WO2021129836A1 - 耐蚀快削性钢材 - Google Patents
耐蚀快削性钢材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021129836A1 WO2021129836A1 PCT/CN2020/139612 CN2020139612W WO2021129836A1 WO 2021129836 A1 WO2021129836 A1 WO 2021129836A1 CN 2020139612 W CN2020139612 W CN 2020139612W WO 2021129836 A1 WO2021129836 A1 WO 2021129836A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
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- the invention relates to a free-cutting ferritic stainless steel steel material, and in particular to a free-cutting ferritic stainless steel steel material with good corrosion resistance.
- components installed in precision instruments, miniaturized devices, high-performance machinery or equipment have increasingly higher requirements for high dimensional accuracy, refined surface and good corrosion resistance.
- electric or unmanned transportation vehicles, micro-drives, communication equipment, storage devices and components in electronic products have increasingly higher requirements for high dimensional accuracy, refined surface and good corrosion resistance.
- electric or unmanned transportation vehicles, micro-drives, communication equipment, storage devices and components in electronic products have increasingly higher requirements for high dimensional accuracy, refined surface and good corrosion resistance.
- ferritic stainless steel used to manufacture the aforementioned components must have good free cutting properties to ensure stable dimensional accuracy and productivity.
- ferritic stainless steels are made by adding sulfur to form manganese sulfide inclusions (the inclusion elements do not contain chromium, boron, nitrogen and calcium), thereby improving the free cutting performance.
- manganese sulfide is an inclusion with poor corrosion resistance. It will be corroded first on the surface and form a hole, which becomes the starting point of pitting corrosion.
- this kind of manganese sulfide inclusions will generate hydrogen sulfide gas [H 2 S (g) ] after contacting the moisture in the environment, which is called Outgassing, and this gas will Corrosion of components and shorten the life of the product.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a ferritic stainless steel that has both corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties. With specific weight percentages of carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen and boron and satisfying specific relationships, this steel has both good corrosion resistance and free cutting properties.
- a corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel contains carbon equal to or less than 0.06 weight percent, silicon from 0.01 weight percent to 1.3 weight percent, manganese from 0.1 weight percent to 0.5 weight percent, sulfur greater than 0.2 weight percent to 0.4 weight percent, 17 weight percent Percent to 22% by weight of chromium, 0.01% to 0.5% by weight of molybdenum, 0.001% to 0.035% by weight of nitrogen, 0.002% to 0.02% by weight of boron, balance of iron, and unavoidable impurities, and
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel meets the following formulas (I) to (IV):
- [B], [N], [Mn], [S], [Cr] and [Mo] represent the weight percentages of boron, nitrogen, manganese, sulfur, chromium and molybdenum, respectively.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively satisfies the following formula (V):
- [B] and [N] represent the weight percentages of boron and nitrogen, respectively.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively contains 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% copper.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively contains 0.001 wt% to 0.02 wt% calcium.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel includes a first inclusion and a second inclusion.
- the first inclusion is represented by MnSX 1 , X 1 represents the first constituent element, and the first constituent element is chromium.
- the total weight based on the composition of the first inclusions is 100 weight percent, and the chromium content of the composition of the first inclusions is 10 weight percent to 60 weight percent.
- the first inclusion further includes a second constituent element (X 2 ), represented by MnSX 1 X 2 (also referred to as the third inclusion), and the second constituent element is selected from At least one member of a group consisting of boron, nitrogen, and calcium.
- X 2 a second constituent element represented by MnSX 1 X 2 (also referred to as the third inclusion)
- the second constituent element is selected from At least one member of a group consisting of boron, nitrogen, and calcium.
- the second inclusion is represented by BN
- the second inclusion further includes a third constituent element (Y 1 ), represented by BNY 1
- the third constituent element is calcium or chromium.
- the second inclusion further includes a fourth element (Y 2 ), represented by BNY 1 Y 2 , and the fourth element is selected from the group consisting of manganese and sulfur At least one.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material of the present invention wherein by controlling the specific weight percentages of carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen, and boron of the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material and satisfying a specific relationship, the steel has both Good corrosion resistance and fast cutting properties.
- Fig. 1 is an optical microscope photograph showing inclusions in a transverse section and a longitudinal section of a steel material of Example 1 of the present invention.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material of the present invention belongs to the ferritic stainless steel material.
- the constituent elements of this corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel include carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen, boron, iron and unavoidable impurities.
- a steel material with specific inclusions can be obtained, so it has both corrosion resistance and rapidity.
- Cutting sex The following describes the constituent elements of steel, the relationship between the constituent elements, and inclusions in order.
- Carbon (C) is an element that improves the strength and hardness of steel.
- carbon easily combines with chromium to form carbides, which reduces the corrosion resistance of steel. Therefore, in steels that do not require strength, the carbon content should be controlled in a low range. Within (that is, below 0.06 weight percent). When the carbon content is greater than 0.06 weight percent, the strength and hardness of the steel are excessively increased, and its corrosion resistance becomes poor.
- Silicon (Si) is an oxygen scavenger required for stainless steel smelting, which can remove oxygen in molten steel and reduce the formation of harmful oxide impurities.
- the silicon content is less than 0.01% by weight, the oxygen content of the produced steel is relatively high, and oxide impurities increase, so the workability of the steel is reduced.
- the silicon content is greater than 1.3% by weight, a large amount of hard oxides such as SiO 2 remain in the steel material, which reduces the free-cutting property of the steel material.
- the silicon content can be 0.01 wt% to 0.6 wt%.
