WO2022083218A1 - 一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2022083218A1
WO2022083218A1 PCT/CN2021/109988 CN2021109988W WO2022083218A1 WO 2022083218 A1 WO2022083218 A1 WO 2022083218A1 CN 2021109988 W CN2021109988 W CN 2021109988W WO 2022083218 A1 WO2022083218 A1 WO 2022083218A1
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Prior art keywords
steel
slag
gears
ton
refining
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PCT/CN2021/109988
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English (en)
French (fr)
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邓向阳
沈艳
林俊
万文华
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中天钢铁集团有限公司
常州中天特钢有限公司
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Priority to JP2023513990A priority Critical patent/JP7479566B2/ja
Publication of WO2022083218A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022083218A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
    • B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
    • B22D11/115—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
    • C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/20—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of metallurgy, and relates to a method for preparing steel for engineering machinery gears and a method for preparing forgings.
  • a gear is a mechanical element with teeth on the rim that can continuously mesh to transmit motion and power.
  • gears already appeared in China.
  • the water-rotating and continuous-milling mill invented in the Jin Dynasty used the function of gears to transmit the power of the water wheel to the stone mill.
  • Western countries have discussed gears in the third century BC.
  • the research and utilization of gears in human society has existed for a long time.
  • the gear manufacturing industry has developed rapidly. Since my country's reform and opening up, with the reduction of policy restrictions and the establishment of the market economy system, China's modern gear industry has developed for a long time.
  • China's gear products are basically divided into three categories: vehicle gears, industrial general-purpose gears and industrial-specific gears.
  • vehicle gears can be divided into automobile gears, motorcycle gears, agricultural vehicle gears, agricultural machinery gears and engineering machinery gears according to different vehicles.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a production process of steel for engineering machinery gears and a heat treatment process of forging gear blanks, which can prevent the gear blanks from cracking during quenching, and obtain high strength and hardenability at the same time.
  • the carburizing treatment of gears improves its production efficiency.
  • a method for preparing steel for engineering machinery gears and a method for preparing forgings wherein the components of the steel for gears by weight are: the components by weight of the steel for gears are: C 0.38-0.43%, Si 0.17- 0.37%, Mn0.60 ⁇ 0.80%, Cr1.10 ⁇ 1.20%, Al0.020 ⁇ 0.040%, P ⁇ 0.025%, S 0.020 ⁇ 0.035%, Mo 0.15 ⁇ 0.25%, Cu ⁇ 0.20%, N 60 ⁇ 150ppm , Nb 0.015 ⁇ 0.035%, the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
  • the steel for construction machinery gears has the following components by weight: C 0.39-0.42%, Si 0.20-0.30%, Mn 0.72-0.80%, Cr 1.12-1.20%, Al 0.025-0.035 %, P ⁇ 0.020%, S 0.020 ⁇ 0.030%, Mo 0.18 ⁇ 0.21%, Cu ⁇ 0.15%, Nb 0.020 ⁇ 0.030%, N 80 ⁇ 140ppm, the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
  • the preparation method includes converter smelting, LF furnace refining, RH vacuum treatment, continuous casting and rolling processes, and the specific steps are:
  • the iron and steel materials use molten iron of 1.05-1.15 tons/ton of steel, scrap steel of 0.10-0.13 tons/ton of steel, and control the discharge of steel at the end of the converter: C ⁇ 0.18%, P ⁇ 0.015%; adopt the slag blocking cone and the sliding plate to tap the slag. , it is forbidden to drop oxidized slag; during the tapping process, aluminum blocks are added to pre-deoxidize the molten steel, and lime is added to make slag.
  • 1Slag making and deoxidation fluorite is added immediately after energizing the LF refining furnace to make slag. After 10 ⁇ 2 minutes of electrification, synthetic slag is added to make slag to achieve the purpose of deoxidation and desulfurization (desulfurization to S 0.022 ⁇ 0.028%, Deoxidation to oxygen content ⁇ 12PPm), the refining process uses aluminum particles 0.40-0.70 kg/ton steel, silicon carbide 1.25-1.70 kg/ton steel for diffusion deoxidation of molten steel and maintenance of slag, and controls the final slag binary of LF furnace The alkalinity is 2.5 ⁇ 3.5, and the end point sulfur content is 0.025 ⁇ 0.032%;
  • 2Element adjustment After taking the initial sample, firstly adjust the aluminum content in the molten steel by feeding the aluminum wire according to the aluminum content of the molten steel, and control the aluminum content of the finished product to 0.020% ⁇ 0.030%, and then in the middle and late stage of LF refining (15min after the start of refining) alloy elements Mn, Cr, and Mo are adjusted to the contents of Mn, Cr, and Mo in the gear steel, and finally the Nb content is adjusted to 0.020-0.025% at the end of LF refining (after the second sample is refined, generally after 35 minutes of refining), S content to 0.025-0.032%, to prevent RH vacuum treatment and then supplement the ferrous wire.
