WO2022244623A1 - 液体加熱装置 - Google Patents
液体加熱装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022244623A1 WO2022244623A1 PCT/JP2022/019504 JP2022019504W WO2022244623A1 WO 2022244623 A1 WO2022244623 A1 WO 2022244623A1 JP 2022019504 W JP2022019504 W JP 2022019504W WO 2022244623 A1 WO2022244623 A1 WO 2022244623A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- discharge port
- container
- heater
- liquid heating
- Prior art date
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006332 epoxy adhesive Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
- H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/021—Heaters specially adapted for heating liquids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a liquid heating device that heats a liquid such as water with a ceramic heater.
- Hot water is required for hot water washing toilet seats, fuel cell systems, hot water heaters, 24-hour baths, heating washer fluid in vehicles, air conditioners in vehicles, and the like. Therefore, a liquid heating device that heats water with a built-in heater is used (Patent Document 1).
- a rod-shaped ceramic heater is used in which a heat-generating part is embedded in a ceramic sheet wound around the outer circumference of a long and narrow ceramic substrate. (Patent Document 2).
- JP 2008-96057 A Japanese Patent No. 5923295
- Patent Document 1 uses an infrared lamp as a heater, and there is a problem that it is difficult to miniaturize the heater and thus the liquid heating device. Infrared lamps also lead to increased costs.
- the rod-shaped ceramic heater has a heat-generating portion on the distal end side, the proximal end portion of the heater is held in a cantilever manner while being sealed to the container of the liquid heating device with a sealing portion. Ceramic heaters are excellent in rapid heating, but boiling bubbles are likely to be generated during hot water production. If this overheating occurs in a portion near the sealing portion made of resin or the like, the sealing portion may soften and the sealing performance may deteriorate.
- the ceramic heater As the ceramic heater is miniaturized and has a smaller heat generating area, it becomes necessary to increase the heater temperature in order to generate the same amount of heat as in the conventional heater, and more boiling bubbles are generated during hot water production. In addition, if boiling bubbles adhere to the ceramic heater, the part will be in an empty state and the heater will receive a thermal shock, shortening the life of the heater.
- Patent Document 2 has the sealing portion facing downward and the ceramic heaters are placed vertically.
- the liquid heating apparatus of the present invention includes a container having an internal space, and a liquid inlet and a liquid discharge port communicating with the internal space, and a tip portion of the container located within the internal space.
- the liquid heating device heats the liquid by the ceramic heater in the process in which the liquid is introduced from the inlet, passes through the internal space, and flows to the outlet, wherein the outlet is , a first axial direction in the vicinity of the opening end of the discharge port facing the internal space, which is spaced apart from the introduction port in the axial direction, intersects the axial direction; is located closer to the proximal side than the discharge port.
- this liquid heating device in a structure in which the inlet and the outlet are arranged in the axial direction of the ceramic heater, water introduced from the inlet flows toward the outlet toward the tip of the ceramic heater. , it is difficult to reach the sealing portion of the holding portion of the container located on the base end side of the ceramic heater. As a result, it is possible to prevent boiling bubbles from remaining in the heater near the sealing portion.
- the discharge port is arranged in a direction in which the direction of the first axis intersects the direction of the axial line, even when the ceramic heater is placed horizontally (the direction of the axial line is horizontal), the outlet of the discharge port can be Water heated in the container facing upward, and thus boiling bubbles can be easily discharged to the outside, and boiling bubbles can be further suppressed from remaining in the heater near the sealing portion.
- the tip of the heat-generating part is positioned closer to the base end than the discharge port, the accumulation of boiling bubbles in the vicinity of the discharge port is suppressed, and the discharge of boiling bubbles to the outside of the container is further promoted. can be done. As described above, it is possible to easily discharge boiling bubbles generated from the ceramic heater to the outside of the container, thereby suppressing deterioration of the sealing performance and shortening of the life of the ceramic heater.
