had to high requirement, under drought condition, can carry out dry broadcasting and wet out.Mechanization is minimal tilled live having removed from and is grown seedlings and the operation such as transplanting, has saved a large amount of manually, specifically refers to the rotary tillage of soil bar, sowing, fertilizing integrated, all can utilize mechanical work, removed from grow seedlings, the operation such as transplanting, whole ground, saved a large amount of manually.
S20, described soil is carried out after band rotary tillage live rice paddy seed described to be sowed sowing, and described soil is carried out to deep application of fertilizer; When sowing, adopt rice wheat to minimal till ferti-seeding all-in-one, sown scope width 3m, adopts the sowing of size row, large row 18cm, and little row 12cm, totally 21 row, the amount of broadcasting is per hectare 112.5-187.5kg.A rotary blade rotary tillage sowing row, remainder keeps no-tillage state.Adopt railway carriage or compartment ditch irrigation by infiltration the time of infertility.And it designs according to sower, chemical fertilizer adopts deep placement, with the method for " front steady, middle control, rear short ", uses sufficient base manure, does not execute tillering fertilizer, imposes ear manuer.Fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing 6cm, it is 6:4 that nitrogenous fertilizer base chases after ratio.
S30, live after planting rice paddy seed enter breeding time, in whole breeding time, described crop rotation district are carried out to irrigation by infiltration, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest and/or prevention and control of weeds simultaneously; After its paddy rice drilling, be beneficial to weed growth, and weeds breeding times is long, kind is many, generating capacity is large, harm weight.If well controlling weeds, will have a strong impact on output.Therefore, generally after broadcasting 3-5 days rice paddy seeds do not emerge or even have emerge, and weeds are in the time of seedling, carry out chemical weed control.Chemical weed control for the second time rests in rice seedling one leaf wholeheartedly or two leaves and carries out during wholeheartedly.The extermination of disease and insect pest taking panicle blast, four generation rice leaf roller, banded sclerotial blight etc. as prevention emphasis, doublely control rice fulgorid, in the time that damage by disease and insect reaches index for control, carry out interim preventing and controlling.
S40, gather in the crops according to growth period duration of rice in good time, and carry out next round crop-planting.Accomplish in good time results, rice maturity will be determined according to sowing time, and generally than local transplanting rice late about 7 days, adopt mechanized harvest, stay high stubble, all the other crushed stalk total crop returns.Paddy will a point kind ted, anti-mixing, and rob and ted, when paddy moisture reaches 14.5% standard, raise clean laggard warehousing and put.The present invention makes technology mode taking the integrated supporting novel rice as core of agricultural machinery agronomy, makes technology, realizes the sustainable production that high yield and efficient target lay equal stress on theoretical foundation and technical support are provided for promoting the modern rice in China rice field-upland field rotation district.
In the present embodiment, carry out productive experiment on Yancheng City Huanghai Sea farm, Jiangsu Province, China, sample plot belongs to subtropical climate district, warm temperate zone, the whole district is greater than the accumulated temperature 4500-6500 DEG C of 10 DEG C throughout the year, sunshine duration 700-1500 hour, rice makes phase precipitation 700-1600mm, be more typical rice-Mai rice field-upland field rotation district, be suitable for enforcement of the present invention.
Step 1, broadcasts front preparation
(1) kind is prepared
In variety adoption, must select and be applicable to doing live precocity japonica rice variety in evening, breeding time, strong stress resistance strong about 150-156 days, stooling, germination rate more than 98% and the more than 99% high yield and high quality kind of full rate, seeding quantity 150kg/hm
2.Before broadcasting, carry out seed coat agent dressing, the work of basking seeds.
(2) soil is prepared
Select the rice field that soil property is fertile, air capacity of soils good, do not harden.
(3) agricultural machinery is prepared
The rice wheat no-tillage fertilizing seeding integrated machine of selecting Jiangsu to apply, and seeding machinary is checked comprehensively, the debugging amount of broadcasting, takes precautions against and stops up.
Step 2, minimal tills live
At the beginning of late May to 6 month, sow, adopt rice wheat no-tillage fertilizing seeding integrated machine, the rotary tillage of soil band, mechanization direct-sowing dry, fertilizer deep placement operation are once completed to narrow row 12cm, wide row 18cm.Strictly hold seeding quality and close, accomplish to broadcast row straight, line-spacing is consistent, and seeding down is even, and the depth is suitable, suppresses closely knit.
Step 3, fertilizer deep placement
According to sower design, chemical fertilizer adopts the method for deep placement, chemical fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing 6cm, and it is 6:4 that nitrogenous fertilizer base chases after ratio.General deep placement base manure amount: nitrogen (N) 16kg/ mu, phosphorus (P
2o
5) 8kg/ mu, potassium (K
2o) 12kg/ mu.Method with " front steady, middle control, rear short " is applied fertilizer, and uses sufficient base manure, does not execute tillering fertilizer, imposes ear manuer.
Step 4, integrated control disease pest and weed
After paddy rice drilling significant period of time alternation of wetting and drying, be beneficial to weed growth, and weeds breeding times is long, kind is many, generating capacity is large, harm weight.If well controlling weeds, will have a strong impact on output.Therefore, generally after broadcasting 3-5 days rice paddy seeds do not emerge or even have emerge, and weeds are in the time of seedling, carry out chemical weed control.Chemical weed control for the second time rests in rice seedling one leaf wholeheartedly or two leaves and carries out during wholeheartedly.The extermination of disease and insect pest taking panicle blast, four generation rice leaf roller, banded sclerotial blight etc. as prevention emphasis, doublely control rice fulgorid, in the time that damage by disease and insect reaches index for control, carry out interim preventing and controlling.
