CN101971423A - 介质天线 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
- H01Q19/09—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens wherein the primary active element is coated with or embedded in a dielectric or magnetic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/06—Waveguide mouths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
- H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种介质天线,其带有电磁馈送元件(2)和由介电材料构成的透镜(3),其中该馈送元件(2)发射电磁辐射(4)并且对馈送区域(5)中的透镜(3)施加电磁辐射(4),其中该透镜(3)继续引导电磁辐射(4)并且以发射区域(6)来发射。本发明的任务是,构建这种介质天线,使得借助这些天线至少部分地避免现有技术中已知的介质天线的缺点。所示任务根据本发明首先并且基本上通过如下方式来解决:透镜(3)至少在发射区域(6)中椭圆体地成形,并且透镜(3)相对于馈送元件(2)设置为使得由透镜(3)发射的电磁辐射(4)在主辐射方向(7)上具有基本上平面的相前(8)。
Description
本发明涉及一种介质天线,其带有电磁馈送元件和由介电材料构成的透镜,其中该馈送元件发射电磁辐射并且在馈送区域中对透镜施加电磁辐射,其中该透镜继续引导(weiterfuehrt)电磁辐射并且以发射区域来发射。
介质天线从技术的不同领域中以完全不同的结构形式而已知。然而,对于介质天线共同的是,为了引导和发射电磁波使用介电材料,尤其是损耗特别低的介电材料。已知的是,使用例如特氟龙(Teflon)、聚丙烯或者其他的具有低的介电常数的电介质作为透镜的介电材料。
在工业的过程测量技术中,介质天线例如常常用于料位测量。在这种(然而也在其他)应用领域中特别有利的是,所使用的天线具有尽可能窄的主发射方向并且同时具有尽可能紧凑的结构形式。然而这些要求在通常为了其技术上的实现而必须采用的结构措施方面是彼此矛盾的。在主发射方向上的窄的方向特征已知可以首先通过透镜的发射区域的大的孔径(即敞开面积)来实现。为了使得孔径也在窄的主发射方向的意义上被使用,由透镜的发射区域发射的电磁辐射必须具有尽可能平坦的相前,其中这种平坦的相前可以随着天线的增大的长度而更简单地实现,这同样与所希望的紧凑的结构形式矛盾。
已知的介质天线除了难以在同时有紧凑结构形式的情况下同时实现窄的主发射方向之外,还具有其他的缺点,该缺点与相对地设置电磁馈送元件和由介电材料构成的透镜相关联。在电磁馈送元件和透镜直接彼此接触的天线结构形式中,透镜至少被电磁馈送元件的部分所包围,由此介质透镜强制地伸入电磁馈送元件中并且在馈送元件中被施加电磁辐射(US 6,023,246)。
在其他结构形式中,电磁馈送元件和由介电材料构成的透镜彼此间隔地设置,使得在电磁馈送元件和介质透镜之间存在间隙。
在前面提及的变形方案中具有的缺点是,例如对于卫生学应用只能比较差地实现合适的结构形式。除了带有被馈送元件至少部分包围的透镜的天线的、在结构上本来就要求非常高的实现之外,该结构形式此外具有的缺点是,从馈送元件至透镜的过渡在天线之前远处的区域中并且比较暴露,并且因此受到污染威胁。在带有电磁馈送元件和透镜之间的间隙的天线结构中,始终存在污染朝向间隙的天线面的危险,此外由于存在的间隙,过压应用和欠压应用会有问题。
因此本发明的任务是,(至少部分地)避免已知的介质天线情况下所示出的缺点。
根据本发明,所提出的任务首先并且基本上在所讨论的介质天线的情况下通过如下方式来解决:透镜至少在发射区域中被成形为椭圆体,并且透镜相对于馈送元件设置为使得由透镜发射的电磁辐射在天线的主辐射方向上具有基本上平面的(eben)相前。已表明的是,椭圆体地成形的介质透镜能够实现非常短的结构形式,同时产生所发射的电磁辐射,该电磁辐射基本上具有主辐射方向中的平面的相前。
在本发明的优选的扩展方案中,介质透镜关于由透镜的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域所限定的椭圆体的主轴线轴对称,其中椭圆体的主轴线于是基本上朝向天线的主辐射方向。椭圆体的主轴线或者椭圆的主轴线在此(如在几何学中常见的那样)理解为椭圆体或者椭圆的纵轴线,即椭圆体或者椭圆的焦点位于其上的轴线。这种轴对称的透镜甚至是旋转对称的并且因此可以特别简单地制造和安装。
