WO2016010121A1 - 高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法 - Google Patents
高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016010121A1 WO2016010121A1 PCT/JP2015/070433 JP2015070433W WO2016010121A1 WO 2016010121 A1 WO2016010121 A1 WO 2016010121A1 JP 2015070433 W JP2015070433 W JP 2015070433W WO 2016010121 A1 WO2016010121 A1 WO 2016010121A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/18—Submerged-arc welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/362—Selection of compositions of fluxes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
- B23K9/0213—Narrow gap welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
- B23K9/025—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts for rectilinear seams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/18—Submerged-arc welding
- B23K9/186—Submerged-arc welding making use of a consumable electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/23—Arc welding or cutting taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/18—Sheet panels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
- B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for single submerged arc welding of high Cr-based CSEF (Creep Strength-Enhanced Ferritic) steel.
- High Cr-based CSEF steels include SA387Gr. Stipulated in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards. 91, SA213Gr. T91 etc.
- Thermal power boilers, turbines, and reactors are formed by appropriately combining forged rings, pipes, and bent steel sheets.
- the forged ring has a plate thickness of 150 to 450 mm, a maximum outer diameter of less than 7 m, and a total length of several to several tens of meters.
- welding methods for thermal power generation boilers, turbines, and reactors covering arc welding, TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding, and submerged arc welding are used.
- Thermal power boilers, turbines, and reactors have a large proportion of welded parts because of their structures, so there is a strong demand for reduction of welding materials and high efficiency of welding.
- any method of narrowing the groove width or reducing the groove angle is a disadvantageous condition for hot cracking during welding.
- the following techniques are disclosed as techniques for suppressing high-temperature cracking in submerged arc welding and improving the efficiency of welding.
- Patent Document 1 contains a predetermined amount of C, Si, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb and N, and regulates the total amount of Mn and Ni to a predetermined amount, and P, S, Cu
- An improved 9Cr-1Mo steel welding wire is disclosed in which Ti, Al, B, W, Co, and O are regulated to a predetermined amount, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
- hot cracking is suppressed by setting C to 0.070 to 0.150 mass% and regulating P and S to 0.010 mass% or less.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a wire containing a predetermined amount of C, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, Nb, Al, and N, and limiting Si and O to a predetermined amount, and a predetermined amount of CaF. 2 , 1 or 2 types of CaO and MgO, 1 or 2 types of Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 , welding is performed in combination with a welding flux containing Al and limiting SiO 2 to a predetermined amount A method of submerged arc welding of 9Cr-1Mo steel is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 a wire in which C is 0.01 to 0.15 wt%, Al is 0.005 to 1.5 wt%, Si is 0.05 wt% or less, and SiO 2 is 5 wt% or less (Si is added). It is substantially not contained), and hot cracking is suppressed by combining with a welding flux having CaF 2 of 25 to 70 wt%.
- the improved 9Cr-1Mo steel welding wire disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a thin wire with a wire diameter of 2.4 mm ⁇ , so that a poor weld is likely to occur due to poor arc spread and poor fusion. It may not be possible. Further, when the wire diameter is increased to 4.0 mm ⁇ and submerged arc welding is performed, hot cracking may occur.
- the welding heat input that is, to increase the welding current and arc voltage and to reduce the welding speed.
- the penetration shape is likely to become a die especially in a narrow groove, and the risk of occurrence of hot cracking increases.
- the hot cracking that is a problem here is a so-called "hot cracking" that occurs because low melting point compounds of P, S, Si, and Nb contained in the weld metal segregate between dendrites and austenite grain boundaries during solidification, and welding shrinkage strain is further applied. Hot cracking.
- This invention is made
- the subject is providing the welding method which can suppress the high temperature crack of a first layer in the single submerged arc welding of high Cr type
- the inventors of the present invention diligently investigated the cause of hot cracking of the first layer submerged arc weld metal of high Cr-based CSEF steel.
- the high-temperature cracking of the first layer submerged arc weld metal of the high Cr-based CSEF steel picks up C from the high Cr-based CSEF steel base metal to the weld metal by dilution, which reduces the melting point of the molten metal, It was found that hot cracking occurred.
- the C content of the high Cr-based CSEF steel is ASTM A182 Gr.
- F91 is 0.08 to 0.12% by mass
- Gr. F92 is 0.07 to 0.13 mass%
- Gr. F122 is 0.07 to 0.14 mass%
- Gr. F911 is 0.09 to 0.13 mass%.
- C less than 0.05% by mass
- N 0.055% by mass or less
- Si more than 0.05% by mass and 0.30% by mass or less
- CaF 2 2-30% by mass
- Al 2 O 3 5-25% by mass
- total of Si and SiO 2 5-25% by mass (in terms of SiO 2) )
- BaO 25 wt% or less
- ZrO2 10% by mass or less
- TiO 2 by performing the submerged arc welding by combining flux restricted to less than 5 wt%, welding efficiency, the soundness of the welded portion After securing, it discovered that the hot crack of the first layer could be suppressed.
- Ni-based component wires such as austenitic stainless steel such as 308L and 309L, Inconel 625, Inconel 82, and Hastelloy were also examined. In conclusion, it was judged that such a component-based wire cannot be applied to a high Cr-based CSEF steel welded joint because the weld metal laminated in the first layer has a high Ni composition.