- Manganese (Mn) is an important element that affects the surface roughness, the shape of turning chips and the corrosion resistance of steel after turning.
- manganese can combine with sulfur to form manganese sulfide inclusions, which can improve the free-cutting properties of steel.
- the corrosion resistance of simple manganese sulfide inclusions is poor.
- the manganese content is less than 0.1% by weight, too little manganese cannot form sufficient manganese sulfide inclusions, which reduces the free cutting property of the steel.
- the manganese content is greater than 0.5% by weight, the corrosion resistance of the steel is poor, and pitting corrosion is prone to occur.
- sulfur can form manganese sulfide inclusions with manganese
- sulfur is also an important element that mainly affects the free-cutting and corrosion resistance of steel.
- the sulfur content is less than or equal to 0.2% by weight, too little sulfur cannot form sufficient manganese sulfide inclusions, thus reducing the free-cutting properties of the steel.
- the sulfur content is more than 0.4% by weight, the hot workability of the steel material deteriorates.
- [Mn]/[S] will affect the final manganese content and sulfur content of manganese sulfide inclusions, which in turn affects the free-cutting and corrosion resistance of the steel.
- the ratio of the weight percentage of manganese to sulfur ([Mn]/[S]) is 0.5 to 1.5, and preferably 0.5 to 1.1, so that the resulting steel material can have both free-cutting properties and corrosion resistance.
- [Mn]/[S] is less than 0.5, although the corrosion resistance of the steel material becomes better, its free cutting property and hot workability become worse.
- [Mn]/[S] is greater than 1.5, although the free cutting property of the steel material becomes better, its corrosion resistance becomes worse.
- Chromium (Cr) is an important element to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, and can replace manganese in manganese sulfide inclusions to form manganese sulfide inclusions containing chromium to improve the corrosion resistance of steel.
- the chromium content is less than 17% by weight, too little chromium is difficult to form sufficient chromium-containing manganese sulfide inclusions, which reduces the corrosion resistance of the steel.
- the chromium content is greater than 22% by weight, although the high-temperature ferrite phase structure can be stabilized, and its corrosion resistance can be increased, the workability of the steel will be reduced.
- Molybdenum can improve the corrosion resistance and strength of stainless steel. If molybdenum is not deliberately added to the steel, a small amount of molybdenum remains in the steel. When the molybdenum content is less than 0.01% by weight, the raw materials of the steel must be specially selected, which will increase the cost. Conversely, when the molybdenum content is greater than 0.5% by weight, the strength of the steel is too high, which reduces its free-cutting properties.
- Nitrogen (N) can increase the strength of steel. When the nitrogen content is less than 0.001% by weight, too little nitrogen will increase the smelting cost and cause the strength of the steel to be too low, which is not conducive to the rapid cutting of the steel. When the nitrogen content is greater than 0.035 weight percent, the strength of the steel is excessively enhanced, and the toughness of the steel is reduced.
- Boron (B) can combine with nitrogen to form boron nitride inclusions, and the inclusions can improve the free cutting performance of the steel.
- the boron content is less than 0.002% by weight, too little boron cannot form sufficient boron nitride inclusions, thereby reducing the free-cutting properties of the steel.
- the boron content is greater than 0.02% by weight, the toughness of the steel decreases, which is not conducive to subsequent processing and forming.
- the ratio of the weight percentage of nitrogen to boron is 1.5 to 3.0, and preferably 1.8 to 3.0.
- [N]/[B] is less than 1.5, if the nitrogen content is too small, sufficient boron nitride inclusions will not be formed, which will reduce the free-cutting and corrosion resistance of the steel, and too much boron will remain in the steel. Reduce its toughness.
- [N]/[B] is greater than 3.0, less boron can not form sufficient boron nitride inclusions, which reduces the free cutting property of the steel. Or, too much nitrogen may increase the strength excessively, and reduce the toughness and free-cutting properties of the steel.
- unavoidable impurities referred to in the present invention refer to impurities that cannot be separated during the steelmaking process.
- corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material of the present invention satisfies the following formulas (I) to (III):
- [B], [N], [Mn], [S], [Cr] and [Mo] represent the weight percentages of boron, nitrogen, manganese, sulfur, chromium and molybdenum, respectively.
- the value of 2[B]-[N]+[Mn]-[S] is not more than 0, and preferably is -0.18 to 0. This relationship mainly affects the rapid cutting of steel.
- the value is not greater than 0, the shape and composition of the boron nitride inclusions and manganese sulfide inclusions formed in the steel can improve the free cutting performance of the steel.
- this value is greater than 0, it will shorten the life of the turning tool, increase the production cost, and reduce the precision processing performance of the steel, so that the processed product (such as the internal components of the hard disk (HDD)) will not easily reach the required Tolerance standards.
- HDD hard disk
- the value of [N][Mn]/[B][S] is 1.2 to 4, and preferably 1.2 to 3.1. This relationship can determine the degree of galvanic corrosion that occurs when steel is in contact with other metals. When this value is less than 1.2 or greater than 4, the activity of steel is higher than other metals, and galvanic corrosion is prone to occur, and it is corroded first, so the product life is shortened.
- the value of [Cr]+3.3[Mo]+16[N] is not less than 18, and is preferably 18-23. This relationship mainly affects the corrosion resistance of steel. When this value is less than 18, the steel is prone to pitting corrosion, which accelerates the corrosion of the steel and shortens the service life of the product.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material selectively contains copper (Cu) in an amount of 0.01 weight percent to 0.5 weight percent. Copper affects the corrosion resistance and strength of steel. When the copper content is in the aforementioned range, better corrosion resistance and appropriate strength of the steel can be provided.