  • the ultimate vacuum degree (vacuum degree ⁇ 67MPa) is required to be maintained for 15 to 20 minutes, the RH bottom blowing gas is nitrogen, and the molten steel is softly blown with argon for 20 to 35 minutes after the RH is broken.
  • the electromagnetic stirring strength is strengthened, wherein the electromagnetic stirring strength of the crystallizer is controlled to obtain fine equiaxed grains while breaking the dendrites (preferably current 300 ⁇ 10A, frequency 2 ⁇ 0.2Hz, end electromagnetic Stirring current is 200 ⁇ 10A, frequency is 6 ⁇ 0.2Hz); at the same time, in order to solve the problems of billet segregation, central shrinkage and porosity, so as to improve the density of the billet, light reduction technology is adopted.
  • the casting billet is released, it is quickly collected into the slow cooling pit for slow cooling, and the temperature of the casting billet into the slow cooling pit is required to be ⁇ 550 °C, and it is required to exit the pit after slow cooling for 48 hours.
  • the rolling process adopts a high temperature diffusion heating process.
  • the specific parameters are: control the heating temperature of the soaking section to 1220-1260 °C, and the time for 50-65 minutes.
  • the temperature of slow cooling entering the pit is required to be ⁇ 500 °C, and the temperature of slow cooling to the pit is less than or equal to 100 °C.
  • step (1) during the converter tapping process, 1.7 ⁇ 0.3 kg/ton of aluminum ingots are added to carry out pre-deoxidation of molten steel, and 6.7 ⁇ 0.3 kg/ton of steel is used as the slag-forming material.
  • step (2) immediately after the LF refining furnace is powered on, 1.7 ⁇ 0.3 kg/ton of fluorite is added to help slag, and after 10 ⁇ 2 minutes of power on, 1.7-3.4 kg/ton of synthetic slag is added according to the slag condition for making. scum.
  • the electromagnetic stirring intensity of the crystallizer is selected: current 300 ⁇ 10A, frequency 2 ⁇ 0.2Hz; terminal electromagnetic stirring current 200 ⁇ 10A, frequency 6 ⁇ 0.2Hz.
  • the method for manufacturing a gear blank forging using the above-mentioned engineering machinery gear steel according to the present invention includes forging and heat treatment, and the steps are as follows:
  • the induction heating method is adopted, and the heating temperature is 1150 ⁇ 20°C, and then it is forged into the gear blank;
  • the beneficial effects of the invention are: considering the large specification of the engineering machinery gear, higher requirements are put forward for the end hardenability, and the increase of the hardenability and material strength is prone to cracking during quenching. In order to solve this contradiction, At the same time, the coarse-grained structure is prevented from appearing during the gear carburizing treatment, and the carburizing efficiency is improved.
  • the present invention has done the following work:
  • the converter smelting strengthens the control of the end point C to prevent slag, and uses enough Al blocks to pre-deoxidize the molten steel to improve the purity of the molten steel.
  • the rolling process adopts high temperature diffusion heating process to improve the uniformity and consistency of the material structure.
  • the process of "120t converter smelting - LF furnace refining - RH vacuum degassing treatment - continuous casting machine casting - continuous rolling mill rolling - forging - heat treatment” is used for production.
  • the production control method is as follows:
  • the iron and steel materials use 131-135 tons of molten iron and 13-15 tons of clean scrap.
  • the aluminum content in the molten steel is adjusted by feeding the aluminum wire according to the aluminum content of the molten steel, and the aluminum content of the finished product is controlled to 0.020% to 0.030%.
  • the alloy elements Mn, Cr, and Mo are adjusted in the middle and later stages of LF refining.
  • the S element is adjusted to control the LF sulfur content to be 0.025-0.030%, and the ferrous sulfur wire is not supplemented after the RH vacuum treatment.
  • the holding time of the ultimate vacuum degree is 15-20 minutes, the RH bottom blowing gas is nitrogen, and the molten steel is blown softly for 25-35 minutes after the RH is broken.
