WO2021174410A1 - 电化学装置和电子装置 - Google Patents

电化学装置和电子装置 Download PDF

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WO2021174410A1
WO2021174410A1 PCT/CN2020/077578 CN2020077578W WO2021174410A1 WO 2021174410 A1 WO2021174410 A1 WO 2021174410A1 CN 2020077578 W CN2020077578 W CN 2020077578W WO 2021174410 A1 WO2021174410 A1 WO 2021174410A1
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Prior art keywords
positive electrode
current collector
electrochemical device
mixture layer
methyl
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PCT/CN2020/077578
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English (en)
French (fr)
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王可飞
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宁德新能源科技有限公司
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Priority to KR1020227010667A priority Critical patent/KR20220047662A/ko
Priority to EP20923489.7A priority patent/EP4020622A4/en
Priority to PCT/CN2020/077578 priority patent/WO2021174410A1/zh
Priority to JP2022520115A priority patent/JP7371241B2/ja
Priority to US17/055,628 priority patent/US20220052319A1/en
Publication of WO2021174410A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021174410A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of energy storage, in particular to an electrochemical device and an electronic device, especially a lithium ion battery.
  • the performance of lithium-ion batteries mainly depends on the characteristics of the electrode, electrolyte and separator.
  • the performance of the electrode not only depends on the characteristics of the current collector and the mixture layer, but also closely related to the additives in the mixture layer. These additives play a vital role in the dispersion of particles in the mixture layer or the adhesion of the interface.
  • the preparation of lithium ion batteries usually encounters problems such as difficulty in ingredients caused by poor matching of raw materials, which will adversely affect the performance of lithium ion batteries.
  • the embodiments of the present application provide an electrochemical device and an electronic device to at least to some extent solve at least one problem in the related field.
  • the present application provides an electrochemical device, which includes: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte.
  • the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
  • the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 25 dyn/cm to 31 dyn/cm, the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer has burrs, and the length of the burrs is not greater than 4 mm.
  • the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 26 dyn/cm to 30 dyn/cm, and the length of the burr is not greater than 3 mm.
  • the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is the edge of the start end or the end end of the coating direction.
  • the end of the positive electrode mixture layer and the end of the positive current collector form a step.
  • the ratio of the length of the burr to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not more than 300.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not more than 22.
  • the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes a plurality of crystallites, the crystallites include at least one of aluminum crystallites or aluminum alloy crystallites, and the crystallites have a cross-section not greater than 100 ⁇ m 2 area.
  • the positive electrode current collector is selected from a metal material or a carbon material, and the metal material includes at least one of aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel-plated aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or tantalum.
  • the positive electrode mixture layer includes a surfactant. Based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the surfactant is not more than 0.5% by weight, and the surfactant has 2 to The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of 10.
  • HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
  • the surfactant includes polyoxyethylene sorbitol beeswax derivatives, sorbitan tristearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexastearate, ethylene glycol fatty acid ester, Propylene glycol fatty acid ester, propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, 4,5-polyoxyethylene sorbitol-4,5-oleate, glyceryl monostearate, hydroxylated wool Fat, sorbitan monooleate, propylene glycol monolaurate, sorbitan monostearate, diethylene glycol monooleate, diethylene glycol monostearate, diethylene glycol Fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene (2EO) oleyl alcohol ether, methyl glucoside sesquistearate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene dioleate , Tetraethylene glycol monostearate, tetraethylene
  • the positive electrode mixture layer includes N-methylpyrrolidone, and based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the N-methylpyrrolidone is not more than 100 ppm.
  • the electrolyte includes at least one of the following compounds:
  • R is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon group, and when substituted, the substituent is halogen.
  • the electrolyte includes a compound having a cyano group
  • the compound having a cyano group includes succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, 1,5-dicyanopentane, 1, 6-dicyanohexane, tetramethyl succinonitrile, 2-methyl glutaronitrile, 2,4-dimethyl glutaronitrile, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl glutaronitrile, 1 ,4-Dicyanopentane, 1,2-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, ethylene glycol bis(propionitrile) ether, 3,5- Dioxa-pimelonitrile, 1,4-bis(cyanoethoxy)butane, diethylene glycol bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether, triethylene glycol bis(2-cyanoethyl) )Ether, tetraethylene glycol
  • the electrolyte includes a compound of formula 1, and the compound of formula 1 includes 1,2-bis(difluorophosphooxy)ethane, 1,2-bis(difluorophosphooxy)propane or 1 , At least one of 2-bis(difluorophosphooxy)butane.
  • the electrolyte includes a carboxylate
  • the content X mg of the carboxylate in the electrolyte and the reaction area Y m 2 of the positive electrode mixture layer satisfy the following relationship: 10 ⁇ (X/Y) ⁇ 100.
  • the carboxylic acid ester includes at least one of a chain carboxylic acid ester or a cyclic carboxylic acid ester.
  • the carboxylic acid ester includes at least one of the following: ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetic acid Butyl, sec-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, isopropyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, butyl Propyl acid, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, methyl valerate, ethyl valerate, methyl pivalate or ethyl pivalate.
  • the present application provides an electronic device including the electrochemical device according to the present application.
  • Figure 1 shows the topography of the positive electrode of Comparative Example 1.
  • Figure 2 shows the topography of the positive electrode of Example 3 of the present application.
  • a list of items connected by the term "at least one of” can mean any combination of the listed items. For example, if items A and B are listed, then the phrase "at least one of A and B" means only A; only B; or A and B. In another example, if items A, B, and C are listed, then the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" means only A; or only B; only C; A and B (excluding C); A and C (exclude B); B and C (exclude A); or all of A, B, and C.
  • Project A can contain a single element or multiple elements. Project B can contain a single element or multiple elements. Project C can contain a single element or multiple elements.
  • the term "at least one of" has the same meaning as the term "at least one of”.
  • hydrocarbyl encompasses alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.
  • alkyl is expected to be a linear saturated hydrocarbon structure having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Alkyl is also expected to be a branched or cyclic hydrocarbon structure having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • butyl means to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl And cyclobutyl;
  • propyl includes n-propyl, isopropyl and cyclopropyl.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, Isopentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, octyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, norbornyl Base and so on.
  • alkenyl refers to a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group that can be straight or branched and has at least one and usually 1, 2, or 3 carbon-carbon double bonds. Unless otherwise defined, the alkenyl group generally contains 2 to 20 carbon atoms and includes, for example, -C 2-4 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, and -C 2-10 alkenyl. Representative alkenyl groups include, for example, vinyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, n-hex-3-enyl, and the like.
  • alkynyl refers to a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group that can be linear or branched and has at least one and usually 1, 2, or 3 carbon-carbon triple bonds. Unless otherwise defined, the alkynyl group generally contains 2 to 20 carbon atoms and includes, for example, -C 2-4 alkynyl, -C 3-6 alkynyl, and -C 3-10 alkynyl. Representative alkynyl groups include, for example, ethynyl, prop-2-ynyl (n-propynyl), n-but-2-ynyl, n-hex-3-ynyl, and the like.
  • cyano encompasses -CN and organics containing the organic group -CN.
  • halogen refers to a stable atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) belonging to Group 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
  • the electrode (positive or negative) of an electrochemical device (for example, a lithium ion battery) is usually prepared by the following method: mixing the active material, conductive agent, thickener, binder, and solvent, and then coating the mixed slurry On the current collector.
  • the matching between the solvent and the binder or the solvent and the active material is usually poor, making compounding difficult.
  • the theoretical capacity of the electrochemical device may vary with the type of active material. As the cycle progresses, electrochemical devices usually experience a decrease in charge/discharge capacity. This is because the electrode interface changes during the charging and/or discharging process of the electrochemical device, causing the electrode active material to fail to perform its function.
  • This application uses a specific positive electrode material to ensure the interface stability of the electrochemical device during the cycle, thereby improving the cycle performance of the electrochemical device.
  • the specific positive electrode material of the present application is realized by controlling the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector (which can characterize the surface tension of the positive electrode current collector) and the edge burr length of the positive electrode mixture layer.
  • the present application provides an electrochemical device, which includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte as described below.
  • the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer provided on one or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 25 dyn/cm to 31 dyn/cm. In some embodiments, the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 26 dyn/cm to 30 dyn/cm. The dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 25dyn/cm, 26dyn/cm, 27dyn/cm, 28dyn/cm, 29dyn/cm, 30dyn/cm or 31dyn/cm.
  • the coating requirement of the positive electrode mixture layer can be met, which helps the electrochemical device maintain capacity during cycling.
  • the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector can be achieved by controlling the manufacturing process, for example, by adjusting the type and amount of aluminum foil pressing oil and additives, controlling the annealing temperature, and using ion treatment.
  • the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector can be measured by the following method: draw a line on the surface of the positive electrode current collector with a dyne pen, and after 2 to 3 seconds, observe whether it shrinks and condenses into water droplets. If it shrinks into water droplets, change the dyne pen with a lower value and draw a straight line until it does not shrink and there is no water drop point to determine the surface tension value of the object. Perform at least 3 measurements for each sample, eliminate abnormal points, and take the average value as the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the type of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and it can be any material known to be suitable for use as a positive electrode current collector.
  • Examples of the positive electrode current collector may include, but are not limited to, at least one of aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel-plated aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or tantalum; carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper.
  • the positive electrode current collector is a metal material.
  • the positive current collector is aluminum.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes a plurality of crystallites, and the crystallites include at least one of aluminum crystallites or aluminum alloy crystallites.
  • the crystallites have a cross-sectional area not greater than 100 ⁇ m 2.
  • the crystallites have a cross-sectional area not greater than 90 ⁇ m 2.
  • the crystallites have a cross-sectional area not greater than 80 ⁇ m 2.
  • the crystallites have a cross-sectional area not greater than 70 ⁇ m 2.
  • the crystallites have a cross-sectional area not greater than 60 ⁇ m 2.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes a surface-modified aluminum foil, such as an aluminum foil processed by a plasma device.
  • a surface-modified aluminum foil By using surface-modified aluminum foil, surface oil stains can be effectively removed, and the cleanliness of the surface can be significantly improved.
  • the surface of the aluminum foil is activated to enhance the hydrophilic performance.
  • plasma glow discharge can effectively penetrate the aluminum oxide passivation layer on the surface of the aluminum foil, which improves the conductivity of the aluminum foil and reduces the interface contact resistance.
  • the surface roughness of the modified aluminum foil is increased, and the specific surface area is increased, so that the adhesion between the positive electrode mixture layer and the aluminum foil is improved, thereby improving the performance of the electrochemical device.
  • the form of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited.
  • the form of the positive electrode current collector may include, but is not limited to, metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal film, metal plate mesh, stamped metal, foamed metal, etc.
  • the positive electrode current collector is a carbon material
  • the form of the positive electrode current collector may include, but is not limited to, a carbon plate, a carbon film, a carbon cylinder, and the like.
  • the positive electrode current collector is a metal thin film.
  • the metal film is mesh-shaped.
  • the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 3 ⁇ m to 800 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 5 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 10 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 50 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 1 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m, 800 ⁇ m, or 1000 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the surface of the positive electrode current collector may include a conductive aid.
  • the conductive assistant may include, but are not limited to, carbon and noble metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
  • the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer has burrs, and the length of the burrs is not greater than 4 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the burr is not greater than 3 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the burr is not greater than 2 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the burr is not greater than 1 mm.
  • the burr length on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is within the above range, the tailing phenomenon of the positive electrode mixture layer during coating (ie, the phenomenon that a small amount of coating slurry separates from the main coating area) can be significantly improved, which helps to improve Cycle performance of electrochemical devices.
  • FIG. 1 shows that the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer in the prior art has long burrs.
  • FIG. 2 shows the topography of the positive electrode of Example 3 of the present application, in which the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is flat and the burr length is small.
  • the edge burr length of the positive electrode mixture layer can be achieved by controlling the leveling of the positive electrode slurry.
  • controlling the leveling of the positive electrode slurry it can be controlled by adding an auxiliary agent to the positive electrode slurry or providing an auxiliary agent coating on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
  • the burr length on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer can be measured by the following method: use a caliper to measure the distance between the farthest point of the positive electrode mixture layer and the body of the positive electrode mixture layer at the gap of the positive electrode mixture layer, and read the caliper data as the burr length.
  • the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer may be an edge in any direction. In some embodiments, the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is the edge of the start or end of the coating direction.
  • the end of the positive electrode mixture layer and the end of the positive electrode current collector form a step, that is, the positive electrode current collector has a region where the positive electrode mixture layer is not provided.
  • the ratio of the length of the burr on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 300. In some embodiments, the ratio of the length of the burr on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 250. In some embodiments, the ratio of the length of the burr on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 200. In some embodiments, the ratio of the length of the burr on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 150. In some embodiments, the ratio of the length of the burr at the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 100. When the ratio of the length of the burr on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is within the above range, it is advantageous for the electrochemical device to maintain the capacity during the cycle.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not more than 22. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not more than 20. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 15. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not greater than 10.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not less than 0.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not less than 0.8. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not less than 1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not less than 3.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on one side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is within a range composed of any two values mentioned above.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on the side of the positive electrode current collector to the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is within the above range, the heat release phenomenon of the positive electrode current collector during the high current density charge and discharge process of the electrochemical device can be suppressed, Helps ensure the capacity of electrochemical devices.
  • the positive electrode mixture layer includes a surfactant, and the content of the surfactant is not more than 0.5 wt% based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the surfactant is not more than 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the surfactant is not more than 0.2 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the surfactant is not more than 0.1 wt%.
  • the surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of 2-10. In some embodiments, the surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of 3-8. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant is 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10.
  • the surfactant includes polyoxyethylene sorbitol beeswax derivative, sorbitan tristearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexastearate, ethylene glycol fatty acid ester, propylene glycol Fatty acid ester, propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, 4,5-polyoxyethylene sorbitol-4,5-oleate, glyceryl monostearate, hydroxylated lanolin , Sorbitan monooleate, propylene glycol monolaurate, sorbitan monostearate, diethylene glycol monooleate, diethylene glycol monostearate, diethylene glycol fat Acid esters, polyoxyethylene (2EO) oleyl alcohol ether, methyl glucoside sesquistearate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene dioleate, Tetraethylene glycol monostearate, tetraethylene glycol monoole
  • the positive electrode mixture layer includes N-methylpyrrolidone, and the content of the N-methylpyrrolidone is not more than 100 ppm based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the N-methylpyrrolidone is not more than 80 ppm. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the N-methylpyrrolidone is not more than 50 ppm. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode mixture layer, the content of the N-methylpyrrolidone is not more than 30 ppm.
  • the positive electrode mixture layer further includes a positive electrode active material layer, and the positive electrode active material layer contains the positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode active material layer may be one layer or multiple layers, and each layer of the multilayer positive electrode active material may contain the same or different positive electrode active materials.
  • the positive electrode active material is any material that can reversibly insert and extract metal ions such as lithium ions.
  • the type of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, as long as it can electrochemically store and release metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
  • the positive active material is a material containing lithium and at least one transition metal.
  • the positive electrode active material may include, but are not limited to, lithium transition metal composite oxides and lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compounds.
  • the transition metal in the lithium transition metal composite oxide includes V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and the like.
  • the lithium transition metal composite oxide includes lithium cobalt composite oxides such as LiCoO 2 ; lithium nickel composite oxides such as LiNiO 2 ; lithium manganese composite oxides such as LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and Li 2 MnO 4; LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 and other lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxides, in which a part of the transition metal atoms as the main body of these lithium transition metal composite oxides is used Replaced by Na, K, B, F, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Si, Nb, Mo, Sn, W and other elements .
  • lithium transition metal composite oxides may include, but are not limited to, LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 , LiNi 0.85 Co 0.10 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.45 Co 0.10 Al 0.45 O 2 , LiMn 1.8 Al 0.2 O 4 and LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and so on.
  • Examples of combinations of lithium transition metal composite oxides include, but are not limited to, the combination of LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 , where a part of Mn in LiMn 2 O 4 may be replaced by a transition metal (for example, LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 ), a part of Co in LiCoO 2 can be replaced by transition metals.
  • the transition metal in the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound includes V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and the like.
  • the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compounds include iron phosphates such as LiFePO 4 , Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiFeP 2 O 7 , and cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO 4 , which are used as these lithium transition metal phosphate compounds Part of the transition metal atoms of the main body is replaced by Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, Si and other elements.
  • the content of the positive active material is greater than 80 wt%, greater than 82 wt%, or greater than 84 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the positive active material is less than 99 wt% or less than 98 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, the content of the positive electrode active material is within the range composed of any two arrays described above. When the content of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, the electric capacity of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer can be ensured while maintaining the strength of the positive electrode.
  • the positive active material includes lithium phosphate, which can improve the continuous charging characteristics of the electrochemical device.
  • the positive active material and lithium phosphate are mixed and used.
  • the content of lithium phosphate is greater than 0.1 wt%, greater than 0.3 wt%, or greater than 0.5 wt%.
  • the content of lithium phosphate is less than 10 wt%, less than 8 wt%, or less than 5 wt% relative to the total weight of the above-mentioned positive active material and lithium phosphate.
  • the content of lithium phosphate is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • a substance different from the composition may be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material.
  • surface attachment substances may include, but are not limited to, oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate , Magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate and other sulfates, lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and other carbonates, carbon, etc.
  • These surface attachment materials can be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material by the following method: the surface attachment material is dissolved or suspended in a solvent, and then infiltrated and added to the positive electrode active material and dried; the surface attachment material precursor is dissolved or suspended In the solvent, after infiltrating and adding to the positive electrode active material, a method of making it react by heating or the like; and a method of adding to the positive electrode active material precursor while firing, and so on.
  • attaching carbon a method of mechanically attaching a carbon material (for example, activated carbon, etc.) can also be used.
  • the content of the surface-attached material is greater than 0.1 ppm, greater than 1 ppm, or greater than 10 ppm. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the surface attachment material is less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the surface-attached material is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material can be suppressed, and the life of the electrochemical device can be improved.
  • the amount of the surface-attached substance is too small, its effect cannot be fully expressed; when the amount of the surface-attached substance is too large, it will hinder the ingress and egress of lithium ions, and thus the electrical resistance may sometimes increase.
  • the positive electrode active material to which a substance different from the composition is adhered to the surface of the positive electrode active material is also referred to as a "positive electrode active material”.
  • the shape of the positive electrode active material particles includes, but is not limited to, block shape, polyhedron shape, spherical shape, elliptical spherical shape, plate shape, needle shape, column shape, and the like.