- Cu copper
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively contains 0.001 wt% to 0.02 wt% calcium (Ca).
- Ca calcium
- an appropriate amount of calcium can adjust the shape and distribution of manganese sulfide inclusions, and can form manganese sulfide inclusions containing chromium and calcium with chromium-containing manganese sulfide inclusions to improve the resistance of steel Corrosion and fast cutting.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively contains phosphorus (P) equal to or less than 0.05 weight percent.
- Phosphorus is an impurity (that is, a harmful element) in the steel billet, and can cause embrittlement of the steel and reduce the workability.
- phosphorus is one of the elements that can improve the free-cutting properties of steel. When the phosphorus content is in the aforementioned range, appropriate toughness and free-cutting properties of the steel can be provided.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel selectively contains nickel (Ni) equal to or less than 0.5 weight percent.
- Nickel is a stable element in the austenite phase, and ferritic stainless steel usually does not deliberately add nickel, but there are often traces of nickel remaining in the steel. When the nickel content is in the aforementioned range, it will not cause excessive formation of austenite phase at high temperature, and will not cause excessive increase in the strength of the steel at room temperature, which is beneficial to free cutting and workability.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel material of the present invention contains manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions and boron nitride (BN) inclusions.
- the constituent elements of the manganese sulfide inclusions include sulfur, manganese, and the first constituent element (X 1 ), where X 1 may be, for example, chromium, which is generally represented by MnSX 1 (also referred to as the first inclusion).
- X 1 may be, for example, chromium, which is generally represented by MnSX 1 (also referred to as the first inclusion).
- the aforementioned boron nitride (BN) inclusions are also referred to as second inclusions hereinafter.
- the constituent elements of the first inclusions selectively include the first constituent element (X 1 ) and the second constituent element (X 2 ), generally represented by MnSX 1 X 2 (also known as Is the third inclusion).
- the second constituent element (X 2 ) is at least one member selected from a group consisting of boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and calcium.
- the second constituent element (X 2 ) is at least one member selected from a group consisting of boron, nitrogen, and calcium.
- the constituent elements of the boron nitride inclusions selectively include a third constituent element (Y 1 ), generally represented by BNY 1 , where the third constituent element (Y 1 ) is calcium or chromium.
- the constituent elements of the second inclusion optionally include the third constituent element (Y 1 ) and the fourth constituent element (Y 2 ), generally represented by BNY 1 Y 2 , where the fourth constituent element (Y 2 ) is selected from At least one member of a group consisting of manganese, sulfur, and oxygen.
- the fourth constituent element (Y 2 ) is at least one member selected from a group consisting of manganese and sulfur.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel may include both the first inclusion and the second inclusion, so that the steel has better corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties.
- the metallographic structure of the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel can be inspected by the inspection method commonly used by those with ordinary knowledge in the technical field of the present invention to observe the metallographic structure of the steel and measure the types, constituent elements and numbers of inclusions. For example, using an optical microscope to observe the cross-section of steel, you can evaluate the grain size of the metallographic structure and the types of inclusions, or use an electron microscope for elemental analysis to obtain the constituent elements and number of inclusions.
- the chromium element in the composition of the first inclusion can further improve the corrosion resistance of the steel and reduce the occurrence of pitting corrosion, so there is no specific limit on the chromium content.
- the chromium content of the first inclusion composition is 10 weight percent to 60 weight percent, preferably 25 weight percent to 57 weight percent , And more preferably 37 weight percent to 54 weight percent.
- the calcium, boron and nitrogen elements in the first inclusion composition can further improve the corrosion resistance, free cutting performance, dimensional accuracy of the steel and reduce the surface roughness after turning.
- the number of first inclusions detected is at least 10, and the following can also be expressed as a percentage of the number.
- the corrosion resistance of the prepared steel material is better.
- the second inclusions Compared with simple (without other elements) manganese sulfide inclusions, the second inclusions have better corrosion resistance and have a graphite-like structure, which can further improve the speed of steel cutting and the dimensional precision after processing .
- the number of corrosion-resistant free-cutting steels detected is 100, and the number of second inclusions detected is at least 15, the following can also be expressed as a percentage of the number.
- the calcium content of the calcium-containing boron nitride inclusion composition is 0.05 weight percent to 1.5 weight percent.
- the corrosion resistance and/or free-cutting properties of the steel material can be further improved.
- the chromium content in the chromium-containing boron nitride inclusion composition is 10 weight percent to 60 weight percent.
- the corrosion resistance and/or free-cutting properties of the steel material can be further improved.
- the steel material of Example 1 is an ingot steel material obtained by melting and solidifying in a vacuum induction furnace according to the composition shown in Table 1.
- the steel of Example 1 was subjected to various tests according to the following evaluation methods, and its constituent elements, relationships, and test results are shown in Tables 1 to 4.
- Examples 2 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 35 were all manufactured by the same method as Example 1. The difference is that Examples 2 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 35 change the element composition, and the detailed composition elements, relationships and test results are shown in Tables 1 to 2 respectively.
- Example 1 was analyzed for the content and number of constituent elements of the following inclusions, and the results are shown in Tables 3 to 4, respectively.
- Tables 3 to 4 the results are shown in Tables 3 to 4, respectively.
- the following observation of the distribution of inclusions was performed on the steel material of Example 1, and the results are shown in FIG. 1.
- This evaluation method is to closely fit the round bar test piece (about 30mm in diameter) made by processing the steel materials of Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 35 and a copper sheet [about 10mm ⁇ 15mm (length ⁇ width)] After that, it was placed in a closed container with 2ml of pure water in it, and the temperature was maintained at 85°C.