- the ceramic heater may have a watt density of 100 W/cm 2 or more. According to this liquid heating device, since the ceramic heater has a high output, the size of the ceramic heater and the liquid heating device as a whole can be reduced. Further, as the size of the ceramic heater is reduced, the heater temperature needs to be increased and the number of boiling bubbles increases, so the present invention becomes more effective.
- a plurality of ceramic heaters are arranged in the container, each ceramic heater extends in the same direction, and the tip of the heat generating portion of all the ceramic heaters is closer to the base end than the discharge port. may be located in According to this liquid heating device, the present invention can be applied to a case where there are a plurality of ceramic heaters.
- the heat generating portion may be embedded in the ceramic sheet. According to this liquid heating device, the manufacture of the ceramic heater becomes easier.
- boiling bubbles generated from the ceramic heater can be easily discharged to the outside of the container, and deterioration of the sealing performance and reduction of the life of the ceramic heater can be suppressed.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a liquid heating device according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of a ceramic heater.
- 1 is an exploded perspective view showing the structure of a ceramic heater
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view along line AA of FIG. 1
- It is a perspective view which shows the 1st opening surface of an inlet.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the flow of water when the tip of the heat generating portion faces the discharge port;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line CC of FIG. 7;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line DD of FIG. 7;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line EE of FIG. 7;
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a liquid heating device 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a ceramic heater 171
- FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the ceramic heater 171
- FIG. 4 is line AA of FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the first opening surface S of the discharge port 105, and FIG.
- the liquid heating device 200 is installed in a warm-water washing toilet seat, and heats room-temperature water with two built-in ceramic heaters 171 and 172 to supply hot water.
- the liquid heating device 200 has a generally long cylindrical shape (a cylindrical shape with a rounded rectangular cross section) as a whole, and has a container 100 and two ceramic heaters 171 and 172 .
- the container 100 includes an elongated cylindrical body portion 101 having an internal space 100i for containing the liquid W (water), a front end lid 107 and a rear end lid 109 closing both axial end openings of the body portion 101, and a body It has an inlet 103 and an outlet 105 for the liquid W which are provided integrally with the portion 101 .
- Both ends of the body portion 101 in the axial direction protrude in the radial direction in a flange shape, and the both ends of the body portion 101 and the front end lid 107 and the rear end lid 109 are airtightly sealed by an O-ring 190 (FIG. 7).
- the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 each have a rod shape extending in the direction of the axis L and are arranged in the same direction (in parallel).
- the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 are attached to the container 100 by cantilevering the base ends 17R of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 in the opening of the rear end lid 109 of the container 100 with the sealing portion 180 .
- the tip portions 17T of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 are positioned within the internal space 100i. Needless to say, the holding portion by the sealing portion 180 is closer to the base end than the heat generating portion 17a of the ceramic heater, which will be described later.
- the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 arranged in the same direction (in parallel) means that the maximum angle formed by the axes of all the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 is 10 degrees or less in consideration of errors during installation. It means that there is (including 0 degrees).
- Lead wires 15 and 16, which will be described later, are connected to the base ends 17R of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 for supplying electric power from the outside.
- the axial direction of the body portion 101 is parallel to the direction of the axis L, and the direction in which the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 are arranged is aligned with the long axis of the cross section of the body portion 101 . 171 and 172 are accommodated in the internal space 100i of the trunk portion 101 .
- the axial direction of the trunk portion 101 may form a small predetermined angle with the axis L direction.
- the liquid heating device 200 is installed on the warm water washing toilet seat so that the direction of the axis L is substantially horizontal and the discharge port 105 side is positioned slightly upward. placed.
- the introduction port 103 and the discharge port 105 communicate with the internal space 100i and are spaced apart in the direction of the axis L (also the axial direction of the body portion 101). W is discharged from the discharge port 105 along the flow direction F through the internal space 100i. A gap is formed between the inner wall of the container 100 and the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 , and the liquid W introduced into the internal space 100 i through the inlet 103 flows along the outer surfaces of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 . After being heated while contacting along the L direction, it flows to the discharge port 105 .