  • the positive active material particles include primary particles, secondary particles, or a combination thereof.
  • the primary particles may agglomerate to form secondary particles.
  • the tap density of the positive active material is greater than 0.5 g/cm 3 , greater than 0.8 g/cm 3 or greater than 1.0 g/cm 3 .
  • the tap density of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, the amount of dispersion medium and the required amount of conductive material and positive electrode binder required for the formation of the positive electrode active material layer can be suppressed, thereby ensuring the filling of the positive electrode active material Rate and capacity of the electrochemical device.
  • a composite oxide powder with a high tap density a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
  • the larger the tap density the more preferable, and there is no particular upper limit.
  • the tap density of the positive active material is less than 4.0 g/cm 3 , less than 3.7 g/cm 3 or less than 3.5 g/cm 3 .
  • the tap density of the positive electrode active material has the upper limit as described above, the decrease in load characteristics can be suppressed.
  • the tap density of the positive electrode active material can be calculated by the following method: Put 5-10g of the positive electrode active material powder into a 10mL glass measuring cylinder, and perform 200 strokes of about 20mm vibration to obtain the powder packing density (tap density).
  • the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles refers to the primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles.
  • the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles refers to the secondary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles.
  • the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles is greater than 0.3 ⁇ m, greater than 0.5 ⁇ m, greater than 0.8 ⁇ m, or greater than 1.0 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles is less than 30 ⁇ m, less than 27 ⁇ m, less than 25 ⁇ m, or less than 22 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles is within the above-mentioned range, a high tap density positive electrode active material can be obtained, and degradation of the performance of the electrochemical device can be suppressed.
  • the median diameter (D50) of the positive electrode active material particles can be measured with a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring device: when using LA-920 manufactured by HORIBA as the particle size distribution meter, use a 0.1wt% sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution As the dispersion medium used in the measurement, the measurement was performed with the measurement refractive index set to 1.24 after 5 minutes of ultrasonic dispersion.
  • the average primary particle size of the positive active material is greater than 0.05 ⁇ m, greater than 0.1 ⁇ m, or greater than 0.5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the average primary particle size of the positive active material is less than 5 ⁇ m, less than 4 ⁇ m, less than 3 ⁇ m, or less than 2 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the average primary particle size of the positive active material is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the average primary particle size of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, the powder filling property and specific surface area can be ensured, the decrease in battery performance can be suppressed, and moderate crystallinity can be obtained, thereby ensuring the reversibility of the electrochemical device's charge and discharge. .
  • the average primary particle size of the positive electrode active material can be obtained by observing the image obtained by the scanning electron microscope (SEM): in the SEM image with a magnification of 10000 times, for any 50 primary particles, the relative The longest value of the slice obtained by the left and right boundary lines of the straight primary particles, and the average value thereof is calculated to obtain the average primary particle size.
  • SEM scanning electron microscope
  • the specific surface area (BET) of the positive active material is greater than 0.1 m 2 /g, greater than 0.2 m 2 /g, or greater than 0.3 m 2 /g. In some embodiments, the specific surface area (BET) of the positive active material is less than 50 m 2 /g, less than 40 m 2 /g, or less than 30 m 2 /g. In some embodiments, the specific surface area (BET) of the positive active material is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the specific surface area (BET) of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, the performance of the electrochemical device can be ensured, and at the same time, the positive electrode active material can have good coatability.
  • the specific surface area (BET) of the positive electrode active material can be measured by using a surface area meter (for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken), pre-drying the sample at 150°C for 30 minutes under nitrogen flow, and then A nitrogen-helium mixed gas whose relative pressure value of nitrogen to atmospheric pressure is accurately adjusted to 0.3 is used for measurement by a nitrogen adsorption BET single-point method using a gas flow method.
  • a surface area meter for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken
  • the type of the positive electrode conductive material is not limited, and any known conductive material can be used.
  • the positive electrode conductive material may include, but are not limited to, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; carbon black such as acetylene black; carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke; carbon nanotubes; graphene and the like.
  • the above-mentioned positive electrode conductive materials can be used alone or in any combination.
  • the content of the positive electrode conductive material is greater than 0.01 wt%, greater than 0.1 wt%, or greater than 1 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the positive conductive material is less than 50 wt%, less than 30 wt% or less, or less than 15 wt%. When the content of the positive electrode conductive material is within the above range, sufficient conductivity and the capacity of the electrochemical device can be ensured.
  • the type of the positive electrode binder used in the production of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. In the case of the coating method, it may be any material that is soluble or dispersible in the liquid medium used in the electrode production.
  • positive electrode binders may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyimide, Aromatic polyamide, cellulose, nitrocellulose and other resin polymers; styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile rubber (NBR), fluorine rubber, isoprene rubber, polybutadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, etc.
  • styrene ⁇ butadiene ⁇ styrene block copolymer or its hydrogenated product ethylene ⁇ propylene ⁇ diene terpolymer (EPDM), styrene ⁇ ethylene ⁇ butadiene ⁇ ethylene copolymer, benzene Thermoplastic elastomer-like polymers such as ethylene ⁇ isoprene ⁇ styrene block copolymer or its hydrogenated products; syndiotactic-1,2-polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene ⁇ vinyl acetate copolymer, Soft resin-like polymers such as propylene ⁇ -olefin copolymers; fluorine-based polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene ⁇ ethylene copolymers, etc. ; Polymer composition with alkali metal i
  • the content of the positive electrode binder is greater than 0.1 wt%, greater than 1 wt%, or greater than 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the positive electrode binder is less than 80% by weight, less than 60% by weight, less than 40% by weight, or less than 10% by weight. When the content of the positive electrode binder is within the above range, the positive electrode can have good conductivity and sufficient mechanical strength, and ensure the capacity of the electrochemical device.
  • the type of solvent used to form the positive electrode slurry is not limited, as long as it can dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, the positive electrode binder, and the thickener used as needed.
  • the solvent used to form the positive electrode slurry may include any one of an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent.
  • Examples of the aqueous medium may include, but are not limited to, water and a mixed medium of alcohol and water, and the like.
  • organic media include, but are not limited to, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, methyl naphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; acetone, methyl ethyl Ketones such as methyl ketone and cyclohexanone; esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; amines such as diethylene triamine and N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine; diethyl ether, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran (THF) ) And other ethers; N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and other amides; hexamethylphosphoramide, dimethylsulfoxide and other aprotic polar solvents.
  • aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane
  • aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzen
  • Thickeners are usually used to adjust the viscosity of the slurry.
  • a thickener and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) emulsion can be used for slurrying.
  • SBR styrene butadiene rubber
  • the type of thickener is not particularly limited, and examples thereof may include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch , Casein and their salts.
  • the above-mentioned thickeners can be used alone or in any combination.
  • the content of the thickener is greater than 0.1 wt%, greater than 0.2 wt%, or greater than 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the thickener is less than 5 wt%, less than 3 wt%, or less than 2 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the positive active material layer, the content of the thickener is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the content of the thickener is within the above-mentioned range, the positive electrode slurry can be made to have good coatability, and at the same time, the capacity decrease and the resistance increase of the electrochemical device can be suppressed.
  • compaction treatment can be performed by a manual press or a roll press.
  • the density of the positive active material layer is greater than 1.5 g/cm 3 , greater than 2 g/cm 3 or greater than 2.2 g/cm 3 .
  • the density of the positive active material layer is less than 5 g/cm 3 , less than 4.5 g/cm 3 or less than 4 g/cm 3 .
  • the density of the positive active material layer is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the density of the positive electrode active material layer is within the above range, the electrochemical device can have good charge and discharge characteristics, and at the same time, the increase in resistance can be suppressed.
  • the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer refers to the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer on either side of the positive electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive active material layer is greater than 10 ⁇ m or greater than 20 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the positive active material layer is less than 500 ⁇ m or less than 450 ⁇ m.
  • the positive electrode active material can be produced using a common method for producing inorganic compounds.
  • the following manufacturing method can be used: dissolve or pulverize the transition metal raw materials in a solvent such as water, adjust the pH while stirring, make spherical precursors and recover them, as needed After it is dried, a Li source such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 is added, and it is fired at a high temperature to obtain a positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode can be produced by forming a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material and a viscous active material on a positive electrode current collector.
  • the manufacture of a positive electrode using a positive electrode active material can be carried out by a conventional method, that is, the positive electrode active material and the viscous active material, as well as the conductive material and thickener as required, are dry-mixed to form a sheet, and the obtained The sheet material is crimped onto the positive electrode current collector; or these materials are dissolved or dispersed in a liquid medium to form a slurry, and the slurry is coated on the positive electrode current collector and dried to form on the current collector A positive electrode mixture layer is used to obtain a positive electrode.
  • the electrolytic solution used in the electrochemical device of the present application includes an electrolyte and a solvent that dissolves the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte used in the electrochemical device of the present application further includes additives.
  • the electrolyte used in the electrochemical device of the present application includes at least one of the following compounds:
  • R is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbon group, and when substituted, the substituent is halogen.
  • the compound having a cyano group is not particularly limited, as long as it is an organic compound having at least one cyano group in the molecule.
  • the compound having a cyano group includes at least one of the structures of Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, or Formula 5:
  • the compound having a cyano group has formula 2:
  • the molecular weight of the compound of formula 2 is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 2 is greater than 55, greater than 65, or greater than 80. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 2 is less than 310, less than 185, or less than 155.
  • the compound of Formula 2 having the above-mentioned molecular weight has appropriate solubility in the electrolyte.
  • a 1 in Formula 2 is selected from the group consisting of: C 2-20 alkyl, C 2-20 haloalkyl, C 2-20 alkenyl, C 2-20 halo Alkenyl, C 2-20 alkynyl, C 2-20 haloalkynyl, C 6-30 aryl, and C 6-30 haloaryl.
  • a 1 is selected from C 2-15 linear or branched alkyl or C 2-4 alkenyl.
  • a 1 is a C 2-12 linear or branched alkyl group.
  • a 1 is a C 4-11 linear or branched alkyl group.
  • a 1 is selected from ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl , Heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl Alkyl groups such as alkyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl; vinyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 1-pentenyl and other alkenyl groups; ethynyl, 1-propyne Alkyl, 1-butynyl, 1-pentynyl
  • Examples of the compound of formula 2 may include, but are not limited to, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, capronitrile, heptonitrile, caprylic nitrile, nonononitrile, decanonitrile, undecyl nitrile, dodecyl nitrile, cyclopentane nitrile, Cyclohexanecarbonitrile, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, butenenitrile, 3-methylbutenenitrile, 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 2-pentenenitrile, 2-methyl-2- Pentene nitrile, 3-methyl-2-pentene nitrile and 2-hexene nitrile, etc.
  • the compound of formula 2 is selected from the group consisting of valeronitrile, octyl nitrile, decyl nitrile, dodecyl nitrile, and butene nitrile. In some embodiments, the compound of formula 2 is selected from valeronitrile, decanonitrile, or crotononitrile.
  • the compound having a cyano group has formula 3:
  • the molecular weight of the compound of formula 3 is not particularly limited. The smaller the molecular weight of the compound of formula 3, the greater the proportion of cyano groups in the molecule, and the greater the viscosity of the molecule; the larger the molecular weight, the higher the boiling point of the compound. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 3 is greater than 65, greater than 80, or greater than 90. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 3 is less than 270, less than 160, or less than 135. The compound of formula 3 having the above-mentioned molecular weight has appropriate viscosity, boiling point and solubility in the electrolyte.
  • a 2 in Formula 3 is an organic group having 1-30 carbon atoms, wherein the organic group is composed of at least one of the following atoms: hydrogen atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen Atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms.
  • the organic group includes carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and at least one of the following heteroatoms: nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms, or halogen atoms, wherein: the carbon atoms And the hydrogen atom constitutes the skeleton structure of the organic group, and a part of the carbon atoms in the skeleton structure is replaced by the heteroatom; and/or the organic group includes the carbon atom, the hydrogen A substituent composed of atoms and/or the heteroatoms.
  • a 2 is selected from C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 haloalkylene, C 2-20 alkenylene, C 2-20 haloalkenylene, C 2-20 Alkynylene, C 2-20 haloalkynylene, C 6-30 arylene, C 6-30 halo arylene, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, ether group, thioether group, dihydrocarbyl group Boronic acid group or borane group.
  • a 2 is selected from C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 haloalkylene, C 2-20 alkenylene, C 2-20 haloalkenylene, C 2-20 Alkynylene, C 2-20 haloalkynylene, C 6-30 arylene or C 6-30 halo arylene. In some embodiments, A 2 is C 2-5 alkylene or C 2-5 haloalkylene.
  • Examples of compounds of formula 3 may include, but are not limited to, malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimenonitrile, suberonitrile, azelaonitrile, sebaconitrile, undecanedinitrile, ten Dioxane dinitrile, methylmalononitrile, ethylmalononitrile, isopropylmalononitrile, tert-butylmalononitrile, methylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3- Dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3,3-trimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-Diethyl-3,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, bicyclohexane-1,1-dicarbonitrile, bicyclohexane
  • the compound of formula 3 is selected from malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimenonitrile, suberonitrile, azelaonitrile, sebaconitrile, undecane dinitrile, dodecane dinitrile, Alkanedionitrile and 3,9-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane or fumaronitrile.
  • the compound of formula 3 is selected from succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimenonitrile, suberonitrile, glutaronitrile or 3,9-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-2, 4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane. In some embodiments, the compound of formula 3 is selected from succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, or pimenonitrile.
  • the compound having a cyano group has formula 4:
  • a 3 in Formula 4 is an organic group having 1-30 carbon atoms, wherein the organic group is composed of at least one of the following atoms: hydrogen atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen Atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms.
  • the organic group includes carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and at least one of the following heteroatoms: nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms, or halogen atoms, wherein: the carbon atoms And the hydrogen atom constitutes the skeleton structure of the organic group, and a part of the carbon atoms in the skeleton structure is replaced by the heteroatom; and/or the organic group includes the carbon atom, the hydrogen A substituent composed of atoms and/or the heteroatoms.
  • a 3 is selected from C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 haloalkylene, C 2-20 alkenylene, C 2-20 haloalkenylene, C 2-20 Alkynylene, C 2-20 haloalkynylene, C 6-30 arylene, C 6-30 halo arylene, C 2-20 alkoxy.
  • a 3 is selected from C 2-12 alkylene, C 2-12 haloalkylene, C 2-12 alkenylene, C 2-12 haloalkenylene, C 2-12 Alkynylene, C 2-12 haloalkynylene or C 2-12 alkoxy.
  • n is an integer from 0-5. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • Examples of compounds of formula 4 may include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
  • the compound having a cyano group has formula 5:
  • the molecular weight of the compound of formula 5 is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 5 is greater than 90, greater than 120, or greater than 150. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the compound of formula 5 is less than 450, less than 300, or less than 250. The compound of formula 5 having the above-mentioned molecular weight has appropriate solubility in the electrolyte.
  • a 4 and A 5 in Formula 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: C 2-20 alkylene, C 2-20 haloalkylene, C 2- 20 alkenylene, C 2-20 haloalkenylene, C 2-20 alkynylene, C 2-20 haloalkynylene, C 6-30 arylene and C 6-30 halo arylene .
  • a 4 and A 5 are each independently selected from C 2-5 alkylene, C 2-5 haloalkylene, C 2-5 alkenylene, C 2-5 haloalkenylene Group, C 2-5 alkynylene or C 2-5 haloalkynylene.
  • a 4 and A 5 are each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, 1,3-propylene, tetraethylene, pentamethylene, 1,2-vinylene, 1-propenylene, 2-propenylene, 1-butenylene, 2-butenylene, 1-pentenylene, 2-pentenylene, ethynylene, propynylene, 1-butylene Alkynyl, 2-butynylene, 1-pentynylene, or 2-pentynylene.
  • a 4 and A 5 are each independently selected from methylene, ethylene, 1,3-propylene, tetraethylene, pentamethylene, more preferably methylene, ethylene Ethyl or 1,3-propylene.
  • Examples of compounds of formula 5 include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
  • the compound having a cyano group includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, 1,5-dicyanopentane, 1,6 -Dicyanohexane, tetramethyl succinonitrile, 2-methyl glutaronitrile, 2,4-dimethyl glutaronitrile, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl glutaronitrile, 1, 4-Dicyanopentane, 1,2-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, ethylene glycol bis(propionitrile) ether, 3,5-bis Oxa-pimelonitrile, 1,4-bis(cyanoethoxy)butane, diethylene glycol bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether, triethylene glycol bis(2-cyanoethyl) Ether, tetraethylene glycol bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether,
  • the above-mentioned compounds having a cyano group can be used alone or in any combination. If the electrolyte contains two or more cyano group-containing compounds, the content of the cyano group-containing compound refers to the total content of two or more cyano group-containing compounds. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the cyano group-containing compound is greater than 0.001 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is greater than 0.01 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is greater than 0.1 wt%.
  • the content of the cyano group-containing compound is less than 10 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is less than 8 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is less than 5 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is less than 2 wt%.
  • the content of the cyano group-containing compound is less than 1 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound having a cyano group is less than 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the cyano group-containing compound is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the content of the cyano group-containing compound is within the above range, it helps to improve the following characteristics of the electrochemical device: output characteristics, load characteristics, low-temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
  • Lithium difluorophosphate LiPO 2 F 2
  • the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.01 wt% to 1 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.05 wt% to 0.8 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.1 wt% to 0.4 wt%.
  • the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.2 wt% to 0.35 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the lithium difluorophosphate is 0.25 wt% to 0.3 wt%.
  • Examples of compounds of formula 1 may include, but are not limited to:
  • the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 0.01 wt% to 15 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 0.05 wt% to 12 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 0.5 wt% to 8 wt%.
  • the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 1 wt% to 5 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the compound of Formula 1 is 2 wt% to 4 wt%.
  • the electrolyte further includes any non-aqueous solvent known in the prior art that can be used as a solvent for the electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous solvent includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, carboxylate, cyclic ether, chain ether, phosphorus-containing Organic solvents, sulfur-containing organic solvents and aromatic fluorine-containing solvents.
  • examples of the cyclic carbonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate.
  • the cyclic carbonate has 3-6 carbon atoms.
  • examples of the chain carbonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl carbonate N-propyl carbonate, ethyl n-propyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate and other chain carbonates.
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • chain carbonates substituted by fluorine may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: bis(fluoromethyl)carbonate, bis(difluoromethyl)carbonate, bis(trifluoromethyl) Base) carbonate, bis(2-fluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2-difluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, 2-fluoroethyl Methyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethyl methyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate, etc.
