Embodiment
It is as follows that the present invention fattens program's focus
1, the ox kind is selected
The present invention's program of fattening only is applicable to following 3 ox kinds and 6 corss combination systems:
(ox kind): Chinese Cattle, Japanese black wool and ox, Angus;
(corss combination system): the filial generation of filial generation, Angus and the Fresian of the filial generation of filial generation, Chinese Cattle and the Fresian of the filial generation of the filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Angus, Chinese Cattle and Japanese black wool and ox, Angus and Japanese black wool and ox, Japanese black wool and ox and Fresian.
For fattening the raw material ox, tolly should carry out castration at 3~4 monthly ages handles, and female calf does not then need this operation.
2, getting fat program
Getting fat program of the present invention and target weight thereof (nutrient requirement parameter list) have two, this will be convenient to detect and fatten in the program process whether have problems (disease, subimbition, wound etc.) by the actual measurement body weight, and 2 daily gain schemes of fattening can not mix or be used alternatingly in the process of fattening.For the finished cattle at each monthly age, all need provide the nutritional need value (nutrient requirement parameter list) that matches, the value of ingesting according to the getting fat program, feed according to this value preparation of fodder mixture, enforcement.The parameter of the digestible protein shown in the table (DCP) is minimum guarantee value, therefore in order to guarantee the content of digestible protein in concentrated feed, when design concentrated feed prescription, allows the content of thick protein to surpass the thick protein parameter shown in the table.
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of growing and fattening program 1 is as follows:
Monthly age (moon) |
Body weight (kg, ± 10 %) |
Daily gain (kg/d, ± 10%) |
Concentrated feed (± 10%) |
Roughage (kg/d) (± 10%) |
Food-intake (kg/d) |
CP content (%) |
DCP content (%) |
TDN content (%) |
Calcium content (%) |
Phosphorus content (%) |
The leguminous forage food-intake |
Other food-intakes |
Add up to |
9 |
270 |
0.60 |
3.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
10 |
290 |
0.60 |
4.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
11 |
310 |
0.75 |
5.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
12 |
335 |
0.75 |
6.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
13 |
360 |
0.90 |
7.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
14 |
390 |
0.90 |
8.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
72 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
3.5 |
15 |
420 |
0.90 |
9.1 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
3.5 |
16 |
450 |
0.90 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
17 |
480 |
0.90 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
18 |
510 |
0.90 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
19 |
540 |
0.90 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
20 |
570 |
0.90 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
21 |
600 |
0.75 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
22 |
625 |
0.75 |
9.5 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
23 |
650 |
0.75 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
24 |
675 |
0.75 |
8.5 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
25 |
700 |
0.60 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
26 |
720 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
27 |
735 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
28 |
750 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
29 |
765 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
30 |
780 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
31 |
800 |
0.40 |
8.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
72 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of growing and fattening program 2 is as follows:
Monthly age (moon) |
Body weight (kg, ± 10 %) |
Daily gain (kg/d, ± 10%) |
Concentrated feed (± 10%) |
Roughage (kg/d) (± 10%) |
Food-intake (kg/d) |
CP content (%) |
DCP content (%) |
TDN content (%) |
Calcium content (%) |
Phosphorus content (%) |
The leguminous forage food-intake |
Other food-intakes |
Add up to |
9 |
270 |
0.72 |
4.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
10 |
290 |
0.72 |
5.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
11 |
310 |
0.89 |
6.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
12 |
335 |
0.89 |
7.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
13 |
360 |
1.08 |
8.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
3.0 |
14 |
390 |
1.08 |
9.1 |
14.5 |
12 |
73 |
0.70 |
0.35 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
2.5 |
15 |
420 |
1.08 |
10.1 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
16 |
450 |
1.08 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
17 |
480 |
1.08 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
18 |
510 |
1.08 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
19 |
540 |
1.08 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
20 |
570 |
1.08 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
21 |
600 |
0.89 |
10.5 |
13.5 |
11 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
22 |
625 |
0.89 |
10.5 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
23 |
650 |
0.89 |
10.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
24 |
675 |
0.89 |
9.5 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
25 |
700 |
0.72 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
26 |
720 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
27 |
735 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
28 |
750 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
29 |
765 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
30 |
780 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
31 |
800 |
0.58 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
10 |
73 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
In the table, 1) CP, crude protein; DCP, digestible crude protein; TDN, the meaning of TDN.