- the ceramic heater 171 has a heating element 17h that generates heat when energized from the outside through lead wires 15 and 16.
- the heat generating element 17h has a heat generating portion 17a formed as a heat generating pattern by meandering a conductor in the direction of the axis L on the front end side, and has a pair of lead portions 17b drawn out from both ends of the heat generating portion 17a to the rear end side. is doing.
- the heat generating portion 17a has a length of Lh in the direction of the axis L. As shown in FIG.
- the heating element 17h has a heating portion 17a, both lead portions 17b, and electrode patterns 17c formed at the rear ends of both lead portions 17b.
- the body 17h is sandwiched between two ceramic green sheets 17s1 and 17s2.
- Alumina is used as the ceramic green sheet.
- Tungsten, rhenium, or the like is used for the heat generating portion 17a and the lead portion 17b.
- Two electrode pads 17p to which lead terminals 18 (see FIG. 2) are brazed are formed on the surface of the ceramic green sheet 17s2. form the body.
- this laminate is wrapped around a rod-shaped ceramic base 17g containing alumina or the like as a main component, with the ceramic green sheet 17s2 on the front side, and fired, whereby the ceramic green sheets 17s1 and 17s2 become the ceramic sheet 17s.
- the lead wires 15 and 16 are crimped and electrically connected to the lead terminals 18 and 18 (see FIG. 2).
- the ceramic substrate 17g is solid in this example, it may be cylindrical. However, in the case of a tubular shape, it is desirable to seal the through hole with resin or the like so that water does not leak.
- both ends of the laminate along the direction of the axis L are wound with a space therebetween.
- slits 17v which are concave grooves along the direction of the axis L, are formed in the winding portion of the outer surface of the ceramic heater 171 as non-heat generating portions. Therefore, looking at the cross section in the radial direction of the ceramic heater 171, the heat generating portion 17a is embedded in the ceramic heater 171 in an annular shape with ends, and becomes a non-heat generating portion between the two ring ends 17e of the heat generating portion 17a.
- a slit 17v is formed.
- the ceramic green sheet 17s1 may be omitted, the heating element 17h may be formed on the back side of the ceramic green sheet 17s2 by printing or the like, and the ceramic green sheet 17s2 may be wound with the heating element 17h facing the ceramic substrate 17g.
- the heating element 17h (heating portion 17a) is arranged between the ceramic substrate 17g and the ceramic green sheet 17s2.
- the heat generating element 17h (heat generating portion 17a) is sandwiched between the ceramic sheets (ceramic green sheets 17s1 and 17s2), that is, "embedded".
- the case where the heat generating portion 17a is embedded in the ceramic sheets (the ceramic green sheets 17s1 and 17s2) and the case where the heat generating portion 17a is arranged between the ceramic substrate 17g and the ceramic green sheet 17s2 are collectively referred to as the "ceramic The sheet is provided with a heat-generating portion.”
- FIG. 4 the direction of the first axis n1 of the outlet 105 intersects the direction of the axis L of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 (perpendicular to the direction of the axis L in this example). 4 is a see-through view from the direction of the axis L and from the direction perpendicular to the axis of the discharge port 105.
- the “axis L direction” to be compared with the first normal n1 is the average direction of the axis L directions of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 .
- the first axis n1 is the axis in the vicinity 105R of the open end 105e facing the internal space 100i of the discharge port 105, and the open end 105e is the inner peripheral surface 100w of the container 100. , and the boundary with the discharge port 105 .
- This boundary portion is a portion near the discharge port 105 where the curvature abruptly changes from the inner peripheral surface 100w.
- the "near 105R of the open end 105e” refers to the inner wall of the discharge port 105 including the open end 105e and downstream of the open end 105e.