  • the non-aqueous solvent includes a carboxylic acid ester.
  • the content X mg of the carboxylic acid ester in the electrolyte and the reaction area Y m 2 of the positive electrode mixture layer satisfy the following relationship: 10 ⁇ (X/Y) ⁇ 100.
  • X and Y satisfy the following relationship: 10 ⁇ (X/Y) ⁇ 100.
  • X and Y satisfy the following relationship: 20 ⁇ (X/Y) ⁇ 70.
  • the reaction area of the positive electrode mixture layer can be measured by the following method: using a surface area meter (a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken), pre-drying the sample at 350°C for 15 minutes under nitrogen flow, and then using nitrogen relative to atmospheric pressure The relative pressure value of the nitrogen and helium mixed gas accurately adjusted to 0.3 is measured by the nitrogen adsorption BET single-point method using the gas flow method. According to this method, the specific surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer (m 2 /g) is measured.
  • the specific surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer refers to the positive electrode mixture layer containing the positive electrode active material and additives (binder, conductive agent, thickener, filler, etc.) The specific surface area of the whole.
  • the weight of the positive electrode mixture layer is measured, that is, the total weight of the entire positive electrode mixture layer containing the positive electrode active material and additives (binder, conductive agent, thickener, filler, etc.).
  • the reaction area of the positive electrode mixture layer is calculated by the following formula:
  • the reaction area the specific surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer x the weight of the positive electrode mixture layer.
  • the carboxylic acid ester includes at least one of a chain carboxylic acid ester or a cyclic carboxylic acid ester.
  • examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: one or more of ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
  • part of the hydrogen atoms of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester may be substituted by fluorine.
  • examples of the chain carboxylic acid ester may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate Ester, sec-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, isopropyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, butyrate Propyl ester, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, methyl valerate, ethyl valerate, methyl pivalate and ethyl pivalate, etc.
  • part of the hydrogen atoms of the chain carboxylic acid ester may be replaced by fluorine.
  • examples of fluorine-substituted chain carboxylic acid esters may include, but are not limited to, methyl trifluoroacetate, ethyl trifluoroacetate, propyl trifluoroacetate, butyl trifluoroacetate, and trifluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl and so on.
  • examples of the cyclic ether may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyl -1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane and dimethoxypropane.
  • examples of the chain ether may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: dimethoxymethane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane, 1,2- Dimethoxyethane, diethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxymethane, 1,1-ethoxy Methoxyethane and 1,2-ethoxymethoxyethane, etc.
  • examples of the phosphorus-containing organic solvent may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, dimethyl ethyl phosphate, methyl phosphate Diethyl, Ethylene Methyl Phosphate, Ethylene Ethyl Phosphate, Triphenyl Phosphate, Trimethyl Phosphite, Triethyl Phosphite, Triphenyl Phosphite, Tris(2,2,2- Trifluoroethyl) ester and tris(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) phosphate, etc.
  • examples of the sulfur-containing organic solvent may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: sulfolane, 2-methyl sulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone, two Ethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, methyl propyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl ethanesulfonate, ethyl ethanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate , Diethyl sulfate and dibutyl sulfate.
  • part of the hydrogen atoms of the sulfur-containing organic solvent may be replaced by fluorine.
  • the aromatic fluorine-containing solvent includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, trifluorobenzene, tetrafluorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene And trifluoromethylbenzene.
  • the solvent used in the electrolyte of the present application includes cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid ester, chain carboxylic acid ester, and combinations thereof.
  • the solvent used in the electrolyte of the present application includes ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, n-propyl acetate or ethyl acetate. At least one of.
  • the solvent used in the electrolyte of the present application includes: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and combinations thereof .
  • the chain carboxylic acid ester and/or cyclic carboxylic acid ester can form a passivation film on the electrode surface, thereby improving the intermittent charging of the electrochemical device Capacity retention rate after cycling.
  • the electrolyte contains 1 wt% to 60 wt% of chain carboxylic acid esters, cyclic carboxylic acid esters, and combinations thereof.
  • the electrolyte contains ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and combinations thereof.
  • the content of the combination is 1 wt% to 60 wt%, 10 wt% % To 60% by weight, 10% to 50% by weight, and 20% to 50% by weight. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the electrolyte contains 1 wt% to 60 wt%, 10 wt% to 60 wt%, 20 wt% to 50 wt%, 20 wt% to 40 wt%, or 30 wt% of propyl propionate. .
  • examples of the additive may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: fluorocarbonate, carbon-carbon double bond-containing ethylene carbonate, sulfur-oxygen double bond-containing compound, and acid anhydride .
  • the content of the additive is 0.01% to 15%, 0.1% to 10%, or 1% to 5%.
  • the content of the propionate is 1.5 to 30 times, 1.5 to 20 times, 2 to 20 times, or 5 to 20 times of the additive.
  • the additives include one or more fluorocarbonates.
  • the fluorocarbonate can work with the propionate to form a stable protective film on the surface of the negative electrode, thereby inhibiting the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte.
  • examples of the fluorocarbonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: fluoroethylene carbonate, cis-4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, trans-4 ,4-Difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-methylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylethylene carbonate, trifluoromethyl methyl carbonate , Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate and ethyl trifluoroethyl carbonate, etc.
  • the additives include one or more ethylene carbonates containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • the carbon-carbon double bond-containing ethylene carbonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate, carbonic acid-1 ,2-Dimethylvinylene carbonate, -1,2-diethylvinylene carbonate, fluorovinylene carbonate, trifluoromethyl vinylene carbonate; vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1-methyl carbonate 2-vinyl ethylene, 1-ethyl-2-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1-n-propyl-2-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1-methyl-2-ethylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate, 1,1-divinyl ethylene carbonate, 1,2-divinyl ethylene carbonate, 1,1-dimethyl-2-methylene ethylene carbonate, and Carbonic acid-1,1-diethyl-2-methylene ethylene and the like.
  • vinylene carbonate
  • the additives include one or more compounds containing sulfur-oxygen double bonds.
  • the sulfur-oxygen double bond-containing compound may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: cyclic sulfate, chain sulfate, chain sulfonate, cyclic sulfonate, chain Sulfite and cyclic sulfite, etc.
  • cyclic sulfate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: 1,2-ethylene glycol sulfate, 1,2-propanediol sulfate, 1,3-propanediol sulfate, 1 , 2-butanediol sulfate, 1,3-butanediol sulfate, 1,4-butanediol sulfate, 1,2-pentanediol sulfate, 1,3-pentanediol sulfate, 1 ,4-Pentanediol sulfate and 1,5-Pentanediol sulfate, etc.
  • chain sulfate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: dimethyl sulfate, ethyl methyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, and the like.
  • chain sulfonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: fluorosulfonates such as methyl fluorosulfonate and ethyl fluorosulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, methanesulfonic acid Ethyl ester, butyl dimethanesulfonate, 2-(methanesulfonyloxy) methyl propionate and 2-(methanesulfonyloxy) ethyl propionate, etc.
  • fluorosulfonates such as methyl fluorosulfonate and ethyl fluorosulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, methanesulfonic acid Ethyl ester, butyl dimethanesulfonate, 2-(methanesulfonyloxy) methyl propionate and 2-(methanesulfonyloxy) ethyl propionate, etc.
  • Examples of the cyclic sulfonate may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: 1,3-propane sultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 2- Fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 3-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 1-methyl-1,3-propane sultone, 2-methyl-1,3- Propylene sultone, 3-methyl-1,3-propane sultone, 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-fluoro -1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 1- Fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sul
  • chain sulfite may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: dimethyl sulfite, ethyl methyl sulfite, diethyl sulfite, and the like.
  • cyclic sulfite may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: 1,2-ethylene glycol sulfite, 1,2-propylene glycol sulfite, 1,3-propylene glycol sulfite Sulfate, 1,2-butanediol sulfite, 1,3-butanediol sulfite, 1,4-butanediol sulfite, 1,2-pentanediol sulfite, 1,3 -Pentylene glycol sulfite, 1,4-pentanediol sulfite and 1,5-pentanediol sulfite, etc.
  • the additives include one or more acid anhydrides.
  • the acid anhydride may include, but are not limited to, one or more of cyclic phosphoric anhydride, carboxylic anhydride, disulfonic anhydride, and carboxylic sulfonic anhydride.
  • the cyclic phosphoric anhydride may include, but are not limited to, one or more of trimethylphosphoric acid cyclic anhydride, triethylphosphoric acid cyclic anhydride, and tripropylphosphoric acid cyclic anhydride.
  • the carboxylic anhydride may include, but are not limited to, one or more of succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, and maleic anhydride.
  • Examples of the disulfonic acid anhydride may include, but are not limited to, one or more of ethane disulfonic acid anhydride and propane disulfonic acid anhydride.
  • Examples of the carboxylic acid sulfonic anhydride may include, but are not limited to, one or more of sulfobenzoic anhydride, sulfopropionic anhydride, and sulfobutyric anhydride.
  • the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and ethylene carbonate containing carbon-carbon double bonds. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of a fluorocarbonate and a compound containing a sulfur-oxygen double bond. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of a fluorocarbonate and a compound having 2-4 cyano groups. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and cyclic carboxylic acid ester. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and cyclic phosphoric anhydride. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and carboxylic anhydride. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and Huangan anhydride. In some embodiments, the additive is a combination of fluorocarbonate and carboxylic acid anhydride.
  • the electrolyte is not particularly limited, and any known substance as an electrolyte can be used arbitrarily.
  • a lithium salt is generally used.
  • electrolytes may include, but are not limited to, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAlF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiTaF 6 , LiWF 7 and other inorganic lithium salts; LiWOF 5 and other lithium tungstates; HCO 2 Li, CH 3 CO 2 Li, CH 2 FCO 2 Li, CHF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CH 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li and other carboxylic acid lithium salts; FSO 3 Li, CH 3 SO 3 Li, CH 2 FSO 3 Li, CHF 2 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 Li ,
  • the electrolyte is selected from LiPF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiTaF 6 , FSO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN(FSO 2 )(CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethane bissulfonimide lithium, cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropane bissulfonimide lithium, LiC(FSO 2 ) 3 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiBF 3 CF 3 , LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 , LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 3 ( C 2 F 5 ) 3 , lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium bis(oxalate) borate or lithium difluorobis(oxalate) phosphate
  • the content of the electrolyte is not particularly limited, as long as it does not impair the effect of the present application.
  • the total molar concentration of lithium in the electrolyte is greater than 0.3 mol/L, greater than 0.4 mol/L, or greater than 0.5 mol/L.
  • the total molar concentration of lithium in the electrolyte is less than 3 mol/L, less than 2.5 mol/L, or less than 2.0 mol/L.
  • the total molar concentration of lithium in the electrolyte is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the electrolyte concentration is within the above range, the amount of lithium as the charged particles will not be too small, and the viscosity can be in an appropriate range, so it is easy to ensure good electrical conductivity.
  • the electrolyte includes at least one salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, borate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate.
  • the electrolyte includes a salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate.
  • the electrolyte includes a lithium salt.
  • the content of the salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, borate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate is greater than 0.01 wt% or greater than 0.1 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
  • the content of the salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, borate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate is less than 20 wt% or less than 10 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the content of the salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, borate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the electrolyte includes one or more substances selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, borate, oxalate, and fluorosulfonate, and one or more other salts.
  • the lithium salts exemplified above can be cited, and in some embodiments they are LiPF 6 , LiN(FSO 2 )(CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN( C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethane bissulfonimide lithium, cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropane bissulfonimide lithium, LiC(FSO 2 ) 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiBF 3 CF 3 , LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 , LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 .
  • the lithium salts exemplified above can
  • the content of other salts is greater than 0.01 wt% or greater than 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of other salts is less than 20 wt%, less than 15 wt%, or less than 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the content of other salts is within the range composed of any two values mentioned above. Salts other than those having the above content help balance the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte solution may contain additional additives such as a negative electrode coating film forming agent, a positive electrode protective agent, and an overcharge prevention agent as needed.
  • additives generally used in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used, examples of which can include, but are not limited to, vinylene carbonate, succinic anhydride, biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, 2,4-difluorobenzyl Ether, propane sultone, propene sultone, etc. These additives can be used alone or in any combination.
  • the content of these additives in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to the type of the additives and the like. In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of the additive is less than 5 wt%, in the range of 0.01 wt% to 5 wt%, or in the range of 0.2 wt% to 5 wt%.
  • the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer provided on one or both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode mixture layer includes a negative electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material.
  • the anode active material layer may be one layer or multiple layers, and each layer in the multilayer anode active material may contain the same or different anode active materials.
  • the negative electrode active material is any material that can reversibly insert and extract metal ions such as lithium ions. In some embodiments, the chargeable capacity of the negative active material is greater than the discharge capacity of the positive active material to prevent unintentional precipitation of lithium metal on the negative electrode during charging.
  • any known current collector can be used arbitrarily.
  • the negative electrode current collector include, but are not limited to, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, nickel, stainless steel, and nickel-plated steel. In some embodiments, the negative electrode current collector is copper.
  • the negative electrode current collector may include, but is not limited to, metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal film, metal plate mesh, stamped metal, foamed metal, etc.
  • the negative electrode current collector is a metal thin film.
  • the negative electrode current collector is copper foil.
  • the negative electrode current collector is a rolled copper foil based on a rolling method or an electrolytic copper foil based on an electrolytic method.
  • the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is greater than 1 ⁇ m or greater than 5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is less than 100 ⁇ m or less than 50 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is within the range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, as long as it can reversibly occlude and release lithium ions.
  • Examples of the negative electrode active material may include, but are not limited to, carbon materials such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; metals such as silicon (Si) and tin (Sn); or oxides of metal elements such as Si and Sn.
  • the negative electrode active material can be used alone or in combination.
  • the negative electrode mixture layer may further include a negative electrode binder.
  • the negative electrode binder can improve the bonding between the negative active material particles and the bonding between the negative active material and the current collector.
  • the type of the negative electrode binder is not particularly limited, as long as it is a material that is stable to the electrolyte or the solvent used in the manufacture of the electrode.
  • the negative electrode binder includes a resin binder. Examples of resin binders include, but are not limited to, fluororesins, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide resins, acrylic resins, polyolefin resins, and the like.
  • the negative electrode binder includes, but is not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or its salt, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA) or Its salt, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
  • PAA polyacrylic acid
  • Its salt polyvinyl alcohol, etc.
  • the negative electrode can be prepared by the following method: coating a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a resin binder, etc. on the negative electrode current collector, and after drying, it is calendered to form a negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the negative electrode current collector. Obtain a negative electrode.
  • a separator is usually provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the electrolyte solution of the present application is usually used by infiltrating the separator.
  • the material and shape of the isolation film are not particularly limited, as long as the effect of the present application is not significantly impaired.
  • the isolation film may be resin, glass fiber, inorganic substance, etc. formed of a material that is stable to the electrolyte of the present application.
  • the isolation membrane includes a porous sheet or a non-woven fabric-like material with excellent liquid retention properties.
  • the material of the resin or glass fiber isolation membrane may include, but are not limited to, polyolefin, aromatic polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filter, and the like.
  • the material of the isolation membrane is a glass filter.
  • the polyolefin is polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the polyolefin is polypropylene.
  • the isolation film may also be a material formed by laminating the above-mentioned materials, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a three-layer isolation film formed by laminating polypropylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene in the order.
  • inorganic materials may include, but are not limited to, oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, and sulfates (for example, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, etc.).
  • the form of the inorganic substance may include, but is not limited to, granular or fibrous.
  • the form of the isolation membrane may be a thin film form, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, microporous membranes, and the like.
  • the pore diameter of the isolation membrane is 0.01 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m, and the thickness is 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
  • separators can also be used: a separator formed by forming a composite porous layer containing the above-mentioned inorganic particles on the surface of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode using a resin-based binder, For example, a separator formed by using a fluororesin as a binder to form a porous layer on both sides of the positive electrode with 90% of alumina particles having a particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the isolation film is arbitrary. In some embodiments, the thickness of the isolation film is greater than 1 ⁇ m, greater than 5 ⁇ m, or greater than 8 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the isolation film is less than 50 ⁇ m, less than 40 ⁇ m, or less than 30 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the thickness of the isolation film is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values. When the thickness of the isolation film is within the above range, insulation and mechanical strength can be ensured, and the rate characteristics and energy density of the electrochemical device can be ensured.
  • the porosity of the separator is arbitrary. In some embodiments, the porosity of the isolation membrane is greater than 20%, greater than 35%, or greater than 45%. In some embodiments, the porosity of the isolation membrane is less than 90%, less than 85%, or less than 75%. In some embodiments, the porosity of the isolation membrane is within a range composed of any two values mentioned above. When the porosity of the isolation membrane is within the above range, insulation and mechanical strength can be ensured, and membrane resistance can be suppressed, so that the electrochemical device has good rate characteristics.
  • the average pore diameter of the separation membrane is also arbitrary. In some embodiments, the average pore diameter of the isolation membrane is less than 0.5 ⁇ m or less than 0.2 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the average pore diameter of the isolation membrane is greater than 0.05 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the average pore size of the isolation membrane is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values. If the average pore diameter of the isolation membrane exceeds the above range, a short circuit is likely to occur. When the average pore diameter of the isolation membrane is within the above range, the membrane resistance can be suppressed while preventing short circuits, so that the electrochemical device has good rate characteristics.
  • the electrochemical device assembly includes an electrode group, a current collection structure, an outer casing and a protection element.
  • the electrode group may have a layered structure in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated with the separator film interposed therebetween, and a structure in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are wound in a spiral shape with the separator film interposed therebetween.
  • the proportion of the mass of the electrode group in the internal volume of the battery is greater than 40% or greater than 50%.
  • the electrode group occupancy rate is less than 90% or less than 80%.
  • the occupancy rate of the electrode group is within a range composed of any two of the foregoing values.
  • the capacity of the electrochemical device can be ensured, and the decrease in characteristics such as repeated charge and discharge performance and high-temperature storage associated with the increase in internal pressure can be suppressed, and the operation of the gas release valve can be prevented.
  • the current collection structure is not particularly limited.
  • the current collection structure is a structure that reduces the resistance of the wiring part and the junction part.
  • the electrode group has the above-mentioned laminated structure, it is suitable to use a structure formed by bundling the metal core portions of the electrode layers and welding them to the terminals.
