CN103688319B - 用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件 - Google Patents

用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN103688319B
CN103688319B CN201280023571.6A CN201280023571A CN103688319B CN 103688319 B CN103688319 B CN 103688319B CN 201280023571 A CN201280023571 A CN 201280023571A CN 103688319 B CN103688319 B CN 103688319B
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
semiconductor ceramic
donor
ceramic material
grain
precursor substance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CN201280023571.6A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
CN103688319A (zh
Inventor
克里斯蒂安·皮萨安
哈约托·卡兹
温妮·瓦塞尔
尤尔根·多恩赛弗尔
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Original Assignee
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH filed Critical Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Publication of CN103688319A publication Critical patent/CN103688319A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN103688319B publication Critical patent/CN103688319B/zh
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01CRESISTORS
    • H01C7/00Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/022Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient mainly consisting of non-metallic substances
    • H01C7/023Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient mainly consisting of non-metallic substances containing oxides or oxidic compounds, e.g. ferrites
    • H01C7/025Perovskites, e.g. titanates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G23/00Compounds of titanium
    • C01G23/003Titanates
    • C01G23/006Alkaline earth titanates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/46Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates
    • C04B35/462Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates
    • C04B35/465Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/46Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates
    • C04B35/462Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates
    • C04B35/465Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates
    • C04B35/468Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates based on barium titanates
    • C04B35/4682Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates based on barium titanates based on BaTiO3 perovskite phase
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/46Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates
    • C04B35/462Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates
    • C04B35/465Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates
    • C04B35/47Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on titanium oxides or titanates based on titanates based on alkaline earth metal titanates based on strontium titanates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/48Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates
    • C04B35/49Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates containing also titanium oxides or titanates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/48Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates
    • C04B35/49Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates containing also titanium oxides or titanates
    • C04B35/491Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates containing also titanium oxides or titanates based on lead zirconates and lead titanates, e.g. PZT
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/62222Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products obtaining ceramic coatings
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/624Sol-gel processing
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/626Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
    • C04B35/62605Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
    • C04B35/6261Milling
    • C04B35/62615High energy or reactive ball milling
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/50Solid solutions
    • C01P2002/52Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
    • C01P2002/54Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/04Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3205Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
    • C04B2235/3213Strontium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3224Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3224Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide
    • C04B2235/3225Yttrium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3224Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide
    • C04B2235/3227Lanthanum oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3231Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3232Titanium oxides or titanates, e.g. rutile or anatase
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3231Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3244Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3231Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3251Niobium oxides, niobates, tantalum oxides, tantalates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/327Iron group oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3272Iron oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. hematite, magnetite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/327Iron group oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3275Cobalt oxides, cobaltates or cobaltites or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bismuth cobaltate, zinc cobaltite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/327Iron group oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • C04B2235/3279Nickel oxides, nickalates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3294Antimony oxides, antimonates, antimonites or oxide forming salts thereof, indium antimonate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/40Metallic constituents or additives not added as binding phase
    • C04B2235/401Alkaline earth metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/44Metal salt constituents or additives chosen for the nature of the anions, e.g. hydrides or acetylacetonate
    • C04B2235/441Alkoxides, e.g. methoxide, tert-butoxide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/54Particle size related information
    • C04B2235/5418Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
    • C04B2235/5454Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof nanometer sized, i.e. below 100 nm
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/66Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
    • C04B2235/661Multi-step sintering
    • C04B2235/662Annealing after sintering
    • C04B2235/663Oxidative annealing
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/66Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering
    • C04B2235/666Applying a current during sintering, e.g. plasma sintering [SPS], electrical resistance heating or pulse electric current sintering [PECS]
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/74Physical characteristics
    • C04B2235/76Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry
    • C04B2235/768Perovskite structure ABO3
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/74Physical characteristics
    • C04B2235/78Grain sizes and shapes, product microstructures, e.g. acicular grains, equiaxed grains, platelet-structures
    • C04B2235/782Grain size distributions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/74Physical characteristics
    • C04B2235/78Grain sizes and shapes, product microstructures, e.g. acicular grains, equiaxed grains, platelet-structures
    • C04B2235/785Submicron sized grains, i.e. from 0,1 to 1 micron

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于带正温度系数的非线性电阻的半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法。其中,将具有钙钛矿结构的施主掺杂的铁电材料和通常的表达式为AxByO3的前体物质在1200℃的还原气体中烧结。其中,烧结材料的平均尺寸在亚微米范围内。然后,在其晶界将该烧结材料在600℃下再氧化。该前体物质的晶粒的平均主要晶粒尺寸在亚微米范围内,优选地,平均主要晶粒尺寸是50nm,进一步优选地,最大至20nm,及再进一步优选地,最大10nm。同样,使用该方法生产的半导体陶瓷材料的平均晶粒尺寸在亚微米范围内,这样优选地,80%的晶粒小于800nm,进一步优选地,小于300nm,再进一步优选地小于200nm。