- FIG. 5 is a view when viewed from the inner space 100i side of the container 100 toward the discharge port 105. As shown in FIG. Also, in this example, the open end 105e is circular.
- the reason why the "first axis n1 in the vicinity 105R" is specified is that the direction of the liquid W flowing from the internal space 100i toward the open end 105e of the discharge port 105 is important in the present invention. .
- the flow of the liquid W directed to the outside from the open end 105e is regulated by the direction of the inner wall of the discharge port 105 in the vicinity 105R, and the direction of "the first axis n1 in the vicinity 105R" is important.
- the tip of the heat generating portion 17a is located closer to the base end portion 17R than the discharge port 105 is.
- the base end portion 17R side of the discharge port 105 means that the first opening region S of the discharge port 105 is closer to the base end portion 17R than the edge portion 105f closest to the base end 17R side.
- the "first opening region S" is a region obtained by projecting the opening end 105e in the direction of the first axis n1.
- the water introduced from the inlet 103 flows along the flow direction F to the outlet 105. Since it flows toward the tip end portion 17T side of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172, it is difficult to flow toward the sealing portion 180 located on the base end portion 17R side of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172. As a result, it is possible to prevent boiling bubbles from remaining in the heater near the sealing portion 180 .
- the discharge port 105 is arranged in a direction in which the direction of the first axis n1 intersects the direction of the axis L, even when the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 are horizontally placed (the direction of the axis L is horizontal), Also, the water heated in the container 100 and thus the boiling bubbles can be easily discharged to the outside with the exit of the discharge port 105 facing upward, and the staying of the boiling bubbles in the heater near the sealing portion 180 can be further suppressed.
- the tip of the heat generating portion 17a is located closer to the base end portion 17R than the discharge port 105, boiling bubbles are prevented from accumulating in the vicinity of the discharge port 105 when the liquid W flows along the flow direction F. , and the discharge of boiling bubbles to the outside of the container 100 can be further promoted.
- the tip of the heat generating portion 17a faces (the first opening surface S of) the discharge port 105, there is a problem that the discharge of boiling bubbles to the outside of the container 100 is delayed.
- boiling bubbles generated from the ceramic heater can be easily discharged to the outside of the container, and deterioration of the sealing performance and the life of the ceramic heater can be suppressed.
- the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 have a watt density of 100 W/cm 2 or more because the ceramic heaters and the liquid heating apparatus 200 as a whole can be miniaturized. Further, as the size of the ceramic heater is reduced, the heater temperature needs to be increased and the number of boiling bubbles increases, so the present invention becomes more effective.
- FIG. 8 the slits 17v of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 face the outside of the container 100 in the long axis direction, which is the far side from the introduction port 103.
- the introduction port 103 and the discharge port 105 are arranged in the direction of the axis L of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172, the liquid that first hits the outer surfaces of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 from the introduction port 103 at a high flow velocity is Since the slit 17v does not exist (oppose), the liquid first introduced into the internal space 100i is effectively heated by the heating portion 17a. As a result, the entire water is evenly heated and the heating efficiency is improved.
- partition walls 100s are provided in an internal space 100i between the introduction port 103 and the discharge port 105 to separate the plurality of ceramic heaters 171 and 172 one by one.
- the introduced water flows through each of the ceramic heaters 171 and 172 inside the partition wall 100s.
- water flows through narrow gaps in the partition wall 100s and is heated by the individual ceramic heaters 171 and 172, thereby further improving the heating efficiency.
- the internal space 100i in the vicinity of the discharge port 105 is not provided with the partition wall 100s and forms a single internal space 100i.
- the volume of the internal space 100i increases in the vicinity of the discharge port 105, so that boiling bubbles generated on the side of the introduction port 103 can easily escape from the discharge port 105 to the outside.
- the water that has been heated in the separate partition walls 100s joins together to obtain hot water with a uniform temperature.
- 7 is a cross-sectional view cut in the direction of the axis L through the center of the short axis of the liquid heating device 200
- FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 are cross-sectional views perpendicular to the direction of the axis L in FIG. .