  • the electrode area increases, the internal resistance increases, so it is also suitable to provide two or more terminals in the electrode to reduce the resistance.
  • the electrode group has the above-mentioned winding structure, by providing two or more lead structures on the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and bunching them on the terminals, the internal resistance can be reduced.
  • the material of the outer casing is not particularly limited, as long as it is stable with respect to the electrolyte used.
  • the outer casing can be used, but is not limited to nickel-plated steel plate, stainless steel, metal such as aluminum or aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, or a laminated film of resin and aluminum foil.
  • the outer casing is a metal or laminated film of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
  • the metal-based exterior casing includes, but is not limited to, a packaged hermetic structure formed by welding metals by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding; or a riveted structure formed by using the above-mentioned metals via a resin gasket.
  • the exterior case using the above-mentioned laminated film includes, but is not limited to, a sealing structure formed by thermally bonding resin layers to each other, and the like. In order to improve sealing properties, a resin different from the resin used in the laminated film may be sandwiched between the above-mentioned resin layers.
  • the resin layer When the resin layer is thermally bonded through the current collector terminal to form a hermetic structure, due to the bonding of the metal and the resin, a resin having a polar group or a modified resin into which a polar group is introduced can be used as the resin to be sandwiched.
  • the shape of the exterior body is also arbitrary, and may be any of a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a laminated type, a button type, and a large size, for example.
  • the protection element can be used as a positive temperature coefficient (PTC), temperature fuse, thermistor, which increases resistance when abnormal heat is released or excessive current flows, and it is cut off by a sharp rise in the internal pressure or internal temperature of the battery when abnormal heat is released. Valves (current cutoff valves) for the current flowing in the circuit, etc.
  • the above-mentioned protection element can be selected from the element that does not work in the normal use of high current, and can also be designed in a form that will not cause abnormal heat generation or thermal runaway even if there is no protection element.
  • the electrochemical device of the present application includes any device that undergoes an electrochemical reaction, and specific examples thereof include all kinds of primary batteries, secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, or capacitors.
  • the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery, including a lithium metal secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium polymer secondary battery, or a lithium ion polymer secondary battery.
  • the application also provides an electronic device, which includes the electrochemical device according to the application.
  • the use of the electrochemical device of the present application is not particularly limited, and it can be used in any electronic device known in the prior art.
  • the electrochemical device of the present application can be used in, but not limited to, notebook computers, pen-input computers, mobile computers, e-book players, portable phones, portable fax machines, portable copiers, portable printers, and headsets.
  • Stereo headsets video recorders, LCD TVs, portable cleaners, portable CD players, mini discs, transceivers, electronic notebooks, calculators, memory cards, portable recorders, radios, backup power supplies, motors, cars, motorcycles, power assistance Bicycles, bicycles, lighting equipment, toys, game consoles, clocks, power tools, flashlights, cameras, large household storage batteries and lithium-ion capacitors, etc.
  • the artificial graphite, styrene-butadiene rubber and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are mixed with deionized water in a mass ratio of 96%: 2%: 2% and stirred uniformly to obtain a negative electrode slurry.
  • This negative electrode slurry was coated on a 12 ⁇ m copper foil. After drying, cold pressing, cutting and welding the tabs, the negative electrode is obtained.
  • LiCoO 2 lithium cobaltate
  • Super-P conductive material
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the dyne value can be achieved by methods known in the art, such as controlling the annealing temperature and plasma treatment.
  • a polyethylene (PE) porous polymer film is used as the isolation membrane.
  • the obtained positive electrode, separator film and negative electrode are wound in order and placed in the outer packaging foil, leaving a liquid injection port.
  • the electrolyte is poured from the injection port, encapsulated, and then undergoes processes such as chemical conversion and capacity to prepare a lithium-ion battery.
  • a dyne pen to draw a line on the surface of the positive electrode current collector. After 2 to 3 seconds, observe whether it shrinks and condenses into water droplets. If it shrinks into water droplets, change the dyne pen with a lower value and draw a straight line until it does not shrink and there is no water drop point to determine the surface tension value of the object. Perform at least 3 measurements for each sample, eliminate abnormal points, and take the average value as the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector.
  • a caliper is used to measure the distance between the farthest point of the positive electrode mixture layer and the body of the positive electrode mixture layer at the gap of the positive electrode mixture layer, and the caliper data is read as the burr length.
  • the specific surface area (m 2 /mg) of the positive electrode mixture layer was measured by the nitrogen adsorption BET single-point method using the gas flow method.
  • the reaction area (Y) of the positive electrode mixture layer is calculated by the following formula:
  • Y the specific surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer x the weight of the positive electrode mixture layer (X).
  • the lithium-ion battery is charged to 4.45V at a constant current of 1C, then charged at a constant voltage of 4.45V to a current of 0.05C, and then discharged at a constant current of 1C to 3.0V, which is the first cycle.
  • the lithium ion battery was cycled 200 times under the above conditions.
  • “1C” refers to the current value at which the capacity of the lithium ion battery is completely discharged within 1 hour.
  • Cycle capacity retention rate (discharge capacity corresponding to the number of cycles/discharge capacity at the first cycle) ⁇ 100%.
  • the lithium-ion battery was allowed to stand for 30 minutes, then charged to 4.45V at a constant current rate of 0.5C, then charged to 0.05C at a constant voltage at 4.45V, and allowed to stand for 5 minutes to measure the thickness.
  • the lithium ion battery was cycled 100 times under the above conditions, and the thickness after the cycle was measured. Calculate the cycle expansion rate of lithium-ion batteries by the following formula:
  • Cycle expansion ratio [(thickness after cycle-thickness before cycle)/thickness before cycle] ⁇ 100%.
  • Table 1 shows the influence of the dyne value of the aluminum foil and the burr length at the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer on the performance of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the cycle of lithium ion battery As shown in Examples 1-7, when the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector (aluminum foil) is in the range of 25dyn/cm to 31dyn/cm and the burr length on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is not more than 4mm, the cycle of lithium ion battery The capacity retention rate and cycle thickness expansion rate have been significantly improved. As the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector increases and the burr length decreases, the cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion battery gradually increases, and the cycle thickness expansion rate gradually decreases.
  • Table 2 shows the influence of the ratio between the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer on the positive electrode current collector side (ie, the thickness of one side of the positive electrode mixture layer), the thickness of the positive electrode current collector and the burr length on the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.
  • the positive electrode slurry of Examples 8-12 added 0.5 wt% of Surfactant 1, which is different from Example 4 only in the parameters listed in Table 2.
  • Table 3 shows the influence of different cathode current collector materials on the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the material of the positive electrode current collector is not limited.
  • the positive electrode current collector is an aluminum-lithium alloy, the strength of the current collector is higher, and the lithium-ion battery is not easily deformed, thereby reducing the damage of the positive electrode mixture layer during the cycle of the lithium-ion battery, making the cycle capacity retention rate and cycle thickness of the lithium-ion battery The expansion rate is further improved.
  • the cycle capacity retention rate and cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery are further improved.
  • the size of the crystallites decreases, the strength of the current collector increases, so that the consistency of the positive electrode mixture layer can be improved, and thus the cycle capacity retention rate and cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery can be further improved.
  • Table 4 shows the effect of surfactants on the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the positive electrode mixture layer of Example 4 does not contain N-methylpyrrolidone, and the positive electrode mixture layer of Examples 19-33 includes 80 ppm of N-methylpyrrolidone. Examples 20-33 differ from Example 19 only in the variables listed in Table 4.
  • the inclusion of surfactant in the positive electrode mixture layer can provide better affinity between the positive electrode mixture layer and the current collector, promote the leveling of the positive electrode slurry, and reduce the burr length on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer. (That is, not more than 4mm).
  • the presence of the surfactant can make the distribution of the positive electrode active material more uniform, thereby improving the uniformity of the positive electrode.
  • the lithium-ion battery has superior cycle capacity retention rate and cycle thickness expansion rate.
  • Examples 4 and 19 including not more than 100 ppm of N-methylpyrrolidone in the positive electrode mixture layer can further increase the cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery and reduce the cycle thickness expansion rate of the ion battery.
  • Table 5 shows the influence of electrolyte on the cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • Examples 34-48 differ from Example 4 only in the variables listed in Table 5.
  • the results show that on the basis that the dyne value of the positive electrode current collector is 25 dyn/cm to 31 dyn/cm and the burr length on the edge of the positive electrode mixture layer is not greater than 4 mm, and the content of the carboxylic acid ester in the electrolyte is X mg and the positive electrode mixture
  • the reaction area Y m 2 of the layer satisfies the following relationship: when 10 ⁇ (X/Y) ⁇ 100, optimizing the electrolyte composition and content will help to further improve the cycle capacity retention rate and cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery, which can be obtained Higher effect.
  • Different types of carboxylic acid esters can achieve basically equivalent effects.
  • references to “embodiments”, “parts of embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another example”, “examples”, “specific examples” or “partial examples” throughout the specification mean that At least one embodiment or example in this application includes the specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in the embodiment or example. Therefore, descriptions appearing in various places throughout the specification, such as: “in some embodiments”, “in embodiments”, “in one embodiment”, “in another example”, “in an example “In”, “in a specific example” or “exemplified”, which are not necessarily quoting the same embodiment or example in this application.