  • the heating temperature of the soaking section is 1220 ⁇ 1260°C. After rolling, a round steel with a size of 90mm is obtained. Then the rolled material is put into the pit and covered with a slow cooling. .
  • the round steel with ⁇ 90mm specification adopts induction heating method after blanking, and the heating temperature is 1150°C, and then it is forged into gear blanks.
  • the quenching adopts segmented heating method, the first stage heating: 550 ⁇ 600 °C, heat preservation for 30min, the second stage heating: 850 ⁇ 10 °C, heat preservation for 1h, cooling medium: oil cooling; tempering temperature 580 ⁇ 10 °C, heat preservation Time 80 ⁇ 10min, cooling medium: oil cooling.
  • Example 1 Five batches of steel were smelted according to the above-mentioned process, and rolled into five batches of ⁇ 90mm round steel, respectively corresponding to Example 1, Example 2, Example 3, Example 4 and Example 5. sample.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 1 and the embodiment is that the content of Mo element is reduced: Mo is reduced from 0.18-0.21% to 0.15-0.18%, and other operations are the same as those in the embodiment.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 3 and the embodiment is that the content of Cr element is reduced: Cr is reduced from 1.12-1.20% to 1.00-1.08%, and other operations are the same as the embodiment.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 4 and the embodiment is that the content of C element is reduced: C is reduced from 0.39-0.42% to 0.19-0.22%, and other operations are the same as those of the embodiment.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 5 and the embodiment is that the basicity of the final slag of the LF refining furnace is controlled to be 3.5-4.5, and other operations are the same as those of the embodiment.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 6 and the embodiment is that the continuous casting process parameters are different, the electromagnetic stirring current of the mold is reduced to 200A, and the end stirring current is reduced to 120A, and other operations are the same as the embodiment.
