WO2016009938A1 - 電極材料ならびにそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ - Google Patents
電極材料ならびにそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016009938A1 WO2016009938A1 PCT/JP2015/069760 JP2015069760W WO2016009938A1 WO 2016009938 A1 WO2016009938 A1 WO 2016009938A1 JP 2015069760 W JP2015069760 W JP 2015069760W WO 2016009938 A1 WO2016009938 A1 WO 2016009938A1
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- Prior art keywords
- resin
- electrode material
- porous carbon
- carbon material
- metal
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 42
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 42
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- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode material used for a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion capacitor, or the like.
- lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion capacitors with high battery voltage and high energy density have attracted attention from the viewpoints of power storage systems that focus on renewable energy and the development of personal computers, cameras, and mobile devices. Research and development is underway.
- carbon materials are generally used for reasons such as being capable of inserting and extracting lithium, being highly safe to deposit dendritic lithium, and having relatively high capacity and good cycle characteristics. in use.
- Patent Document 1 a porous carbon material having an increased area in contact with the electrolyte has been proposed.
- the negative electrode material made of graphite has a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh / g
- the negative electrode material alloyed with lithium such as Si, Sn, Al, etc., particularly Si
- the capacity can be increased by adding these negative electrode materials.
- these negative electrode materials are accompanied by a large volume change at the time of charge and discharge, there is a problem that the negative electrode active material is cracked or dropped, the negative electrode is collapsed, and the cycle life of charge and discharge is shortened.
- Patent Document 2 a method for preventing the collapse by forming voids in the negative electrode material containing silicon oxide and carbon material has been proposed (Patent Document 2).
- the voids are formed by volatilizing the polymer dispersed during carbonization.
- the electrode material described in Patent Document 1 did not exhibit sufficient performance even with a high surface area. The reason is that the surface of the electrode material could not be fully utilized due to the reason that the lithium ions do not reach the useful surface slowly or cannot reach because the holes are not connected. .
- the negative electrode material described in Patent Document 2 does not sufficiently suppress the collapse of the negative electrode due to volume expansion. The reason was thought to be because the formed voids were not in communication.
- the present invention provides an electrode material that uses a porous carbon material, and can effectively utilize the active material surface by improving the accessibility of the electrolyte to the active material surface, and is particularly suitable for lithium ion batteries and lithium ion capacitors.
- the material is provided.
- the present invention also provides an electrode material that can effectively absorb expansion and contraction associated with charge and discharge when the electrode material contains a metal or the like.
- the present inventors In order to effectively absorb expansion / contraction associated with charging / discharging in a composite electrode of a metal and a carbon material that can be alloyed with lithium, the present inventors not only provide voids (holes) but also structure of the holes and holes. Focusing on the control of the volume, the present invention was reached through extensive studies.
- the present invention has a co-continuous structure portion in which a carbon skeleton and voids each form a continuous structure, a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 1 to 4500 m 2 / g, and a pore volume measured by the BJH method of 0. It is an electrode material made of a porous carbon material having a density of 0.01 to 2.0 cm 3 / g.
- the electrode material of the present invention has a co-continuous structure portion, and voids that are portions other than the carbon skeleton also have a continuous structure, so that the electrolyte can move quickly, and the electrolyte and the active material are effective.
- the contact area is increased, and high charge / discharge characteristics can be exhibited.
- the electrical conductivity can be increased by the continuous carbon skeleton.
- the carbon skeletons that form a continuous structure support each other, and the voids that are parts other than the carbon skeleton also have a continuous structure, so they are resistant to deformation such as compression. .
- FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a porous carbon material in Example 1.
- the electrode material referred to in the present invention is a material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, which is used as an electrode of a power storage device using lithium ions as an electrically conductive substance.
- Examples of such power storage devices currently under consideration include lithium ion batteries and lithium ion capacitors, and the electrode material of the present invention can be used as these electrode materials, particularly as a negative electrode material.
- the electrode material of the present invention is made of a porous carbon material.
- the electrode material of the present invention includes an electrode material made only of a porous carbon material, and an electrode material formed by combining a porous carbon material and a metal capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium metal. That is, the electrode material is a porous carbon material itself in the former, and a composite material of a porous carbon material and a metal in the latter.
- the carbon material is a material mainly composed of carbon obtained by firing a carbonizable resin described later, and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) and graphitizable carbon (soft carbon) are preferably exemplified. .