- the above-mentioned bonded test piece is placed in the water in the container with the copper piece facing up, and the height of the water surface is based on the principle that it does not touch the copper piece (that is, the water does not touch the copper piece).
- EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
- ⁇ The number of positions where sulfur is measured ⁇ 2.
- This evaluation method is to perform outer peripheral surface turning on round bars (about 30 mm in diameter) prepared after processing the steel materials of Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 35.
- the material of the tool used for turning is tungsten carbide, and the turning is performed under the conditions of a rotation speed of 1800 rpm, a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev, and a turning speed of 187/m/min. According to the degree of wear of the tool, the fast cutting performance of steel is evaluated, and the specific evaluation criteria are as follows:
- An energy scattering spectrometer was used to perform elemental analysis of the inclusion composition of the steel in Example 1.
- the conditions used were those commonly used by those with ordinary knowledge in the technical field of the present invention.
- the content and number of the elements of the inclusion composition were measured, and the results showed In Tables 3 and 4.
- Weight% means weight percentage
- N means that this element has not been measured.
- the steel of each example has specific carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen and boron
- the weight percentage satisfies the aforementioned formulas (I) to (V), and has both better corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties.
- the steel of Example 1 contains manganese sulfide inclusions and boron nitride inclusions.
- the manganese sulfide inclusions at the first and second detection positions belong to MnSX 1 X 2 inclusions, and their constituent elements include nitrogen and calcium.
- the manganese sulfide inclusions at the third and fourth detection positions belong to MnS inclusions, and their constituent elements include at least one of boron, nitrogen, and calcium.
- the chromium content of the MnSX 1 X 2 inclusions at the first and second detection positions is 38.9 wt% and 53.6 wt%, respectively. Due to the inclusion of the aforementioned constituent elements, the steel can have both better corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties, and the aforementioned content of chromium can further improve the corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties of the steel.
- the boron nitride inclusions at the fifth to eighth and eleventh detection positions belong to BNY 1 Y 2 inclusions, and their constituent elements include at least one of manganese, sulfur, calcium and chromium, and the calcium content of the composition is 0.1 Weight percentage to 1.2 weight percentage.
- the chromium content of the boron nitride inclusions at the fifth and sixth detection positions is 57.7 weight percent and 56.3 weight percent, respectively.