Step 5, results in good time, the three-dimensional total crop return of stalk
Above-mentioned paddy rice is minimal tilled the high yield abridged edition cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, and it will accomplish in good time results, and rice maturity will be determined according to sowing time, and generally than local transplanting rice late about 7 days, adopt mechanized harvest, stay high stubble, all the other crushed stalk total crop returns.Paddy will a point kind ted, anti-mixing, and rob and ted, when paddy moisture reaches 14.5% standard, raise clean laggard warehousing and put.The sequencing of above embodiment only, for ease of describing, does not represent the quality of embodiment.Application the present invention, rice yield is than contrast volume increase 15%-20%, and water utilization rate improves more than 30%; Save production cost and labor cost 100-150 unit/mu.
Finally it should be noted that: above embodiment only, in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, is not intended to limit; Although the present invention is had been described in detail with reference to previous embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: its technical scheme that still can record aforementioned each embodiment is modified, or part technical characterictic is wherein equal to replacement; And these amendments or replacement do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the spirit and scope of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme.
Claims (8)
1. the paddy rice in China's rice field-upland field rotation district is minimal tilled a cultivation method for direct-sowing dry, and its step comprises:
S10, after rice field preceding crop results, carry out straw-returning mulching soil, rice paddy seed is broadcast to front preparation simultaneously and obtained rice paddy seed to be sowed;
S20, described soil is carried out after band rotary tillage live rice paddy seed described to be sowed sowing, and described soil is carried out to deep application of fertilizer;
S30, live after planting rice paddy seed enter breeding time, in whole breeding time, railway carriage or compartment ditch irrigation by infiltration are carried out in described rice field, carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest and/or prevention and control of weeds simultaneously;
S40, gather in the crops according to growth period duration of rice in good time, and carry out next round crop-planting.
2. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, describedly broadcast front preparation and be specially and broadcast front rice varieties and select and/or process, describedly broadcast that front rice varieties selects that stooling is strong, emergence rate is high and the precocity of strong stress resistance japonica rice variety in evening, described broadcasting before front rice varieties is treated to sowing basked seeds and seed coat agent dressing, obtains rice paddy seed to be sowed after above-mentioned processing.
3. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, adopts rice wheat no-tillage fertilizing seeding integrated machine to carry out live sowing.
4. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, and rotary blade rotary tillage sowing row when described soil is carried out to band rotary tillage, this soil remainder keeps no-tillage state.
5. the cultivation method of minimal tilling direct-sowing dry according to the paddy rice described in claim 1 or 3, is characterized in that, when described live sowing, sown scope width is 3m, adopts the sowing of size row, large row 18cm, little row 12cm, totally 21 row.
6. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, adopts railway carriage or compartment ditch irrigation by infiltration in the described time of infertility.
7. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, described prevention and control of weeds for sowing paddy rice after 3-5 days rice paddy seed do not emerge or even have emerge, and weeds carry out chemical weed control for the first time in the time of seedling, during rice seedling one wholeheartedly to two of leaf leaf wholeheartedly, carry out chemical weed control for the second time.
8. paddy rice according to claim 1 is minimal tilled the cultivation method of direct-sowing dry, it is characterized in that, the described extermination of disease and insect pest comprise panicle blast, four generation rice leaf roller, banded sclerotial blight or control rice fulgorid control.
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| CN104186261A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-10 | 西南科技大学 | Hybrid rice water saving direct sowing cultivation method based on smashing, burying and retuning to field of preceding crop straw |
| CN104663207A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2015-06-03 | 湖南农业大学 | Semi-solid-state complex no-tillage dry direct seeding method for crop seeds |
| CN105028076A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-11-11 | 河南科技大学 | Method for improving seedling rate of wheat-residue to field launching direct seeding rice |
| CN105123370A (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2015-12-09 | 安徽同大现代农业科技园有限公司 | Novel method of raising rice seedlings through dry sowing and water management |
| CN105145215A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-12-16 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Culturing method maintaining eating quality of south round-grained nonglutinous No.46 paddy rice |
| CN106069080A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-11-09 | 湛江市农业科学研究院 | A kind of Rhizoma Dioscoreae esculentae and the cultural method of Oryza sativa L. crop rotation |
| CN109452107A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-03-12 | 四川省农业科学院作物研究所 | A kind of corn on dry land temperature adjustment drought resisting conservation tillage method |
| CN115024148A (en) * | 2022-06-17 | 2022-09-09 | 重庆市璧山区现代农业发展促进中心 | Dry farming cultivation method for rice in young fruit forest land |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104186261A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-10 | 西南科技大学 | Hybrid rice water saving direct sowing cultivation method based on smashing, burying and retuning to field of preceding crop straw |
| CN104663207A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2015-06-03 | 湖南农业大学 | Semi-solid-state complex no-tillage dry direct seeding method for crop seeds |
| CN105028076A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-11-11 | 河南科技大学 | Method for improving seedling rate of wheat-residue to field launching direct seeding rice |
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| CN106069080A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-11-09 | 湛江市农业科学研究院 | A kind of Rhizoma Dioscoreae esculentae and the cultural method of Oryza sativa L. crop rotation |
| CN109452107A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-03-12 | 四川省农业科学院作物研究所 | A kind of corn on dry land temperature adjustment drought resisting conservation tillage method |
| CN115024148A (en) * | 2022-06-17 | 2022-09-09 | 重庆市璧山区现代农业发展促进中心 | Dry farming cultivation method for rice in young fruit forest land |
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Application publication date: 20140723 |