Description

用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件
技术领域
本发明涉及用于非线性正温度系数的电阻的半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、根据权利要求15的上位概念的半导体陶瓷材料以及半导体元件。
背景技术
非线性PTC电阻或者也称作PCT热敏电阻,其具有带有正温度系数的电阻,缩写为PTC(正温度系数),其随着温度升高到临界温度以上时,跳跃式地可再现地达到7个数量级。因此,这样的电阻主要用于通过电流限制针对超载峰值保护集成电路,还用于如热敏传感器及自控的加热组件。临界温度取决于热敏电阻的材料,且可以用在例如0℃至200℃的温度区间中。
特别地,通用表达式为ABO3的、具有钙钛矿结构的、陶瓷的和铁电的施主掺杂的半导体材料用于制造热敏电阻中的功能层,优选使用钛酸钡,其中,位置A和B可以同时具有不同的元素,例如位置A是碱土金属钡及锶,或除了钡及锶还可以是碱金属和铋,且位置B是钛和锆。在WO2010/038770中,公开了具有通用表达式(Ba-x-y-zSry(A1Bi)xA2z)TiO3的具有碱金属和铋的所述结构表达式的半导体陶瓷,其中,A1是碱金属,且A2是稀土类元素,且对于x、y及z,0.03<x<0.20、0.02<y<0.20、0.0005<z<0.015及x-0.10<y<(5/4)-x。可选地,热敏电阻的功能层还可由有机材料制成,特别地由绝缘聚合物或树脂制成,在该有机材料中嵌入导电材料。
在US2001/0003361A1中公开了一种方法,一种半导体陶瓷材料以及一种上述类型的导体元件。将该半导体元件通过多层结构方式 构造,且其由薄的陶瓷施主掺杂的半导体钛酸钡-层及金属电极层的序列构成。由镍或钯构成的电极层通过这样的方式相互电连接,即,电阻层相互并联连接,且从而在临界温度内的总电阻对应于要求是小的。在US2001/0003361A1中公开了一种生产掺杂半导体陶瓷的氧化方法,其中,将BaCO3、TiO2、Sm2O3、MnCO3及SiO2作为原料相互混合、磨碎,然后煅烧。在至少1225℃下在H2/N2气体环境中经过烧结后,具有半导体属性的陶瓷材料在1000℃的空气环境中裸露(ausgesetzt),使得该陶瓷材料的晶界再氧化。此外,在US2001/0003361A1中公开了有关以多层结构方式制造元件,半导体陶瓷经过煅烧及与有机粘合剂混合后形成狭窄片,且分别设置有镍电极。该镍涂层的陶瓷片(Keramikbahnen)相互分层,而后将所得到的涂层在至少1200℃的温度下烧结。
同样,在US7,075,408B2中公开了一种上述类型的半导体元件,其中,将基于BaTiO3的涂层在1300℃的温度下烧结。
在现有技术中,在上述的方法中,优选使用混合氧化的方法来制造PTC电阻材料。在此,如BaCO3、TiO2、SrCO3、SE2O3(SE=稀土金属)简单的前体氧化物及前体碳酸盐,通过混合、研磨、反应煅烧(reaktives Kalzinieren)得到所需的材料配方(Materialformulierung)。功能材料在经过煅烧后具有碱土金属的表达式为ABO3的钙钛矿结构,在位置A上至少是钡,特别地,在位置B上是钛。该稀土金属作为施主。
替选地,是湿化学方法,例如基于溶胶凝胶的方法或草酸盐-路线(Oxalat-Route),其中,如钡、钛-草酸盐的粉末或前体通过化学沉淀而从溶液中析出(ausgeschieden)。
在现有技术的方法中,对于混合氧化物方法及湿化学方法,在起始材料(Ausgangsmaterialien)中设置碱土元素与钛的非化学计量的比例,以获得PTC电阻的所需非线性电阻属性。在现有技术中,将 钛盈余(Titanüberschuss)用于制造散装材料,然而,选择钡盈余 用于制造多层结构的半导体材料,因为在烧结中,钡盈余限制产生的晶粒增长在约1μm至3μm,且因此薄层的厚度可以在超微米范围内。
将得到的原料粉末通过拉箔(Folienziehen)或浇铸制造普通的层,然后,该层通过金属化而具有电极,且叠压成多层元件。然后,通常在高于1300℃的还原条件下进行烧结,且通常氧气分压在10-7atm以下。
基本上,用于半导体材料的施主适合在所有原子浓度在0.5Atom%以下的稀土元素。对于施主材料或受体材料,所使用的原子百分比浓度(Konzentrationsangaben)一直与位置A或位置B的整体相关,根据替换材料的原子类型而定。在WO201038770中公开了,铌、钽及锑也可以作为供体,在JP2009177017中公开了,钇也可以作为供体。在氧化方法中,在煅烧前获得各供体源。