  • the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics herein can be combined in one or more embodiments or examples in any suitable manner.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种电化学装置和电子装置。具体而言，本申请提供一种电化学装置，其包括：正极、负极和电解液，所述正极包括正极集流体和形成在所述正极集流体上的正极合剂层，所述正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm，所述正极合剂层的边缘具有毛刺，且所述毛刺的长度不大于4mm。本申请的电化学装置具有改进的循环性能。

Description

电化学装置和电子装置 技术领域
本申请涉及储能领域，具体涉及一种电化学装置和电子装置，特别是锂离子电池。
背景技术
随着技术的发展和对移动装置需求的增加，人们对电化学装置(例如，锂离子电池)的需求显著增加，由此对锂离子电池的性能提出了更高的要求，尤其是锂离子电池的循环性能。
锂离子电池的性能主要取决于电极、电解液和隔离膜的特性。电极的性能不仅取决于集流体和合剂层的特征，还与合剂层中的助剂紧密相关，这些助剂对于合剂层内部颗粒的分散或界面的粘结起着至关重要的作用。制备锂离子电池时通常会遇到原料匹配性不佳导致的配料困难等问题，其会对锂离子电池的性能带来不利影响。
有鉴于此，确有必要提供一种改进的、具有优异的循环性能的电化学装置。
发明内容
本申请实施例通过提供一种电化学装置和电子装置以在至少某种程度上解决至少一种存在于相关领域中的问题。
在本申请的一方面，本申请提供了一种电化学装置，其包括：正极、负极和电解液，所述正极包括正极集流体和形成在所述正极集流体上的正极合剂层，所述正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm，所述正极合剂层的边缘具有毛刺，且所述毛刺的长度不大于4mm。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极集流体的达因值为26dyn/cm至30dyn/cm，且所述毛刺的长度不大于3mm。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极合剂层的边缘为延涂布方向的起始端或终止端的边缘。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极合剂层的端部与所述正极集流体的端部形成 台阶。
根据本申请的实施例，所述毛刺的长度与所述正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于300。
根据本申请的实施例，在所述正极集流体的一侧上的所述正极合剂层的厚度与所述正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于22。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极集流体的厚度为1μm至1mm。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极集流体包括多个微晶，所述微晶包括铝微晶或铝合金微晶中的至少一种，且所述微晶具有不大于100μm 2的横截面面积。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极集流体选自金属材料或碳材料，且所述金属材料包括铝、铝合金、镀镍铝、不锈钢、钛或钽中的至少一种。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极合剂层包括表面活性剂，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.5wt％，且所述表面活性剂具有2至10的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)。
根据本申请的实施例，所述表面活性剂包括聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物、失水山梨醇三硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇六硬脂酸酯、乙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇单硬脂酸酯、失水山梨醇倍半油酸酯、4,5-聚氧乙烯山梨醇-4,5-油酸酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、羟基化羊毛脂、失水山梨醇单油酸酯、丙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇单油酸酯、二乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯(2EO)油醇醚、甲基葡萄糖苷倍半硬脂酸酪、二乙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、聚氧乙烯二油酸酯、四乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、四乙二醇单油酸酯、聚氧丙烯甘露醇二油酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂油酸衍生物、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂衍生物、聚氧丙烯硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯(5EO)羊毛醇醚、失水山梨醇月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸、聚氧乙烯氧丙烯油酸酯、四乙二醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯月桂醚、聚氧乙烯(4EO)失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、六乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、聚氧丙烯(5PO)羊毛醇醚或聚氧乙烯(5EO)失水山梨醇单油酸酯中的至少一种。
根据本申请的实施例，所述正极合剂层包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于100ppm。
根据本申请的实施例，所述电解液包括以下化合物中的至少一种：
(a)具有氰基的化合物；
(b)二氟磷酸锂；和
(c)式1化合物：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000001
其中R为取代或未取代的C 1-C 10烃基，且当取代时，取代基为卤素。
根据本申请的实施例，所述电解液包括具有氰基的化合物，所述具有氰基的化合物包括丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈、1,5-二氰基戊烷、1,6-二氰基己烷、四甲基丁二腈、2-甲基戊二腈、2,4-二甲基戊二腈、2,2,4,4-四甲基戊二腈、1,4-二氰基戊烷、1,2-二氰基苯、1,3-二氰基苯、1,4-二氰基苯、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、3,5-二氧杂-庚二腈、1,4-二(氰基乙氧基)丁烷、二乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、三乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、四乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、1,3-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,4-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,5-二(2-氰基乙氧基)戊烷、乙二醇二(4-氰基丁基)醚、1,4-二氰基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-乙基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二乙基-2-丁烯、1,6-二氰基-3-己烯、1,6-二氰基-2-甲基-3-己烯、1,3,5-戊三甲腈、1,2,3-丙三甲腈、1,3,6-己三甲腈、1,2,6-己三甲腈、1,2,3-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,2,4-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)乙烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)丙烷、3-甲基-1,3,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷、1,2,7-三(氰基乙氧基)庚烷、1,2,6-三(氰基乙氧基)己烷或1,2,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷中的至少一种。
根据本申请的实施例，所述电解液包括式1化合物，所述式1化合物包括1,2-双(二氟磷氧)乙烷、1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丙烷或1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丁烷中的至少一种。
根据本申请的实施例，所述电解液包括羧酸酯，且所述羧酸酯在所述电解液中的含量X mg与所述正极合剂层的反应面积Y m 2满足以下关系：10≤(X/Y)≤100。
根据本申请的实施例，所述羧酸酯包括链状羧酸酯或环状羧酸酯中的至少一种。
根据本申请的实施例，所述羧酸酯包括以下中的至少一种：γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、 乙酸异丁酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丙酸异丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、异丁酸甲酯、异丁酸乙酯、戊酸甲酯、戊酸乙酯、特戊酸甲酯或特戊酸乙酯。
在本申请的另一方面，本申请提供一种电子装置，其包括根据本申请的电化学装置。
本申请实施例的额外层面及优点将部分地在后续说明中描述、显示、或是经由本申请实施例的实施而阐释。
附图说明
图1展示了对比例1的正极的形貌图。
图2展示了本申请实施例3的正极的形貌图。
具体实施方式
本申请的实施例将会被详细的描示在下文中。本申请的实施例不应该被解释为对本申请的限制。
除非另外明确指明，本文使用的下述术语具有下文指出的含义。
在具体实施方式及权利要求书中，由术语“中的至少一者”连接的项目的列表可意味着所列项目的任何组合。例如，如果列出项目A及B，那么短语“A及B中的至少一者”意味着仅A；仅B；或A及B。在另一实例中，如果列出项目A、B及C，那么短语“A、B及C中的至少一者”意味着仅A；或仅B；仅C；A及B(排除C)；A及C(排除B)；B及C(排除A)；或A、B及C的全部。项目A可包含单个元件或多个元件。项目B可包含单个元件或多个元件。项目C可包含单个元件或多个元件。术语“中的至少一种”具有与术语“中的至少一者”相同的含义。
如本文中所使用，术语“烃基”涵盖烷基、烯基、炔基。
如本文中所使用，术语“烷基”预期是具有1至20个碳原子的直链饱和烃结构。“烷基”还预期是具有3至20个碳原子的支链或环状烃结构。当指定具有具体碳数的烷基时，预期涵盖具有该碳数的所有几何异构体；因此，例如，“丁基”意思是包括正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、叔丁基和环丁基；“丙基”包括正丙基、异丙基和环丙基。烷基实例包括，但不限于甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、环丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、环丁基、正戊基、异戊基、新戊基、环戊基、甲基环戊基、乙基环戊基、正己基、异己基、环己基、正庚基、辛基、 环丙基、环丁基、降冰片基等。
如本文中所使用，术语“烯基”是指可为直链或具支链且具有至少一个且通常1个、2个或3个碳碳双键的单价不饱和烃基团。除非另有定义，否则所述烯基通常含有2个到20个碳原子且包括(例如)-C 2-4烯基、-C 2-6烯基及-C 2-10烯基。代表性烯基包括(例如)乙烯基、正丙烯基、异丙烯基、正-丁-2-烯基、丁-3-烯基、正-己-3-烯基等。
如本文中所使用，术语“炔基”是指可为直链或具支链且具有至少一个且通常具有1个、2个或3个碳碳三键的单价不饱和烃基团。除非另有定义，否则所述炔基通常含有2个到20个碳原子且包括(例如)-C 2-4炔基、-C 3-6炔基及-C 3-10炔基。代表性炔基包括(例如)乙炔基、丙-2-炔基(正-丙炔基)、正-丁-2-炔基、正-己-3-炔基等。
如本文中所使用，术语“氰基”涵盖-CN以及含有机基团-CN的有机物。
如本文中所使用，术语“卤素”是指属于元素周期表的第17族的稳定原子(例如氟、氯、溴或碘)。
电化学装置(例如，锂离子电池)的电极(正极或负极)通常通过以下方法制备：将活性材料、导电剂、增稠剂、粘结剂和溶剂混合，然后将混合后的浆料涂布于集流体上。然而，溶剂与粘结剂或者溶剂与活性材料之间的匹配性通常不佳，使得配料困难。此外，电化学装置的理论容量可随着活性物质的种类而变化。随着循环的进行，电化学装置通常会产生充电/放电容量降低的现象。这是因为电化学装置在充电和/或放电过程中电极界面会发生变化，导致电极活性物质不能发挥其功能。
本申请通过使用特定的正极材料保证了电化学装置在循环过程中的界面稳定性，从而提高了电化学装置的循环性能。本申请特定的正极材料是通过控制正极集流体的达因值(其可表征正极集流体的表面张力)和正极合剂层的边缘毛刺长度来实现的。
在一个实施例中，本申请提供了一种电化学装置，其包括如下所述的正极、负极和电解液。
I、正极
正极包括正极集流体和设置在所述正极集流体的一个或两个表面上的正极合剂层。
1、正极集流体
在本申请的实施例中，正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm。在一些实施例中，正极集流体的达因值为26dyn/cm至30dyn/cm。正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm、26dyn/cm、27dyn/cm、28dyn/cm、29dyn/cm、30dyn/cm或31dyn/cm。当正极集流体的达因值(或表面张力)在上述范围内时，能够满足正极合剂层的涂布需求，有助于电化学装置在循环过程中保持容量。
正极集流体的达因值可通过控制制作工艺来实现，例如可通过调整铝箔压扎油和添加剂的种类和用量、控制退火温度、采用离子体处理等方法来实现。
正极集流体的达因值可通过以下方法测定：用达因笔在正极集流体表面画一条线，2至3秒后，观察是否发生收缩并凝聚成水珠点。如收缩成水珠，则换低一级数值的达因笔再画直线，直至不收缩，没有水珠点，来确定物件的表面张力值。每个样品至少进行3次测量，剔除异常点，取平均值作为正极集流体的达因值。
正极集流体的种类没有特别限制，其可为任何已知适于用作正极集流体的材质。正极集流体的实例可包括，但不限于，铝、铝合金、镀镍铝、不锈钢、钛或钽中的至少一种；碳布、碳纸等碳材料。在一些实施例中，正极集流体为金属材料。在一些实施例中，正极集流体为铝。
在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体包括多个微晶，所述微晶包括铝微晶或铝合金微晶中的至少一种。在一些实施例中，所述微晶具有不大于100μm 2的横截面面积。在一些实施例中，所述微晶具有不大于90μm 2的横截面面积。在一些实施例中，所述微晶具有不大于80μm 2的横截面面积。在一些实施例中，所述微晶具有不大于70μm 2的横截面面积。在一些实施例中，所述微晶具有不大于60μm 2的横截面面积。
在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体包括表面改性的铝箔，例如利用等离子体设备处理后的铝箔。通过使用表面改性的铝箔，可有效地去除表层油污，使表面的清洁度显著提高。同时，在深度清洗的过程中，活化了铝箔表面，使亲水性能增强。此外，等离子体辉光放电能有效地击穿铝箔表层的氧化铝钝化层，使铝箔的导电性提高且界面接触电阻变小。另外，改性后的铝箔表面粗糙度增加，比表面积增大，使得正极合剂层与铝箔间的粘接力提高，从而可改善电化学装置的性能。
正极集流体的形式没有特别限制。当正极集流体为金属材料时，正极集流体的形式可包括，但不限于，金属箔、金属圆柱、金属带卷、金属板、金属薄膜、金属板网、冲压金属、发泡金属等。当正极集流体为碳材料时，正极集流体的形式可包括，但不限于，碳板、碳薄膜、碳圆柱等。在一些实施例中，正极集流体为金属薄膜。在一些实施例中，所述金属薄膜为网状。
正极集流体的厚度没有特别限制。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为1μm至1mm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为3μm至800μm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为5μm至500μm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为10μm至300μm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为50μm至200μm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度为1μm、3μm、5μm、10μm、15μm、20μm、30μm、50μm、100μm、200μm、300μm、500μm、800μm或1000μm。在一些实施例中，所述正极集流体的厚度在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。
为了降低正极集流体和正极活性物质层的电子接触电阻，正极集流体的表面可包括导电助剂。导电助剂的实例可包括，但不限于，碳和金、铂、银等贵金属类。
2、正极合剂层
在本申请的实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘具有毛刺，所述毛刺的长度不大于4mm。在一些实施例中，所述毛刺的长度不大于3mm。在一些实施例中，所述毛刺的长度不大于2mm。在一些实施例中，所述毛刺的长度不大于1mm。当正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度在上述范围内时，可显著改善正极合剂层在涂布时的拖尾现象(即，少量涂布浆料脱离主体涂布区域的现象)，有助于改善电化学装置的循环性能。如图1所示，现有技术的正极合剂层的边缘具有较长的毛刺。图2展示了本申请实施例3的正极的形貌图，其中正极合剂层的边缘平整，毛刺长度较小。
正极合剂层的边缘毛刺长度可通过控制正极浆料的流平性来实现。作为正极浆料的流平性的控制方法，可以通过在正极浆料中添加助剂或在正极活性物质层表面设置助剂涂层来控制。
正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度可通过以下方法测定：利用卡尺在正极合剂层间隙处测量正极合剂层的拖尾最远点距离正极合剂层主体的距离，读取卡尺数据 作为毛刺长度。
正极合剂层的边缘可以为任意方向的边缘。在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘为延涂布方向的起始端或终止端的边缘。
在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的端部与所述正极集流体的端部形成台阶，即，正极集流体上具有未设置正极合剂层的区域。
在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于300。在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于250。在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于200。在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于150。在一些实施例中，正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于100。当正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺的长度与正极集流体的厚度的比值在上述范围内时，有利于电化学装置在循环过程中保持容量。
在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于22。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于20。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于15。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于10。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不小于0.5。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不小于0.8。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不小于1。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值不小于3。在一些实施例中，在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当在正极集流体的一侧上的正极合剂层的厚度与正极集流体的厚度的比值在上述范围内时，可以抑制电化学装置在高电流密度充放电过程中正极集流体的放热现象，有助于确保电化学装置的容量。
在一些实施例中，正极合剂层包括表面活性剂，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极 合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.3wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.2wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.1wt％。
在一些实施例中，所述表面活性剂具有2至10的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)。在一些实施例中，所述表面活性剂具有3至8的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)。在一些实施例中，所述表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)为2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5、9、9.5或10。
在一些实施例中，所述表面活性剂包括聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物、失水山梨醇三硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇六硬脂酸酯、乙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇单硬脂酸酯、失水山梨醇倍半油酸酯、4,5-聚氧乙烯山梨醇-4,5-油酸酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、羟基化羊毛脂、失水山梨醇单油酸酯、丙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇单油酸酯、二乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯(2EO)油醇醚、甲基葡萄糖苷倍半硬脂酸酪、二乙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、聚氧乙烯二油酸酯、四乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、四乙二醇单油酸酯、聚氧丙烯甘露醇二油酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂油酸衍生物、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂衍生物、聚氧丙烯硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯(5EO)羊毛醇醚、失水山梨醇月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸、聚氧乙烯氧丙烯油酸酯、四乙二醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯月桂醚、聚氧乙烯(4EO)失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、六乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、聚氧丙烯(5PO)羊毛醇醚或聚氧乙烯(5EO)失水山梨醇单油酸酯中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，正极合剂层包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于100ppm。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于80ppm。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于50ppm。在一些实施例中，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于30ppm。
正极合剂层还包括正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层包含正极活性物质。正极活性物质层可以是一层或多层，多层正极活性物质中的每层可以包含相同或不同的正极活性物质。正极活性物质为任何能够可逆地嵌入和脱嵌锂离子等金属离 子的物质。
正极活性物质的种类没有特别限制，只要是能够以电化学方式吸藏和释放金属离子(例如，锂离子)即可。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质为含有锂和至少一种过渡金属的物质。正极活性物质的实例可包括，但不限于，锂过渡金属复合氧化物和含锂过渡金属磷酸化合物。
在一些实施例中，锂过渡金属复合氧化物中的过渡金属包括V、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu等。在一些实施例中，锂过渡金属复合氧化物包括LiCoO 2等锂钴复合氧化物；LiNiO 2等锂镍复合氧化物；LiMnO 2、LiMn 2O 4、Li 2MnO 4等锂锰复合氧化物；LiNi 1/3Mn 1/3Co 1/3O 2、LiNi 0.5Mn 0.3Co 0.2O 2等锂镍锰钴复合氧化物，其中作为这些锂过渡金属复合氧化物的主体的过渡金属原子的一部分被Na、K、B、F、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Li、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg、Ga、Zr、Si、Nb、Mo、Sn、W等其它元素所取代。锂过渡金属复合氧化物的实例可包括，但不限于，LiNi 0.5Mn 0.5O 2、LiNi 0.85Co 0.10Al 0.05O 2、LiNi 0.33Co 0.33Mn 0.33O 2、LiNi 0.45Co 0.10Al 0.45O 2、LiMn 1.8Al 0.2O 4和LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O 4等。锂过渡金属复合氧化物的组合的实例包括，但不限于，LiCoO 2与LiMn 2O 4的组合，其中LiMn 2O 4中的一部分Mn可被过渡金属所取代(例如，LiNi 0.33Co 0.33Mn 0.33O 2)，LiCoO 2中的一部分Co可被过渡金属所取代。