- the single submerged arc welding method of the high Cr system CSEF steel of the present invention is C: less than 0.05 mass%, N: 0.055 mass% or less, Si: more than 0.05 mass%, and 0.30 mass%.
- the single submerged arc welding method of the high Cr system CSEF steel of the present invention further comprises at least one type of welding wire selected from the group of Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, W, Co, and B.
- Mn 2.20 mass% or less
- Ni 1.00 mass% or less
- Cr 10.50 mass% or less
- Mo 1.20 mass% or less
- V 0.45 mass% or less
- Nb 0.080% by mass or less
- W 2.0% by mass or less
- Co 3.0% by mass or less
- B 0.005% by mass or less.
- the wire feed speed (V) is 50 to 120 g / min
- the welding speed (v) is 20 to 60 cm / min
- the hot cracking can be performed more reliably. Further, poor fusion and slag entrainment can be suppressed, and high welding efficiency can be obtained.
- the tip / base metal distance is preferably 20 to 40 mm.
- the tip angle is in a range where the receding angle ⁇ is up to 60 ° and the advancing angle ⁇ is up to 60 °.
- the welding wire feeding speed can be more reliably stabilized.
- the tip shape is preferably a straight tube shape or a bend square shape.
- the single submerged arc welding method of the high Cr system CSEF steel of the present invention can suppress the first layer high temperature crack, that is, the first layer first pass high temperature crack.
- FIG. 3 is a side view of the chip shown in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 3 is an end view of the tip end side of the chip shown in FIG. 2.
- the welding method of the present invention is a single submerged arc welding method of high Cr system CSEF steel. In particular, it is suitably used for first layer welding in a narrow groove as shown in FIG.
- the single submerged arc welding method of the present invention is intended for high Cr system CSEF steel as a base material (material to be welded).
- the high Cr-based CSEF steel refers to a CSEF steel containing 8 mass% or more of Cr.
- There are various standards for high Cr-based CSEF steel For example, SA387Gr. 91, Gr. 122, Gr. 92, Gr. 911 and SA213Gr.
- a predetermined amount of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, and N is contained, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
- C 0.07 to 0.14 mass%, Si: 0.50 mass% or less, Mn: 0.70 mass% or less, P: 0.025 mass% or less, S: 0.015 mass %: Ni: 0.50 mass% or less, Cr: 8.00 to 11.50 mass%, Mo: 0.25 to 1.10 mass%, V: 0.15 to 0.35 mass%, Nb: It contains 0.04 to 0.10% by mass, N: 0.03 to 0.10% by mass, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities. Furthermore, Cu: 1.70 mass% or less, B: 0.060 mass% or less, W: 2.50 mass% or less, Co: 3.0 mass% or less may be contained.
- the welding wire used in the single submerged arc welding method of the present invention contains C: less than 0.05% by mass, N: 0.055% by mass or less, Si: more than 0.05% by mass, and 0.50% by mass or less.
- the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
- the hot cracking of the first layer is caused by an excess of C in the molten metal due to dilution of the base material and a decrease in the melting point of the molten metal.
- the high Cr-based CSEF steel targeted by the present invention has a high C content design in order to ensure creep strength.
- the base metal dilution rate of the first layer submerged arc welding was up to about 50%.
- N (nitrogen) is known as an element that effectively acts to improve creep strength in high Cr-based CSEF steel and its weld metal.
- N content of a welding wire shall be 0.055 mass% or less.
- the upper limit with preferable N content of a welding wire is 0.05 mass%.
- Si of welding wire more than 0.05% by mass and 0.50% by mass or less
- Si has the effect of adjusting the viscosity of the molten metal to adjust the bead shape.
- the Si content is 0.05% by mass or less
- the effect cannot be obtained, the conformability is deteriorated, and the bead shape becomes poor.
- the Si content of the welding wire exceeds 0.05% by mass and is 0.50% by mass or less.
- the upper limit with preferable Si content of a welding wire is 0.48 mass% or less, and a more preferable upper limit is 0.45 mass% or less.
- C, N, and Si described above are essential rules for the composition of the welding wire.
- one or more selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Nb, W, Co, and B can be contained. At this time, when each element is contained, it is preferably contained in the range described below.
- Mn acts as a deoxidizer and has the effect of reducing the amount of oxygen in the deposited metal and improving toughness.
- Mn is an austenite-forming element and has an effect of suppressing toughness deterioration due to residual ⁇ -ferrite in the weld metal.
- the Mn content of the welding wire is preferably 2.20% by mass or less, and more preferably 2.15% by mass or less.
- Ni is an austenite-forming element like Mn, and has the effect of suppressing toughness deterioration due to residual ⁇ -ferrite in the weld metal.
- the Ni content of the welding wire exceeds 1.00% by mass, the toughness of the weld metal deteriorates. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the Ni content of the welding wire is preferably 1.00% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.95% by mass or less.
- Cr is a main element of high Cr-based CSEF steel that is a base material of the welding method according to the present invention, and is an indispensable element for imparting oxidation resistance and high temperature strength to the base material, and is also contained in the welding wire. It is preferable to make it.