- non-graphitizable carbon hard carbon
- graphitizable carbon soft carbon
- the carbon surface is not oriented and the input / output performance is excellent, it is preferable to use a carbon material made of non-graphitizable carbon in the present invention.
- non-graphitizable carbon is a carbon material having low orientation compared to crystalline carbon such as graphite, the specific surface area of the pores can be easily adjusted within the scope of the present invention.
- the specific surface area is as large as 1 m 2 / g or more, preferably 10 m 2 / g or more, there is an advantage that the performance deterioration due to the decomposition of the electrolyte hardly occurs compared with graphite.
- the raw material of a carbon material it explains in full detail in description about a manufacturing method.
- the porous carbon material used for the electrode material of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “the porous carbon material of the present invention” or simply “porous carbon material” for convenience) has a carbon skeleton and voids each having a continuous structure. It has a co-continuous structure portion. That is, for example, when a surface of a sample that has been sufficiently cooled in liquid nitrogen is cleaved with tweezers or the like, when the surface is observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the like, the carbon skeleton and voids formed as portions other than the skeleton are formed. As shown in the scanning electron micrograph of the porous carbon material of Example 1 in FIG. 1, specifically, a carbon skeleton and voids are continuous in the depth direction. Has an observed part.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the porous carbon material of the present invention it is possible to exhibit the rapid movement characteristics of the electrolyte by filling and / or flowing the electrolyte in the voids of the co-continuous structure portion. Further, since the carbon skeleton is continuous, an electrode material having high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, low resistance, and low loss can be provided. It is also possible to quickly exchange heat with the outside of the system and maintain high temperature uniformity. In addition, due to the effect of the carbon skeleton portions supporting each other, the material has a great resistance to deformation such as tension and compression.
- co-continuous structures include lattices and monoliths. Although it does not specifically limit, it is preferable that it is monolithic in the point which can exhibit the said effect.
- the monolithic shape refers to a form in which the carbon skeleton forms a three-dimensional network structure in a co-continuous structure, and a structure in which individual particles are aggregated and connected, or conversely, aggregated and connected template particles are removed. It is distinguished from the irregular structure such as the void formed by this and the structure formed by the surrounding skeleton.
- the structural period of the co-continuous structure portion is preferably 0.002 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- the structural period refers to the scattering angle ⁇ corresponding to the maximum value of the scattering intensity peak when X-rays having a wavelength ⁇ are incident on the porous carbon material sample of the present invention by the X-ray scattering method. It is calculated by the following formula.
- the structural period exceeds 1 ⁇ m and the X-ray scattering intensity peak cannot be observed, the co-continuous structure portion of the porous carbon material is photographed three-dimensionally by the X-ray CT method, the spectrum is obtained by performing Fourier transform, Similarly, the structure period is calculated. That is, the spectrum referred to in the present invention is data indicating the relationship between the one-dimensional scattering angle and the scattering intensity obtained by the X-ray scattering method or obtained by Fourier transform from the X-ray CT method.
- L ⁇ / (2sin ⁇ ) Structure period: L, ⁇ : wavelength of incident X-ray, ⁇ : scattering angle corresponding to the maximum value of the scattering intensity peak
- the structural period is more preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the structural period is 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the structural period is more preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the structure period of the co-continuous structure forming portion is assumed to be the structure period calculated by the above formula.
- the co-continuous structure portion preferably has an average porosity of 10 to 80%.
- the average porosity is an enlargement ratio adjusted to be 1 ⁇ 0.1 (nm / pixel) of a cross section in which an embedded sample is precisely formed by a cross section polisher method (CP method).
- the image is calculated by the following expression from an image observed at a resolution of at least a pixel, where the area of interest required for calculation is set in 512 pixels square, the area of the area of interest is A, and the area of the hole is B.
- Average porosity (%) B / A ⁇ 100
- the average porosity of the co-continuous structure portion is preferably 15 to 75%, more preferably 18 to 70%.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention is also one of preferred forms having fine pores on the surface.
- the surface refers to a contact surface with any outside of the porous carbon material including the surface of the carbon skeleton in the co-continuous structure portion of the carbon material.
- the micropores can be formed on the surface of the carbon skeleton in the co-continuous structure portion and / or in a portion that does not substantially have the co-continuous structure described later. It is preferably formed on the surface of the carbon skeleton in at least a portion having a co-continuous structure. Such micropores can be formed, for example, by an activation process described later.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention has a pore volume measured by the BJH method of 0.01 to 2.0 cm 3 / g.