在一些实施例中，含锂过渡金属磷酸化合物中的过渡金属包括V、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu等。在一些实施例中，含锂过渡金属磷酸化合物包括LiFePO 4、Li 3Fe 2(PO 4) 3、LiFeP 2O 7等磷酸铁类、LiCoPO 4等磷酸钴类，其中作为这些锂过渡金属磷酸化合物的主体的过渡金属原子的一部分被Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Li、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg、Ga、Zr、Nb、Si等其它元素所取代。
在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极活性物质的含量为大于80wt％、大于82wt％或大于84wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极活性物质的含量为小于99wt％或小于98wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极活性物质的含量在上述任意两个数组所组成的范围内。当正极活性物质的含量在上述范围内时，可以确保正极活性物质层中的正极活性物质的电容量，同时可以保持正极的强度。
在一些实施例中，正极活性物质中包含磷酸锂，其可提高电化学装置的连续充电特性。磷酸锂的使用没有限制。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质和磷酸锂混 合使用。在一些实施例中，相对于上述正极活性物质与磷酸锂的总重量，磷酸锂的含量为大于0.1wt％、大于0.3wt％或大于0.5wt％。在一些实施例中，相对于上述正极活性物质与磷酸锂的总重量，磷酸锂的含量为小于10wt％、小于8wt％或小于5wt％。在一些实施例中，磷酸锂的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。
在上述正极活性物质的表面可附着有与其组成不同的物质。表面附着物质的实例可包括，但不限于，氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化硼、氧化锑、氧化铋等氧化物、硫酸锂、硫酸钠、硫酸钾、硫酸镁、硫酸钙、硫酸铝等硫酸盐、碳酸锂、碳酸钙、碳酸镁等碳酸盐、碳等。
这些表面附着物质可以通过下述方法附着于正极活性物质表面：使表面附着物质溶解或悬浮于溶剂中而渗入添加到该正极活性物质中并进行干燥的方法；使表面附着物质前体溶解或悬浮于溶剂中，在渗入添加到该正极活性物质中后，利用加热等使其反应的方法；以及添加到正极活性物质前体中同时进行烧制的方法等等。在附着碳的情况下，还可以使用将碳材料(例如，活性炭等)进行机械附着的方法。
在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，表面附着物质的含量为大于0.1ppm、大于1ppm或大于10ppm。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，表面附着物质的含量为小于20％、小于10％或小于5％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，表面附着物质的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。
通过在正极活性物质表面附着物质，可以抑制正极活性物质表面的电解液的氧化反应，可以提高电化学装置的寿命。当表面附着物质的量过少时，其效果无法充分表现；当表面附着物质的量过多时，会阻碍锂离子的出入，因而电阻有时会增加。
本申请中，将在正极活性物质的表面附着有与其组成不同的物质的正极活性物质也称为“正极活性物质”。
在一些实施例中，正极活性物质颗粒的形状包括，但不限于，块状、多面体状、球状、椭圆球状、板状、针状和柱状等。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质颗粒包括一次颗粒、二次颗粒或其组合。在一些实施例中，一次颗粒可以凝集而形成二次颗粒。
在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的振实密度为大于0.5g/cm 3、大于0.8g/cm 3或大于1.0g/cm 3。当正极活性物质的振实密度在上述范围内时，可以抑制正极活性物质层形成时所需要的分散介质量及导电材料和正极粘合剂的所需量，由此可以确保正极活性物质的填充率和电化学装置的容量。通过使用振实密度高的复合氧化物粉体，可以形成高密度的正极活性物质层。振实密度通常越大越优选，没有特别的上限。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的振实密度为小于4.0g/cm 3、小于3.7g/cm 3或小于3.5g/cm 3。当正极活性物质的振实密度的具有如上所述的上限时，可以抑制负荷特性的降低。
正极活性物质的振实密度可通过以下方式计算：将5-10g的正极活性物质粉体放入10mL的玻璃制量筒中，进行200次冲程约20mm的振动，得出粉体填充密度(振实密度)。
当正极活性物质颗粒为一次颗粒时，正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)指的是正极活性物质颗粒一次粒径。当正极活性物质颗粒的一次颗粒凝集而形成二次颗粒时，正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)指的是正极活性物质颗粒二次粒径。
在一些实施例中，正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)为大于0.3μm、大于0.5μm、大于0.8μm或大于1.0μm。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)为小于30μm、小于27μm、小于25μm或小于22μm。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当正极活性物质颗粒的中值粒径(D50)在上述范围内时，可得到高振实密度的正极活性物质，可以抑制电化学装置性能的降低。另一方面，在电化学装置的正极的制备过程中(即，将正极活性物质、导电材料和粘结剂等用溶剂浆料化而以薄膜状涂布时)，可以防止条纹产生等问题。此处，通过将具有不同中值粒径的两种以上的正极活性物质进行混合，可以进一步提高正极制备时的填充性。
正极活性物质颗粒中值粒径(D50)可利用激光衍射/散射式粒度分布测定装置测定：在使用HORIBA社制造的LA-920作为粒度分布计的情况下，使用0.1wt％六偏磷酸钠水溶液作为测定时使用的分散介质，在5分钟的超声波分散后将测定折射率设定为1.24而进行测定。
在正极活性物质颗粒的一次颗粒凝集而形成二次颗粒的情况下，在一些实施 例中，正极活性物质的平均一次粒径为大于0.05μm、大于0.1μm或大于0.5μm。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的平均一次粒径为小于5μm、小于4μm、小于3μm或小于2μm。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的平均一次粒径在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当正极活性物质的平均一次粒径在上述范围内时，可以确保粉体填充性和比表面积、抑制电池性能的降低、并得到适度的结晶性，由此可以确保电化学装置充放电的可逆性。
正极活性物质的平均一次粒径可通过对扫描电子显微镜(SEM)得到的图像进行观察而得出：在倍率为10000倍的SEM图像中，对于任意50个一次颗粒，求出由相对于水平方向直线的一次颗粒的左右边界线所得到的切片的最长值，求出其平均值，由此得到平均一次粒径。
在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的比表面积(BET)为大于0.1m 2/g、大于0.2m 2/g或大于0.3m 2/g。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的比表面积(BET)为小于50m 2/g、小于40m 2/g或小于30m 2/g。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质的比表面积(BET)在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当正极活性物质的比表面积(BET)在上述范围内时，可以确保电化学装置的性能，同时可以使正极活性物质具有良好的涂布性。
正极活性物质的比表面积(BET)可通过如下方法测量：使用表面积计(例如，大仓理研制造的全自动表面积测定装置)，在氮气流通下于150℃对试样进行30分钟预干燥，然后使用氮气相对于大气压的相对压力值准确调节为0.3的氮氦混合气体，通过采用气体流动法的氮吸附BET单点法进行测定。
正极导电材料的种类没有限制，可以使用任何已知的导电材料。正极导电材料的实例可包括，但不限于，天然石墨、人造石墨等石墨；乙炔黑等炭黑；针状焦等无定形碳等碳材料；碳纳米管；石墨烯等。上述正极导电材料可单独使用或任意组合使用。
在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极导电材料的含量为大于0.01wt％、大于0.1wt％或大于1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极导电材料的含量为小于50wt％、小于30wt％以下或小于15wt％。当正极导电材料的含量在上述范围内时，可以确保充分的导电性和电化学装置的容量。
正极活性物质层的制造中使用的正极粘结剂的种类没有特别限制，在涂布法 的情况下，只要是在电极制造时使用的液体介质中可溶解或分散的材料即可。正极粘结剂的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酰亚胺、芳香族聚酰胺、纤维素、硝酸纤维素等树脂系高分子；丁苯橡胶(SBR)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)、氟橡胶、异戊二烯橡胶、聚丁橡胶、乙烯-丙烯橡胶等橡胶状高分子；苯乙烯·丁二烯·苯乙烯嵌段共聚物或其氢化物、乙烯·丙烯·二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、苯乙烯·乙烯·丁二烯·乙烯共聚物、苯乙烯·异戊二烯·苯乙烯嵌段共聚物或其氢化物等热塑性弹性体状高分子；间规-1,2-聚丁二烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯·乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、丙烯·α-烯烃共聚物等软质树脂状高分子；聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯、氟化聚偏二氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯·乙烯共聚物等氟系高分子；具有碱金属离子(特别是锂离子)的离子传导性的高分子组合物等。上述正极粘结剂可单独使用或任意组合使用。
在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极粘结剂的含量为大于0.1wt％、大于1wt％或大于1.5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，正极粘结剂的含量为小于80wt％、小于60wt％、小于40wt％或小于10wt％。当正极粘结剂的含量在上述范围内时，可使正极具有良好的导电性和足够的机械强度，并保证电化学装置的容量。
用于形成正极浆料的溶剂的种类没有限制，只要是能够溶解或分散正极活性物质、导电材料、正极粘合剂和根据需要使用的增稠剂的溶剂即可。用于形成正极浆料的溶剂的实例可包括水系溶剂和有机系溶剂中的任一种。水系介质的实例可包括，但不限于，水和醇与水的混合介质等。有机系介质的实例可包括，但不限于，己烷等脂肪族烃类；苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲基萘等芳香族烃类；喹啉、吡啶等杂环化合物；丙酮、甲基乙基酮、环己酮等酮类；乙酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯等酯类；二亚乙基三胺、N,N-二甲氨基丙胺等胺类；二***、环氧丙烷、四氢呋喃(THF)等醚类；N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺等酰胺类；六甲基磷酰胺、二甲基亚砜等非质子性极性溶剂等。
增稠剂通常是为了调节浆料的粘度而使用的。在使用水系介质的情况下，可使用增稠剂和丁苯橡胶(SBR)乳液进行浆料化。增稠剂的种类没有特别限制，其实例可包括，但不限于，羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯醇、氧化淀粉、磷酸化淀粉、酪蛋白和它们的盐等。上述增稠剂可 单独使用或任意组合使用。
在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，增稠剂的含量为大于0.1wt％、大于0.2wt％或大于0.3wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，增稠剂的含量为小于5wt％、小于3wt％或小于2wt％。在一些实施例中，基于正极活性物质层的总重量，增稠剂的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当增稠剂的含量在上述范围内时，可使正极浆料具有良好的涂布性，同时可以抑制电化学装置的容量降低及电阻增大。
对于通过涂布、干燥而得到的正极活性物质层，为了提高正极活性物质的填充密度，可通过手动压机或辊压机等进行压紧处理。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质层的密度为大于1.5g/cm 3、大于2g/cm 3或大于2.2g/cm 3。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质层的密度为小于5g/cm 3、小于4.5g/cm 3或小于4g/cm 3。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质层的密度在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当正极活性物质层的密度在上述范围内时，可使电化学装置具有良好的充放电特性，同时可以抑制电阻的增大。
正极活性物质层的厚度是指正极活性物质层在正极集流体的任意一侧上的厚度。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质层的厚度为大于10μm或大于20μm。在一些实施例中，正极活性物质层的厚度为小于500μm或小于450μm。
正极活性物质可使用制造无机化合物的常用方法来制造。为了制作球状或椭圆球状的正极活性物质，可采用以下制造方法：将过渡金属的原料物质溶解或粉碎分散于水等溶剂中，边搅拌边调节pH，制作球状的前体并回收，根据需要对其进行干燥后，加入LiOH、Li 2CO 3、LiNO 3等Li源，在高温下进行烧制，得到正极活性物质。
正极可以通过在正极集流体上形成含有正极活性物质和粘活性物质的正极合剂层来制作。使用正极活性物质的正极的制造可以通过常规方法来进行，即，将正极活性物质和粘活性物质、以及根据需要的导电材料和增稠剂等进行干式混合，制成片状，将所得到的片状物压接至正极集流体上；或者将这些材料溶解或分散于液体介质中而制成浆料，将该浆料涂布到正极集流体上并进行干燥，从而在集流体上形成正极合剂层，由此可以得到正极。
II、电解液
本申请的电化学装置中的使用的电解液包括电解质和溶解该电解质的溶剂。 在一些实施例中，本申请的电化学装置中的使用的电解液进一步包括添加剂。
在一些实施例中，本申请的电化学装置中使用的电解液包括以下化合物中的至少一种：
(a)具有氰基的化合物；
(b)二氟磷酸锂；和
(c)式1化合物：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000002
其中R为取代或未取代的C 1-C 10烃基，且当取代时，取代基为卤素。
(a)具有氰基的化合物
具有氰基的化合物没有特别限制，只要是分子内具有至少1个氰基的有机化合物即可。
在一些实施例中，所述具有氰基的化合物包括式2、式3、式4或式5结构的至少一种：
A 1-CN式2
NC-A 2-CN式3
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000003
式2化合物
在一些实施例中，所述具有氰基的化合物具有式2：
A 1-CN式2
式2化合物的分子量没有特别限制。在一些实施例中，式2化合物的分子量为大于55、大于65或大于80。在一些实施例中，式2化合物的分子量为小于310、小于185或小于155。具有上述分子量的式2化合物在电解液中具有适当的溶解性。
在一些实施例中，式2中的A 1选自以下各者所组成的群组：C 2-20烷基、C 2-20卤代烷基、C 2-20烯基、C 2-20卤代烯基、C 2-20炔基、C 2-20卤代炔基、C 6-30芳基和C 6-30卤代芳基。在一些实施例中，A 1选自C 2-15直链或支链状的烷基或C 2-4烯基。在一些实施例中，A 1为C 2-12直链或支链状的烷基。在一些实施例中，A 1为C 4-11直链或支链状的烷基。在一些实施例中，A 1选自乙基、正丙基、异丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、叔戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、十九烷基、二十烷基等烷基；乙烯基、1-丙烯基、异丙烯基、1-丁烯基、1-戊烯基等烯基；乙炔基、1-丙炔基、1-丁炔基、1-戊炔基等炔基、苯基、甲苯基、乙基苯基、正丙基苯基、异丙基苯基、正丁基苯基、仲丁基苯基、异丁基苯基、叔丁基苯基、三氟甲基苯基、二甲苯基、苄基、苯乙基、甲氧基苯基、乙氧基苯基或三氟甲氧基苯基等芳基等。
式2化合物的实例可包括，但不限于，丙腈、丁腈、戊腈、己腈、庚腈、辛腈、壬腈、癸腈、十一腈、十二腈、环戊烷甲腈、环己烷甲腈、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、丁烯腈、3-甲基丁烯腈、2-甲基-2-丁烯腈、2-戊烯腈、2-甲基-2-戊烯腈、3-甲基-2-戊烯腈和2-己烯腈等。在一些实施例中，式2化合物选自戊腈、辛腈、癸腈、十二腈和丁烯腈。在一些实施例中，式2化合物选自戊腈、癸腈或丁烯腈。
式3化合物
在一些实施例中，所述具有氰基的化合物具有式3：
NC-A 2-CN式3
式3化合物的分子量没有特别限制。式3化合物的分子量越小，分子中的氰基的比例越大，分子的粘度越大；分子量越大，化合物的沸点越高。在一些实施例中，式3化合物的分子量为大于65、大于80或大于90。在一些实施例中，式3化合物的分子量为小于270、小于160或小于135。具有上述分子量的式3化合物在电解液中具有适当的粘度、沸点和溶解性。
在一些实施例中，式3中A 2为具有1-30个碳原子的有机基团，其中所述有机基团由以下原子中的至少一种构成：氢原子、碳原子、氮原子、氧原子、硫原子、磷原子和卤素原子。在一些实施例中，所述有机基团包括碳原子和氢原子，以及以下杂原子中的至少一种：氮原子、氧原子、硫原子、磷原子、或卤素原子，其中：所述碳原子和所述氢原子构成所述有机基团的骨架结构，所述骨架结构中 的一部分碳原子被所述杂原子所取代；和/或所述有机基团包含由所述碳原子、所述氢原子和/或所述杂原子构成的取代基。
在一些实施例中，A 2选自C 2-20亚烷基、C 2-20卤代亚烷基、C 2-20亚烯基、C 2-20卤代亚烯基、C 2-20亚炔基、C 2-20卤代亚炔基、C 6-30亚芳基、C 6-30卤代亚芳基、羰基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、醚基、硫醚基、二烃基硼酸基或硼烷基。在一些实施例中，A 2选自C 2-20亚烷基、C 2-20卤代亚烷基、C 2-20亚烯基、C 2-20卤代亚烯基、C 2-20亚炔基、C 2-20卤代亚炔基、C 6-30亚芳基或C 6-30卤代亚芳基。在一些实施例中，A 2为C 2-5亚烷基或C 2-5卤代亚烷基。
式3化合物的实例可包括，但不限于，丙二腈、琥珀腈、戊二腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、壬二腈、癸二腈、十一烷二腈、十二烷二腈、甲基丙二腈、乙基丙二腈、异丙基丙二腈、叔丁基丙二腈、甲基琥珀腈、2,2-二甲基琥珀腈、2,3-二甲基琥珀腈、2,3,3-三甲基琥珀腈、2,2,3,3-四甲基琥珀腈、2,3-二乙基-2,3-二甲基琥珀腈、2,2-二乙基-3,3-二甲基琥珀腈、双环己烷-1,1-二甲腈、双环己烷-2,2-二甲腈、双环己烷-3,3-二甲腈、2,5-二甲基-2,5-己烷二甲腈、2,3-二异丁基-2,3-二甲基琥珀腈、2,2-二异丁基-3,3-二甲基琥珀腈、2-甲基戊二腈、2,3-二甲基戊二腈、2,4-二甲基戊二腈、2,2,3,3-四甲基戊二腈、2,2,4,4-四甲基戊二腈、2,2,3,4-四甲基戊二腈、2,3,3,4-四甲基戊二腈、马来腈、富马腈、1,4-二氰基戊烷、2,6-二氰基庚烷、2,7-二氰基辛烷、2,8-二氰基壬烷、1,6-二氰基癸烷、1,2-二氰基苯、1,3-二氰基苯、1,4-二氰基苯、3,3’-(亚乙基二氧基)二丙腈、3,3’-(亚乙基二硫代)二丙腈和3,9-双(2-氰基乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺环[5,5]十一烷等。
在一些实施例中，式3化合物选自丙二腈、琥珀腈、戊二腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、壬二腈、癸二腈、十一烷二腈、十二烷二腈和3,9-双(2-氰基乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺环[5,5]十一烷或富马腈。在一些实施例中，式3化合物选自琥珀腈、戊二腈、己二腈、庚二腈、辛二腈、戊二腈或3,9-双(2-氰基乙基)-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺环[5,5]十一烷。在一些实施例中，式3化合物选自琥珀腈、戊二腈、己二腈或庚二腈。
式4化合物
在一些实施例中，所述具有氰基的化合物具有式4：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000004
在一些实施例中，式4中A 3为具有1-30个碳原子的有机基团，其中所述有机基团由以下原子中的至少一种构成：氢原子、碳原子、氮原子、氧原子、硫原子、磷原子和卤素原子。在一些实施例中，所述有机基团包括碳原子和氢原子，以及以下杂原子中的至少一种：氮原子、氧原子、硫原子、磷原子、或卤素原子，其中：所述碳原子和所述氢原子构成所述有机基团的骨架结构，所述骨架结构中的一部分碳原子被所述杂原子所取代；和/或所述有机基团包含由所述碳原子、所述氢原子和/或所述杂原子构成的取代基。
在一些实施例中，A 3选自C 2-20亚烷基、C 2-20卤代亚烷基、C 2-20亚烯基、C 2-20卤代亚烯基、C 2-20亚炔基、C 2-20卤代亚炔基、C 6-30亚芳基、C 6-30卤代亚芳基、C 2-20烷氧基。
在一些实施例中，A 3选自C 2-12亚烷基、C 2-12卤代亚烷基、C 2-12亚烯基、C 2-12卤代亚烯基、C 2-12亚炔基、C 2-12卤代亚炔基或C 2-12烷氧基。
在一些实施例中，n为0-5的整数。在一些实施例中，n为0、1、2、3、4或5。
式4化合物的实例可包括，但不限于以下化合物：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000005
式5化合物
在一些实施例中，所述具有氰基的化合物具有式5：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000006
式5化合物的分子量没有特别限制。在一些实施例中，式5化合物的分子量 为大于90、大于120或大于150。在一些实施例中，式5化合物的分子量为小于450、小于300或小于250。具有上述分子量的式5化合物在电解液中具有适当的溶解性。
在一些实施例中，式5中的A 4和A 5各自独立地选自以下各者所组成的群组：C 2-20亚烷基、C 2-20卤代亚烷基、C 2-20亚烯基、C 2-20卤代亚烯基、C 2-20亚炔基、C 2-20卤代亚炔基、C 6-30亚芳基和C 6-30卤代亚芳基。在一些实施例中，A 4和A 5各自独立地选自C 2-5亚烷基、C 2-5卤代亚烷基、C 2-5亚烯基、C 2-5卤代亚烯基、C 2-5亚炔基或C 2-5卤代亚炔基。在一些实施例中，A 4和A 5各自独立地选自亚甲基、亚乙基、1,3-亚丙基、四亚乙基、五亚甲基、1,2-亚乙烯基、1-亚丙烯基、2-亚丙烯基、1-亚丁烯基、2-亚丁烯基、1-亚戊烯基、2-亚戊烯基、亚乙炔基、亚丙炔基、1-亚丁炔基、2-亚丁炔基、1-亚戊炔基或2-亚戊炔基。
在一些实施例中，A 4和A 5各自独立地选自亚甲基、亚乙基、1,3-亚丙基、四亚乙基、五亚甲基，更优选为亚甲基、亚乙基或1,3-亚丙基。
式5化合物的实例包括，但不限于以下化合物：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000007
在一些实施例中，具有氰基的化合物包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈、1,5-二氰基戊烷、1,6-二氰基己烷、四甲基丁二腈、 2-甲基戊二腈、2,4-二甲基戊二腈、2,2,4,4-四甲基戊二腈、1,4-二氰基戊烷、1,2-二氰基苯、1,3-二氰基苯、1,4-二氰基苯、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、3,5-二氧杂-庚二腈、1,4-二(氰基乙氧基)丁烷、二乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、三乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、四乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、1,3-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,4-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,5-二(2-氰基乙氧基)戊烷、乙二醇二(4-氰基丁基)醚、1,4-二氰基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-乙基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二乙基-2-丁烯、1,6-二氰基-3-己烯、1,6-二氰基-2-甲基-3-己烯、1,3,5-戊三甲腈、1,2,3-丙三甲腈、1,3,6-己三甲腈、1,2,6-己三甲腈、1,2,3-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,2,4-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)乙烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)丙烷、3-甲基-1,3,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷、1,2,7-三(氰基乙氧基)庚烷、1,2,6-三(氰基乙氧基)己烷和1,2,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷。
上述具有氰基的化合物可单独使用或任意组合使用。若电解液含两种或多种具有氰基的化合物时，具有氰基的化合物的含量是指两种或多种具有氰基的化合物的总含量。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为大于0.001wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为大于0.01wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为大于0.1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于10wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于8wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于2wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量为小于0.5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述具有氰基的化合物的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当所述具有氰基的化合物的含量在上述范围内时，有助于改善电化学装置的以下特性：输出功率特性、负荷特性、低温特性、循环特性和高温存储特性等。