- the boron nitride inclusions at the ninth to tenth detection positions are BN inclusions, and their constituent elements include manganese and sulfur. Due to the inclusion of the aforementioned constituent elements, the steel can have both better corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties, and the aforementioned content of calcium and chromium elements can further improve the corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties of the steel.
- the percentage of the number of MnSX 1 X 2 inclusions in the first and second detection positions of the steel of Example 1 are 59.8% and 15.6%, respectively, and the fifth detection
- the percentage of the number of BNY 1 Y 2 inclusions in the measured position is 18.2%. Due to the inclusion of these percentages of the aforementioned inclusions, the steel can have both better corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties.
- FIG. 1 is an optical microscope photograph showing the inclusions in the transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of the steel material of Example 1 of the present invention.
- the inclusions in the steel of Example 1 are evenly distributed, so the steel has better corrosion resistance and free cutting properties.
- the corrosion-resistant free-cutting steel of the present invention is controlled by the specific carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen and boron of ferritic stainless steel with both corrosion resistance and free-cutting properties.
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Abstract
一种兼具耐蚀性与快削性的铁素体系不锈钢钢材。通过控制铁素体系不锈钢钢材的碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足特定的关系,使钢材兼具良好的耐蚀性及快削性。
Description
本发明是有关于一种快削性铁素体系不锈钢钢材,且特别是有关于一种具备良好耐蚀性的快削性铁素体系不锈钢钢材。
现今,设置于精密仪器、微小化装置、高性能机械或设备中的零组件对于高尺寸精度、表面细致化及良好的耐蚀性的要求愈来愈高。举例而言,电动或无人运输载具、微型驱动装置、通讯设备、储存装置及电子产品中的零组件。
由于此些零组件大多使用铁素体系不锈钢钢材并透过车削成型的,因此用于制造前述零组件的铁素体系不锈钢钢材必须具备良好的快削性,以确保稳定的尺寸精度及生产率。
传统上,铁素体系不锈钢材是通过添加硫,以形成硫化锰夹杂物(此夹杂物组成元素不含有铬、硼、氮及钙),进而提升快削性。但硫化锰是耐蚀性较差的夹杂物,会在表面最先被腐蚀,并形成孔洞,且此孔洞成为孔蚀的起点。此外,当零组件组装成产品后,此种硫化锰夹杂物与环境中的水气接触后产生硫化氢气体[H
2S
(g)],此称作释气(Outgassing),且此气体会腐蚀零组件,而缩短产品寿命。前述孔蚀及释气性腐蚀的情形大幅降低快削性铁素体系不锈钢材的耐蚀性。此外,虽然添加铅也明显有益于快削性的提升,但是铅具有环境毒性,并危害人体的中枢神经***及肾脏,且已为各国法规禁止添加使用。
有鉴于此,亟需发展一种新的具备良好耐蚀性的快削铁素体系不锈钢钢材,以改善已知快削性铁素体系不锈钢钢材的上述缺点。
发明内容
有鉴于上述的问题,本发明的一态样是在提供一种兼具耐蚀性与快削性铁素体系不锈钢钢材。通过碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足特定关系,此钢材兼具良好的耐蚀性及快削性。
根据本发明的一态样,提出一种耐蚀快削性钢材。此耐蚀快削性钢材包含等于或小于0.06重量百分比的碳、0.01重量百分比至1.3重量百分比的硅、0.1 重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的锰、大于0.2重量百分比至0.4重量百分比的硫、17重量百分比至22重量百分比的铬、0.01重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的钼、0.001重量百分比至0.035重量百分比的氮、0.002重量百分比至0.02重量百分比的硼、余量的铁,以及不可避免的杂质,且耐蚀快削性钢材满足下式(I)至(IV):
2[B]-[N]+[Mn]-[S]≦0 (I);
1.2≦[N][Mn]/[B][S]≦4 (II);
[Cr]+3.3[Mo]+16[N]≧18 (III);
[Mn]/[S]=0.5~1.5 (IV),
其中[B]、[N]、[Mn]、[S]、[Cr]及[Mo]分别代表硼、氮、锰、硫、铬及钼的重量百分比。
依据本发明的一实施例,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性满足下式(V):
[N]/[B]=1.5~3.0 (V),
其中[B]及[N]分别代表硼及氮的重量百分比。
依据本发明的另一实施例,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含0.01重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的铜。