- the pore volume is 0.01 cm 3 / g or more, battery performance characteristics at a particularly low temperature can be improved. Moreover, by setting it as 2.0 cm ⁇ 3 > / g or less, the intensity
- the pore volume is more preferably 0.05 cm 3 / g or more, and further preferably 0.10 cm 3 / g or more.
- the ratio (Vm / Vb) of the pore volume (Vm) measured by the MP method and the pore volume (Vb) measured by the BJH method is preferably 1.0 or less.
- Vm / Vb is 1.0 or less, the electrolyte can be efficiently adsorbed and desorbed, and excellent charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- Vm / Vb is more preferably 0.5 or less, and further preferably 0.1 or less.
- the BJH method and the MP method are widely used as pore size distribution analysis methods, and can be obtained based on a desorption isotherm obtained by adsorbing and desorbing nitrogen on an electrode material.
- the BJH method is a method of analyzing the pore volume distribution with respect to the pore diameter assumed to be cylindrical according to the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda standard model, and can be applied mainly to pores having a diameter of 2 to 200 nm. (For details, see J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 73, 373, 1951 etc.).
- the MP method is based on the external surface area and adsorption layer thickness (corresponding to the pore radius because the pore shape is cylindrical) obtained from the change in the tangential slope at each point of the adsorption isotherm. This is a method for obtaining the pore volume and plotting it against the thickness of the adsorbed layer to obtain the pore size distribution (for details, see JounaloloColloid and Interface Science, 26, 45, 1968, etc.), which is mainly 0.4 to 2 nm. Applicable to pores having a diameter.
- the electrode material of the present invention preferably has an average pore diameter of 1 nm or more measured by the BJH method or the MP method.
- the average pore diameter is more preferably 5 nm or more, and further preferably 10 nm or more.
- the electrode material of the present invention preferably has a ratio (Sm / Sb) of the surface area (Sm) measured by the MP method to the surface area (Sb) measured by the BJH method of 1.0 or less. More preferably, it is 5 or less.
- Sm surface area measured by the MP method
- Sb surface area measured by the BJH method
- the charge / discharge characteristics are improved by increasing the specific surface area.
- the electrode material of the present invention can achieve both a high specific surface area while having a large pore diameter and voids due to the co-continuous structure.
- the electrode material of the present invention has a specific surface area (BET specific surface area) measured by the BET method of 1 to 4500 m 2 / g.
- BET specific surface area measured by the BET method of 1 to 4500 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is preferably 10 m 2 / g or more, and more preferably 30 m 2 / g or more.
- strength of an electrode material can be maintained and it can be set as the outstanding handleability by setting it as 4500 m ⁇ 2 > / g or less.
- the BET specific surface area in the present invention can be calculated based on the BET equation by measuring the adsorption isotherm by adsorbing and desorbing nitrogen to and from the electrode material according to JISR 1626 (1996).
- the pore volume, pore diameter, and BET specific surface area measured by the BJH method or MP method are co-continuous by adjusting the conditions for forming a co-continuous structure and the firing conditions in the production method described later. It is possible to set appropriately by combining the control of the structure size of the structure itself with the control of the presence or absence of pores and the size by adjusting the conditions while performing activation as necessary.
- the numerical ranges of the structural period, specific surface area, pore volume, and porosity in this specification are basically values in a state before being combined with a metal described later.
- the values measured after removing the metal by oxidative corrosion and dissolution using a conventionally known wet etching technique to these numerical ranges It shall be judged whether or not. That is, in an electrode material formed by combining lithium metal with a metal that can be reversibly occluded and released, if these numerical values measured after wet etching are within the predetermined numerical ranges defined in the present invention, the predetermined numerical ranges It is determined that the porous carbon material having the above and the metal are combined.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention includes a portion that does not substantially have a co-continuous structure (hereinafter, simply referred to as “portion that does not have a co-continuous structure”).
- portion having substantially no co-continuous structure is a portion below the resolution when a cross section formed by the cross section polisher method (CP method) is observed at an enlargement ratio of 1 ⁇ 0.1 (nm / pixel). This means that a part where no clear air gap is observed exists in an area equal to or larger than a square region corresponding to three times the structural period L calculated from the X-ray described later.
- the portion having substantially no co-continuous structure is densely filled with carbon, so the electron conductivity is high. Therefore, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity can be maintained at a certain level or more, reaction heat can be quickly discharged out of the system, and resistance during electron transfer can be reduced.