- Cr is a ferrite-forming element, and if it exceeds 10.50 mass% and excessively contained, ⁇ -ferrite remains and the toughness of the weld metal deteriorates. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the Cr content of the welding wire is preferably 10.50% by mass or less, and more preferably 10.45% by mass or less.
- Mo is a solid solution strengthening element and has the effect of improving the creep rupture strength.
- Mo is a ferrite-forming element, if it is contained in excess of 1.20 mass%, ⁇ -ferrite remains in the weld metal and the toughness of the weld metal deteriorates. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the Mo content of the welding wire is preferably 1.20% by mass or less, and more preferably 1.18% by mass or less.
- V is a precipitation strengthening element and has the effect of precipitating as carbonitride and improving creep rupture strength.
- V is also a ferrite-forming element, and if it exceeds 0.45% by mass, it causes residual ⁇ -ferrite in the weld metal and deteriorates the toughness of the weld metal. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the V content of the welding wire is preferably 0.45% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.40% by mass or less.
- Nb is an element that precipitates as solid solution strengthening and nitrides and contributes to stabilization of creep rupture strength.
- Nb is also a ferrite-forming element, and if it exceeds 0.080% by mass, ⁇ -ferrite remains in the weld metal and the toughness of the weld metal deteriorates. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the Nb content of the welding wire is preferably 0.080% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.078% by mass or less.
- W is an element that contributes to stabilization of the creep rupture strength by solid solution strengthening of the matrix and fine carbide precipitation.
- W is also a ferrite-forming element, if it exceeds 2.0% by mass, ⁇ -ferrite remains in the weld metal and the toughness of the weld metal deteriorates. Therefore, in order to sufficiently obtain the above effects, the W content of the welding wire is preferably 2.0% by mass or less, more preferably 1.8% by mass or less, and further preferably 1.7% by mass or less.
- Co is an element that suppresses residual ⁇ ferrite.
- the Co content of the welding wire is preferably 3.0% by mass or less, more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, and further preferably 1.8% by mass or less.
- the B content of the welding wire is preferably 0.005% by mass or less, more preferably 0.003% by mass or less, and further preferably 0.0015% by mass or less.
- P and S are elements that increase the hot cracking susceptibility.
- the P content of the welding wire is preferably regulated to 0.015% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.010% by mass or less.
- the balance of the welding wire components is Fe and inevitable impurities.
- Examples of inevitable impurities include Al and Ti.
- the welding flux used in the single submerged arc welding method of the present invention is CaF 2 : 2-30% by mass, CaO: 2-20% by mass, MgO: 20-40% by mass, Al 2 O 3 : 5-25% by mass, Total of Si and SiO 2 : 5 to 25% by mass (SiO 2 equivalent), BaO: 25% by mass or less, ZrO 2 : 10% by mass or less, TiO 2 : Less than 5% by mass.
- SiO 2 equivalent Total of Si and SiO 2 : 5 to 25% by mass (SiO 2 equivalent)
- BaO 25% by mass or less
- ZrO 2 10% by mass or less
- TiO 2 Less than 5% by mass.
- CaF 2 of welding flux 2 to 30% by mass
- CaF 2 increases the fluidity by lowering the melting point of the slag, has the effect of arranging the bead shape.
- the CaF 2 content in the welding flux is less than 2% by mass, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained and a bead shape defect occurs.
- the CaF 2 content in the flux exceeds 30% by mass, the arc becomes unstable, and a circular dent called a pock mark is generated on the bead surface, and the surface properties deteriorate.
- the content of CaF 2 in the welding flux is 2 to 30% by mass.
- Preferred lower limit of the content of CaF 2 in the welding flux is 3 wt%, a preferred upper limit is 29 mass%.
- CaO of welding flux 2 to 20% by mass
- CaO has an effect of adjusting the bead shape by adjusting the viscosity of the slag.
- CaO is a component having high fire resistance, and in a flux such as the present invention containing CaF 2 that lowers the melting point of slag, the melt characteristics are adjusted to adjust the bead shape. It is extremely effective. However, if the CaO content in the welding flux is less than 2% by mass, this effect cannot be obtained and the bead shape is poor. On the other hand, if the content of CaO in the welding flux exceeds 20% by mass, the fire resistance of the welding flux increases and it becomes difficult to melt, so the bead surface properties deteriorate. Therefore, the CaO content of the welding flux is 2 to 20% by mass.
- the minimum with preferable CaO content of welding flux is 5 mass%, and a preferable upper limit is 17 mass%.
- MgO of welding flux 20-40% by mass
- MgO also has the effect of adjusting the bead shape by adjusting the viscosity of the slag. It is effective for improving the slag peelability.
- MgO is a component having high fire resistance, and in the welding flux of the present invention containing a large amount of CaF 2 that lowers the melting point of slag, the melting characteristics are adjusted to adjust the bead shape. It is extremely effective. However, if the content of MgO in the welding flux is less than 20% by mass, this effect cannot be obtained and the bead shape is poor.
- the content of MgO in the welding flux is 20 to 40% by mass.
- the upper limit with preferable MgO content of a welding flux is 35 mass%.