  • the main difference between the comparative example 7 and the embodiment is that the heat treatment process is different, the segmented heating process during quenching is cancelled, and the temperature is directly heated to 850° C., and other operations are the same as the embodiment.
  • Example 1 0.41 0.24 0.76 1.15 0.013 0.023 0.028 0.19 0.016 0.023 98
  • Example 2 0.40 0.25 0.77 1.16 0.012 0.024 0.027 0.20 0.017 0.024 88
  • Example 3 0.41 0.25 0.75 1.15 0.011 0.022 0.029 0.19 0.018 0.022 96
  • Example 4 0.40 0.23 0.78 1.17 0.013 0.025 0.031 0.20 0.019 0.023 105
  • Example 5 0.41 0.26 0.77 1.16 0.010 0.023 0.028 0.20 0.020 0.025 92
  • Comparative Example 1 0.41 0.24 0.76 1.15 0.014 0.025 0.025 0.16 0.022 0.022 88
  • Comparative Example 2 0.41 026 0.76 1.13 0.015 0.024 0.028 0.18 0.029 0 89 Comparative Example 3 0.40 0.22 0.74 1.02 0.015 0.025 0.033 0.19 0.024 0.024 85 Compar

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Continuous Casting (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制法和其锻件的制法，结合转炉冶炼、LF炉精炼、RH真空处理、连铸及轧制等工序的调整与优化，控制钢中C 0.38～0.43％、Si0.17～0.37％、Mn0.60～0.80％、Cr1.10～1.20％、Al0.020～0.040％、P≤0.025％、S 0.020～0.035％、Mo 0.15～0.25％、Cu≤0.20％、N 60～150ppm、Nb 0.015～0.035％，提高了钢水纯净度，均匀了材料成分及组织，最后使得材料的综合性能得到了极大提高。

Description

一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法 技术领域
本发明属于冶金领域，涉及一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法。
背景技术
齿轮是一种轮缘上有齿，能连续啮合传递运动和动力的机械元件。东汉初年，中国就已经有齿轮出现，晋代发明的水转连磨就是利用齿轮的作用将水轮的动力传递到石磨，而西方国家在公元前三世纪就有关于齿轮的论述。总的来说，人类社会对齿轮的研究和利用早已有之，工业革命以后，随着工业发展对齿轮利用的扩大，齿轮制造行业迅速发展。我国改革开放以来，随着政策限制的减少和市场经济制度的建立，中国现代齿轮行业得到了长久发展。齿轮在机械传动中有着重要的作用，在农工业机械领域都有着广泛的应用。目前中国齿轮产品基本分为三类：车辆齿轮、工业通用齿轮和工业专用齿轮。其中车辆齿轮根据不同车辆又可以分为汽车齿轮、摩托车齿轮、农用车齿轮、农机齿轮和工程机械齿轮。
目前随着我国工业化进程的加快，汽车行业和农业、工程机械对齿轮行业的发展提出来更高的要求，对齿轮产品的承载性、可靠性等多方面的要求也在相应提高。齿轮沿着“六高”趋势发展：齿轮本身具有的高承载力、高齿面硬度、高精度、高速度、高可靠性、高传动效率，这是齿轮作为传动机械原件本身所必须具备的性能，同时也是不断努力提高的方向；同时在工业现代化要求下，需要提高生产效率。
为提高齿轮材料的强度与淬透性，需要添加足够的Cr、Mn、Mo等合金强化元素，合金元素的增加会导致材料淬火处理时出现裂纹，因此对材料热处理工艺提出了严格的要求，同时为了提高生产效率，需要在较高温度下对齿轮进行渗碳处理，而高温渗碳会导致材料晶粒粗大，因此如何保证材料的强度与淬透性，且在热处理时不出现淬火开裂，同时提高齿轮的渗碳效率，成为行业的一大难点。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供工程机械齿轮用钢的生产工艺及其锻件齿轮毛坯的热处理工艺，采用该工艺可以防止齿轮毛坯淬火出现开裂，同时获得高的强度与淬透性，此外可以在高温下进行齿轮的渗碳处理，提高了其生产效率。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法，该齿轮用钢按重量百分比其成分为：所述齿轮用钢按重量百分比其成分为：C 0.38～0.43％、Si0.17～0.37％、Mn0.60～ 0.80％、Cr1.10～1.20％、Al0.020～0.040％、P≤0.025％、S 0.020～0.035％、Mo 0.15～0.25％、Cu≤0.20％、N 60～150ppm、Nb 0.015～0.035％，余量是Fe和不可避免的杂质。