为了完成材料的增稠(Verdichtung),添加普通的烧结助剂,例如SiO2或TiO2,其在烧结温度下形成相对低的熔化的液态(液态烧结(Flüssigphasensinterung)),且支持通过溶解过程和反复溶解过程支持材料的合并(Konsolidierung)。在烧结期间,通过在晶粒内部的扩散完成供体的合成。烧结过程的参数,特别对于供体原子的扩散需要足够的温度及足够的烧结时间,对于施主供体原子在所需浓度及分布中的合成是决定性的。
在现有技术种,烧结后,在冷却过程中或温度在700℃至1200℃的退火步骤中,通过升高氧气分压,晶界在结构体内部小心地进行再氧化,由此,该晶界实现电绝缘,然而,晶粒内部维持其半导体的属性。在晶界的两面产生的电绝缘内部界面构成双肖特基势垒,该双肖特基势垒产生具有所需非线性的电阻的PTC效应。
众所周知的,对于基于BaTiO3的PTC电阻材料提供作为其他的掺杂材料受体,例如,过渡金属锰、铁、铬或镍。通常,通过肖特基势垒的升高会导致在临界温度以上的电阻的跳变高度明显升高。通常,受体掺杂在最大0.1Atom%小量下完成。
现有技术中的层厚通常是20μm,其中,材料的晶粒尺寸在微米范围内。从而,多层热敏电阻的厚度是单个层厚的几倍。过去电路的微型化只通过相应薄的多层热敏电阻实现,多层热敏电阻仅仅通过继续缩小PTC电阻的层厚来实现。目前,在微米范围内,仍然无法生产具有PTC电阻材料的相应的亚微米晶粒的多层热敏电阻。
因此,在学术界,有关非常微粒的施主掺杂的陶瓷的PTC电阻效应的物理实现是不可能的,该施主掺杂的陶瓷基于具有1μm内的晶粒尺寸的BaTiO3(参阅:S.-H.Cho的“PTC热敏电阻的理论”(“Theoretical aspects of PTC thermistors”),J.Kor.Ceram.Soc.43(2006)673)。在此,可以设想,由于晶粒增长不规则,在1200℃以上的烧结中,无法获得半导体状态下的微粒陶瓷。
生产加工亚微米尺寸的晶粒的第一障碍是在烧结中出现晶粒增长。所以,在还原气体中进行烧结,导致晶格中的氧在自由电子的释放下扩散,发生重结晶现象,晶粒尺寸增长达到100μm的几倍。然而,若在氧化条件下烧结,将施主浓度限制在0.4Atom%的范围内,因为在该浓度以上将产生电绝缘性陶瓷。此外,在微小的施主附加物质的范围内,通常晶粒的增长会更剧烈,同样,这会阻碍亚微米晶粒尺寸的生产。
此外,根据现有的技术,使用作为烧结助剂的过量Ti02进行非化学计量的合成,通常同样会导致晶粒增长。然而,多余的BaO可以在烧结过程中引发晶粒增长到达界限,该界限约1μm至3μm,然而,对于亚微米的层厚同样是不够的。
此外,专业人士认为,如果在烧结后,存在亚微米晶粒,那么在亚微米晶粒中就不能实现所需的电阻跳变(Widerstandssprung),因为在这种小的晶粒中,由于再氧化中出现的肖特基势垒相互交叠,且由此晶粒在其内部失去了必要的半导体特性,对此,接下来更进一步描述具体原因。
由于电中性条件,在烧结温度下,贮藏在施主的离子的额外的正电荷首要地通过电子得到补偿,而后陶瓷变成半导体。在空气中冷却期间或在提高氧气分压的条件下,导致在1200℃与700℃之间的温度下的烧结过程中,在晶界上发生形如Ti3+-的离子和Ti4+-离子的再氧化。在晶界上局部的通过金属空穴补偿主体的正离子。在适当的再氧化条件下,在晶界的范围内可以限制所述补偿机制,因为晶粒内部的金属空穴的扩散进行的非常缓慢。如所述受主状态,影响金属空穴负离子,有助于在晶界处形成双倍肖特基势垒,由此,产生绝缘空间电荷区,在此期间,经过冷却在晶粒内部也存在半导体区域。对于依赖温度的热敏电阻的跳变,所述在晶界处的肖特基势垒及所述晶粒内部的半导体属性是必不可少的。
虽然基本上也可以在700℃至约500℃的情况下启用负责肖特基势垒形成的机制。然而,为了产生足够的PTC-电阻跳变,在现有技术中已知的1μm以上的晶粒尺寸,在技术的交换(Auslagerungs)条件或冷却条件下,在所述温度范围内没有显著地产生足够的肖特基势垒。在500℃以下,完全冻结所述金属空穴补偿。
根据Wernicke和Daniels(“改进PTCR-模型的新方面”(“New aspects of animproved PTCR-Model”)Philips Res.Rpt.31(1976)544至551),通过金属空穴的扩散系数及冷却率确定与半导体区域相互分开的电子隔离晶界边缘层的宽度。由所述考虑得出,在通常5℃/min至50℃/min的冷却条件下,所述隔离晶边缘层的宽度约1至3μm。根据Wernicke和Daniels提出的模型必须假定,晶粒尺寸小 于1μm的非常微粒的陶瓷,其在再氧化的过程期间与产生隔离空间离子区域交叠,从而功能层全部通过氧化且电绝缘。晶粒内部的半导体芯(Kerns)的关联的损失(Verlust)同样导致了所述陶瓷的PTC-属性的损失。相应的注意事项遵循从静电角度出发的肖特基-双势垒的建模,通常,假设基于泊松方程的势垒宽度为几微米。