- Al 2 O 3 increases the concentration and stability of the arc, and has the effect of adjusting the fluidity by increasing the melting point of the slag and adjusting the bead shape, contrary to CaO.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 in the welding flux is less than 5% by mass, this effect cannot be obtained, the arc becomes unstable and spatter increases, and the bead shape and bead surface properties deteriorate.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 in the welding flux exceeds 25% by mass, slag seizure occurs.
- the high Cr-based CSEF steel targeted by the present invention must have a higher preheating / interpass temperature than low alloy heat resistant steels such as mild steel and 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Absent. For this reason, in particular, the slag tends to be seized. Slag seizure has a significant adverse effect on the laminated beads. For this reason, the content of Al 2 O 3 in the welding flux is set to 5 to 25% by mass. A preferable lower limit of the content of Al 2 O 3 of the welding flux is 8 wt%, a preferred upper limit is 22 mass%.
- SiO 2 Total of welding flux Si and SiO 2 : 5 to 25% by mass (in terms of SiO 2 ) SiO 2 increases the viscosity of the slag, and particularly improves the conformability of the bead toe.
- SiO 2 when added excessively, the melting point of the slag is lowered and the bead surface properties are deteriorated, and the slag becomes excessively brittle, continuous uniform peeling is not performed, and the slag firing is partially strong on the bead surface.
- the total content of Si and SiO 2 in the flux is 5 to 25% by mass in terms of SiO 2 .
- a preferable upper limit of the total content of Si and SiO 2 in the welding flux is 20% by mass.
- the “sum of the Si and SiO 2", as are described in “(SiO 2 conversion)" is to determine the amount of SiO 2 for Si in the form SiO 2, the Si other than SiO 2, the amount Is converted to SiO 2 to obtain the amount, and the two amounts are summed.
- BaO of welding flux 25% by mass or less
- BaO has the effect of adjusting the viscosity of the slag and adjusting the bead shape. Furthermore, there exists an effect which improves the brittleness of slag itself, As a result, slag seizure is suppressed. However, if contained in excess, the fire resistance of the welding flux is increased and it becomes difficult to melt, so that the bead surface properties deteriorate. For this reason, the content of BaO in the welding flux is 25% by mass or less.
- the upper limit with preferable BaO content of a welding flux is 22 mass%.
- ZrO 2 of welding flux 10% by mass or less
- ZrO 2 also has an effect of adjusting the bead shape by increasing the melting point of slag and adjusting the fluidity, like Al 2 O 3 .
- the content of ZrO 2 in the welding flux is 10% by mass or less.
- TiO 2 of welding flux less than 5% by mass
- TiO 2 has the effect of increasing the coverage of slag on the beads.
- excessive inclusion causes slag seizure.
- the content of TiO 2 in the welding flux is less than 5% by mass.
- the above is an essential rule for the composition of the welding flux.
- These components can be added in the form of single substances, compounds containing these components, ores and melt fluxes.
- CaF 2 may be added as fluorite
- CaO as lime and melt flux
- MgO magnesia clinker and melt flux
- Al 2 O 3 as alumina and melt flux
- SiO 2 as potassium feldspar
- soda feldspar and melt flux etc.
- alloy powder, oxides and fluorides can be appropriately added to the welding flux in order to adjust the alloy components and welding workability.
- the single submerged arc welding method of the high Cr system CSEF steel of the present invention has predetermined welding wire feed speed, welding speed, and welding amount per unit weld length in addition to the above-mentioned definition of the composition of the welding wire and welding flux. It is preferable to make it.
- various welding conditions in the welding method will be described.
- the welding wire feed speed V is preferably 50 to 120 g / min.
- the welding speed v is preferably 20 to 60 cm / min.
- the amount of deposition per unit weld length is calculated by the welding wire feed speed / welding speed. If the welding amount per unit weld length is less than 1.8 g / cm, the welding amount may be too small and the welding efficiency may deteriorate. On the other hand, if the amount of welding per unit weld length exceeds 4.5 g / cm, the amount of welding becomes excessive, so that the amount of solidification shrinkage of the molten metal becomes excessive and the shape of the weld is indefinite. May become perpendicular to the final solidified part and cause hot cracking. For this reason, the amount of deposition per unit weld length is preferably 1.8 to 4.5 g / cm. The welding current and the arc voltage are adjusted as one means for controlling the wire feeding speed within an appropriate range.
- the tip / base material distance, the tip shape, and the tip angle will be described.
- solid wire for submerged arc welding of high Cr-based CSEF steel and co-material is compared with solid wire for 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel, 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, 2.25Cr-1Mo-V steel.
- the electrical resistance is high, so that the amount of Joule heat generation becomes large and the amount of welding increases. That is, the amount of welding is large even with the same welding current.
- the Joule heating value increases as the distance between the tip and the base material increases.
- the tip / base material distance is less than 20 mm, the tip of the tip may be melted by the arc.
- the distance between the tip and the base material exceeds 40 mm, the amount of welding may be excessive. Therefore, it is preferable to manage the distance between the tip and the base material to 20 to 40 mm, more preferably 25 to 35 mm.
- Tip shape is straight tube, bend square, or Fig. 62 of Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-58827.
- the shape as shown in 3b may be used, and is appropriately selected from the viewpoint of securing wire feedability and feeding position stabilization.
- An example of a bend square-shaped chip is shown in FIGS. Bending the tip 30 within a range that does not hinder the welding wire feeding stabilizes the power feeding position, and as a result, stabilizes the welding wire feeding speed.