为了保证性能更加稳定，优选的，该工程机械齿轮用钢按重量百分比其成分为：C 0.39～0.42％、Si 0.20～0.30％、Mn 0.72～0.80％、Cr 1.12～1.20％、Al 0.025～0.035％、P≤0.020％、S 0.020～0.030％、Mo 0.18～0.21％、Cu≤0.15％、Nb 0.020～0.030％、N 80～140ppm，余量是Fe和不可避免的杂质。
所述制备方法包括转炉冶炼、LF炉精炼、RH真空处理、连铸和轧制工序，具体步骤为：
(1)转炉冶炼
钢铁料采用1.05～1.15吨/吨钢的铁水，0.10～0.13吨/吨钢的废钢，控制转炉终点放钢：C≥0.18％、P≤0.015％；采用挡渣锥与滑板双档渣出钢，禁止下氧化渣；出钢过程加入铝块进行钢水前期预脱氧，同时加入石灰进行造渣。
(2)LF炉精炼
①造渣脱氧：LF精炼炉通电后立即补加萤石进行化渣，通电10±2分钟后根据炉渣情况补加合成渣进行造渣，达到脱氧脱硫的目的(脱硫至S 0.022～0.028％，脱氧至氧含量≤12PPm)，精炼过程使用铝粒0.40～0.70千克/吨钢，碳化硅1.25～1.70千克/吨钢进行钢水的扩散脱氧工作及炉渣的维护工作，并控制LF炉终渣二元碱度2.5～3.5，终点硫含量0.025～0.032％；
②元素调整：取初样后，先根据钢水铝含量补喂铝线来调整钢水中铝含量，控制成品铝含量0.020％～0.030％，然后在LF精炼中后期(精炼开始15min后)将合金元素Mn、Cr、Mo调整至所述齿轮用钢中Mn、Cr、Mo的含量，最后在LF精炼末期(精炼取第二个样后，一般精炼35分钟后)调整Nb含量至0.020-0.025％，S含量至0.025-0.032％，防止RH真空处理后再补喂硫铁线。
(3)RH真空处理
要求极限真空度(真空度≤67MPa)保持时间15～20分钟，RH底吹气体采用氮气，RH破空后钢水软吹氩气20～35分钟。
(4)连铸
控制连浇炉数7～8炉；控制钢水过热度，开浇炉≤35℃、连浇炉≤30℃；采用低拉速浇注，控制拉速0.80～0.85m/min；为防止柱状晶发达，连铸二冷采用弱冷，控制比水0.16±0.01L/Kg。为打碎铸坯枝晶，加强电磁搅拌力度，其中结晶器电磁搅拌强度控制至使得打碎枝晶的同时获得细小的等轴晶粒(优选电流300±10A，频率2±0.2Hz，末端电磁搅拌电流200±10A，频 率6±0.2Hz)；同时为解决铸坯偏析、中心缩孔及疏松等问题，从而提高铸坯致密度，采用轻压下技术。铸坯出坯后快速收集进缓冷坑缓冷，要求铸坯进缓冷坑温度≥550℃，缓冷48小时后出坑。
(5)轧制
轧制过程采用高温扩散加热工艺，具体参数为：控制均热段加热温度1220～1260℃，时间50-65分钟，轧后得到圆钢轧材(常用规格Φ90、130、150)，然后圆钢进坑加盖缓冷，要求缓冷入坑温度≥500℃，缓冷出坑温度≤100℃。
进一步的，步骤(1)转炉出钢过程加入铝块1.7±0.3千克/吨钢进行钢水前期脱氧，造渣材料使用石灰6.7±0.3千克/吨钢。
进一步的，步骤(2)LF精炼炉通电后立即补加萤石1.7±0.3千克/吨钢帮助化渣，通电10±2分钟后根据炉渣情况补加合成渣1.7～3.4千克/吨钢进行造渣。
进一步的，步骤(4)结晶器电磁搅拌强度选用：电流300±10A，频率2±0.2Hz；末端电磁搅拌电流200±10A，频率6±0.2Hz。
本发明所述的利用上述工程机械齿轮用钢制造齿轮毛坯锻件的方法，包括锻造、热处理，步骤如下：
(1)圆钢切下料后采用感应加热方式，加热温度1150±20℃，然后锻造成齿轮毛坯；
(2)齿轮毛坯进行热处理，其中淬火时采用分段加热方式，第一段加热温度：550～600℃，保温30min，第二段加热：850±10℃，保温1h，冷却介质：油冷；回火温度580±10℃，保温时间80±10min，冷却介质：油冷，淬火分段加热方式可以防止出现淬火裂纹。
本发明的有益效果是：考虑到工程机械齿轮规格较大，对末端淬透性提出了较高要求，而淬透性及材料强度的提高在淬火时又容易出现开裂，为了解决这一矛盾，同时防止齿轮渗碳处理时出现粗晶组织，并提高渗碳效率本发明做了如下工作：
①、对成分进行优化设计，尽可能低的控制P含量，提高C含量，采用的渗氮处理，同时控制Cr、Mo、Mn、N等元素含量，从而提高材料的淬透性和强度，并避免淬火开裂；通过加Nb，阻止齿轮在高温渗碳过程出现晶粒粗大等异常情况，从而可以实现高温渗碳(940℃)，极大的缩短了用户的渗碳时间，提高了效率，节约了能源。
②、转炉冶炼加强终点C的控制，防止下渣，并使用足够的Al块对钢水进行预脱氧，提高钢水纯净度。
③、精炼过程加强脱氧，并对炉渣碱度进行控制，同时对Al和S元素进行优化调整。
④、连铸过程，加大结晶器及末端电磁搅拌强度，减少柱状晶，减轻中心偏析，从而提 高铸坯低倍质量，为得到致密的轧后组织奠定基础。
⑤、轧制过程采用高温扩散加热工艺，提高材料组织的均匀一致性。