(b)二氟磷酸锂(LiPO 2F 2)
在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.01 wt％至1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.05wt％至0.8wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.1wt％至0.5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.1wt％至0.4wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.2wt％至0.35wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述二氟磷酸锂的含量为0.25wt％至0.3wt％。
(c)式1化合物
式1化合物的实例可包括，但不限于：
式1-1：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000008
(1,2-双(二氟磷氧)乙烷)
式1-2：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000009
(1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丙烷)
式1-3：
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000010
(1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丁烷)
在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为0.01wt％至15wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为0.05wt％至12wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为0.1wt％至10wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为0.5wt％至8wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为1wt％至5wt％。在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述式1化合物的含量为2wt％至4wt％。
溶剂
在一些实施例中，所述电解液进一步包含现有技术中已知的任何可作为电解液的溶剂的非水溶剂。
在一些实施例中，所述非水溶剂包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：环状碳酸酯、链状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、环状醚、链状醚、含磷有机溶剂、含硫有机溶剂和芳香族含氟溶剂。
在一些实施例中，所述环状碳酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种 或多种：碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)和碳酸亚丁酯。在一些实施例中，所述环状碳酸酯具有3-6个碳原子。
在一些实施例中，所述链状碳酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲基正丙基酯、碳酸乙基正丙基酯、碳酸二正丙酯等链状碳酸酯等。被氟取代的链状碳酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：双(氟甲基)碳酸酯、双(二氟甲基)碳酸酯、双(三氟甲基)碳酸酯、双(2-氟乙基)碳酸酯、双(2,2-二氟乙基)碳酸酯、双(2,2,2-三氟乙基)碳酸酯、2-氟乙基甲基碳酸酯、2,2-二氟乙基甲基碳酸酯和2,2,2-三氟乙基甲基碳酸酯等。
在一些实施例中，所述非水溶剂包括羧酸酯。在一些实施例中，所述羧酸酯在所述电解液中的含量X mg与所述正极合剂层的反应面积Y m 2满足以下关系：10≤(X/Y)≤100。在一些实施例中，X和Y满足如下关系：10≤(X/Y)＜100。在一些实施例中，X和Y满足如下关系：20≤(X/Y)＜70。
正极合剂层的反应面积可通过以下方法测定：使用表面积计(大仓理研制造的全自动表面积测定装置)，在氮气流通下于350℃对试样进行15分钟预干燥，然后使用氮气相对于大气压的相对压力值准确调节为0.3的氮氦混合气体，通过采用气体流动法的氮吸附BET单点法进行测定。依此方法测试正极合剂层的比表面积(m 2/g)，正极合剂层的比表面积是指含有正极活性物质和添加剂(粘结剂、导电剂、增稠剂和填料等)的正极合剂层全体的比表面积。测量正极合剂层的重量，即含有正极活性物质和添加剂(粘结剂、导电剂、增稠剂和填料等)的正极合剂层全体的总重量。通过下式计算正极合剂层的反应面积：
反应面积＝正极合剂层的比表面积×正极合剂层的重量。
在一些实施例中，所述羧酸酯包括链状羧酸酯或环状羧酸酯中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，所述环状羧酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：γ-丁内酯和γ-戊内酯中的一种或多种。在一些实施例中，环状羧酸酯的部分氢原子可被氟取代。
在一些实施例中，所述链状羧酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丙酸异丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、异丁酸甲酯、异丁酸乙酯、戊酸甲酯、戊酸乙酯、 特戊酸甲酯和特戊酸乙酯等。在一些实施例中，链状羧酸酯的部分氢原子可被氟取代。在一些实施例中，氟取代的链状羧酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，三氟乙酸甲酯、三氟乙酸乙酯、三氟乙酸丙酯、三氟乙酸丁酯和三氟乙酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯等。
在一些实施例中，所述环状醚的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧戊环、2-甲基-1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基1,3-二氧戊环、1,3-二氧六环、1,4-二氧六环和二甲氧基丙烷。
在一些实施例中，所述链状醚的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：二甲氧基甲烷、1,1-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基甲烷、1,1-二乙氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、乙氧基甲氧基甲烷、1,1-乙氧基甲氧基乙烷和1,2-乙氧基甲氧基乙烷等。
在一些实施例中，所述含磷有机溶剂的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、磷酸二甲基乙酯、磷酸甲基二乙酯、磷酸亚乙基甲酯、磷酸亚乙基乙酯、磷酸三苯酯、亚磷酸三甲酯、亚磷酸三乙酯、亚磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三(2,2,2-三氟乙基)酯和磷酸三(2,2,3,3,3-五氟丙基)酯等。
在一些实施例中，所述含硫有机溶剂的实例可包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：环丁砜、2-甲基环丁砜、3-甲基环丁砜、二甲基砜、二乙基砜、乙基甲基砜、甲基丙基砜、二甲基亚砜、甲磺酸甲酯、甲磺酸乙酯、乙磺酸甲酯、乙磺酸乙酯、硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯和硫酸二丁酯。在一些实施例中，含硫有机溶剂的部分氢原子可被氟取代。
在一些实施例中，所述芳香族含氟溶剂包括，但不限于，以下中的一种或多种：氟苯、二氟苯、三氟苯、四氟苯、五氟苯、六氟苯和三氟甲基苯。
在一些实施例中，本申请的电解液中使用的溶剂包括环状碳酸酯、链状碳酸酯、环状羧酸酯、链状羧酸酯及其组合。在一些实施例中，本申请的电解液中使用的溶剂包含碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸二乙酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、乙酸正丙酯或乙酸乙酯中的至少一种。在一些实施例中，本申请的电解液中使用的溶剂包含：碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸二乙酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、γ-丁内酯及其组合。
在电解液中加入链状羧酸酯及/或环状羧酸酯后，链状羧酸酯及/或环状羧酸酯可在电极表面形成钝化膜，从而提高电化学装置的间歇充电循环后的容量保持 率。在一些实施例中，所述电解液中含有1wt％至60wt％的链状羧酸酯、环状羧酸酯及其组合。在一些实施例中，所述电解液中含有丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、γ-丁内酯及其组合，基于电解液的总重量，该组合的含量为1wt％至60wt％、10wt％至60wt％、10wt％至50wt％、20wt％至50wt％。在一些实施例中，基于电解液的总重量，所述电解液中含有1wt％至60wt％、10wt％至60wt％、20wt％至50wt％、20wt％至40wt％或30wt％的丙酸丙酯。
添加剂
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：氟代碳酸酯、含碳碳双键的碳酸乙烯酯、含硫氧双键的化合物和酸酐。
在一些实施例中，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述添加剂的含量为0.01％至15％、0.1％至10％或1％至5％。
根据本申请的实施例，基于所述电解液的总重量，所述丙酸酯的含量为所述添加剂的1.5至30倍、1.5至20倍、2至20倍或5至20倍。
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂包含一种或多种氟代碳酸酯。在锂离子电池充电/放电时，氟代碳酸酯可与丙酸酯共同作用以在负极的表面上形成稳定的保护膜，从而抑制电解液的分解反应。
在一些实施例中，所述氟代碳酸酯具有式C＝O(OR 1)(OR 2)，其中R 1和R 2各自选自具有1-6个碳原子的烷基或卤代烷基，其中R 1和R 2中的至少一者选自具有1-6个碳原子的氟代烷基，且R 1和R 2任选地连同其所连接的原子形成5元至7元环。
在一些实施例中，所述氟代碳酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：氟代碳酸乙烯酯、顺式4,4-二氟碳酸乙烯酯、反式4,4-二氟碳酸乙烯酯、4,5-二氟碳酸乙烯酯、4-氟-4-甲基碳酸乙烯酯、4-氟-5-甲基碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸三氟甲基甲酯、碳酸三氟乙基甲酯和碳酸乙基三氟乙酯等。
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂包含一种或多种含碳碳双键的碳酸乙烯酯。所述含碳碳双键的碳酸乙烯酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸甲基亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙基亚乙烯酯、碳酸-1,2-二甲基亚乙烯酯、碳酸-1,2-二乙基亚乙烯酯、碳酸氟亚乙烯酯、碳酸三氟甲基亚乙烯酯；碳酸乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸-1-甲基-2-乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸-1-乙基-2-乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸-1-正丙基-2-乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸1-甲基-2-乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1-二乙烯基亚乙 酯、碳酸-1,2-二乙烯基亚乙酯、碳酸-1,1-二甲基-2-亚甲基亚乙酯和碳酸-1,1-二乙基-2-亚甲基亚乙酯等。在一些实施例中，所述含碳碳双键的碳酸乙烯酯包括碳酸亚乙烯酯，其易于获得并可实现更为优异的效果。
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂包含一种或多种含硫氧双键的化合物。所述含硫氧双键的化合物的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：环状硫酸酯、链状硫酸酯、链状磺酸酯、环状磺酸酯、链状亚硫酸酯和环状亚硫酸酯等。
所述环状硫酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：1,2-乙二醇硫酸酯、1,2-丙二醇硫酸酯、1,3-丙二醇硫酸酯、1,2-丁二醇硫酸酯、1,3-丁二醇硫酸酯、1,4-丁二醇硫酸酯、1,2-戊二醇硫酸酯、1,3-戊二醇硫酸酯、1,4-戊二醇硫酸酯和1,5-戊二醇硫酸酯等。
所述链状硫酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：硫酸二甲酯、硫酸甲乙酯和硫酸二乙酯等。
所述链状磺酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：氟磺酸甲酯和氟磺酸乙酯等氟磺酸酯、甲磺酸甲酯、甲磺酸乙酯、二甲磺酸丁酯、2-(甲磺酰氧基)丙酸甲酯和2-(甲磺酰氧基)丙酸乙酯等。
所述环状磺酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：1,3-丙磺酸内酯、1-氟-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、2-氟-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、3-氟-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、1-甲基-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、2-甲基-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、3-甲基-1,3-丙磺酸内酯、1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、1-氟-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、2-氟-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、3-氟-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、1-氟-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、2-氟-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、3-氟-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、1-甲基-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、2-甲基-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、3-甲基-1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、1-甲基-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、2-甲基-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、3-甲基-2-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯、1,4-丁磺酸内酯、1,5-戊磺酸内酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲酯和甲烷二磺酸亚乙酯等。
所述链状亚硫酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：亚硫酸二甲酯、亚硫酸甲乙酯和亚硫酸二乙酯等。
所述环状亚硫酸酯的实例可包括，但不限于，以下的一种或多种：1,2-乙二醇亚硫酸酯、1,2-丙二醇亚硫酸酯、1,3-丙二醇亚硫酸酯、1,2-丁二醇亚硫酸酯、1,3-丁二醇亚硫酸酯、1,4-丁二醇亚硫酸酯、1,2-戊二醇亚硫酸酯、1,3-戊二醇亚硫酸酯、1,4-戊二醇亚硫酸酯和1,5-戊二醇亚硫酸酯等。
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂包含一种或多种酸酐。所述酸酐的实例可包括，但不限于，环状磷酸酐、羧酸酐、二磺酸酐和羧酸磺酸酐中的一种或多种。所述环状磷酸酐的实例可包括，但不限于，三甲基磷酸环酐、三乙基磷酸环酐和三丙基磷酸环酐中的一种或多种。所述羧酸酐的实例可包括，但不限于，琥珀酸酐、戊二酸酐和马来酸酐中的一种或多种。所述二磺酸酐的实例可包括，但不限于，乙烷二磺酸酐和丙烷二磺酸酐中的一种或多种。所述羧酸磺酸酐的实例可包括，但不限于，磺基苯甲酸酐、磺基丙酸酐和磺基丁酸酐中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与含碳碳双键的碳酸乙烯酯的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与含硫氧双键的化合物的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与具有2-4个氰基的化合物的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与环状羧酸酯的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与环状磷酸酐的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与羧酸酐的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与璜酸酐的组合。在一些实施例中，所述添加剂为氟代碳酸酯与羧酸璜酸酐的组合。
电解质
电解质没有特别限制，可以任意地使用作为电解质公知的物质。在锂二次电池的情况下，通常使用锂盐。电解质的实例可包括，但不限于，LiPF 6、LiBF 4、LiClO 4、LiAlF 4、LiSbF 6、LiTaF 6、LiWF 7等无机锂盐；LiWOF 5等钨酸锂类；HCO 2Li、CH 3CO 2Li、CH 2FCO 2Li、CHF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CO 2Li、CF 3CH 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2CO 2Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2CF 2CO 2Li等羧酸锂盐类；FSO 3Li、CH 3SO 3Li、CH 2FSO 3Li、CHF 2SO 3Li、CF 3SO 3Li、CF 3CF 2SO 3Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2SO 3Li、CF 3CF 2CF 2CF 2SO 3Li等磺酸锂盐类；LiN(FCO) 2、LiN(FCO)(FSO 2)、LiN(FSO 2) 2、LiN(FSO 2)(CF 3SO 2)、LiN(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiN(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、环状1,2-全氟乙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、环状1,3-全氟丙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、LiN(CF 3SO 2)(C 4F 9SO 2)等酰亚胺锂盐类；LiC(FSO 2) 3、LiC(CF 3SO 2) 3、LiC(C 2F 5SO 2) 3等甲基化锂盐类；双(丙二酸根合)硼酸锂盐、二氟(丙二酸根合)硼酸锂盐等(丙二酸根合)硼酸锂盐类；三(丙二酸根合)磷酸锂、二氟双(丙二酸根合)磷酸锂、四氟(丙二酸根合)磷酸锂等(丙二酸根合)磷酸锂盐类；以及LiPF 4(CF 3) 2、LiPF 4(C 2F 5) 2、LiPF 4(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiPF 4(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、LiBF 3CF 3、LiBF 3C 2F 5、LiBF 3C 3F 7、LiBF 2(CF 3)2、LiBF 2(C 2F 5) 2、LiBF 2(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiBF 2(C 2F 5SO 2) 2等含氟有机锂盐类；二氟草酸硼酸锂、双(草酸)硼酸锂等草酸硼 酸锂盐类；四氟草酸根合磷酸锂、二氟双(草酸根合)磷酸锂、三(草酸根合)磷酸锂等草酸根合磷酸锂盐类等。
在一些实施例中，电解质选自LiPF 6、LiSbF 6、LiTaF 6、FSO 3Li、CF 3SO 3Li、LiN(FSO 2) 2、LiN(FSO 2)(CF 3SO 2)、LiN(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiN(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、环状1,2-全氟乙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、环状1,3-全氟丙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、LiC(FSO 2) 3、LiC(CF 3SO 2) 3、LiC(C 2F 5SO 2) 3、LiBF 3CF 3、LiBF 3C 2F 5、LiPF 3(CF 3) 3、LiPF 3(C 2F 5) 3、二氟草酸硼酸锂、双(草酸)硼酸锂或二氟双(草酸根合)磷酸锂，其有助于改善电化学装置的输出功率特性、高倍率充放电特性、高温保存特性和循环特性等。
电解质的含量没有特别限制，只要不损害本申请的效果即可。在一些实施例中，电解液中的锂的总摩尔浓度为大于0.3mol/L以上、大于0.4mol/L或大于0.5mol/L。在一些实施例中，电解液中的锂的总摩尔浓度为小于3mol/L、小于2.5mol/L或小于2.0mol/L以下。在一些实施例中，电解液中的锂的总摩尔浓度在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当电解质浓度在上述范围内时，作为带电粒子的锂不会过少，并且可以使粘度处于适当的范围，因而容易确保良好的电导率。
当使用两种以上的电解质的情况下，电解质包括至少一种为选自由单氟磷酸盐、硼酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的盐。在一些实施例中，电解质包括选自由单氟磷酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的盐。在一些实施例中，电解质包括锂盐。在一些实施例中，基于电解质的总重量，选自由单氟磷酸盐、硼酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的盐的含量为大于0.01wt％或大于0.1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于电解质的总重量，选自由单氟磷酸盐、硼酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的盐的含量为小于20wt％或小于10wt％。在一些实施例中，选自由单氟磷酸盐、硼酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的盐的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。
在一些实施例中，电解质包含选自由单氟磷酸盐、硼酸盐、草酸盐和氟磺酸盐组成的组中的一种以上物质和除此以外的一种以上的盐。作为除此以外的盐，可以举出在上文中例示的锂盐，在一些实施例中为LiPF 6、LiN(FSO 2)(CF 3SO 2)、LiN(CF 3SO 2) 2、LiN(C 2F 5SO 2) 2、环状1,2-全氟乙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、环状1,3-全氟丙烷双磺酰亚胺锂、LiC(FSO 2) 3、LiC(CF 3SO 2) 3、LiC(C 2F 5SO 2) 3、LiBF 3CF 3、LiBF 3C 2F 5、LiPF 3(CF 3) 3、LiPF 3(C 2F 5) 3。在一些实施例中，除此以外的盐为LiPF 6。
在一些实施例中，基于电解质的总重量，除此以外的盐的含量为大于0.01wt％或大于0.1wt％。在一些实施例中，基于电解质的总重量，除此以外的盐的含量为小于20wt％、小于15wt％或小于10wt％。在一些实施例中，除此以外的盐的含量在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。具有上述含量的除此以外的盐有助于平衡电解液的电导率和粘度。
在电解液中，除了含有上述溶剂、添加剂和电解质盐以外，可以根据需要含有负极被膜形成剂、正极保护剂、防过充电剂等额外添加剂。作为添加剂，可使用一般在非水电解质二次电池中使用的添加剂，其实例可包括，但不限于，碳酸亚乙烯酯、琥珀酸酐、联苯、环己基苯、2,4-二氟苯甲醚、丙烷磺内酯、丙烯磺内酯等。这些添加剂可以单独使用或任意组合使用。另外，电解液中的这些添加剂的含量没有特别限制，可以根据该添加剂的种类等适当地设定即可。在一些实施例中，基于电解液的总重量，添加剂的含量为小于5wt％、在0.01wt％至5wt％的范围内或在0.2wt％至5wt％的范围内。
III、负极
负极包括负极集流体和设置在所述负极集流体的一个或两个表面上的负极合剂层。负极合剂层包括负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层包含负极活性物质。负极活性物质层可以是一层或多层，多层负极活性物质中的每层可以包含相同或不同的负极活性物质。负极活性物质为任何能够可逆地嵌入和脱嵌锂离子等金属离子的物质。在一些实施例中，负极活性物质的可充电容量大于正极活性物质的放电容量，以防止在充电期间锂金属无意地析出在负极上。
作为保持负极活性物质的集流体，可以任意使用公知的集流体。负极集流体的实例包括，但不限于，铝、铜、镍、不锈钢、镀镍钢等金属材料。在一些实施例中，负极集流体为铜。
在负极集流体为金属材料的情况下，负极集流体形式可包括，但不限于，金属箔、金属圆柱、金属带卷、金属板、金属薄膜、金属板网、冲压金属、发泡金属等。在一些实施例中，负极集流体为金属薄膜。在一些实施例中，负极集流体为铜箔。在一些实施例中，负极集流体为基于压延法的压延铜箔或基于电解法的电解铜箔。
在一些实施例中，负极集流体的厚度为大于1μm或大于5μm。在一些实施例中，负极集流体的厚度为小于100μm或小于50μm。在一些实施例中，负极 集流体的厚度在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。
负极活性物质没有特别限制，只要能够可逆地吸藏、放出锂离子即可。负极活性物质的实例可包括，但不限于，天然石墨、人造石墨等碳材料；硅(Si)、锡(Sn)等金属；或Si、Sn等金属元素的氧化物等。负极活性物质可以单独使用或组合使用。