依据本发明的又一实施例,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含0.001重量百分比至0.02重量百分比的钙。
依据本发明的又一实施例,耐蚀快削性钢材包含第一夹杂物及第二夹杂物。
依据本发明的又一实施例,第一夹杂物以MnSX
1表示,X
1表示第一组成元素,第一组成元素为铬。
依据本发明的又一实施例,基于第一夹杂物的组成的总重量为100重量百分比,第一夹杂物的组成的铬含量为10重量百分比至60重量百分比。
依据本发明的又一实施例,第一夹杂物还包含第二组成元素(X
2),以MnSX
1X
2表示(亦称为第三夹杂物),且第二组成元素是选自于由硼、氮及钙所组成的一族群的至少一者。
依据本发明的又一实施例,第二夹杂物以BN表示,第二夹杂物还包含第三组成元素(Y
1),以BNY
1表示,且第三组成元素为钙或铬。
依据本发明的又一实施例,第二夹杂物还包含第四组成元素(Y
2),以 BNY
1Y
2表示,且第四组成元素是选自于由锰及硫所组成的一族群的至少一者。
应用本发明的耐蚀快削性钢材,其中通过控制耐蚀快削性钢材的碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足特定的关系,钢材兼具良好的耐蚀性及快削性。
为了对本发明的实施例及其优点有更完整的理解,现请参照以下的说明并配合相应的附图。必须强调的是,各种特征并非依比例描绘且仅是为了图解目的。相关附图内容说明如下:
图1是显示本发明的实施例1的钢材的横向剖面与纵向剖面的夹杂物的光学显微镜照片。
以下仔细讨论本发明实施例的制造和使用。然而,可以理解的是,实施例提供许多可应用的发明概念,其可实施于各式各样的特定内容中。所讨论的特定实施例仅供说明,并非用以限定本发明的范围。
本发明的耐蚀快削性钢材属于铁素体系不锈钢材。此耐蚀快削性钢材的组成元素包含碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮、硼、铁及不可避免的杂质。通过控制此钢材的碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足特定的关系,从而制得具有特定夹杂物的钢材,故其兼具耐蚀性及快削性。以下依序说明钢材的组成元素、组成元素的关系,以及夹杂物。
碳(C)为提高钢材强度与硬度的元素,此外,碳易与铬结合形成碳化物,而降低钢材的耐蚀性,故在不要求强度的钢材中,碳含量宜控制在较低的范围内(即0.06重量百分比以下)。当碳含量大于0.06重量百分比时,钢材的强度及硬度过于增加,且其耐蚀性变差。
硅(Si)为不锈钢冶炼所需的去氧剂,可去除钢液中的氧及减少有害的氧化物杂质生成。当硅含量小于0.01重量百分比时,所制得的钢材的氧含量偏高,而氧化物杂质增多,故降低钢材的加工性。当硅含量大于1.3重量百分比时,大量SiO
2等硬质氧化物残留于钢材中,而降低钢材的快削性。较佳地,硅含量可为0.01重量百分比至0.6重量百分比。
锰(Mn)为影响钢材的车削加工后表面粗糙度、车削屑型态与耐蚀性的重要元素。详述之,锰可与硫结合而形成硫化锰夹杂物,其可提升钢材的快削性。然而,单纯的硫化锰夹杂物的耐蚀性较差。当锰含量小于0.1重量百分比时,过少的锰无法形成足够的硫化锰夹杂物,而降低钢材的快削性。反之,当锰含量大于0.5重量百分比时,钢材的耐蚀性不佳,而容易发生孔蚀。
如前所述,由于硫(S)可与锰形成硫化锰夹杂物,故硫亦为主要影响钢材的快削性与耐蚀性的重要元素。当硫含量小于或等于0.2重量百分比时,过少的硫无法形成足够的硫化锰夹杂物,故降低钢材的快削性。当硫含量大于0.4重量百分比时,钢材的热加工性变差。
[Mn]/[S]会影响硫化锰夹杂物最终的锰含量及硫含量,进而影响钢材的快削性及耐蚀性。一般而言,锰与硫的重量百分比的比值([Mn]/[S])为0.5至1.5,且较佳为0.5至1.1,由此所得的钢材可兼具快削性及耐蚀性。当[Mn]/[S]小于0.5时,虽然钢材的耐蚀性变好,但其快削性与热加工性变差。反之,当[Mn]/[S]大于1.5时,虽然钢材的快削性变好,但其耐蚀性变差。
铬(Cr)为提升不锈钢钢材的耐蚀性的重要元素,且可置换硫化锰夹杂物中的锰元素,而形成含有铬的硫化锰夹杂物,以提升钢材的耐蚀性。当铬含量小于17重量百分比时,过少的铬难以形成足够的含有铬的硫化锰夹杂物,而降低钢材的耐蚀性。反之,当铬含量大于22重量百分比时,虽可稳定高温铁素体相组织,而增加其耐蚀性,但会降低钢材的加工性。
钼(Mo)可增进不锈钢钢材的耐蚀性与提高其强度。若不刻意添加钼至钢材中,钢材中残留微量的钼。当钼含量小于0.01重量百分比时,须特别挑选钢材的原料,而导致成本增加。反之,当钼含量大于0.5重量百分比时,钢材的强度过高,而降低其快削性。
氮(N)可提高钢材的强度。当氮含量小于0.001重量百分比时,过少的氮会增加冶炼成本且造成钢材的强度过低,而不利于钢材的快削性。当氮含量大于0.035重量百分比时,钢材强度过度增强,且降低钢材的韧性。
硼(B)可与氮结合而形成氮化硼夹杂物,且此夹杂物可提升钢材的快削性。当硼含量小于0.002重量百分比时,过少的硼无法形成足够的氮化硼夹杂物,而降低钢材的快削性。反之,当硼含量大于0.02重量百分比时,钢材的韧性降低,而不利于后续的加工成形。
在一些实施例中,氮与硼的重量百分比的比值([N]/[B])为1.5至3.0,且较佳可为1.8至3.0。当[N]/[B]小于1.5时,氮含量过少无法形成足够的氮化硼夹杂物,而降低钢材的快削性与耐蚀性,并且过多的硼会残留在钢材内,而降低其韧性。反之,当[N]/[B]大于3.0时,较少的硼亦不能形成足够的氮化硼夹杂物,而降低钢材的快削性。或者,过多的氮可能过度增强强度,而降低钢材的韧性与快削性。
另外,本发明所称的不可避免的杂质是指于炼钢过程中无法分离出的杂质。
进一步,本发明的耐蚀快削性钢材满足下式(I)至(III):
2[B]-[N]+[Mn]-[S]≦0 (I);
1.2≦[N][Mn]/[B][S]≦4 (II);
[Cr]+3.3[Mo]+16[N]≧18 (III),
其中[B]、[N]、[Mn]、[S]、[Cr]及[Mo]分别代表硼、氮、锰、硫、铬及钼的重量百分比。
申言之,2[B]-[N]+[Mn]-[S]的值为不大于0,且较佳为-0.18至0。此关系主要影响钢材的快削性。当此数值不大于0时,钢材中所形成的氮化硼夹杂物及硫化锰夹杂物的型态及组成可提升钢材的快削性。当此数值大于0时,将缩短车削工具的寿命,而增加生产成本,且降低钢材的精密加工性能,而使加工后的产品(例如:硬盘(HDD)内部的零组件)不易达到所需的公差标准。
在一些实施例中,[N][Mn]/[B][S]的值为1.2至4,且较佳为1.2至3.1。此关系可判定钢材与其他金属接触时,发生伽凡尼腐蚀(galvanic corrosion)的程度。当此数值小于1.2或大于4时,钢材的活性比其他金属更高,而容易发生伽凡尼腐蚀的现象,且优先被腐蚀,故缩短产品寿命。
在一些实施例中,[Cr]+3.3[Mo]+16[N]的值为不小于18,且较佳为18至23。此关系主要影响钢材的耐蚀性。当此数值小于18时,钢材容易发生孔蚀的现象,并加速钢材的腐蚀程度,而缩短产品的使用寿命。