- the shape of the porous carbon material of the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a lump shape, a rod shape, a flat plate shape, a disc shape, and a spherical shape. Of these, a fibrous, film-like or particulate form is preferred. If it is a fiber and a film form, it is preferable at the point which can be set as the electrode which does not use a binder, On the other hand, if it is a particulate form, it is preferable at the point which is excellent in handleability.
- the fibrous form refers to one having an average length of 100 times or more with respect to the average diameter, and may be a filament, a long fiber, a staple, a short fiber, or a chopped fiber.
- the shape of the cross section is not limited at all, and can be an arbitrary shape such as a multi-leaf cross section such as a round cross section or a triangular cross section, a flat cross section or a hollow cross section.
- the average diameter of the fiber is not particularly limited and can be arbitrarily determined according to the application. From the viewpoint of maintaining handleability and porosity, the thickness is preferably 10 nm or more. Moreover, it is preferable that it is 500 micrometers or less from a viewpoint of ensuring bending rigidity and improving a handleability.
- the thickness is not particularly limited and can be arbitrarily determined according to the application. In consideration of handleability, it is preferably 10 nm or more, and preferably 5000 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of preventing breakage due to bending.
- the average particle size is 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm because it is easy to handle.
- the thickness is more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more.
- it can be set as a smooth and high-density electrode by setting it as 100 micrometers or less. More preferably, it is 80 micrometers or less, and it is still more preferable that it is 40 micrometers or less.
- a metal capable of reversibly inserting and extracting lithium metal is a metal that forms an alloy with lithium ions, such as Si, Sn, Ge, In, Sb, Zn, Mg, Al, and Pb.
- these oxides are also referred to as metals.
- Si and Ge belong to semiconductors, but in this specification, they are included in metals.
- Si is preferable in terms of capacity and cost.
- composite means a state in which a metal that forms an alloy with lithium ions is held on at least a part of the surface of the porous carbon material.
- the metal is preferably supported or contained so as to be partially exposed from the surface of the carbon skeleton of the co-continuous structure portion of the porous carbon material. That is, it is preferable that the metal is supported on the carbon skeleton or buried in a state where it is partially exposed from the surface of the carbon skeleton.
- the voids of the co-continuous structure part remain as much as possible even when they are combined with a metal.
- the proportion of the metal in the voids is preferably 50% by volume or less of the voids, and more preferably 30% by volume or less.
- the destruction of the negative electrode material is suppressed even when the volume of the metal expands 3 to 4 times due to occlusion of lithium, and a lithium ion entry path is secured.
- the function as an electrode material can be exhibited.
- metal oxides of the above metals can be used, and specific examples include silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, tin monoxide, and tin dioxide. Among these, tin monoxide, tin dioxide, and silicon oxide are preferable, and tin dioxide with high crystallinity and silicon oxide with high capacity density are more preferable.
- the electrode material of the present invention can be used as an electrode by mixing one or more kinds and forming an active material layer on a current collector together with a binder or the like.
- This electrode is preferably a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor or a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the material of the current collector is preferably aluminum, stainless steel, copper, nickel or the like.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
- binder examples include fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, rubber resins such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), polypropylene, polyethylene, and fluorine-modified acrylic. Based resins and the like.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- NBR acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
- polypropylene polyethylene
- fluorine-modified acrylic Based resins and the like.
- the amount of the binder used is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 20% by mass, more preferably 2 to 10% by mass.
- the active material layer constituting the electrode may further contain a conductive agent such as carbon black, graphite, and metal powder, a thickener such as carboxymethylcellulose and its Na or ammonium salt, methylcellulose, and hydroxymethylcellulose. Good.
- a conductive agent such as carbon black, graphite, and metal powder
- a thickener such as carboxymethylcellulose and its Na or ammonium salt, methylcellulose, and hydroxymethylcellulose. Good.
- the thickness of the active material layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 5 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the density of the active material layer is preferably 0.50 to 1.50 g / cm 3 and more preferably 0.70 to 1.20 g / cm 3 when used for a lithium ion capacitor. When used for a lithium ion secondary battery, it is preferably 1.50 to 2.00 g / cm 3 , more preferably 1.60 to 1.90 g / cm 3 .
- both the liquid retention of the electrolyte and the contact resistance of the active material can be achieved at a high level, and a high capacity and low resistance device can be obtained.
- the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention can be produced using a positive electrode material obtained by mixing a positive electrode active material such as activated carbon or a polyacene material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like, using the above electrode as a negative electrode. it can.