综上所述,迄今为止,使用亚微米晶粒尺寸材料不能生产制作陶瓷的功能层,且在现有技术中,在所述温度特性中的不能实现可比的电阻跳变,以至于在烧结条件和再氧化条件下,根据材料形变,直接导致粗粒的陶瓷层中晶粒增长不规则,或者在再氧化期间,在得到微粒陶瓷时,功能层全部通过氧化,从而,该功能层失去了PTC特性。
可选地,通过应用基于有机底(organischer Basis)可以实现薄层的PTC合成材料(参见:KR2004016677和US2003234717)。然而,基于有机底的PTC合成材料具有致命的缺点,该缺点表现为,在加工部件加热过程中,连续剧烈的热膨胀和收缩使得该PTC合成材料具有较差的机械和几何稳定性,以至于限制了其应用。由于温度的波动,在***(eingelagerten)导电阶段可能中断内部联系,而在冷却时,则不能再次联系。下面将不再考虑有机材料。
发明内容
在此,本发明的技术目的是提供一种方法,一种上述类型的半导体陶瓷材料,及一种半导体元件,其相对于现有技术允许更薄的结构。
在前述类型方法中的该目的,将通过独立权利要求1的特征实现。权利要求2至14的特征给出根据本发明的方法的优选的实施例。对于前述类型的半导体陶瓷材料,本发明的目的将通过独立权利要求15的特征实现,权利要求16和18分别描述了优选实施例。
首次提出具有非线性PCT-电阻的半导体陶瓷材料,其平均微粒尺寸在亚微米范围内。这是可以实现的,通过相应小地设置前体材料的晶粒,优选地,平均基本晶粒尺寸为最大50nm,进一步优选地, 最大20nm或10nm。尽管在烧结过程中晶粒增长,加工的半导体材料的晶粒的平均尺寸保持在亚微米的范围内,优选地,80%晶粒小于800nm,进一步优选地,小于300nm,再进一步优选地,小于200nm。优选地,该半导体陶瓷材料可以基于BaTiO3构成。
根据本发明的半导体-元件,特别是热敏电阻,具有作为功能材料的前述半导体陶瓷材料,且优选地,构建成多层结构。所述半导体陶瓷材料的细微的晶粒尺寸允许由此产生在亚微米范围内的极小厚度的功能层。使得由此可以建造相应平的装配组件,其中,优选地,多层结构中的组件也可以用在小型化的电路中。
为了实施根据本发明的方法,将具有钙钛矿结构的施主掺杂的铁电的含有前体物质在最高1200℃下烧结,其中,该烧结材料具有在亚微米范围内的晶粒,且温度最高至600℃时,该烧结材料在其晶界再氧化。
具有前体材料的晶粒的或烧结材料的晶粒的亚微米尺寸在下面也称作纳米颗粒。在前体材料中使用的陶瓷纳米颗粒应该具有尽可能紧密的,优选单分散的,带有平均最大50nm的原始晶粒尺寸的颗粒尺寸分布,优选地,最大20nm,且特别优选地,最大10nm。
本发明基于令人惊讶的事实,即,在烧结中通过依据本发明的最低温度范围内可以避免不希望的剧烈晶粒增长,及同时在再氧化中,在最低温度下,尽管亚微米的晶粒尺寸仍可以获得要求的具有可逆的跳变(sprunghafter)电阻变化的PTC特征。
前体物质的生产可以通过不同的途径完成。根据所选择的制造方法,在烧结过程中,可以在前体物质的结构内部相互区分待引导的前体物质。其中,该前体材料是一起的,其在此具有用于达到目的的合适的具有钙钛矿结构的施主参杂的铁电材料。铁电材料的通用式是AxByO3,其中x及y是有理数,优选为ABO3,其中“A”例如是碱土金属,特别是钡,及“B”例如是过渡金属,特别是钛,在该位置A和 /或位置B上可以不考虑掺杂材料,也可以通过用至少两个不同的元素,例如在位置A上是钡和锶和/或在位置上B是钛和锆。可以设想,在位置A上除了是所述碱土金属外,也可以是碱金属元素和铋。还可以使用具有化学式PbZri-xTixO3的基于锆钛酸铅(PZT)的铁电材料,其中Pb描述位置A及Zr-xTix描述位置B。
重要的是,在烧结后,获得具有所需的亚微米晶粒的掺杂半导体陶瓷。
在此例如,使用根据现有技术中已经描述的混合氧化方法,在该方法中,通过混合、粉碎及反应烧结至所期望的前体物质的材料配方,得到简单的前体氧化物及前体碳酸盐继续通过强化的向下研磨(Heruntermahlen)可以获得亚微米范围内的前体物质的超细晶粒。
可选地,可以使用如基于溶胶-凝胶-,水热及草酸盐的湿化学法,用于制造前体物质。此外,溶液的化学沉积(CSD)方法及化学气相沉积(CVD)方法也适合,其在首次煅烧过程期间或首次烧结步骤期间,应用金属有机物涂层解决方案,产生根据本发明的纳米晶粒。