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, but extends to various modifications and equivalents within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
- the shapes of the liquid heating device and the ceramic heater are not limited.
- the number of ceramic heaters provided in the liquid heating device may be one, or may be three or more.
- a liquid heating apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured.
- alumina powder and glass component powder serving as a sintering aid were pulverized and mixed with water in a mill as raw material ceramics for the ceramic heater, and a binder was added to obtain a clay-like mixture. This was extruded by an extruder through a die fitted with a core to form a cylindrical ceramic substrate, cut into a predetermined length, and calcined. The outer diameter and length of the ceramic substrate were determined in consideration of the firing shrinkage rate.
- a heater pattern and a terminal connected to the opposite surface of the sheet were formed by printing on the alumina green sheet with tungsten and molybdenum paste.
- the size of the heater print area was determined taking into consideration the shrinkage rate during firing of the ceramic.
- the heater pattern was formed by calculating the resistance value at room temperature from the resistance value at high temperature and the amount of resistance variation due to temperature rise (temperature coefficient of resistance x temperature difference x initial resistance value). Also, the sheet size was prepared and cut in consideration of the firing shrinkage rate.
- a printed ceramic green sheet cut to a predetermined size is wrapped around a calcined ceramic base and integrally fired to produce a ceramic with a total heater length of 60 mm, a heater area length of 30 mm, an outer diameter of 2.8 mm, and a room temperature resistance of 9 ⁇ .
- Got a heater The exposed terminal portion of the heater sintered body was plated with Ni, and the lead portion made of Ni was brazed and joined with Ag brazing. Further, a lead wire was crimped to the lead portion to form a ceramic heater.
- each ceramic heater was passed through two through-holes of the rear end cover, and each ceramic heater was fixed using an epoxy adhesive as a sealing portion.