2) be added with the salt and the Monensin 30g/ ton of 0.5% weight in the concentrated feed;
3) concentrated feed can select for use suitable feed composition to prepare according to nutrient component meter;
4) roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc." other " in the roughage is meant all roughages that beef cattle can search for food, but begins the yellow stalk that used roughage is all adopted crops from 21 monthly ages, as maize straw, wheat straw, straw etc.
It is as shown in the table, in above two every day nutritional requirement parameter lists, the body weight of ox, daily gain index, concentrated feed every day food-intake and the index such as food-intake every day of nutrient formulation, roughage with respect to the numerical value in the table 10% float up and down can be arranged all.
3, deliver judgement for sale
At first measure body weight (kg) and the height (cm) of ox under the empty stomach state, calculate degree of fattening value according to following formula then: degree of fattening value=(body weight/height) * 100.If this value greater than provide decide degree of the fattening critical value of ox kind and corss combination system, promptly decidable can be delivered for sale, be butchered, ox is used in the production that so promptly obtains producing snowflake beef.Degree of the fattening tables of critical values of different ox kinds is as follows:
Ox kind (or corss combination system) |
Degree of fattening critical value |
Ox kind (or corss combination system) |
Degree of fattening critical value |
Chinese Cattle |
472 |
The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Japanese black wool and ox |
483 |
Angus |
495 |
The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Fresian |
485 |
Japan and ox |
490 |
The filial generation of Japan's black wool and ox and Fresian |
495 |
The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Angus |
480 |
The filial generation of Angus and Fresian |
493 |
The filial generation of Angus and Japanese black wool and ox |
492 |
|
|
Fattening of embodiment 1, castration Chinese Cattle-Yan Bianniu (hereinafter to be referred as " Yan Bianniu ") bull calf
Yan Bianniu bull calf with average 9.3 ± 0.6 monthly ages, body weight 270 ± 12kg, 3 monthly age castrations is an example, fattens according to growing and fattening program 1.
The 1st step: formulate concentrated feed prescription, modulation concentrated feed
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 1, under 9-14 stage at monthly age body weight condition, need the trophic level of the concentrated feed of modulation to be: thick protein (CP) content is 14.5%, digestible protein (DCP) content is 12%, TDN (TDN) is 72%, calcium content is 0.60%, phosphorus content is 0.30%.Formulate concentrated feed prescription (seeing the feed formula table) according to this trophic level, the modulation concentrated feed.
Embodiment 1.9-14 monthly age concentrated feed formula table (air dry matter basis)
Prescription unit price: 1.29 yuan/kg
Raw material |
Ratio (%) |
Brewer's grains |
42.6 |
Potato starchy residue |
31.4 |
Wheat bran |
14.3 |
Corn |
7.7 |
Colza cake (CP36%) |
2.7 |
Stone flour |
0.8 |
Cattle salt |
0.5 |
Ratio (%) |
100.0 |
The concentrated feed nutrient composition content |
|
Protein (CP, %) |
16.5 |
Digestible protein (DCP, %) |
12.0 |
TDN (TDN, %) |
72.1 |
Calcium (Ca, %) |
0.6 |
Phosphorus (P, %) |
0.3 |
Remarks: other interpolation coban 30g per ton.
The 2nd step: decision is smart, roughage day feed amount
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 1, the amount of feeding the concentrated feed day under this monthly age and the body weight condition be 3.1kg, roughage day the amount of feeding be 4.5kg.
Roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use, and present embodiment is selected alfalfa hay for use." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc., and present embodiment is selected ensiling whole-plant corn and wild weeds hay for use.The essence in this stage according to the rules, roughage day feed to measure and throw something and feed.Fattening stage after 22 monthly ages, the Wheat Straw that roughage being of selecting for use dried.
Nutrition parameters inquiry, prescription, the feeding volume decision way of fattening other stage of program are the same.
The 3rd step: decision is delivered for sale
When fattening for 24.5 monthly ages, Niu Tichong 593kg is arranged, height 125cm, degree of the fattening value that calculates with degree of fattening value computing formula is 474.4.Degree of fattening value is greater than degree of the fattening critical value (472) of the Chinese Cattle shown in degree of the fattening tables of critical values, judges that thus this castration prolongs the limit ox and can deliver for sale.During the 24.5-26.0 monthly age, use the same method and detect the degree of fattening of other beef cattle, and contrast with degree of fattening tables of critical values, the rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house is 94.0% as a result.Other finished cattle that does not reach the standard of delivering for sale was continued to fatten 21-28 days, all reach the standard of delivering for sale.
After butchering, through acid discharge in 72 hours, the average cold genetic ability for carcass weight of all finished cattles was 372.4 ± 22.7kg, and cold dressing percentage (%) is 62.8 ± 6.2; According to Japanese trunk and meat grade scale, the A5 rate of grade is 3.6%, the A4 rate of grade is 12.3%, the A3 rate of grade is 62.7%, more than three add up to 78.6%.The A2 rate of grade is 2.5%, the B5 rate of grade is 5.5%, the B4 rate of grade is 6.4%, the B3 rate of grade is 7.0%.If the B3 rank is considered as standard according to Japan, commercial B4, B5, A3, A4, A5 rank are considered as other criterion of snowflake meat level, the output capacity of originally fattening snowflake meat rank trunk in the example is 90.5%.
The output capacity (accounting for the % of full meat) that has marblized high-grade position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, ox shoulder, capsicum meat, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) that is partitioned into according to Japanese split plot design is 77.6 ± 3.7, and the output capacity with position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest, brisket, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) of snowflake line is (accounting for the % of full meat) 36.8 ± 3.9.
Fattening of embodiment 2, An Qinniu (filial generation of Qin Chuan ox cow and Angus bull) stear calf
Peace Qin ox (filial generation of Qin Chuan ox cow and Angus bull) bull calf with average 8.5 ± 0.4 monthly ages, body weight 262 ± 18kg, 3 monthly age castrations is an example, fattens according to growing and fattening program 2.
The 1st step: formulate concentrated feed prescription, modulation concentrated feed
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 2, the trophic level of the concentrated feed that the 9-14 stage at monthly age need modulate is: thick protein (CP) content is 14.5%, digestible protein (DCP) content is 12%, TDN (TDN) is 73%, calcium content is 0.70%, phosphorus content is 0.35%.Formulate concentrated feed prescription (seeing the feed formula table) according to this trophic level, the modulation concentrated feed.
Embodiment 2.9-14 monthly age concentrated feed formula table (air dry matter basis)
Prescription unit price: 1.31 yuan/kg
Raw material |
Ratio (%) |
Potato starchy residue |
46.5 |
Brewer's grains |
30.5 |
Big dregs of beans (CP42%) |
13.5 |
Colza cake (CP36%) |
8.2 |
Stone flour |
0.8 |
Cattle salt |
0.5 |
Ratio (%) |
100 |
Thick protein (CP, %) |
17.8 |
Digestible protein (DCP, %) |
12.0 |
TDN (TDN, %) |
73.0 |
Calcium (Ca, %) |
0.70 |
Phosphorus (P, %) |
0.35 |
Remarks: other interpolation coban 30g per ton.