在介质天线的其他优选的扩展方案中,多个通过透镜的至少椭圆体状地成形的发射区域限定的椭圆的主轴线基本上同轴地对准,其中证明为特别有利的是,椭圆基本上共同具有一个焦点。这样构造的透镜不再必须是旋转对称的,而是可以具有多种不同的形状和对称性,然而其中每个通过主轴线延伸的截平面通过透镜朝向椭圆的截面被引导,其中所有这些椭圆的主轴线基本上同轴地对准,于是基本上叠置。
当如所述的那样,这些椭圆基本上具有共同焦点时,则由此尤其是意味着如下构型:其中所有椭圆的、并非基本上相叠的或者并非基本上位于彼此中的第二焦点从椭圆的共同焦点出发并不在不同的方向上相遇,而是全部朝着主辐射方向的方向或者全部与天线的主辐射方向相反。
在本发明的一个特别优选的扩展方案中,电磁馈送元件基本上设置在通过透镜的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域限定的椭圆体的焦点中,或者电磁馈送元件基本上设置在通过透镜的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域限定的椭圆的共同焦点中。已经证明的是,以下介质天线特别适于该优选的结构原理:在该介质天线的主辐射方向上产生基本上平坦的相前。
特别优选的是,电磁馈送元件设置在透镜的一个焦点或者共同的焦点中,使得电磁馈送元件(只要其本身具有辐射方向)朝着全部介质天线的最终实现的主辐射方向发射其电磁辐射。这意味着,电磁馈送元件位于带有至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域的透镜的主轴线或者共轴的主轴线上。
在本发明的另一个优选的扩展方案中,电磁馈送元件包括电磁辐射源和波导管,其中由辐射源发射的电磁辐射由波导管引导向透镜,其中波导管尤其是相对于透镜的主轴线共轴地设置。在这种用波导管实现的电磁馈送元件的情况下,馈送元件自动地具有关于电磁波的发射的明确的优先方向,使得针对电磁馈送元件的关于透镜和关于主辐射方向的布置所述的内容在此在特别的程度上适用。
特别有意义的是根据本发明的介质天线的如下扩展方案:其中透镜固定在电磁馈送元件的外侧上、尤其是固定在波导管的外侧上,特别地,透镜至少部分地环绕电磁馈送元件的外侧或者波导管的外侧,尤其是插到或者旋到电磁馈送元件或者波导管上。这些结构措施相对于现有技术中的已知的结构具有多个优点。
一方面可以通过这种方式和方法总体上实现天线的非常好的封装使得介质天线也适于如下应用:这些应用在可实现的卫生方面具有特别高的要求,例如在食品领域中的应用。通过该透镜包围电磁馈送元件或者波导管,将透镜和电磁馈送元件之间的过渡部和间隙的数目最小化。
另一方面,通过介质透镜的形状以及由于缺少透镜的金属外套,总体上实现了有效的孔径,该孔径大于仅仅通过透镜的发射区域在主辐射方向上的投影所得到的天线孔径,使得根据本发明的天线实现比例如相同大小的喇叭状辐射器更大的增益。此外,不同于柄状辐射器并不构成波导管的开放式结构负责使得脉冲响应的多次反射快速地衰减。
在介质天线的另一优选的扩展方案中,透镜基本上从其馈送区域开始朝着主辐射方向椭圆体地被构造,并且透镜基本上从其馈送区域开始背向主辐射方向套管式地被构造,即用于容纳馈送元件或者波导管。透镜的这种结构形式和馈送元件或者波导管相对于透镜的设置出于几何-波光学的原因在特别的程度上适于实现高的增益。
套管实际上可以任意成形,并且构建为使得其例如特别适于固定介质天线。优选的是,套管状地被构造的透镜部分在处理侧包封(kapseln)天线,其方式尤其是套管状地被构造的部分基本上完全包围电磁馈送元件,其方式尤其是还有:套管状地被构造的部分在处理侧基本上包围天线的安装元件。当这里谈及透镜的“套管状地被构造的部分”时,则从而不仅意味着“传统的”套管,即其圆柱体状地被构造,而且由前面所述的内容得到,其可以是介质天线的任意出口,该出口尤其是(至少部分地)包围电磁馈送源或者辐射源的电的和/或机械的入口以及机械附件。
在天线的另一优选的扩展方案中,透镜除了电磁馈送元件的入口区域之外椭圆体地被构造。
对于本领域技术人员而言容易理解的是,所有关于透镜在电磁馈送元件的外侧上或者在波导管的外侧上的固定所描述的根据本发明的特征同样也适用于如下透镜:这些透镜在其发射区域中并非椭圆体地被成形,而是可以具有任意形状。与将透镜固定在电磁馈送元件上的方式关联的优点与透镜形状无关。
具体而言,现在存在多种可能性来构建和进一步改进根据本发明的介质天线。为此,一方面参考权利要求1的从属权利要求,另一方面参考随后的结合附图对实施例的描述。其中:
图1示出了带有电磁辐射的粗略绘出的光路的、穿过本发明的介质天线的横截面的示意图,
图2示出了在图1中所示的介质天线的透镜内和透镜外的电磁场分布的仿真,
图3示出了本发明的介质天线的示意性的透视图,
图4在横截面视图中示出了带有短的套管状扩展部的、本发明的介质天线的另一实施例,
图5在横截面视图中示出了带有盘状地扩展的套管状构型的、本发明的介质天线的另一实施例,