⑥、考虑到该钢种的高淬透性，同时含有S等易脆元素，因此淬火加热时采用分段加热的模式，防止材料急速升温至高温产生裂纹。
通过上述努力，在保证足够强度的同时，有效防止了材料淬火裂纹，同时通过添加Nb元素提高了渗碳效率。
具体实施方式
实施例
一种工程机械齿轮用钢及其锻件的制法，以42CrMoS4的生产为例说明：
采用“120t转炉冶炼－LF炉精炼－RH真空脱气处理－连铸机拉浇－连轧机组轧制-锻造-热处理”的工艺路线来进行生产，其生产控制方法如下：
转炉冶炼工艺
钢铁料采用131～135吨铁水及13～15吨清洁废钢。转炉终点放钢：C≥0.20％、P≤0.013％，采用滑板与挡渣锥双挡出钢，出钢过程加入铝块200千克/炉进行钢水前期脱氧，造渣材料石灰800千克/炉。
LF炉精炼工艺
LF精炼炉通电后补加萤石200千克进行化渣，通电10分钟后根据炉渣情况补加合成渣200～400千克进行造渣，精炼过程使用铝粒50～80千克，碳化硅150～200千克进行钢水的扩散脱氧工作，控制LF终渣碱度2.8～3.4。
取初样后，根据钢水铝含量补喂铝线来调整钢水中铝含量，控制成品铝0.020％～0.030％，LF精炼中后期对合金元素Mn、Cr、Mo进行调整，LF精炼末期对Nb及S元素进行调整，控制出LF硫含量0.025～0.030％，RH真空处理后没有补喂硫铁线。
(3)RH真空处理
极限真空度保持时间15～20分钟，RH底吹气体采用氮气，RH破空后钢水软吹25～35分钟。
(4)连铸
控制钢水过热度，开浇炉≤35℃、连浇炉≤30℃；浇注拉速0.81～0.83m/min；二冷比水0.16L/Kg；结晶器电磁搅拌强度选用：电流300±10A，频率2±0.2Hz；末端电磁搅拌电流200±10A，频率6±0.2Hz；连铸投用轻压下装置。铸坯走过渡冷床出钢后快速收集后进坑缓冷，铸坯进缓冷坑温度580～600℃，缓冷48～50小时后出坑。
(5)轧制
铸坯加热时均热段加热温度1220～1260℃，轧后得到90mm规格圆钢，然后轧材进坑加盖缓冷，进缓冷坑温度≥500℃，缓冷出坑温度60～100℃。
(6)锻造
Φ90mm规格圆钢下料后采用感应加热方式，加热温度1150℃，然后锻造成齿轮毛坯。
(7)热处理
其中淬火时采用分段加热方式，第一段加热：550～600℃，保温30min，第二段加热：850±10℃，保温1h，冷却介质：油冷；回火温度580±10℃，保温时间80±10min，冷却介质：油冷。
按照上述工艺冶炼5炉钢，并对应轧制成五个批次Φ90mm规格圆钢，五个批次分别对应实施例1、实施例2、实施例3、实施例4及实施例5制得的样品。
对比例1
对比例1与实施例相比，主要区别在于：降低Mo元素含量：Mo从0.18～0.21％降低至0.15～0.18％，其它操作同实施例。
对比例2
对比例2与实施例相比，主要区别在于：不加入Nb元素，其它操作同实施例。
对比例3
对比例3与实施例相比，主要区别在于：降低Cr元素含量：Cr从1.12～1.20％降低至1.00～1.08％，其它操作同实施例。
对比例4
对比例4与实施例相比，主要区别在于：降低C元素含量：C从0.39～0.42％降低至0.19～0.22％，其它操作同实施例。
对比例5
对比例5与实施例相比，主要区别在于：控制LF精炼炉终渣碱度3.5～4.5，其它操作同实施例。
对比例6
对比例6与实施例相比，主要区别在于：连铸工艺参数不同，将结晶器电磁搅拌电流降低至200A，末端搅拌电流降低为120A，其它操作同实施例。
对比例7
对比例7与实施例相比，主要区别在于：热处理工艺不同，取消淬火时的分段加热工艺， 直接加热至850℃，其它操作同实施例。
(1)化学成份如下表1(wt％)：
表1
项目 C Si Mn Cr P S Al Mo Cu Nb N(ppm)
实施例1 0.41 0.24 0.76 1.15 0.013 0.023 0.028 0.19 0.016 0.023 98
实施例2 0.40 0.25 0.77 1.16 0.012 0.024 0.027 0.20 0.017 0.024 88
实施例3 0.41 0.25 0.75 1.15 0.011 0.022 0.029 0.19 0.018 0.022 96
实施例4 0.40 0.23 0.78 1.17 0.013 0.025 0.031 0.20 0.019 0.023 105
实施例5 0.41 0.26 0.77 1.16 0.010 0.023 0.028 0.20 0.020 0.025 92
对比例1 0.41 0.24 0.76 1.15 0.014 0.025 0.025 0.16 0.022 0.022 88
对比例2 0.41 026 0.76 1.13 0.015 0.024 0.028 0.18 0.029 0 89
对比例3 0.40 0.22 0.74 1.02 0.015 0.025 0.033 0.19 0.024 0.024 85
对比例4 0.20 0.23 0.72 1.14 0.013 0.027 0.029 0.18 0.023 0.023 94
对比例5 0.40 0.24 0.73 1.14 0.016 0.026 0.035 0.20 0.025 0.025 83