- the liquid heating device 200 was manufactured by airtightly connecting the rear end lid, the trunk portion, and the front end lid via an O-ring. Water having a flow rate of 450 cc/min and a water temperature of 5°C was introduced into the obtained liquid heating device 200, and the voltage applied to each ceramic heater was controlled so that the outlet water temperature was 35°C.
- the sealing portion was always immersed in water, and the generated boiling bubbles did not remain in the vicinity of the sealing portion.
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- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
特に、温水洗浄便座用の温水などの急速加熱や、液体加熱装置の小型化を図る目的においては、細長いセラミック基体の外周に巻き付けたセラミックシートに発熱部を埋設した棒状のセラミックヒータが使用される(特許文献2)。
一方、棒状のセラミックヒータは先端側に発熱部を有するため、ヒータの基端部を液体加熱装置の容器に封止部でシールしつつ片持ち式に保持させている。セラミックヒータは急速加熱性に優れるが、温水製造時に沸騰気泡が発生し易く、この沸騰気泡がヒータの周囲に溜まるとその部位のヒータが露出して容器内で局所的な過熱が起こりやすい。そして、この過熱が樹脂等からなる封止部に近い部位で生じると、封止部が軟化してシール性が低下する恐れがある。
そして、セラミックヒータが小型化して発熱面積が小さくなると、従来と同じ熱量を発生させるためにヒータ温度をより高温にする必要が生じ、温水製造時に発生する沸騰気泡が多くなる。又、セラミックヒータに沸騰気泡が付着すると、その部位は空焚き状態となってヒータが熱衝撃を受け、ヒータ寿命も低下する。
このようなことから、セラミックヒータを横置きした場合であっても、封止部付近のヒータに沸騰気泡が滞留することを抑制することが要求される。
また、第1軸心方向が軸線方向に対して交差する向きに排出口が配置されているので、セラミックヒータを横置き(軸線方向が水平方向)した場合であっても、排出口の出口を上向きにして容器で加熱された水、ひいては沸騰気泡を外部に排出し易く、封止部付近のヒータへの沸騰気泡の接滞留をさらに抑制できる。
さらに加えて、発熱部の先端が排出口よりも基端部側に位置するので、沸騰気泡が排出口の近傍に溜まることを抑制し、沸騰気泡の容器の外部への排出をさらに促進することができる。
以上により、セラミックヒータから発生する沸騰気泡を容器の外部に排出し易くし、シール性低下やセラミックヒータの寿命低下を抑制することができる。
この液体加熱装置によれば、セラミックヒータが高出力になるので、セラミックヒータひいては液体加熱装置全体を小型化できる。また、セラミックヒータを小型化するほど、ヒータ温度をより高温にする必要が生じて沸騰気泡が多くなるので、本発明がさらに有効となる。
この液体加熱装置によれば、セラミックヒータが複数の場合に本発明を適用できる。
この液体加熱装置によれば、セラミックヒータの製造がより簡便になる。
図1は、本発明の実施形態に係る液体加熱装置200の斜視図、図2はセラミックヒータ171の斜視図、図3はセラミックヒータ171の分解斜視図、図4は図1のA-A線に沿う透視図、図5は排出口105の第1開口面Sを示す斜視図、図6は発熱部17aの先端が排出口105に臨む場合の水の流れを示す断面図である。
容器100は、液体W(水)を収容する内部空間100iを有する長円筒状の胴部101と、胴部101の軸方向の両端開口をそれぞれ閉塞する先端蓋107及び後端蓋109と、胴部101に一体に設けられた液体Wの導入口103及び排出口105と、を有する。
そして、胴部101の軸方向の両端はフランジ状に径方向に突出し、胴部101の両端と、先端蓋107及び後端蓋109とは、Oリング190(図7)により気密にシールされている。
又、セラミックヒータ171、172の基端部17R側には、外部から電力を供給するための後述するリード線15,16が接続されている。
また、図示しないが、本例では、液体加熱装置200は、軸線L方向が略水平方向で排出口105側が若干上方に位置するように温水洗浄便座に設置され、各セラミックヒータ171、172は横置きされている。
また、容器100の内壁とセラミックヒータ171、172との間には隙間が形成されており、導入口103を通って内部空間100iに導入された液体Wは、セラミックヒータ171、172の外面に軸線L方向に沿って接触しつつ加熱された後、排出口105まで流れる。
図2に示すように、セラミックヒータ171は、リード線15,16を介して外部からの通電により発熱する発熱体17hを有する。発熱体17hは、導体を軸線L方向に蛇行させて発熱パターンとして形成してなる発熱部17aを先端側に有すると共に、発熱部17aの両端から後端側に引き出される一対のリード部17bを有している。