在一些实施例中,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含0.01重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的铜(Cu)。铜影响钢材的耐蚀性与强度。当铜含量为前述的范围时,可提供钢材较佳的耐蚀性与适当的强度。
在一些实施例中,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含0.001重量百分比至0.02 重量百分比的钙(Ca)。当钙含量为前述的范围时,适量的钙可调整硫化锰夹杂物的型态与分布,且可与含有铬的硫化锰夹杂物形成含有铬及钙的硫化锰夹杂物,以提升钢材的耐蚀性与快削性。
在一些实施例中,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含等于或小于0.05重量百分比的磷(P)。磷为钢胚中的杂质(即有害元素),且会导致钢材脆化,而降低加工性。但对快削性而言,磷为可提升钢材快削性的元素之一。当磷含量为前述的范围时,可提供钢材适当的韧性与快削性。
在一些实施例中,耐蚀快削性钢材选择性包含等于或小于0.5重量百分比的镍(Ni)。镍为奥氏体相的安定元素,铁素体系不锈钢通常不刻意添加镍,但钢材中常残留微量的镍。当镍含量为前述范围时,不会导致高温时过多奥氏体相的生成,而于常温时不会造成钢材强度过度增加,故利于快削性与加工性。
就金相组织而言,本发明的耐蚀快削性钢材包含硫化锰(MnS)夹杂物及氮化硼(BN)夹杂物。在一些实施例中,硫化锰夹杂物的组成元素包含硫、锰及第一组成元素(X
1),其中X
1可例如为铬,一般以MnSX
1表示(亦称为第一夹杂物)。此外,前述的氮化硼(BN)夹杂物,以下亦称为第二夹杂物。
在前述第一夹杂物的一些实施例中,第一夹杂物的组成元素选择性包含第一组成元素(X
1)及第二组成元素(X
2),一般以MnSX
1X
2表示(亦称为第三夹杂物)。在一些具体例中,第二组成元素(X
2)是选自于由硼、氮、氧及钙所组成的一族群的至少一者。在其他具体例中,第二组成元素(X
2)是选自于由硼、氮及钙所组成的一族群的至少一者。
在前述第二夹杂物的一些实施例中,除了氮及硼之外,氮化硼夹杂物的组成元素选择性包含第三组成元素(Y
1),一般以BNY
1表示,其中第三组成元素(Y
1)为钙或铬。第二夹杂物的组成元素选择性包含第三组成元素(Y
1)及第四组成元素(Y
2),一般以BNY
1Y
2表示,其中第四组成元素(Y
2)是选自于由锰、硫及氧所组成的一族群的至少一者。在其他具体例中,第四组成元素(Y
2)是选自于由锰及硫所组成的一族群的至少一者。在其他实施例中,耐蚀快削性钢材可同时包含第一夹杂物及第二夹杂物,以使钢材兼具较佳的耐蚀性及快削性。
耐蚀快削性钢材的金相组织可使用本发明所属技术领域中具有通常知识者所惯用的检测方法,进行钢材的金相组织的观察及夹杂物的种类、组成元素与数目的测量。举例而言,使用光学显微镜观察钢材的剖面,可评估金相组织 的晶粒大小、夹杂物种类,或者使用电子显微镜进行元素分析,以获得夹杂物的组成元素与数目。
第一夹杂物组成中的铬元素可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性,而降低孔蚀的发生,故其铬含量并无特定限制。然而,在一些具体例中,基于第一夹杂物组成的总重量为100重量百分比,第一夹杂物组成的铬含量为10重量百分比至60重量百分比,较佳可为25重量百分比至57重量百分比,且更佳可为37重量百分比至54重量百分比。
申言之,第一夹杂物组成中的钙、硼及氮元素可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性、快削性、尺寸精度并减少车削后表面的粗糙度。
较佳地,基于耐蚀快削性钢材被检测的数目为100个,第一夹杂物被检测的数目为至少10个,以下亦可使用数目百分比表示。当第一夹杂物被检测的数目满足前述范围时,所制得的钢材的耐蚀性较佳。
相较于单纯(未含有其他元素)的硫化锰夹杂物,第二夹杂物具有较佳的耐蚀性,且具有类似石墨结构,而可进一步提升钢材的快削性与加工后的尺寸精密度。在一些具体例中,基于耐蚀快削性钢材被检测的数目为100个,第二夹杂物被检测的数目为至少15个,以下亦可使用数目百分比表示。当耐蚀快削性钢材被检测的第二夹杂物的数目满足前述范围时,可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性及快削性。
在一些实施例中,基于含有钙的氮化硼夹杂物组成的总重量为100重量百分比,含有钙的氮化硼夹杂物组成的钙含量为0.05重量百分比至1.5重量百分比。当含有钙的氮化硼夹杂物组成的钙含量为前述范围时,可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性及/或快削性。
在一些实施例中,基于含有铬的氮化硼夹杂物组成的总重量为100重量百分比,含有铬的氮化硼夹杂物组成中的铬含量为10重量百分比至60重量百分比。当含有铬的氮化硼夹杂物组成的铬含量为前述范围时,可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性及/或快削性。
以下利用实施例以说明本发明的应用,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技艺者,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作各种的更动与润饰。
钢材的制造
实施例1
实施例1的钢材是依如表1所示的组成以真空感应炉熔炼凝固所得的铸锭钢材。实施例1的钢材根据下述的评价方式进行各项试验,且其组成元素、关系及试验结果如表1至表4所示。
实施例2至9及比较例1至35
实施例2至9及比较例1至35皆以与实施例1相同的方法进行制造。不同的是,实施例2至9及比较例1至35是改变元素组成份,且详细的组成元素、关系及试验结果分别如表1至表2所示。
进一步,对实施例1的钢材进行下述夹杂物的组成元素含量及数目的分析,且其结果分别如表3至表4所示。此外,对实施例1的钢材进行下述的夹杂物分布情况的观察,且其结果如图1所示。
评价方式
1.耐蚀性试验
此评估方式是将实施例1至9及比较例1至35的钢材经加工所制得的圆棒试片(直径约30mm)与铜片[约10mm×15mm(长度×宽度)]紧密贴合后,将其置于密闭容器内,此容器内置有2ml纯水,并维持温度于85℃。前述贴合的试片以铜片朝上的方式,放置于容器内的水中,且水面的高度以不碰触到铜片为原则(即水不接触到铜片),历经20小时后,使用能量散射光谱仪(Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy,EDS)测量贴合的试片的铜片上任意五个位置(不重复),并根据测量到含有硫元素的位置的数目,以评估钢材的耐蚀性,此耐蚀性包含孔蚀、伽凡尼腐蚀及释气性腐蚀的考量,且具体评价标准如下:
◎:测量到硫的位置数目=0,