负极合剂层还可包括负极粘合剂。负极粘合剂可提高负极活性物质颗粒彼此间的结合和负极活性物质与集流体的结合。负极粘合剂的种类没有特别限制，只要是对于电解液或电极制造时使用的溶剂稳定的材料即可。在一些实施例中，负极粘合剂包括树脂粘合剂。树脂粘合剂的实例包括，但不限于，氟树脂、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚酰亚胺树脂、丙烯酸系树脂、聚烯烃树脂等。当使用水系溶剂制备负极合剂浆料时，负极粘合剂包括，但不限于，羧甲基纤维素(CMC)或其盐、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)或其盐、聚乙烯醇等。
负极可以通过以下方法制备：在负极集流体上涂布包含负极活性物质、树脂粘结剂等的负极合剂浆料，干燥后，进行压延而在负极集流体的两面形成负极合剂层，由此可以得到负极。
IV、隔离膜
为了防止短路，在正极与负极之间通常设置有隔离膜。这种情况下，本申请的电解液通常渗入该隔离膜而使用。
对隔离膜的材料及形状没有特别限制，只要不显著损害本申请的效果即可。所述隔离膜可为由对本申请的电解液稳定的材料所形成的树脂、玻璃纤维、无机物等。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜包括保液性优异的多孔性片或无纺布状形态的物质等。树脂或玻璃纤维隔离膜的材料的实例可包括，但不限于，聚烯烃、芳香族聚酰胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚砜、玻璃过滤器等。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的材料为玻璃过滤器。在一些实施例中，所述聚烯烃为聚乙烯或聚丙烯。在一些实施例中，所述聚烯烃为聚丙烯。上述隔离膜的材料可以单独使用或任意组合使用。
所述隔离膜还可为上述材料层积而成的材料，其实例包括，但不限于，按照聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯的顺序层积而成的三层隔离膜等。
无机物的材料的实例可包括，但不限于，氧化铝、二氧化硅等氧化物、氮化铝、氮化硅等氮化物、硫酸盐(例如，硫酸钡、硫酸钙等)。无机物的形式可包 括，但不限于，颗粒状或纤维状。
所述隔离膜的形态可为薄膜形态，其实例包括，但不限于，无纺布、织布、微多孔性膜等。在薄膜形态中，所述隔离膜的孔径为0.01μm至1μm，厚度为5μm至50μm。除了上述独立的薄膜状隔离膜以外，还可以使用下述隔离膜：通过使用树脂类的粘合剂在正极和/或负极的表面形成含有上述无机物颗粒的复合多孔层而形成的隔离膜，例如，将氟树脂作为粘合剂使90％粒径小于1μm的氧化铝颗粒在正极的两面形成多孔层而形成的隔离膜。
所述隔离膜的厚度是任意的。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的厚度为大于1μm、大于5μm或大于8μm。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的厚度为小于50μm、小于40μm或小于30μm。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的厚度在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当所述隔离膜的厚度在上述范围内时，则可以确保绝缘性和机械强度，并可以确保电化学装置的倍率特性和能量密度。
在使用多孔性片或无纺布等多孔质材料作为隔离膜时，隔离膜的孔隙率是任意的。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的孔隙率为大于20％、大于35％或大于45％。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的孔隙率为小于90％、小于85％或小于75％。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的孔隙率在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当所述隔离膜的孔隙率在上述范围内时，可以确保绝缘性和机械强度，并可以抑制膜电阻，使电化学装置具有良好的倍率特性。
所述隔离膜的平均孔径也是任意的。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的平均孔径为小于0.5μm或小于0.2μm。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的平均孔径为大于0.05μm。在一些实施例中，所述隔离膜的平均孔径在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。若所述隔离膜的平均孔径超过上述范围，则容易发生短路。当隔离膜的平均孔径在上述范围内时，在防止短路的同时可抑制了膜电阻，使电化学装置具有良好的倍率特性。
V、电化学装置组件
电化学装置组件包括电极组、集电结构、外装壳体和保护元件。
电极组
电极组可以是由上述正极和负极隔着上述隔离膜层积而成的层积结构、以及上述正极和负极隔着上述隔离膜以漩涡状卷绕而成的结构中的任一种。在一些实施例中，电极组的质量在电池内容积中所占的比例(电极组占有率)为大于40％ 或大于50％。在一些实施例中，电极组占有率为小于90％或小于80％。在一些实施例中，电极组占有率在上述任意两个数值所组成的范围内。当电极组占有率在上述范围内时，可以确保电化学装置的容量，同时可以抑制与内部压力上升相伴的反复充放电性能及高温保存等特性的降低，进而可以防止气体释放阀的工作。
集电结构
集电结构没有特别限制。在一些实施例中，集电结构为降低配线部分及接合部分的电阻的结构。当电极组为上述层积结构时，适合使用将各电极层的金属芯部分捆成束而焊接至端子上所形成的结构。电极面积增大时，内部电阻增大，因而在电极内设置2个以上的端子而降低电阻也是适合使用的。当电极组为上述卷绕结构时，通过在正极和负极分别设置2个以上的引线结构，并在端子上捆成束，从而可以降低内部电阻。
外装壳体
外装壳体的材质没有特别限制，只要是对于所使用的电解液稳定的物质即可。外装壳体可使用，但不限于，镀镍钢板、不锈钢、铝或铝合金、镁合金等金属类、或者树脂与铝箔的层积膜。在一些实施例中，外装壳体为铝或铝合金的金属或层积膜。
金属类的外装壳体包括，但不限于，通过激光焊接、电阻焊接、超声波焊接将金属彼此熔敷而形成的封装密闭结构；或者隔着树脂制垫片使用上述金属类形成的铆接结构。使用上述层积膜的外装壳体包括，但不限于，通过将树脂层彼此热粘而形成的封装密闭结构等。为了提高密封性，还可以在上述树脂层之间夹入与层积膜中所用的树脂不同的树脂。在通过集电端子将树脂层热粘而形成密闭结构时，由于金属与树脂的接合，可使用具有极性基团的树脂或导入了极性基团的改性树脂作为夹入的树脂。另外，外装体的形状也是任意的，例如可以为圆筒形、方形、层积型、纽扣型、大型等中的任一种。
保护元件
保护元件可以使用在异常放热或过大电流流过时电阻增大的正温度系数(PTC)、温度熔断器、热敏电阻、在异常放热时通过使电池内部压力或内部温度急剧上升而切断在电路中流过的电流的阀(电流切断阀)等。上述保护元件可选择在高电流的常规使用中不工作的条件的元件，亦可设计成即使不存在保护元 件也不至于发生异常放热或热失控的形式。
VI、应用
本申请的电化学装置包括发生电化学反应的任何装置，它的具体实例包括所有种类的一次电池、二次电池、燃料电池、太阳能电池或电容器。特别地，该电化学装置是锂二次电池，包括锂金属二次电池、锂离子二次电池、锂聚合物二次电池或锂离子聚合物二次电池。
本申请另提供了一种电子装置，其包括根据本申请的电化学装置。
本申请的电化学装置的用途没有特别限定，其可用于现有技术中已知的任何电子装置。在一些实施例中，本申请的电化学装置可用于，但不限于，笔记本电脑、笔输入型计算机、移动电脑、电子书播放器、便携式电话、便携式传真机、便携式复印机、便携式打印机、头戴式立体声耳机、录像机、液晶电视、手提式清洁器、便携CD机、迷你光盘、收发机、电子记事本、计算器、存储卡、便携式录音机、收音机、备用电源、电机、汽车、摩托车、助力自行车、自行车、照明器具、玩具、游戏机、钟表、电动工具、闪光灯、照相机、家庭用大型蓄电池和锂离子电容器等。
下面以锂离子电池为例并且结合具体的实施例说明锂离子电池的制备，本领域的技术人员将理解，本申请中描述的制备方法仅是实例，其他任何合适的制备方法均在本申请的范围内。
实施例
以下说明根据本申请的锂离子电池的实施例和对比例进行性能评估。
一、锂离子电池的制备
1、负极的制备
将人造石墨、丁苯橡胶和羧甲基纤维素钠按照96％:2％:2％的质量比例与去离子水混合，搅拌均匀，得到负极浆料。将该负极浆料涂布在12μm的铜箔上。干燥，冷压，再经过裁片、焊接极耳，得到负极。
2、正极的制备
将钴酸锂(LiCoO 2)、导电材料(Super-P)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按照95％:2％:3％的质量比例与N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)混合，再加入表面活性剂，搅拌均匀，得到正极浆料。将该正极浆料涂布在12μm的铝箔上，干燥，冷压，再经过裁片、焊接极耳，得到正极。
在本申请的各实施例和对比例中，达因值可通过本领域已知的方法来实现，例如控制退火温度和等离子体处理。
实施例中使用的表面活性剂如下表所示：
表面活性剂 HLB 名称(商品名)
1 2 聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物(Atlas G-1706)
2 3 聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物(Atlas G-1704)
3 4 聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物(AriasG-1727)
4 5 聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物(AtlasG-1702)
5 6 聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物(AtlasG-1725)
6 7.5 聚氧乙烯二油酸酯(AtlasG-2242)
7 8 聚氧丙烯甘露醇二油酸酯(AtlasG-2800)
8 9 聚氧乙烯氧丙烯油酸酯(Atbs G-2111)
9 10 聚氧乙烯(5EO)失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Tween 81)
3、电解液的制备
在干燥氩气环境下，将EC、PC和DEC(重量比1：1：1)混合，加入LiPF 6混合均匀，形成基础电解液，其中LiPF 6的浓度为1.15mol/L。在基础电解液中加入不同含量的羧酸酯和/或添加剂得到不同实施例和对比例的电解液。
实施例中使用的电解液组分如下表所示：
材料名称 缩写 材料名称 缩写
碳酸乙烯酯 EC 碳酸丙烯酯 PC
碳酸二乙酯 DEC 丙酸乙酯 EP
丙酸丙酯 PP γ-丁内酯 GBL
丁二腈 SN 己二腈 ADN
乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚 EDN 1,3,6-己烷三腈 HTCN
1,2,3-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷 TCEP 二氟磷酸锂 LiPO 2F 2
4、隔离膜的制备
以聚乙烯(PE)多孔聚合物薄膜作为隔离膜。
5、锂离子电池的制备
将得到的正极、隔离膜和负极按次序卷绕，置于外包装箔中，留下注液口。从注液口灌注电解液，封装，再经过化成、容量等工序制得锂离子电池。
二、测试方法
1、正极集流体的达因值的测试方法
使用达因笔在正极集流体表面画一条线，2至3秒后，观察是否发生收缩并凝聚成水珠点。如收缩成水珠，则换低一级数值的达因笔再画直线，直至不收缩， 没有水珠点，来确定物件的表面张力值。每个样品至少进行3次测量，剔除异常点，取平均值作为正极集流体的达因值。
2、正极合剂层边缘的毛刺长度的测试方法
利用卡尺在正极合剂层间隙处测量正极合剂层的拖尾最远点距离正极合剂层主体的距离，读取卡尺数据作为毛刺长度。
3、正极合剂层的反应面积(Y)的测定方法
使用表面积计(大仓理研制造的全自动表面积测定装置)，在氮气流通下于350℃对样品进行15分钟预干燥，然后使用氮气相对于大气压的相对压力值准确调节为0.3的氮氦混合气体，通过采用气体流动法的氮吸附BET单点法测定正极合剂层的比表面积(m 2/mg)。通过下式计算正极合剂层的反应面积(Y)：
Y＝正极合剂层的比表面积×正极合剂层的重量(X)。
4、锂离子电池的循环容量保持率的测试方法
在45℃下，将锂离子电池以1C恒流充电至4.45V，然后以4.45V恒压充电至电流为0.05C，再以1C恒流放电至3.0V，此为首次循环。按照上述条件对锂离子电池进行200次循环。“1C”是指在1小时内将锂离子电池容量完全放完的电流值。
通过下式计算锂离子电池的循环容量保持率：
循环容量保持率＝(对应循环次数的放电容量/首次循环的放电容量)×100％。
5、锂离子电池的循环膨胀率的测试方法
在25℃下，将锂离子电池静置30分钟，然后以0.5C倍率恒流充电至4.45V，再在4.45V下恒压充电至0.05C，静置5分钟，测量厚度。按照上述条件对锂离子电池进行100次循环，测量循环后的厚度。通过下式计算锂离子电池的循环膨胀率：
循环膨胀率＝[(循环后厚度-循环前厚度)/循环前厚度]×100％。
三、测试结果
表1展示了铝箔达因值和正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度对锂离子电池的性能的影响。
表1中的实施例的正极浆料中添加了0.5wt％的表面活性剂1，而对比例的正极浆料中未添加表面活性剂。
表1
  达因值(dyn/cm) 毛刺长度(mm) 循环容量保持率 循环厚度膨胀率
对比例1 24 5 56％ 18％
对比例2 32 5 67％ 16％
实施例1 25 4 86％ 8％
实施例2 28 3 88％ 8％
实施例3 28 2 89％ 7.5％
实施例4 29 2 89％ 7％
实施例5 30 3 88％ 7.8％
实施例6 31 3 88％ 8％
实施例7 31 4 87％ 8.3％
如对比例1和2所示，当正极集流体(铝箔)的达因值不在25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm的范围内且正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度大于4mm时，锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率较差。
如实施例1-7所示，当正极集流体(铝箔)的达因值在25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm的范围内且正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度不大于4mm时，锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率得到显著改善。随着正极集流体达因值的增加和毛刺长度的减小，锂离子电池的循环容量保持率逐渐提升，循环厚度膨胀率逐渐降低。这是因为增大正极集流体达因值有利于提高正极涂布的一致性，降低毛刺长度有利于改善正极浆料的均匀性，从而减少锂离子电池在使用中引起的副反应。
表2展示了在正极集流体一侧的正极合剂层的厚度(即，正极合剂层单面厚度)、正极集流体的厚度和毛刺长度之间的比值对锂离子电池的循环性能的影响。
实施例8-12的正极浆料中添加了0.5wt％的表面活性剂1，其与实施例4的区别仅在于表2中所列参数。
表2
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000011
结果表明，当正极合剂层单面厚度与正极集流体厚度的比值不大于300和/或毛刺长度与正极集流体厚度的比值不大于22时，可进一步改善锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率。
表3展示了不同正极集流体材质对锂离子电池的循环性能的影响。
实施例13-18与实施例4的区别仅在于表3中所列的变量。
表3
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000012
如实施例4、13和14所示，只要正极集流体的达因值在25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm范围内，正极集流体的材质不受限制。当正极集流体为铝锂合金时，集流体强度更高，锂离子电池不易变形，从而减小了锂离子电池循环过程中正极合剂层的损坏，使得锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率进一步提升。
如实施例15-18所示，当正极集流体包括微晶时，锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率进一步提升。随着微晶尺寸的减小，集流体强度增大，从而可提升正极合剂层的一致性，由此可进一步改善锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率。
表4展示了表面活性剂对锂离子电池的循环性能的影响。
在表4的各实施例中，实施例4的正极合剂层中不含N-甲基吡咯烷酮，实施例19-33的正极合剂层中包括80ppm的N-甲基吡咯烷酮。实施例20-33与实施例19的区别仅在于表4中所列的变量。
表4
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000013
结果表明，使正极合剂层中包含表面活性剂可使正极合剂层与集流体之间具有更好的亲和性，可促进正极浆料的流平性，从而降低正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度(即，不大于4mm)。同时，表面活性剂的存在可使正极活性物质分布更加均匀，从而提高正极的一致性。综合以上因素，锂离子电池具有优越的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率。
此外，如实施例4和19所示，使正极合剂层中包含不大于100ppm的N-甲基吡咯烷酮可进一步提高锂离子电池的循环容量保持率并降低离子电池的循环厚度膨胀率。
表5展示了电解液对锂离子电池的循环性能的影响。
实施例34-48与实施例4的区别仅在于表5中所列的变量。
表5
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-000015
结果表明，在正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm且正极合剂层的边缘的毛刺长度不大于4mm的基础上，且羧酸酯在电解液中的含量X mg与正极合剂层的反应面积Y m 2满足以下关系：10≤(X/Y)≤100时，优化电解液组分和含量有助于进一步改善锂离子电池的循环容量保持率和循环厚度膨胀率，可以获得更高的效果。不同类型的羧酸酯可实现基本相当的效果。
整个说明书中对“实施例”、“部分实施例”、“一个实施例”、“另一举例”、“举例”、“具体举例”或“部分举例”的引用，其所代表的意思是在本申请中的至少一个实施例或举例包含了该实施例或举例中所描述的特定特征、结构、材料或特性。因此，在整个说明书中的各处所出现的描述，例如：“在一些实施例中”、“在实施例中”、“在一个实施例中”、“在另一个举例中”，“在一个举例中”、“在特定举例中”或“举例“，其不必然是引用本申请中的相同的实施例或示例。此外，本文中的特定特征、结构、材料或特性可以以任何合适的方式在一个或多个实施例或举例中结合。
尽管已经演示和描述了说明性实施例，本领域技术人员应该理解上述实施例不能被解释为对本申请的限制，并且可以在不脱离本申请的精神、原理及范围的情况下对实施例进行改变，替代和修改。

Claims (19)

  1. 一种电化学装置，其包括：正极、负极和电解液，所述正极包括正极集流体和形成在所述正极集流体上的正极合剂层，所述正极集流体的达因值为25dyn/cm至31dyn/cm，所述正极合剂层的边缘具有毛刺，且所述毛刺的长度不大于4mm。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极集流体的达因值为26dyn/cm至30dyn/cm，且所述毛刺的长度不大于3mm。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极合剂层的边缘为延涂布方向的起始端或终止端的边缘。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极合剂层的端部与所述正极集流体的端部形成台阶。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述毛刺的长度与所述正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于300。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中在所述正极集流体的一侧上的所述正极合剂层的厚度与所述正极集流体的厚度的比值不大于22。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极集流体的厚度为1μm至1mm。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极集流体包括多个微晶，所述微晶包括铝微晶或铝合金微晶中的至少一种，且所述微晶具有不大于100μm 2的横截面面积。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极集流体包括金属材料或碳材料，且所述金属材料包括铝、铝合金、镀镍铝、不锈钢、钛或钽中的至少 一种。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极合剂层包括表面活性剂，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述表面活性剂的含量为不大于0.5wt％，且所述表面活性剂具有2至10的亲水亲油平衡值。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的电化学装置，其中所述表面活性剂包括聚氧乙烯山梨醇蜂蜡衍生物、失水山梨醇三硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇六硬脂酸酯、乙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、丙二醇单硬脂酸酯、失水山梨醇倍半油酸酯、4,5-聚氧乙烯山梨醇-4,5-油酸酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、羟基化羊毛脂、失水山梨醇单油酸酯、丙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇单油酸酯、二乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、二乙二醇脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯(2EO)油醇醚、甲基葡萄糖苷倍半硬脂酸酪、二乙二醇单月桂酸酯、失水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯、聚氧乙烯二油酸酯、四乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、四乙二醇单油酸酯、聚氧丙烯甘露醇二油酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂油酸衍生物、聚氧乙烯山梨醇羊毛脂衍生物、聚氧丙烯硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯(5EO)羊毛醇醚、失水山梨醇月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸、聚氧乙烯氧丙烯油酸酯、四乙二醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯月桂醚、聚氧乙烯(4EO)失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、六乙二醇单硬脂酸酯、聚氧丙烯(5PO)羊毛醇醚或聚氧乙烯(5EO)失水山梨醇单油酸酯中的至少一种。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述正极合剂层包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮，基于所述正极合剂层的总重量，所述N-甲基吡咯烷酮的含量为不大于100ppm。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学装置，其中所述电解液包括以下化合物中的至少一种：
    (a)具有氰基的化合物；
    (b)二氟磷酸锂；和
    (c)式1化合物：
    Figure PCTCN2020077578-appb-100001
    其中R为取代或未取代的C 1-C 10烃基，且当取代时，取代基为卤素。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的电化学装置，其中所述电解液包括具有氰基的化合物，所述具有氰基的化合物包括丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈、1,5-二氰基戊烷、1,6-二氰基己烷、四甲基丁二腈、2-甲基戊二腈、2,4-二甲基戊二腈、2,2,4,4-四甲基戊二腈、1,4-二氰基戊烷、1,2-二氰基苯、1,3-二氰基苯、1,4-二氰基苯、乙二醇双(丙腈)醚、3,5-二氧杂-庚二腈、1,4-二(氰基乙氧基)丁烷、二乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、三乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、四乙二醇二(2-氰基乙基)醚、1,3-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,4-二(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,5-二(2-氰基乙氧基)戊烷、乙二醇二(4-氰基丁基)醚、1,4-二氰基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2-乙基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯、1,4-二氰基-2,3-二乙基-2-丁烯、1,6-二氰基-3-己烯、1,6-二氰基-2-甲基-3-己烯、1,3,5-戊三甲腈、1,2,3-丙三甲腈、1,3,6-己三甲腈、1,2,6-己三甲腈、1,2,3-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丙烷、1,2,4-三(2-氰基乙氧基)丁烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)乙烷、1,1,1-三(氰基乙氧基亚甲基)丙烷、3-甲基-1,3,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷、1,2,7-三(氰基乙氧基)庚烷、1,2,6-三(氰基乙氧基)己烷或1,2,5-三(氰基乙氧基)戊烷中的至少一种。
  15. 根据权利要求13所述的电化学装置，其中所述电解液包括式1化合物，所述式1化合物包括1,2-双(二氟磷氧)乙烷、1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丙烷或1,2-双(二氟磷氧)丁烷中的至少一种。
  16. 根据权利要求1或13所述的电化学装置，其中所述电解液包括羧酸酯，且所述羧酸酯在所述电解液中的含量X mg与所述正极合剂层的反应面积Y m 2满足以下关系：10≤(X/Y)≤100。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的电化学装置，其中所述羧酸酯包括链状羧酸酯或环状羧酸酯中的至少一种。
  18. 根据权利要求16所述的电化学装置，其中所述羧酸酯包括以下中的至少一种：γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丙酸异丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、异丁酸甲酯、异丁酸乙酯、戊酸甲酯、戊酸乙酯、特戊酸甲酯或特戊酸乙酯。
  19. 一种电子装置，其包括根据权利要求1-18中任一项所述的电化学装置。
PCT/CN2020/077578 2020-03-03 2020-03-03 电化学装置和电子装置 WO2021174410A1 (zh)

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