なお、発熱部17aは軸線L方向にLhの長さを有する。
なお、リード線15,16はリード端子18,18にカシメられて電気的に接続されている(図2参照)。
又、本例ではセラミック基体17gは中実であるが、筒状であってもよい。但し、筒状の場合は貫通孔から水が漏れないように樹脂等で封止することが望ましい。
従って、セラミックヒータ171の径方向の断面を見ると、発熱部17aは有端環状をなしてセラミックヒータ171に埋設されると共に、発熱部17aの2つの環端17eの間に非発熱部となるスリット17vが形成されることになる。
これに対し、図3の態様では、発熱体17h(発熱部17a)は、セラミックシート(セラミックグリーンシート17s1、17s2)の間に挟持される、つまり「埋設」されていることになる。
図4に示すように、排出口105の第1軸線n1方向が、セラミックヒータ171、172の軸線L方向に対して交差(本例では軸線L方向に対して垂直)している。なお、図4は軸線L方向、および排出口105の軸線と直交する方向より透視した図である。又、第1法線n1と比較する「軸線L方向」とは、セラミックヒータ171、172の各軸線L方向を平均した方向である。
又、「開口端105eの近傍105R」とは、開口端105eを含み、開口端105eよりも下流側の排出口105の内壁をいう。「第1軸心n1」とは、この内壁で形成される柱状体における軸心であり、柱状体の断面の重心を通る。
なお、図5は容器100の内部空間100i側から排出口105へ向かって見たときの図である。また、本例では開口端105eは円形である。
ここで、「排出口105よりも基端部17R側」とは、排出口105の第1開口領域Sの最も基端17R側の縁部105fよりも基端部17R側であることをいう。
なお、「第1開口領域S」とは、第1軸心n1方向に開口端105eを投影した領域である。
また、第1軸心n1方向が軸線L方向に対して交差する向きに排出口105が配置されているので、セラミックヒータ171,172を横置き(軸線L方向が水平方向)した場合であっても、排出口105の出口を上向きにして容器100で加熱された水、ひいては沸騰気泡を外部に排出し易く、封止部180付近のヒータへの沸騰気泡の滞留をさらに抑制できる。
一方、図6に示すように、仮に発熱部17aの先端が排出口105(の第1開口面S)に臨む場合、沸騰気泡の容器100の外部への排出が滞るという不具合がある。
また、セラミックヒータを小型化するほど、ヒータ温度をより高温にする必要が生じて沸騰気泡が多くなるので、本発明がさらに有効となる。
図8に示すように、セラミックヒータ171,172のスリット17vが導入口103から遠い側である容器100の長軸方向の外側に向いている。
このようにすると、導入口103及び排出口105がセラミックヒータ171,172の軸線L方向に配置されている構造において、導入口103からセラミックヒータ171,172の外面に最初に高い流速で当たる液体に、スリット17vが存在(対向)しないので、最初に内部空間100iに導入された液体は発熱部17aで有効に加熱される。その結果、水全体を均等に加熱して加熱効率が向上する。
これにより、隔壁100s内の狭い隙間を水が流れて個々のセラミックヒータ171,172により加熱されるので、加熱効率がさらに向上する。
これにより、排出口105近傍で内部空間100iの容積が大きくなるので、導入口103側で生じた沸騰気泡が排出口105から外部へ抜けやすくなる。又、別個の隔壁100s内を加熱されてきた水が合流し、均一な温度の温水が得られる。
なお、図7は液体加熱装置200の短軸の中心を通り、軸線L方向に切断した断面図であり、図8,図9,図10は図7の軸線L方向に垂直な断面図である。
例えば、液体加熱装置やセラミックヒータの形状は限定されない。液体加熱装置が備えるセラミックヒータは1つであってもよく、3本以上であってもよい。
まず、セラミックヒータの原料セラミックとして、アルミナ粉および焼結助材となるガラス成分粉をミルで水と粉砕混合し、バインダを混ぜて粘土状の混合体を得た。これを押出機にて中子を設置した口金にて押出し、筒状のセラミック基体を形成して所定長さに切断し、仮焼した。セラミック基体の外径および長さは焼成収縮率を考慮し対応した。
一方でアルミナグリーンシート上にタングステン、モリブデンペーストでヒータパターンおよびこれに繋がってシート反対面に繋がる端子部を印刷、形成した。ヒータ印刷エリアのサイズはセラミック焼成時の収縮率を加味して寸法を規定した。ヒータパターンは高温時の抵抗値、温度上昇分の抵抗変動量(抵抗温度係数×温度差×初期抵抗値)から室温時の抵抗値を算出し、形成した。また、シートサイズも同様に焼成収縮率を考慮し準備、切断した。
得られた液体加熱装置200に、流量450cc/min、水温5℃の水を導入し、出湯温度が35℃となるようにセラミックヒータ1本当たりの印加電圧を制御した。
その結果、封止部は常に水中に浸漬され、発生した沸騰気泡が封止部近傍に滞留することがなかった。又、液体加熱装置200に連続して上記流量の水を流し、15秒印加、15秒印加停止のサイクルを10サイクル連続しても温水が正常に得られた。その際、ヒータごとの抵抗値変化は同等であったので、それぞれのヒータ温度は同等であると考えられる。