- the tip angle includes a line perpendicular to the surface of the base material 10 and a tip end where the welding wire 40 finally protrudes from the tip 30. This is an angle formed by the axis of the portion 30a.
- the tip angle affects the degree of heating of the welding wire by the welding arc, and as a result, increases or decreases the welding wire feeding speed. Specifically, if the welding current is the same and the distance L between the tip base materials is the tip angle is the forward angle ⁇ (see FIGS. 6 and 9), the backward angle ⁇ is the case (see FIGS. 5 and 8).
- the wire feed speed is higher than that of (see).
- the tip angle is preferably managed in a range where the receding angle ⁇ is up to 60 ° and in a range where the advancing angle ⁇ is up to 60 °, in order to stabilize the welding wire feeding speed.
- the welding wire diameter is preferably selected from 3 to 5 mm ⁇ . If it is less than 3 mm ⁇ , the construction efficiency may be impaired. If it exceeds 5 mm ⁇ , hot cracking may not be suppressed even if the invention is devised.
- the power supply characteristic may be either a drooping characteristic or a constant voltage characteristic.
- the polarity may be either DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive) or AC (Alternating Current).
- the welding method of the present invention uses a thermal power generation boiler, a turbine, and a reactor as suitable welding targets. Therefore, the base material plate thickness is preferably 150 to 450 mm. However, the welding method of the present invention can also be applied to welding with a base metal plate thickness of less than 150 mm. Similarly, in the welding method of the present invention, a narrow groove (I groove) as shown in FIG. However, the welding method of the present invention does not exclude tandem welding (not shown), tandem welding by Scott connection, application to V groove, X groove, and use of a groove filler.
- the welding method of the present invention is an initial layer single submerged welding method in which only the initial layer 21 shown in FIG.
- the welding method of the present invention can be applied not only to the first layer 21 but also to the case where a weld metal is further laminated and welded to the first layer 21.
- the first layer, or the first layer and the overlay layer (specifically, the second layer, the third layer, etc. when the first layer is the first layer), gouging, It can be removed by machining or the like.
- Nos. 1 to 14 that fall within the scope of the present invention will be described below in comparison with comparative examples (Nos. 15 to 48) that deviate from the scope of the present invention.
- Three types of base materials of chemical components shown in Table 1 were prepared. As shown in FIG. 1, for this base material 10, a narrow groove having a plate thickness t of 250 mm, a groove bottom radius of curvature R of 10 mm, and a groove angle ⁇ of 4 ° is formed by machining, did. Moreover, 17 types of welding wires having chemical components shown in Table 2 were used. The wire diameter is 4.0 mm ⁇ . In addition, 27 types of welding fluxes having particle sizes and chemical components shown in Table 3 were used. In Tables 2 and 3, those not satisfying the provisions of the present invention are indicated by underlining the numerical values.
- the welding wire feeding speed and the welding speed are changed using the welding wire shown in Table 2 and the welding flux shown in Table 3, and the submerged arc welding is performed. did.
- the welding wire feed speed was controlled by changing the welding current and welding speed.
- the welding conditions are as follows. Other conditions are shown in Table 4.
- Tip Tip bent tip 30 shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 (bent square tip)
- Electrode characteristics Drooping characteristics
- Electrode polarity AC single welding
- Attitude Downward lamination method: First layer 1 layer 1 pass
- the bead shape was evaluated by visually observing the height of the bead in the weld line direction, and when the smooth bead was formed ( ⁇ ), the formed bead was rough, and the unevenness was large in the weld line direction. The case was judged as bad (x).
- Pock mark The number of occurrences of pock on the bead surface is measured visually within a range of 300 mm excluding the start and end of the weld bead. It was determined to be defective (x).
- Tables 5 and 6 show the evaluation results of hot cracking, conformability, bead shape, bead surface property, slag seizure, and pock mark in each example and comparative example. In Table 6, those not satisfying the provisions of the present invention are underlined.
- Examples 1 to 14 satisfied the scope of the present invention, and were excellent in any of hot cracking, conformability, bead shape, bead surface property, slag seizure, and pock mark.
- Comparative Examples 15 to 48 do not satisfy the scope of the present invention, the performance in any one or more of hot cracking, conformability, bead shape, bead surface property, slag seizure, and pock mark There was a place inferior to.
- Comparative Examples 15 to 23 the chemical composition of the welding wire was not within the range of the present invention, and the performance was poor in any one or more of hot cracking, conformability, bead shape, and slag seizure.
- Comparative Examples 24 to 36 the chemical composition of the welding flux is out of the present invention, and the performance is poor in any one or more of conformability, bead shape, bead surface property, slag seizure, and pock mark. It was.
- Comparative Examples 37 to 48 the chemical composition of the welding wire and the chemical composition of the welding flux are out of the present invention, and any of hot cracking, conformability, bead shape, bead surface property, slag seizure, and pock mark In one or more, the performance was inferior.