图6在横截面视图中示出了带有长的套管状扩展部的、本发明的介质天线的另一实施例,并且
图7示出了根据本发明的介质天线的一个实施例,其带有几乎完全椭圆体地被构造的透镜。
图1至7示出了介质天线1,其带有电磁馈送元件2和由介电材料构成的透镜3。天线1的工作原理始终基于的是,馈送元件2发射电磁辐射4,并且透镜3在馈送区域5中被施加以电磁辐射4,其中透镜3进一步引导电磁辐射4并且以透镜的发射区域6来发射。
在所有附图中示出的是,透镜3至少在发射区域6中椭圆体地成形,并且透镜3朝向馈送元件2设置为使得从透镜3发射的电磁辐射4在天线1的主辐射方向7上具有基本上平面的相前8,其中相前8可以明确地仅仅在图2中看出。
在图1中可以清楚看出的是,由示意性示出的馈送元件2发射的电磁辐射4如何在透镜3内传播,并且在透镜3的发射区域中在透镜3的椭圆体地成形的边界上根据波动光学的定律被折射,并且基本上在透镜3的主辐射方向7上被发射。
在图2中可以特别清楚地看出的是,借助透镜3的椭圆体地成形的发射区域6在透镜3之外在主辐射方向7的方向上可以产生基本上平面的相前8,这对于窄的辐射特征是特别有利的,虽然所示的介质天线1的结构形式非常紧凑。
在附图中示出的介质天线1共同具有的是,透镜3关于如下椭圆体的主轴线9轴对称:该椭圆体通过透镜的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域6来限定,其中椭圆体的主轴线9基本上指向相应示出的天线1的主辐射方向7。具有这种几何结构的透镜3可以特别简单地制造并且仍然具有关于发射的电磁辐射4的所希望的特性。
在其他的这里未详细示出的介质天线情况下,透镜的发射区域分别限定了多个椭圆,其主轴线基本上共轴地对准。这些椭圆于是尤其是具有基本上共同的焦点,因为由此可以实现所发射的电磁辐射的所希望的特性。
借助图1和2可以特别清楚地看出的是,电磁馈送元件2基本上设置在由透镜3的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域6限定的椭圆体的焦点中,因为可以特别有利地利用透镜3的椭圆体状地成形的发射区域6的焦点特征结合以电磁辐射4在透镜3边界上或者用于包围透镜3的、透镜3的介电材料的介电跳跃边沿上的几何-光学折射特性。
在图2和4至7中示出了电磁馈送元件2包括电磁辐射源10和波导管11,其中由辐射源10发射的电磁辐射4由波导管11引导至透镜3,其中波导管11基本上与透镜3的主轴线9共轴设置。
图2至7示出了如下介质天线1:其中透镜3固定在电磁馈送元件2的外侧12上或者波导管11的外侧12上,并且至少部分地包围电磁馈送元件2或者波导管11。在所示的实施例中,透镜3相应地旋到波导管11上。该结构的优点是显而易见的。一方面,这样可以实现机械上非常稳定地将透镜3固定在电磁馈送元件2上或者波导管11上,在任何情况下都能够明显比已知的、其中电磁馈送元件2包围介质天线1的透镜3的结构的情况更为稳定。另一方面,天线1可以通过这种方式非常简单地封装制造。此外,所示的介质天线1的辐射特性明显好于如下介质天线:在这些介质天线的情况下透镜3被金属外壳部分地包围,即被波导管的金属外壳部分地包围。
在图1至6中,所示的介质天线1的透镜3基本上从其馈送区域5开始朝着主辐射方向7椭圆体地被构造。与主辐射方向7相反,所示的透镜3则套管状地被构造,即用于容纳馈送元件2或者波导管11。
在图2至4和图6中,透镜3的套管状的构型是基本上圆柱形的,其中透镜3完全旋到螺纹13上,并且透镜3的套管状地被构造的部分14在处理侧(prozeβseitig)包封天线1。尤其是也对于具有提高的卫生要求的应用所必须的封装通过如下方式来实现:透镜3的套管状地被构造的部分14基本上完全包围电磁馈送元件2或者波导管11。
在图5中可以看出的是,套管状地被构造的部分14朝着金属凸缘15的方向盘状地扩展,并且将金属凸缘15大部分覆盖。特别有利的是,在借助螺纹13将透镜3旋到波导管11上之后,(这里未示出的)用于将金属凸缘固定在这里同样未示出的底座上的固定元件被天线1的介质透镜3完全覆盖。
在图7中示出的介质天线1具有透镜3,其除了电磁馈送元件2或者波导管11的入口区域之外完全椭圆体地被构造。
Claims (9)
1.一种介质天线,带有电磁馈送元件(2)和由介电材料构成的透镜(3),其中该馈送元件(2)发射电磁辐射(4)并且在馈送区域(5)中对该透镜(3)施加电磁辐射(4),其中该透镜(3)继续引导电磁辐射(4)并且以发射区域(6)来发射,
其特征在于,