△:测量到硫的位置数目=1,
×:测量到硫的位置数目≧2。
2.快削性试验
此评估方式是对实施例1至9及比较例1至35的钢材经加工后所制得的圆棒(直径约30mm),进行外周面车削。用于车削的刀具的材质为碳化钨,且以1800rpm的转速、0.25mm/rev的进给速率及187/m/min的车削速度的条件进行车削。根据刀具的磨耗程度评估钢材的快削性,且其具体评价标准如下:
◎:于光学显微镜下,观察不到刀具磨耗,
△:于光学显微镜下,观察到轻微的刀具磨耗,
×:于光学显微镜下,观察到严重的刀具磨耗。
3.夹杂物组成的元素含量及数目的分析
使用能量散射光谱仪对实施例1的钢材进行夹杂物组成的元素分析,使用的条件为本发明所属技术领域中具有通常知识者所惯用的条件,测量夹杂物组成的元素含量及数目,其结果显示于表3及4。
4.夹杂物的分布情况的观察
使用光学显微镜观察实施例1的钢材横向及纵向的剖面,于表面、距离表面1/2的半径处及中心点的观察位置,观察夹杂物的分布情况,并进行拍照,其照片如图1所示。
表1
表1(续)
表2
表2(续)
表3
“wt%”表示重量百分比。
“-”表示低于侦测极限,而未测得此元素。
“N”表示未对此元素进行量测。
表4
请参阅表1及表2,根据耐蚀性及快削性的结果,相较于各比较例,各实施例的钢材的碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足前述式(I)至(V),而兼具较佳的耐蚀性及快削性。
请参阅表3,根据元素含量的结果,实施例1的钢材含有硫化锰夹杂物及氮化硼夹杂物。第一及第二侦测位置的硫化锰夹杂物属于MnSX
1X
2夹杂物, 其组成元素含有氮及钙。第三及第四侦测位置的硫化锰夹杂物属于MnS夹杂物,其组成元素含有硼、氮及钙的至少一者。再者,第一及第二侦测位置的MnSX
1X
2夹杂物组成的铬含量分别为38.9重量百分比及53.6重量百分比。由于含有前述组成元素的夹杂物,故钢材可兼具较佳的耐蚀性及快削性,且前述含量的铬元素可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性及快削性。
第五至第八及第十一侦测位置的氮化硼夹杂物属于BNY
1Y
2夹杂物,其组成元素含有锰、硫、钙及铬的至少一者,且其组成的钙含量为0.1重量百分比至1.2重量百分比。此外,第五及第六侦测位置的氮化硼夹杂物组成的铬含量分别为57.7重量百分比及56.3重量百分比。另外,第九至第十侦测位置的氮化硼夹杂物属于BN夹杂物,其组成元素含有锰及硫。由于含有前述组成元素的夹杂物,故钢材可兼具较佳的耐蚀性及快削性,且前述含量的钙及铬元素可进一步提升钢材的耐蚀性及快削性。
请参阅表4,根据夹杂物数目的分析结果,实施例1的钢材的第一及第二侦测位置的MnSX
1X
2夹杂物中的数目百分比分别为59.8%及15.6%,且第五侦测位置的BNY
1Y
2夹杂物的数目百分比为18.2%。由于含有此些数目百分比的前述夹杂物,故钢材可兼具较佳的耐蚀性及快削性。
请参阅图1,其是显示本发明的实施例1的钢材的横向与纵向剖面的夹杂物的光学显微镜照片。实施例1的钢材中夹杂物分布均匀,故钢材具备较佳的耐蚀性及快削性。
综上所述,本发明的耐蚀快削性钢材是通过控制兼具耐蚀性与快削性铁素体系不锈钢钢材的碳、硅、锰、硫、铬、钼、氮及硼的特定的重量百分比并满足特定的关系,使钢材兼具良好的耐蚀性及快削性。
虽然本发明已以实施方式揭露如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,在本发明所属技术领域中任何具有通常知识者,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作各种的更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围当视所附的权利要求书所界定的范围为准。
Claims (10)
- 一种耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于,包含:等于或小于0.06重量百分比的碳;0.01重量百分比至1.3重量百分比的硅;0.1重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的锰;大于0.2重量百分比至0.4重量百分比的硫;17重量百分比至22重量百分比的铬;0.01重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的钼;0.001重量百分比至0.035重量百分比的氮;0.002重量百分比至0.02重量百分比的硼;余量的铁;以及不可避免的杂质;且该耐蚀快削性钢材满足下式(I)至(IV):2[B]-[N]+[Mn]-[S]≦0 (I);1.2≦[N][Mn]/[B][S]≦4 (II);[Cr]+3.3[Mo]+16[N]≧18 (III);以及其中[B]、[N]、[Mn]、[S]、[Cr]及[Mo]分别代表硼、氮、锰、硫、铬及钼的所述重量百分比。
- 根据权利要求1所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该耐蚀快削性钢材还包含0.01重量百分比至0.5重量百分比的铜。
- 根据权利要求1所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该耐蚀快削性钢 材还包含0.001重量百分比至0.02重量百分比的钙。
- 根据权利要求4所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该耐蚀快削性钢材包含一第一夹杂物及一第二夹杂物。
- 根据权利要求5所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该第一夹杂物以MnSX 1表示,该X 1表示一第一组成元素,该第一组成元素为铬。
- 根据权利要求5所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于基于该第一夹杂物的一组成的一总重量为100重量百分比,该第一夹杂物的该组成的一铬含量为10重量百分比至60重量百分比。
- 根据权利要求6所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该第一夹杂物还包含一第二组成元素(X 2),以MnSX 1X 2表示(亦称为第三夹杂物),且该第二组成元素是选自于由硼、氮及钙所组成的一族群的至少一者。
- 根据权利要求5所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该第二夹杂物以BN表示,该第二夹杂物还包含一第三组成元素(Y 1),以BNY 1表示,且该第三组成元素为钙或铬。
- 根据权利要求9所述的耐蚀快削性钢材,其特征在于该第二夹杂物还包含一第四组成元素(Y 2),以BNY 1Y 2表示,且该第四组成元素是选自于由锰及硫所组成的一族群的至少一者。
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