优选地,用于前体物质生产的湿化学的变型方案(Variante)是,在应用微乳浊液的情况下,由有机碱土金属的和有机钛的化合物构成的水敏感混合物的水解法而合成,其中,掺杂材料同样是以有机金属化合物的形式出现。在此,这种类型的有机金属化合物不再受限制。然而优选地,使用金属的醇盐(Alkoholate)。
通常,可以将所有水油微乳液用于该湿化学合成,该水油微乳液除了包括氢、氧及碳,也包括氮、溴化物及碘化物。然而优选地,使用WO2007138088A2中公开的阳离子微乳液。所述专利公开涉及用于生产由集中氧化的纳米颗粒的分散体组成的致密(mesoskopischen)陶瓷层的涂层解决方案,该纳米颗粒的分散体通过具有阳离子表面活性剂的微乳液的湿度敏感的前体-解决方案的一种水解反应制造。在 该专利发布中没有解决制造具有非线性PTC-电阻的半导体陶瓷材料。在WO2007138088A2的公开内容完全并入本文。
优选地,湿化学方法中的前体物质的制造涉及掺入(Einbau)掺杂物。在湿化学方法中,通过包含参杂物质的溶液,制造出前体物质的颗粒,且至此,在烧结前已经具有所需浓度的掺杂物。通过该方式证明,特别好地控制掺杂物质的掺入。
基本上,用于作为基于碱土金属的相对于整体碱土金属含量的除了钡还有具有最大比例50Atom%的锶的半导体陶瓷材料的生产方法可以独立地运用。然而优选地,只使用钡。然而,同样是在位置A上,除了可以使用碱土金属,还可以使用碱金属及铋。在合成陶瓷中,位置A上的部分不应该超过20Atom%。
关于烧结前体物质的制造,可以通过设置在位置A上的原子和位置B上的原子之间的摩尔比例进行衡量(Einwaage),该比例设置在0.90至1.10之间,然而优选地,设置该金属的化学计量比。
基本上,具有施主特征的如浓度在0.5Atom%内的镧系元素、锑、铌、钽及钇或者所述元素的混合物的外部离子和具有受体特征的如浓度在0.5Atom%内的锰、铁、钴和镍的外部离子适合作为掺杂物质。将如现有技术中的具有掺杂物质的原材料附加到用于前体物质制造的混合氧化物方法中。在煅烧及主要在烧结过程中,掺杂物质的原子扩散到半导体陶瓷的结构中。由于通过深入研磨获得在亚微米范围内的细小晶粒尺寸,则烧结温度无需升到1200℃以上,掺杂物质就可以扩散到晶粒内部。
若通过湿化学方法生产前体物质,由溶液直接产生前体物质的颗粒。若将适当浓度的掺杂物质及湿化学方法中的方式结合在一起,则掺杂物质已经可以配置(einbauen)在所需浓度的溶液中,且均匀分布在半导体材料的钙钛矿结构中。在烧结期间,掺杂物质的扩散不再 是必要的。这有利于在烧结过程期间放弃使用烧结溶剂,且低温至最高1200℃。
通常,半导体陶瓷材料是薄层的形式。优选地,该材料已经在煅烧和烧结之前就已经呈现为层的形式。基本上,可以将所有常规方法用于超细微粒的陶瓷材料层的制造,如用分散剂(Dispersionen)、粉浆或膏的浇铸、拉伸、离心涂镀、浸入,该分散剂、粉浆或膏包含所需的纳米粒子。优选地,用胶体涂层的喷墨打印,或相应调整粉浆或膏的胶印。
至此,将产生的层进行煅烧,如果还需要,即,在600℃至1200℃之间的温度下在还原气体中烧结。应该避免600℃以下的温度,因为在半导体陶瓷中可能残留不希望的孔隙率。
温度的上限用来避免在烧结过程期间促进晶粒异常增长。因此,优选地,烧结过程中温度最高至1000℃,进一步优选地,温度至900℃。优选地,也可以将温度设置在600℃至800℃之间。
在可能最短的烧结时间内排除晶粒生长,因此,优选地,在如5分钟的短暂的烧结时间内,用最快加热例如为20℃/s,例如使用高能卤素灯、漫射或快速回火及火花放电烧结,这就是放电等离子烧结(SPS)
在最后的再氧化过程中,在最高至600℃下,在晶界产生必要的肖特基势垒。最低温度保证肖特基势垒区域保持足够狭窄,且半导体区域在晶粒内部。
下文中将描述根据本发明方法的示范实施例及根据本发明半导体材料的示范实施例。
附图说明
图1示出掺杂镧的钛酸钡分散液的晶粒尺寸分布图,
图2示出在透射电子显微镜下的掺杂镧的BaTiO3纳米晶粒的记录,
图3示出在扫描电子显微镜下的掺杂镧的BaTiO3层的记录,
图4示出在透视电子显微镜下的SPS压缩层和由掺杂镧的BaTiO3纳米晶粒再氧化的纳米陶瓷的记录,
图5示出根据图4在烧结及再氧化层中的晶粒尺寸分布图标,及
图6示出化学计量的掺杂镧的BaTiO3纳米陶瓷(a)和超化学计量的掺杂镧的BaTiO3纳米陶瓷(b)的具体电阻的温度依赖性的对比。
具体实施方式
首先,在下文中描述用湿化学方法制造掺杂镧的BaTiO3的纳米晶粒。