- Base material material to be welded
- Specimen material to be welded
- First layer 20
- Tip 20
- Tip tip 40
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1の改良9Cr-1Mo鋼用溶接ワイヤにおいては、ワイヤ径が2.4mmφと細径ワイヤであるがために、アークの広がりに乏しく融合不良が発生しやすくなって健全な溶接部が得られない場合がある。また、ワイヤ径を4.0mmφに太径化してサブマージアーク溶接を行うと高温割れが発生する場合がある。
本発明の溶接方法は、高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法である。特に、図1に示すような、狭開先における初層溶接、特に1層1パス目の溶接に好適に用いられる。
本発明のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法は、母材(被溶接材)として高Cr系CSEF鋼を対象とするものである。ここで、高Cr系CSEF鋼とは、8質量%以上のCrを含有するCSEF鋼のことをいう。高Cr系CSEF鋼には、各種の規格がある。例えば、ASTM規格やASME規格に規定されたSA387Gr.91、Gr.122、Gr.92、Gr.911およびSA213Gr.T91、EN規格(European standards:欧州規格)に規定されたX10CrMoVNb9-1、並びに火力技術基準に規定された火SFVAF28、火SFVAF29、火STBA28、火STPA28、火SCMV28等がある。
本発明のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法で用いる溶接ワイヤは、C:0.05質量%未満、N:0.055質量%以下、Si:0.05質量%を超え、0.50質量%以下を含有し、残部がFeおよび不可避的不純物である。以下、各構成の数値限定理由について説明する。
初層の高温割れは、母材希釈によって溶融金属のCが過剰となり、溶融金属の融点が低下することによって引き起こされる。本発明が対象とする高Cr系CSEF鋼は、クリープ強度を確保するために高C含有率設計となっている。調査の結果、初層サブマージアーク溶接の母材希釈率は50%前後にまでなることが判明した。溶接条件調整による母材希釈の低減はある程度可能ではあるが、施工バラツキも考慮した溶接材料の成分設計が不可避である。以上のことから、溶接ワイヤのC含有量を0.05質量%未満とする。
N(窒素)は、高Cr系CSEF鋼およびその溶接金属においては、クリープ強度向上に有効に作用する元素として知られている。しかしながら、0.055質量%を超えて、過剰に含有すると、スラグ焼付きが発生する。このため、溶接ワイヤのN含有量は、0.055質量%以下とする。溶接ワイヤのN含有量の好ましい上限は0.05質量%である。
Siは、溶融金属の粘性を調整してビード形状を整える作用を有する。しかし、Si含有量が0.05質量%以下であると、その効果が得られず、なじみ性が劣化して、ビード形状が不良となる。一方、Si含有量が0.50質量%を超えると、スラグ焼付きが発生して、スラグ除去が困難となる。このため、溶接ワイヤのSi含有量は、0.05質量%を超え、0.50質量%以下とする。溶接ワイヤのSi含有量の好ましい上限は0.48質量%以下、より好ましい上限は0.45質量%以下である。
本発明のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法で用いる溶接フラックスは、CaF2:2~30質量%、CaO:2~20質量%、MgO:20~40質量%、Al2O3:5~25質量%、SiおよびSiO2の合計:5~25質量%(SiO2換算)を含有し、BaO:25質量%以下、ZrO2:10質量%以下、TiO2:5質量%未満に規制している。以下、各構成の数値限定理由について説明する。
CaF2は、スラグの融点を下げて流動性を高め、ビード形状を整える作用がある。しかし、溶接フラックス中のCaF2含有量が2質量%未満では、十分な効果を得ることができず、ビード形状不良が発生する。一方、フラックス中のCaF2含有量が30質量%超では、アークが不安定となり、ビード表面にポックマークと呼ばれる円形の凹みが発生して、表面性状が劣化する。本発明が対象とする高Cr系CSEF鋼の初層ビードでは、特にこの傾向が顕著であり、これらビード形状不良やビード表面性状不良は、積層するビードへ多大な悪影響を及ぼす。このため、溶接フラックスのCaF2の含有量は、2~30質量%とする。溶接フラックスのCaF2の含有量の好ましい下限は3質量%であり、好ましい上限は29質量%である。
CaOは、スラグの粘性を調整してビード形状を整える効果がある。CaOは、後述するMgOやBaOと同様に、耐火性の高い成分であり、スラグの融点を降下させるCaF2を含有する本発明のようなフラックスにおいては、溶融特性を調整してビード形状を整えるのに極めて有効である。しかし、溶接フラックス中のCaOの含有量が2質量%未満ではこの効果が得られずビード形状不良となる。一方、溶接フラックス中のCaOの含有量が20質量%を超えると、溶接フラックスの耐火性が高まり溶けにくくなるため、ビード表面性状が劣化する。このため、溶接フラックスのCaOの含有量は、2~20質量%とする。溶接フラックスのCaOの含有量の好ましい下限は5質量%であり、好ましい上限は17質量%である。