17g セラミック基体
17s セラミックシート
17T セラミックヒータの先端部
17R セラミックヒータの基端部
17v スリット
100 容器
100i 内部空間
100w 容器の内周面
103 導入口
105 排出口
105e 排出口の開口端
105R 開口端の近傍
171、172 セラミックヒータ
200 液体加熱装置
L 軸線
S 第1開口領域
n1 第1軸心
W 液体
Claims (4)
- 内部空間と、前記内部空間に連通する液体の導入口及び排出口と、を有する容器と、
自身の先端部が前記内部空間内に位置し、自身の基端部が前記容器に保持されることで前記容器に取り付けられるセラミックヒータであって、軸線方向に延びるセラミック基体と、該セラミック基体の外周に巻き付けられると共に発熱部を備えるセラミックシートと、を有し、前記セラミックシートの巻合わせ部に前記軸線方向に延びるスリットが非発熱部として形成されているセラミックヒータと、
を備え、
前記容器と前記セラミックヒータとの間には隙間が形成されており、前記液体が、前記導入口から導入され、前記内部空間を通って、前記排出口まで流れる過程において、前記セラミックヒータによって前記液体を加熱する液体加熱装置であって、
前記排出口は、前記導入口と前記軸線方向に離間して配置されると共に、前記排出口の前記内部空間に向く開口端の近傍における第1軸心方向は、前記軸線方向に交差し、
前記発熱部の先端は、前記排出口よりも前記基端側に位置することを特徴とする液体加熱装置。 - 前記セラミックヒータが、100W/cm2以上のワット密度を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の液体加熱装置。
- 前記セラミックヒータが前記容器内に複数配置され、各セラミックヒータが同一方向に延び、
全ての前記セラミックヒータにおいて前記発熱部の先端が前記排出口よりも前記基端側に位置することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の液体加熱装置。 - 前記発熱部が、前記セラミックシートに埋設されていることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の液体加熱装置。
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Citations (6)
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JPS634094U (ja) * | 1986-06-26 | 1988-01-12 | ||
JPH09289073A (ja) * | 1996-04-24 | 1997-11-04 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | 通電遮断機能付きセラミックヒータ及びそれを用いた液体加熱ユニット |
WO2006068131A1 (ja) * | 2004-12-20 | 2006-06-29 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | セラミックヒータ、熱交換ユニット、及び温水洗浄便座 |
JP2008096057A (ja) | 2006-10-13 | 2008-04-24 | Toho Kasei Kk | 液体加熱装置 |
CN203645846U (zh) * | 2013-11-20 | 2014-06-11 | 东莞市国研电热材料有限公司 | 一种管体带热交换孔的陶瓷加热管 |
JP5923295B2 (ja) | 2011-12-19 | 2016-05-24 | 株式会社ヴァレオジャパン | 電気発熱式温水加熱装置、それを備える車両用空調装置及び車両 |
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JPS634094U (ja) * | 1986-06-26 | 1988-01-12 | ||
JPH09289073A (ja) * | 1996-04-24 | 1997-11-04 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | 通電遮断機能付きセラミックヒータ及びそれを用いた液体加熱ユニット |
WO2006068131A1 (ja) * | 2004-12-20 | 2006-06-29 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | セラミックヒータ、熱交換ユニット、及び温水洗浄便座 |
JP2008096057A (ja) | 2006-10-13 | 2008-04-24 | Toho Kasei Kk | 液体加熱装置 |
JP5923295B2 (ja) | 2011-12-19 | 2016-05-24 | 株式会社ヴァレオジャパン | 電気発熱式温水加熱装置、それを備える車両用空調装置及び車両 |
CN203645846U (zh) * | 2013-11-20 | 2014-06-11 | 东莞市国研电热材料有限公司 | 一种管体带热交换孔的陶瓷加热管 |
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