为了获得具有典型的掺杂0.2Atom%的镧的10克钛酸钡晶粒,首先,将惰性气体下的5.877克钡金属在室温下溶解到200ml甲醇中。将该所得溶液与滴入的12.173g的异丙醇钛混合,由此精确地得到钡和钛的化学计量比。在该混合反应中,将l.2ml具有2.576g的镧丙酸(Lanthanpropionat)的溶液添加到100ml甲醇中。
随后,用化学计量的水水解,通过慢慢地滴加20.634g阳离子微乳液实现,其中,1-丙酸12.21Gew.-%、CTAB(溴化十六烷基三甲胺(Cethytrimethylammoniumbromid))3.74Gew.-%、水11.23Gew.-%及环己烷(Cyclohexan)72.82Gew.-%。微乳液完全制成后,直接获得外观均质的,几乎澄清的掺杂镧的具有事实上的单分散的晶粒尺寸分布的及平均粒径(Teilchendurchmesser)为5nm的钛酸钡分散液。图1示出分散体中的晶粒尺寸分布图表。图2示出在透射电子显微镜下,此处用点表示的可视的掺杂镧的BaTi03的纳米晶粒1的记录。在该时间点,纳米晶粒1中的掺杂镧的分布已经是均质的且在所需的浓度。
将这样所得到的掺杂镧的钛酸钡纳米晶粒1的胶体溶液直接作为墨用于钛酸钡层2的制造,该墨在本文中没有描述的喷墨打印机中,且该胶体溶液打印到基板(Substrat)3上(Fig.3)。可选地,也可 以将钛酸钡层2通过浸涂层(Tauchbeschichtung)或通过在相应的基板上进行离心涂镀离析出来。使用该方法,根据所需的层厚度,在该溶液中的分散纳米晶粒1的质量浓度可以是多样的,通过溶剂简单的蒸发至浓度达到30Gew.-%。
制造钛酸钡层2后,将该晶粒在还原气体环境下,如氩气中有4%的H2,在温度升至约700℃后,经过5分钟的快速热加工(快速退火,RTA)中进行烧结。对此,使用具有加热速度为20℃/sek的高能卤素灯。
包括酒精溶液的具有10Gew.-%的纳米晶粒的喷墨打印的制造层依赖于设置打印参数,经过还原烧结后实现层厚度在50至500nm。图3示出约220nm厚的陶瓷的掺杂镧的钛酸钡层2,该层具有在镀铂的硅基板3上大约80nm的纳米晶粒1的晶粒。图3示出基底3的由元素硅构成的层4、由Si02构成的层5及镀铂层6。
代替通过喷墨打印或通过浸涂层,可以粉末通过最初获得的分散剂,也可以首先通过由掺杂镧的纳米晶粒制造,例如简单的方式是通过充分的溶剂的蒸发,其中,该纳米晶粒只是聚集成大小松动的单元。该粉末可以用于制造超细晶粒层的或具有非线性的PTC电阻的陶瓷的深度加工。
由粉末构成的BaTiO3层的产生可以通过浇铸和相应的粉浆或糊(Pasten)的拉伸完成,该粉浆或糊包括该纳米晶粒粉末。烧结过程可以再次完成上述RTA烧结过程。
通过纳米晶粒粉末,也可以无需生产粉浆及糊的中间步骤,通过压力辅助强化(Konsolidierung)借助放电等离子烧结(SPS)直接制造超细PTC陶瓷。
烧结层的再氧化独立于烧结的方式,例如只需要将该层停留在温度最高升至600℃的氧化环境中。氧化环境可以是空气或者具有适当氧分压的其他气体。
图4示出在透射电子显微镜下观察放电等离子烧结(SPS)压实的及再氧化的PTC纳米陶瓷的结构,该PTC陶瓷将通过根据本发明的掺杂镧的化学计量的钛酸钡纳米晶粒而得到,且其具有的平均晶粒尺寸在160至220nm之间。还原烧结将在1000℃,75Mpa下完成。随后产生PTC效应,只需将该陶瓷在500℃的空气中进行大约1个小时的再氧化。
图5示出根据图4得出的材料结构的晶粒尺寸的分布。纵坐标大小“频率”确定各尺寸级的频率分布,例如对于尺寸级从210nm至230nm的频率分布大约是14%。用柱状描述的曲线给出了累计频率。
超细晶粒的PTC陶瓷的特有的电阻的温度依赖属性将用于确定PTC电阻特性。图6(a)中的图表示出在下面的曲线7上掺杂镧的钛酸钡的纳米陶瓷与温度相关的电阻,该电阻适用于再氧化前的纳米陶瓷和在上面的曲线8上示出的是再氧化后的温度相关的电阻。因此,可以得到3个数量级的跳变高度。该纳米陶瓷将通过碱土金属与钛的化学计量的衡量比例制造。
用3mol%过量氧化钡及超化学计量的,否则,用相同的方法制造掺杂镧的具有可比晶粒的钛酸钡的纳米陶瓷,其由图6(b)中的图表上边曲线9示出,可比的测量值仅仅是1个数量级的。下边的曲线10示出在再氧化前的温度下的电阻曲线。
附图标记列表
1 纳米颗粒
2 钛酸钡层
3 铂硅衬底
4 硅层
5 二氧化硅层
6 铂层
7 再氧化前的电阻曲线(化学计量的样本)
8 再氧化后的电阻曲线(化学计量的样本)
9 再氧化后的电阻曲线(超化学计量的样本)
10 再氧化前的电阻曲线(超化学计量的样本)