对比例6 0.40 0.25 0.72 1.15 0.014 0.028 0.027 0.19 0.024 0.022 98
对比例7 0.41 0.23 0.75 1.12 0.012 0.027 0.028 0.19 0.021 0.021 101
(2)末端淬透性如下表2(轧制后的圆钢Φ90mm)：
表2
Figure PCTCN2021109988-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2021109988-appb-000002
(3)热处理后力学性能及渗碳需要时间如下表3：
表3(轧制后的圆钢Φ90mm)
Figure PCTCN2021109988-appb-000003
结果表明：通过对化学成分的优化设计，尤其是C、Mo、Cr元素含量的适当提高，同时通过添加高温细晶元素Nb，并通过精炼、连铸、轧制、热处理等工艺参数的合理优化，材料的强度指标、淬透性指标得到了显著提高，并有效防止了淬火过程出现了开裂，开裂率从20％降低至0.5％，同时用户齿轮渗碳时间缩短一半，生产效率得到了显著提高。
本发明中所用原料、设备，若无特别说明，均为本领域的常用原料、设备；本发明中所用方法，若无特别说明，均为本领域的常规方法。以上所述仅为本发明的较好实施方式，并不用以限制本发明，凡是依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例作的修改，均包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法，其特征在于，所述齿轮用钢按重量百分比其成分为：C 0.38～0.43％、Si 0.17～0.37％、Mn 0.60～0.80％、Cr 1.10～1.20％、Al 0.020～0.040％、P≤0.025％、S 0.020～0.035％、Mo 0.15～0.25％、Cu≤0.20％、N 60～150ppm、Nb 0.015～0.035％，余量是Fe和不可避免的杂质；
    所述制备方法包括转炉冶炼、LF炉精炼、RH真空处理、连铸和轧制工序，具体步骤为：
    (1)转炉冶炼
    钢铁料采用1.05～1.15吨/吨钢的铁水，0.10～0.13吨/吨钢的废钢，控制转炉终点放钢：C≥0.18％、P≤0.015％；采用挡渣锥与滑板双档渣出钢，禁止下氧化渣；出钢过程加入铝块进行钢水前期预脱氧，同时加入石灰进行造渣；
    (2)LF炉精炼
    ①造渣脱氧：LF精炼炉通电后立即补加萤石进行化渣，通电10±2分钟后根据炉渣情况补加合成渣进行造渣，达到脱硫至S 0.022～0.028％，脱氧至氧含量≤12PPm，精炼过程使用铝粒0.40～0.70千克/吨钢，碳化硅1.25～1.70千克/吨钢进行钢水的扩散脱氧工作，并控制LF炉终渣二元碱度2.5～3.5，终点硫含量0.025～0.032％；
    ②元素调整：取初样后，先根据钢水铝含量补喂铝线来调整钢水中铝含量，控制成品铝含量0.020％～0.030％，然后在LF精炼中后期将合金元素Mn、Cr、Mo调整至所述齿轮用钢中Mn、Cr、Mo的含量，最后在LF精炼末期调整Nb含量至0.020-0.025％，S含量至0.025-0.032％；
    (3)RH真空处理
    控制真空度≤67MPa,并保持15～20分钟，RH底吹气体采用氮气，RH破空后钢水软吹氩气20～35分钟；
    (4)连铸
    控制连浇炉数7～8炉；控制钢水过热度：开浇炉≤35℃、连浇炉≤30℃；采用连铸拉速0.80～0.85m/min浇注，连铸二冷采用弱冷并控制连铸二冷比水量0.16±0.01L/Kg，加强电磁搅拌力度使得打碎枝晶的同时获得细小的等轴晶粒，采用轻压下技术，铸坯出坯后快速收集进缓冷坑缓冷，要求铸坯进缓冷坑温度≥550℃，缓冷48小时后出坑；
    (5)轧制
    轧制过程采用高温扩散加热工艺，具体参数为：控制均热段加热温度1220～1260℃，时间50-65分钟，轧后得到圆钢轧材，然后轧材进坑加盖缓冷，要求缓冷入坑温度≥500℃，缓冷出坑温度≤100℃。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法，其特征在于：所述齿轮钢按重量百分比其成分为：C 0.39～0.42％、Si 0.20～0.30％、Mn 0.72～0.80％、Cr 1.12～1.20％、Al 0.025～0.035％、P≤0.020％、S 0.020～0.030％、Mo 0.18～0.21％、Cu≤0.15％、Nb 0.020～0.030％、N 80～140ppm，余量是Fe和不可避免的杂质。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的工程机械齿轮用钢制造锻件的方法，其特征在于：步骤(1)转炉出钢过程加入铝块1.7±0.3千克/吨钢进行钢水前期脱氧，造渣材料使用石灰6.7±0.3千克/吨钢。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的工程机械齿轮用钢制造锻件的方法，其特征在于：步骤(2)LF精炼炉通电后立即补加萤石1.7±0.3千克/吨钢帮助化渣，通电10±2分钟后根据炉渣情况补加合成渣1.7～3.4千克/吨钢进行造渣。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的工程机械齿轮用钢制造锻件的方法，其特征在于：步骤(4)结晶器电磁搅拌强度选用：电流300±10A，频率2±0.2Hz；末端电磁搅拌电流200±10A，频率6±0.2Hz。