该透镜(3)至少在该发射区域(6)中椭圆体地成形,并且所述透镜(3)相对于该馈送元件(2)被设置为使得由所述透镜(3)发射的电磁辐射(4)在主辐射方向(7)上具有基本上平面的相前(8)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的介质天线,其特征在于,所述透镜(3)关于由透镜(3)的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域(6)所限定的椭圆体的主轴线(9)轴对称,其中该椭圆体的主轴线(9)基本上朝向该天线的主辐射方向(7)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的介质天线,其特征在于,多个通过透镜(3)的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域(6)所限定的椭圆的主轴线(9)基本上同轴地对准,特别是这些椭圆基本上共同具有一个焦点。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的介质天线,其特征在于,该电磁馈送元件(2)基本上设置在通过透镜(3)的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域(6)所限定的椭圆体的焦点中,或者该电磁馈送元件(2)基本上设置在通过透镜(2)的至少椭圆体地成形的发射区域(6)所限定的椭圆的共同的焦点中。
5.根据权利要求1至4中的任一项所述的介质天线,其特征在于,该电磁馈送元件(2)包括电磁辐射源(10)和波导管(11),其中由该辐射源(10)发射的电磁辐射(4)由波导管(11)引导向该透镜(3),其中所述波导管(11)尤其是相对于该透镜的主轴线(9)共轴地设置。
6.根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的介质天线,其特征在于,该透镜(3)固定在所述电磁馈送元件(2)的外侧(12)上,或者固定在所述波导管(11)的外侧(12)上,该透镜(3)尤其是至少部分地包围所述电磁馈送元件(2)的外侧(12)或者波导管(11)的外侧(12),尤其是插到或者旋到所述电磁馈送元件(2)或者所述波导管(11)上。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的介质天线,其特征在于,所述透镜(3)基本上从其馈送区域(5)开始朝着主辐射方向(7)椭圆体地被构造并且与该主辐射方向(7)相反套管式地被构造以容纳所述馈送元件(2)或者波导管(11)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的介质天线,其特征在于,所述透镜(3)的套管状地被构造的部分(14)在处理侧包封天线,其方式尤其是该套管状地被构造的部分(14)基本上包围电磁馈送元件(2)。
9.根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的介质天线,其特征在于,所述透镜(3)除了该电磁馈送元件(2)的入口区域之外椭圆体地被构造。
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CN111796152A (zh) * | 2019-04-04 | 2020-10-20 | 罗德施瓦兹两合股份有限公司 | 天线***和紧凑型天线测试场 |
CN111796152B (zh) * | 2019-04-04 | 2023-06-06 | 罗德施瓦兹两合股份有限公司 | 天线***和紧凑型天线测试场 |
CN112117537A (zh) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-12-22 | 深圳捷豹电波科技有限公司 | 一种天线***及其介质天线制备方法 |
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CN101971423B (zh) | 2016-12-21 |
JP5216107B2 (ja) | 2013-06-19 |
JP2011512090A (ja) | 2011-04-14 |
EP2243194A1 (de) | 2010-10-27 |
US8917215B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 |
EP2243194B1 (de) | 2013-10-30 |
DK2243194T3 (da) | 2014-02-03 |
DE102008008715A1 (de) | 2009-08-13 |
US20100321262A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
WO2009100891A1 (de) | 2009-08-20 |
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