The 2nd step: decision is smart, roughage day feed amount
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 2, the amount of feeding the concentrated feed day under this 9-14 monthly age and the body weight condition be 4.1kg, roughage day the amount of feeding be 3.5kg.
Roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use, present embodiment is selected the green bean seedling that dries after alfalfa hay and the results green soy bean for use, and the ratio of the two is 1: 1 basically when feeding." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc., and present embodiment is selected the ensiling whole-plant corn for use.The essence in this stage according to the rules, roughage day feed to measure and throw something and feed.Fattening stage after 22 monthly ages, the Wheat Straw that roughage being of selecting for use dried.
Nutrition parameters inquiry, prescription, the feeding volume decision way of fattening other stage of program are the same.
The 3rd step: decision is delivered for sale
When fattening for 26 monthly ages, Niu Tichong 748kg is arranged, height 153cm, degree of the fattening value that calculates with degree of fattening value computing formula is 488.Degree of fattening value is greater than degree of the fattening critical value (480) of Chinese Cattle shown in degree of the fattening tables of critical values and Angus filial generation, judges that thus this castration peace Qin ox can deliver for sale.During the 26-27 monthly age, use the same method and detect the degree of fattening of other beef cattle, and with the contrast of degree of fattening tables of critical values, the result has 96.0% finished cattle to deliver for sale.Other Niu Jixu that does not reach the standard of delivering for sale was fattened 15-21 days, all reach the standard of delivering for sale.
After butchering, through acid discharge in 72 hours, the average cold genetic ability for carcass weight of all finished cattles was 482.8 ± 38.6kg, and cold dressing percentage (%) is 63.5 ± 4.7; According to Japanese trunk and meat grade scale, the A5 rate of grade is 5.4%, the A4 rate of grade is 11.6%, the A3 rate of grade is 62.3%, more than three add up to 81.3%.The A2 rate of grade is 4.8%, the B5 rate of grade is 3.2%, the B4 rate of grade is 5.5%, the B3 rate of grade is 7.2%.If the B3 rank is considered as standard according to Japan, commercial B4, B5, A3, A4, A5 rank are considered as other criterion of snowflake meat level, the output capacity of originally fattening snowflake meat rank trunk in the example is 88.0%.
The output capacity (accounting for the % of full meat) that has marblized high-grade position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, ox shoulder, capsicum meat, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) that is partitioned into according to Japanese split plot design is 78.8 ± 7.9, and the output capacity with position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest, brisket, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) of snowflake line is (accounting for the % of full meat) 40.4 ± 4.9.
The process of fattening of other ox kinds or supporting system and above-mentioned two examples are identical, and the program of fattening of any ox kind or supporting system can be selected for use arbitrarily from above-mentioned 2 programs, but can not use with in the process of fattening.Fatten according to the program of fattening of the present invention, can make all that cold dressing percentage is minimum to reach 60%.B3 grade trunk output capacity is at least 80%, and marble grain position meat output capacity is at least 70%, and snowflake meat position meat is at least 35%.
For ease of understanding, it is for reference that the present invention quotes Japanese trunk meat standard, and can judge that the accessible B3 of the present invention~A5 level trunk meat rate (grey shading part) is all more than 90% from reference table.
Reference table. Japanese trunk and meat ranking score grade standard
The output level |
The meat rank |
A |
A5 |
A4 |
A3 |
A2 |
A1 |
B |
B5 |
B4 |
B3 |
B2 |
B1 |
C |
C5 |
C4 |
C3 |
C2 |
C1 |
Japanese trunk and meat ranking score grade standard are briefly explained:
This standard is the combination of output level and meat level, totally 15 ranks.Output fraction A, B, 3 class of C, the A level is the highest; Meat fraction 1-5 is totally 5 class, and 5 grades the highest.The B3 level is regarded as output and other levels of the standard of meat level.Therefore, to A with by 3 to 5 variation, all mean the raising of the yield and quality of marble grain beef and snowflake beef by B.