  6. 一种工程机械齿轮用钢制造锻件的方法，其特征在于：所述工程机械齿轮用钢由如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的工程机械齿轮用钢的制备法及其锻件的制备方法制得，包括如下步骤：
    (1)圆钢锯切下料后，采用感应加热方式，加热温度1150±20℃，然后锻造成齿轮毛坯；
    (2)齿轮毛坯进行热处理，其中淬火时采用分段加热方式，第一段加热温度：550～600℃，保温30±2min，第二段加热：850±10℃，保温80±10min，冷却介质为油冷；回火温度580±10℃，保温时间80±10min，冷却介质：油冷。
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CN114574750A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2022-06-03 中天钢铁集团有限公司 窄淬透性齿轮钢硼含量的控制方法
CN114855062A (zh) * 2022-07-05 2022-08-05 北京科技大学 20CrMnTiH齿轮钢及其制备方法
CN114959499A (zh) * 2022-06-28 2022-08-30 河南济源钢铁(集团)有限公司 高弯曲疲劳寿命发动机曲轴用钢及其生产方法
CN114990437A (zh) * 2022-05-25 2022-09-02 张家港荣盛特钢有限公司 冷镦钢盘条及其生产方法
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CN115323268A (zh) * 2022-07-20 2022-11-11 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 一种高强度高韧性可用于感应淬火的齿轮钢及其制造方法
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CN114574750A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2022-06-03 中天钢铁集团有限公司 窄淬透性齿轮钢硼含量的控制方法
CN114990437A (zh) * 2022-05-25 2022-09-02 张家港荣盛特钢有限公司 冷镦钢盘条及其生产方法
CN114959499A (zh) * 2022-06-28 2022-08-30 河南济源钢铁(集团)有限公司 高弯曲疲劳寿命发动机曲轴用钢及其生产方法
CN115110003B (zh) * 2022-06-30 2024-03-12 中国铁建重工集团股份有限公司 一种掘进机主轴承用钢及其生产方法
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CN114855062A (zh) * 2022-07-05 2022-08-05 北京科技大学 20CrMnTiH齿轮钢及其制备方法
CN115233098A (zh) * 2022-07-20 2022-10-25 中天钢铁集团有限公司 一种高洁净度滚珠丝杠用中碳合金结构钢的制备方法
CN115233098B (zh) * 2022-07-20 2023-08-22 中天钢铁集团有限公司 一种高洁净度滚珠丝杠用中碳合金结构钢的制备方法
CN115323268B (zh) * 2022-07-20 2023-09-22 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 一种高强度高韧性可用于感应淬火的齿轮钢及其制造方法
CN115323268A (zh) * 2022-07-20 2022-11-11 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 一种高强度高韧性可用于感应淬火的齿轮钢及其制造方法
CN115491592A (zh) * 2022-08-31 2022-12-20 石钢京诚装备技术有限公司 一种20MnCr5齿轮钢及其轧制方法
CN115491592B (zh) * 2022-08-31 2024-03-22 石钢京诚装备技术有限公司 一种20MnCr5齿轮钢及其轧制方法
CN116254451A (zh) * 2022-12-09 2023-06-13 上海电气上重铸锻有限公司 一种乏燃料干式贮存容器用钢锭的制造方法及锻件
CN118147548A (zh) * 2024-05-11 2024-06-07 江苏永钢集团有限公司 一种高晶格刚度风电齿轮钢及应用

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