MgOも、スラグの粘性を調整してビード形状を整える効果がある。スラグ剥離性を向上させるのに有効である。また、CaOやBaOと同様に、MgOは耐火性の高い成分であり、スラグの融点を降下させるCaF2を多量に含有する本発明の溶接フラックスにおいては、溶融特性を調整してビード形状を整えるのに極めて有効である。しかし、溶接フラックスのMgOの含有量が20質量%未満では、この効果が得られず、ビード形状不良となる。一方、MgOの含有量が40質量%を超えると、溶接フラックスの耐火性が高まり溶けにくくなるため、ビード表面性状が劣化する。このため、溶接フラックスのMgOの含有量は、20~40質量%とする。溶接フラックスのMgOの含有量の好ましい上限は35質量%である。
Al2O3は、アークの集中性と安定性を高めるとともに、CaOとは逆に、スラグの融点を高めて流動性を調整し、ビード形状を整える効果がある。しかし、溶接フラックスのAl2O3の含有量が5質量%未満では、この効果が得られず、アークが不安定となりスパッタが増加するとともに、ビード形状とビード表面性状が劣化する。一方、溶接フラックスのAl2O3の含有量が25質量%を超えると、スラグの焼付きが発生してしまう。本発明が対象とする高Cr系CSEF鋼は遅れ割れ防止の観点から、軟鋼や2.25Cr-1Mo鋼のような低合金耐熱鋼と比較して、予熱・パス間温度を高めとせざるを得ない。このため、特にスラグが焼付きやすくなる傾向にある。スラグの焼付きは、積層するビードへ多大な悪影響を及ぼす。このため、溶接フラックスのAl2O3の含有量は、5~25質量%とする。溶接フラックスのAl2O3の含有量の好ましい下限は8質量%であり、好ましい上限は22質量%である。
SiO2は、スラグの粘性を増加させ、特にビード止端部のなじみ性を改善する。一方、過剰に添加すると、スラグの融点が低下してビード表面性状が劣化するとともに、スラグが過度に脆くなってしまい、連続的な均一剥離がなされず、ビード表面に部分的に強固なスラグ焼付きを引き起こす。これらは、溶接フラックス中に脱酸剤として適宜添加されるSiや、溶接フラックス造粒時に固着剤として使用する水ガラス中のSiO2も同様である。このため、これらを含めてフラックス中のSiおよびSiO2の含有量を制限する必要がある。よって、フラックスのSiおよびSiO2の合計の含有量を、SiO2換算で5~25質量%とする。溶接フラックスのSiおよびSiO2の合計の含有量の好ましい上限は20質量%である。
以上に説明した趣旨から本明細書において「SiおよびSiO2の合計」とは、SiO2の形態のSiと、SiO2以外の形態のSiの合計量を意味する。この「SiおよびSiO2の合計」は、「(SiO2換算)」の記載がある場合は、SiO2の形態のSiについてはSiO2の量を求め、SiO2以外のSiについては、その量をSiO2に換算しその量を求め、この2つの量を合計したものである。
BaOは、CaOと同様に、スラグの粘性を調整して、ビード形状を整える効果がある。さらに、スラグ自体の脆さを改善する効果があり、結果としてスラグ焼付きを抑制する。しかし、過剰に含有すると溶接フラックスの耐火性が高まり、溶けにくくなるため、ビード表面性状が劣化する。このため、溶接フラックスのBaOの含有量は、25質量%以下とする。溶接フラックスのBaOの含有量の好ましい上限は22質量%である。
ZrO2も、Al2O3同様、スラグの融点を高めて流動性を調整してビード形状を整える効果がある。しかし、過剰に含有するとフラックスの耐火性が高まり、溶けにくくなるため、ビード表面性状が劣化する。このため、溶接フラックスのZrO2の含有量は、10質量%以下とする。
TiO2は、スラグのビードへの被覆性を高める作用を有する。しかし過剰に含有するとスラグ焼付きを引き起こす。このため、溶接フラックスのTiO2の含有量は、5質量%未満とする。
溶接ワイヤの送給速度Vが、50g/minを下回ると、溶接電流が低すぎてアークが不安定となり、溶込不良が発生するおそれがある。一方、溶接ワイヤの送給速度Vが120g/minを上回ると、溶着量が多すぎて高温割れが発生するおそれがある。このため、溶接ワイヤの送給速度Vは、50~120g/minとすることが好ましい。
溶接速度vが、20cm/minを下回ると、溶着量が多すぎて高温割れが発生するおそれがある。一方、溶接速度vが60cm/minを上回ると溶融金属の供給が間に合わず、ビード形状が不安定となって融合不良やスラグ巻込みが発生するおそれがある。このため、溶接速度vは、20~60cm/minとすることが好ましい。
単位溶接長当りの溶着量は、溶接ワイヤの送給速度/溶接速度によって計算される。単位溶接長当りの溶着量が1.8g/cmを下回ると、溶着量が少なすぎて溶接効率が劣化するおそれがある。一方、単位溶接長当りの溶着量が4.5g/cmを上回ると溶着量が過剰となるため、溶融金属の凝固収縮量が過大かつ溶込み形状もなし形になるため、凝固収縮のかかる方向が最終凝固部に対し垂直となって高温割れが発生するおそれがある。このため、単位溶接長当りの溶着量は、1.8~4.5g/cmとすることが好ましい。溶接電流及びアーク電圧は、上記ワイヤ送給速度を適正範囲にコントロールする一手段として調整される。
前記のように高Cr系CSEF鋼と共材のサブマージアーク溶接用ソリッドワイヤは、1.25Cr-0.5Mo鋼、2.25Cr-1Mo鋼、2.25Cr-1Mo-V鋼用ソリッドワイヤと比較して電気抵抗が高く、このためジュール発熱量が大となり溶着量が多くなる。すなわち同じ溶接電流であっても溶着量が多い。ジュール発熱量はチップ/母材間距離が長くなるほど大となる。チップ/母材間距離が20mm未満では、チップ先端がアークによって溶損するおそれがある。チップ/母材間距離が40mmを超えると、溶着量が過剰となるおそれがある。したがってチップ/母材間距離を20~40mm、より好ましくは25~35mmに管理することが好ましい。