Claims (27)

1.一种用于带有正温度系数的非线性电阻的半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法,其中,
a)将表达式通常为AxByO3、平均晶粒尺寸最大为50nm、具有钙钛矿结构的施主掺杂的铁电材料的前体物质在最高温度为1200℃下的还原气体环境中烧结,其中,烧结的材料具有亚微米范围内的平均尺寸,以及
b)将该烧结材料在最高600℃的温度下在其晶界处再氧化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
该前体物质的晶粒的平均主要晶粒尺寸为最大20nm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
该前体物质的晶粒的平均主要晶粒尺寸为最大10nm。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
在最高1100℃的温度执行烧结过程。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,
在最高1000℃的温度执行烧结过程。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,
在最高900℃的温度执行烧结过程。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
施主掺杂的铁电材料在A位置上具有至少一种碱土金属。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,
施主掺杂的铁电材料在A位置上具有至少主要是钡。
9.根据权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于,
该施主掺杂的铁电材料在A位置上,除了具有至少一种碱土金属,附加地具有至少一种碱金属元素和铋。
10.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述施主掺杂的铁电材料在B位置上具有至少主要是钛。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,
该施主掺杂的铁电材料在B位置上,除了钛,具有锆。
12.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
基于通用表达式ABO3,包含由A和/或B构成的前体物质的原料被合成,其中,A至B对于所有原材料的比例最少为0.90,且最高为1.10。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,
A至B对于所有原材料的该比例是化学计量的。
14.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
作为施主的施主掺杂的铁电材料是至少一种稀土金属,其中,该施主浓度总计最高为0.5Atom%。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,
作为施主的施主掺杂的铁电材料所使用的稀土金属通过铌、钽、锑和/或钇补充。
16.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
用于施主掺杂的铁电材料是至少一种受体材料,其中,受体浓度总计最高为0.5Atom%。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述受体材料为锰、铁、钴和/或镍。
18.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
前体物质将通过湿化学的沉淀法而合成。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,
该前体物质将通过由有机碱土金属的和有机过渡金属的化合物构成的水敏感混合物的水解法而合成。
20.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,
该前体物质通过氧化方法合成,且该前体物质的亚微米晶粒通过深研磨生产。
21.一种基于施主掺杂的铁电金属氧化物的施主掺杂的半导体陶瓷材料,具有钙钛矿结构,该结构具有带有正温度系数的非线性的电阻,
其特征在于,
半导体陶瓷材料的晶粒的平均晶粒尺寸在亚微米范围内,且所述半导体陶瓷材料的80%的晶粒小于800nm,
其中,通过将表达式通常为AxByO3、平均晶粒尺寸最大为50nm、具有钙钛矿结构的施主掺杂的铁电金属氧化物的前体物质在最高温度为1200℃下的还原气体环境中烧结而形成所述半导体陶瓷材料。
22.如权利要求21所述的施主掺杂的半导体陶瓷材料,其中所述半导体陶瓷材料的80%的晶粒小于300nm。
23.如权利要求21所述的施主掺杂的半导体陶瓷材料,其中所述半导体陶瓷材料的80%的晶粒小于200nm。
24.根据权利要求21-23中任一项所述的施主掺杂的半导体陶瓷材料,其特征在于,
该金属氧化物是BaTiO3
25.一种半导体元件,具有根据权利要求21-24中任一项所述的半导体陶瓷材料。
26.根据权利要求25所述的半导体元件,其特征在于,
其是热敏电阻。
27.根据权利要求26所述的半导体元件,其特征在于,
所述热敏电阻是多层结构的。
CN201280023571.6A 2011-05-18 2012-05-16 用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件 Expired - Fee Related CN103688319B (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011050461A DE102011050461A1 (de) 2011-05-18 2011-05-18 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbleiterkeramikmaterials für einen nichtlinearen PTC-Widerstand, Halbleiterkeramikmaterial und ein Halbleiter-Bauelement
DE102011050461.3 2011-05-18
PCT/DE2012/100143 WO2012155900A2 (de) 2011-05-18 2012-05-16 Verfahren zur herstellung eines halbleiterkeramikmaterials, halbleiterkeramikmaterial und ein halbleiter-bauelement