- a positive electrode active material such as activated carbon or a polyacene material, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like
- a lithium ion secondary battery can be manufactured using a positive electrode material obtained by mixing the positive electrode active material, a conductive additive, a binder, and the like using the above electrode as a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery include lithium transition metal composite oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and lithium manganese oxide, transition metal oxides such as manganese dioxide, and fluorinated graphite. Can be mentioned. These positive electrode active materials can be used individually or in mixture of 2 or more types.
- the conductive additive for the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery for example, graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanofiber, needle coke and the like can be used, but are not limited thereto.
- binder for the lithium ion secondary battery examples include, but are not limited to, PVDF, ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer (EPDM), SBR, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), and fluorine rubber. .
- the electrolyte is usually used in the state of an electrolytic solution dissolved in a solvent.
- the electrolyte is preferably one that can generate lithium ions.
- These electrolytes can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the solvent for dissolving the electrolyte is preferably an aprotic organic solvent, specifically, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate.
- These solvents can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.1 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.3 to 2.0 mol / L in order to reduce the internal resistance due to the electrolytic solution.
- the electrolyte may contain additives such as vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, propane sultone, and diethyl sulfone.
- the electrolyte may be gel or solid for the purpose of preventing leakage.
- a separator is usually provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in order to electrically insulate the positive electrode and the negative electrode from physical contact and hold the electrolytic solution.
- the nonwoven fabric or porous film which uses cellulose rayon, polyethylene, a polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, a polyimide etc. as a raw material can be mentioned, for example.
- lithium ion capacitors and lithium ion batteries for example, a laminated cell in which an electrode in which three or more layers of a plate-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator is enclosed in an outer film, Examples thereof include a wound cell in which an electrode in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound through a separator is housed in a rectangular or cylindrical container.
- the porous carbon material used for the electrode material of the present invention includes a step (step 1) in which 10 to 90% by weight of a carbonizable resin and 90 to 10% by weight of a disappearing resin are mixed to form a resin mixture.
- the process can be produced by a step of separating and fixing the resin mixture in a molten state (step 2), and a step of carbonizing by heating and baking (step 3), and a step of activating the carbide as necessary (step 4). )It can be performed.
- Step 1 is a step in which 10 to 90% by weight of the carbonizable resin and 90 to 10% by weight of the disappearing resin are mixed to form a resin mixture.
- the carbonizable resin is a resin that is carbonized by firing and remains as a carbon material, and preferably has a carbonization yield of 40% or more.
- a thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin can be used, and examples of the thermoplastic resin include polyphenylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, phenol resin, and wholly aromatic polyester.
- thermosetting resins include unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, melamine resins, urea resins, polyimide resins, diallyl phthalate resins, lignin resins, urethane resins, and the like. In view of cost and productivity, polyacrylonitrile and phenol resin are preferable, and polyacrylonitrile is more preferable.
- polyacrylonitrile is a preferred embodiment because a high specific surface area can be obtained. These may be used alone or in a mixed state.
- the carbonization yield here is the difference between the weight at room temperature and the weight at 800 ° C. by measuring the change in weight when the temperature is raised at 10 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere by the thermogravimetry (TG) method. Is divided by the weight at room temperature.
- the disappearing resin is a resin that can be removed after Step 2 described later, and is preferably a resin that can be removed at least in any stage of the infusibilization treatment, the infusibilization treatment, or the firing. .
- the removal rate is preferably 80% by weight or more, and more preferably 90% by weight or more when finally becoming a porous carbon material.
- the method for removing the disappearing resin is not particularly limited, and is a method of chemically removing the polymer by depolymerizing it with a chemical, a method of removing the disappearing resin with a solvent that dissolves, or by thermal decomposition by heating. A method of removing the lost resin by reducing the molecular weight is preferably used. These methods can be used singly or in combination, and when implemented in combination, each may be performed simultaneously or separately.
- a method of hydrolyzing with an acid or alkali is preferable from the viewpoints of economy and handleability.
- the resin that is susceptible to hydrolysis by acid or alkali include polyester, polycarbonate, and polyamide.
- the mixed carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin are continuously supplied with a solvent to dissolve and remove the disappearing resin, or mixed in a batch system.
- a suitable example is a method of dissolving and removing the disappearing resin.