溶接ワイヤ径は3~5mmφの中から適宜選択することが好ましい。3mmφ未満では施工能率が損なわれるおそれがある。5mmφを超えると、本発明の工夫を図っても高温割れが抑制できないおそれがある。電源特性は垂下特性、定電圧特性いずれでも構わない。極性はDCEP(Direct Current Electrode Positive)、AC(Alternating Current)のいずれでも構わない。
本発明の溶接方法は、図1に示す初層21のみを好適な溶接対象とする初層シングルサブマージ溶接方法である。しかしながら、本発明の溶接方法は、図示しないが、初層21のみならず、初層21に溶接金属をさらに積層して溶接する場合においても、適用可能である。
初層、あるいは初層とこれに積層する上盛層(具体的には、初層を1層目としたときの2層目、3層目など)は、要求される継手性能によって、ガウジング、機械加工等で除去することができる。
表1に示す化学成分の母材を3種類用意した。図1に示すように、この母材10について、板厚tが250mm、溝底の曲率半径Rが10mm、開先角度θが4°の狭開先を機械加工で形成して試験体20とした。
また、表2に示す化学成分の溶接ワイヤを17種類使用した。ワイヤ径は4.0mmφである。また、表3に示す粒度、化学成分の溶接フラックスを27種類使用した。なお、表2、表3中、本発明の規定を満たさないものは数値に下線を引いて示した。
溶接条件は以下のとおりである。また、その他の条件は表4に示す。
チップ:図2~図4に示す先端曲りチップ30(ベント角材状チップ)
電極特性:垂下特性
電極極性:ACシングル
溶接姿勢:下向き
積層方法:初層1層1パス
この溶接を行った試験体20について、溶接終了後、目視にて、高温割れ、なじみ性、ビード形状、ビード表面性状、スラグ焼付き、ポックマークを評価した。高温割れ、なじみ性、ビード形状、ビード表面性状、スラグ焼付き、ポックマークの各評価方法は以下のとおりである。
溶接ビードのスタート、エンド部を除外した300mmの範囲で、50mmごとの断面でマクロ組織を観察した。計5つの断面全てで、割れが発生していない場合を○(良好)、割れが発生した場合を×(不良)と判定した。
溶接ビードのスタート、エンド部を除外した300mmの範囲で、50mmごとの断面でマクロ組織を観察した。計5つの断面全てでビード止端形状が滑らかな場合を良好(○)、それ以外を不良(×)と判定した。
溶接ビードのスタート、エンド部を除外した300mmの範囲で、目視で溶接線方向のリップル(波目)の粗密有無を観察して、粗密のないものを良好(○)、粗密のあるものを(×)と判定した。
溶接終了後のビード表面に付着したフラックスをハンマーで3回たたき、スラグが容易に剥離した場合を良好(○)、剥離しなかった場合を不良(×)と判定した。
溶接ビードのスタート、エンド部を除外した300mmの範囲で、目視にてビード表面のポック発生個数を計測して、ポックマークが5個以下を良好(○)、6個以上を不良(×)と判定した。
20 試験体
21 初層
30 チップ
30a チップ先端部
40 溶接ワイヤ
Claims (6)
- C:0.05質量%未満、N:0.055質量%以下、Si:0.05質量%を超え、0.50質量%以下を含有し、残部がFeおよび不可避的不純物である溶接ワイヤと、
CaF2:2~30質量%、CaO:2~20質量%、MgO:20~40質量%、Al2O3:5~25質量%、SiおよびSiO2の合計:5~25質量%(SiO2換算)を含有し、BaO:25質量%以下、ZrO2:10質量%以下、TiO2:5質量%未満に規制した溶接フラックスと、
を組み合わせて用いることを特徴とする高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。 - 前記溶接ワイヤがさらに、Mn、Ni、Cr、Mo、V、Nb、W、Co、Bの群から選択される1種類以上を含有し、
そのとき、Mn:2.20質量%以下、Ni:1.00質量%以下、Cr:10.50質量%以下、Mo:1.20質量%以下、V:0.45質量%以下、Nb:0.080質量%以下、W:2.0質量%以下、Co:3.0質量%以下、B:0.005質量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。 - ワイヤ送給速度(V)を50~120g/min、溶接速度(v)を20~60cm/minとし、前記ワイヤ送給速度と前記溶接速度との比で求める単位長さ当りの溶着量(V/v)を1.8~4.5g/cmとする条件で溶接することを特徴とする請求項1乃至2に記載の高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。
- チップ/母材間距離が20~40mmである請求項3に記載の高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。
- チップ角度は、後退角αが60°までの範囲、前進角βが60°までの範囲である請求項4に記載の高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。
- チップ形状は、直管状またはベンド角材状である請求項5記載の高Cr系CSEF鋼のシングルサブマージアーク溶接方法。
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