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN103688319A CN103688319A (zh) 2014-03-26
CN103688319B true CN103688319B (zh) 2017-03-01

Family

ID=46548165

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201280023571.6A Expired - Fee Related CN103688319B (zh) 2011-05-18 2012-05-16 用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2710615B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2014519194A (zh)
CN (1) CN103688319B (zh)
DE (1) DE102011050461A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2012155900A2 (zh)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016000799A1 (de) 2016-01-27 2017-07-27 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Verfahren zur Herstellung von keramischen Kathodenschichten auf Stromkollektoren
KR102483896B1 (ko) * 2017-12-19 2022-12-30 삼성전자주식회사 세라믹 유전체 및 그 제조 방법, 세라믹 전자 부품 및 전자장치
CN109269662B (zh) * 2018-09-19 2020-12-01 北京科技大学 应用于红外探测的稀土镍基钙钛矿氧化物热敏电阻材料
CN113651612A (zh) * 2021-08-13 2021-11-16 湖州南木纳米科技有限公司 钛酸钡系ptc热敏陶瓷材料及其在锂电池中的应用

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101224979A (zh) * 2008-01-18 2008-07-23 陕西科技大学 高居里点无铅ptc陶瓷电阻材料的制备方法

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56169301A (en) * 1980-06-02 1981-12-26 Tohoku Metal Ind Ltd Method of producing barium titanate semiconductor porcelain
JPH01143201A (ja) * 1987-11-28 1989-06-05 Central Glass Co Ltd 可変式ptcrエレメント
JP3424742B2 (ja) * 1998-11-11 2003-07-07 株式会社村田製作所 正の抵抗温度特性を有する積層型半導体セラミック電子部品
JP2001130957A (ja) * 1999-11-02 2001-05-15 Murata Mfg Co Ltd 半導体磁器、半導体磁器の製造方法およびサーミスタ
JP2001167904A (ja) 1999-12-09 2001-06-22 Murata Mfg Co Ltd 半導体磁器およびそれを用いた電子部品
CA2335260A1 (en) * 2001-02-12 2002-08-12 Sabin Boily Method of forming single crystals of a ceramic, semiconductive or magnetic material
JP3914899B2 (ja) 2002-06-24 2007-05-16 Tdk株式会社 Ptcサーミスタ素体及びptcサーミスタ並びにptcサーミスタ素体の製造方法及びptcサーミスタの製造方法
KR100523294B1 (ko) 2002-08-19 2005-10-24 한국화학연구원 고온하에서 ptc 특성을 갖는 회로 보호용 소자 및 제조방법
JP4135651B2 (ja) 2003-03-26 2008-08-20 株式会社村田製作所 積層型正特性サーミスタ
DE102006025770A1 (de) 2006-05-31 2007-12-13 Jürgen Dr. Dornseiffer Herstellung von Beschichtungslösungen nebst hergestellten Produkten
JP4888405B2 (ja) 2008-01-25 2012-02-29 Tdk株式会社 積層型ptcサーミスタ及びその製造方法
JP2010003814A (ja) * 2008-06-19 2010-01-07 Kyushu Univ サーミスタの製造方法及びサーミスタ
CN102164873B (zh) 2008-09-30 2013-04-17 株式会社村田制作所 钛酸钡系半导体陶瓷组合物及ptc热敏电阻

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101224979A (zh) * 2008-01-18 2008-07-23 陕西科技大学 高居里点无铅ptc陶瓷电阻材料的制备方法

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
溶胶-凝胶法制备无铅纳米BaTiO3基PTC陶瓷粉体的研究;李子成 等;《湘潭大学自然科学学报》;20060930;第28卷(第3期);第90-94页 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2012155900A3 (de) 2013-01-10
WO2012155900A2 (de) 2012-11-22
EP2710615B1 (de) 2015-03-04
DE102011050461A1 (de) 2012-11-22
CN103688319A (zh) 2014-03-26
JP2014519194A (ja) 2014-08-07
EP2710615A2 (de) 2014-03-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
TWI248924B (en) Oxide having perovskite structure, barium titanate, and manufacturing method therefor, dielectric ceramic, and ceramic electronic component
TW419685B (en) Dielectric ceramic, method for producing the same, laminated ceramic electronic element, and method for producing the same
JP5562673B2 (ja) 強誘電体材料、強誘電体薄膜、強誘電体材料の製造方法および強誘電体素子
JP5347961B2 (ja) 半導体セラミック粉末、及び半導体セラミック、並びに積層型半導体セラミックコンデンサ
JP5599185B2 (ja) 圧電材料および圧電素子
CN103579494B (zh) 压电器件及其制造方法
CN103688319B (zh) 用于半导体陶瓷材料的制造方法、半导体材料及半导体元件
JP2010239132A (ja) 圧電薄膜、圧電素子および圧電素子の製造方法
JP5259718B2 (ja) セラミック材料、セラミック材料を製造する方法、および、セラミック材料を含むエレクトロセラミック構成要素
JP2013107812A (ja) ペロブスカイト粉末、その製造方法及びこれを用いた積層セラミック電子部品
JP2009221037A (ja) 圧電体、圧電素子、および圧電アクチュエータ
JP2014177355A (ja) 圧電セラミックス、圧電素子、及び圧電セラミックスの製造方法
EP2006927B1 (en) Piezoelectric material
Huang et al. Structural, ferroelectric, and optical properties of Pr-NBT-xCTO relaxor ferroelectric thin films
JP3856142B2 (ja) 薄膜容量素子用組成物、高誘電率絶縁膜、薄膜容量素子および薄膜積層コンデンサ
KR20130038695A (ko) 페롭스카이트 분말, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한 적층 세라믹 전자부품
JP2014529902A (ja) 圧電デバイスおよび圧電デバイスの製造方法
Chen et al. Preparation and characterization of Pb (Zr0. 53Ti0. 47) O3/CoFe2O4 composite thick films by hybrid sol–gel processing
CN110246689B (zh) 陶瓷电介质及其制造方法和陶瓷电子组件及电子设备
JP4311134B2 (ja) 金属酸化物超微粒子分散溶液、及び金属酸化物超微粒子薄膜
US20080067897A1 (en) Production Method of Piezoelectric Ceramic, Production Method of Piezoelectric Element, and Piezoelectric Element
JP4643443B2 (ja) チタン酸バリウム粉末の製造方法
JP3592053B2 (ja) インクジェットプリンタヘッド及びその製造方法
CN102509601B (zh) 一种钛酸钡ptc陶瓷的制备方法
JP2010059027A (ja) セラミック粉末の製造方法、誘電体セラミックの製造方法、セラミック粉末、誘電体セラミック、および積層セラミックコンデンサ

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
CF01 Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee
CF01 Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee

Granted publication date: 20170301

Termination date: 20210516