- the disappearing resin suitable for the removal method using a solvent include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, acrylic resins, methacrylic resins, polyvinylpyrrolidone, aliphatic polyesters, and polycarbonates.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene
- acrylic resins methacrylic resins
- polyvinylpyrrolidone aliphatic polyesters
- polycarbonates examples include polystyrene, methacrylic resin, polycarbonate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- a method of removing the lost resin by reducing the molecular weight by thermal decomposition a method in which the mixed carbonizable resin and the lost resin are heated in a batch manner to thermally decompose, or a continuously mixed carbonized resin and the lost resin are removed.
- a method of heating and thermally decomposing while continuously supplying to a heat source a method in which the mixed carbonizable resin and the lost resin are heated in a batch manner to thermally decompose, or a continuously mixed carbonized resin and the lost resin are removed.
- the disappearing resin is preferably a resin that disappears by thermal decomposition when carbonizing the carbonizable resin by firing in Step 3 described later, and is large during the infusibilization treatment of the carbonizable resin described later.
- a resin that does not cause a chemical change and has a carbonization yield after firing of less than 10% is preferable.
- Specific examples of such disappearing resins include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene, acrylic resins, methacrylic resins, polyacetals, polyvinylpyrrolidones, aliphatic polyesters, aromatic polyesters, aliphatic polyamides, polycarbonates and the like. These may be used alone or in a mixed state.
- step 1 the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin are mixed to form a resin mixture (polymer alloy).
- “Compatibilized” as used herein refers to creating a state in which the phase separation structure of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin is not observed with an optical microscope by appropriately selecting the temperature and / or solvent conditions.
- the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin may be compatible by mixing only the resins, or may be compatible by adding a solvent or the like.
- a system in which a plurality of resins are compatible includes a phase diagram of an upper critical eutectic temperature (UCST) type that is in a phase separation state at a low temperature but has one phase at a high temperature, and conversely, a phase separation state at a high temperature.
- UCT upper critical eutectic temperature
- LCST lower critical solution temperature
- the solvent to be added is not particularly limited, but the absolute value of the difference from the average value of the solubility parameter (SP value) of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin, which is a solubility index, is within 5.0. It is preferable. Since it is known that the smaller the absolute value of the difference from the average value of SP values, the higher the solubility, it is preferable that there is no difference. Further, the larger the absolute value of the difference from the average SP value, the lower the solubility, and it becomes difficult to take a compatible state between the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin. Therefore, the absolute value of the difference from the average value of SP values is preferably 3.0 or less, and most preferably 2.0 or less.
- carbonizable resins and disappearing resins are polyphenylene oxide / polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide / styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, wholly aromatic polyester / polyethylene as long as they do not contain solvents.
- examples include terephthalate, wholly aromatic polyester / polyethylene naphthalate, wholly aromatic polyester / polycarbonate.
- combinations of systems containing solvents include polyacrylonitrile / polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile / polyvinylphenol, polyacrylonitrile / polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile / polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol / vinyl acetate-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl Examples include alcohol / polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol / polypropylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol / starch.
- the method of mixing the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin is not limited, and various known mixing methods can be adopted as long as uniform mixing is possible. Specific examples include a rotary mixer having a stirring blade and a kneading extruder using a screw.
- the temperature (mixing temperature) when mixing the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin is equal to or higher than the temperature at which both the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin are softened.
- the softening temperature may be appropriately selected as the melting point if the carbonizable resin or disappearing resin is a crystalline polymer, and the glass transition temperature if it is an amorphous resin.
- the upper limit of the mixing temperature is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of preventing the deterioration of the resin due to thermal decomposition and obtaining a precursor of an electrode material excellent in quality, the temperature is preferably 400 ° C. or lower.
- Step 1 90 to 10% by weight of the disappearing resin is mixed with 10 to 90% by weight of the carbonizable resin. It is preferable that the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin are within the above-mentioned range since an optimum void size and void ratio can be arbitrarily designed. If the carbonizable resin is 10% by weight or more, it is possible to maintain the mechanical strength of the carbonized material and improve the yield. Further, if the carbonizable material is 90% by weight or less, it is preferable because the lost resin can efficiently form voids.
- the mixing ratio of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin can be arbitrarily selected within the above range in consideration of the compatibility of each material. Specifically, in general, the compatibility between resins deteriorates as the composition ratio approaches 1: 1, so when a system that is not very compatible is selected as a raw material, the amount of carbonizable resin is increased. It is also preferable to improve the compatibility by reducing it so that it approaches a so-called uneven composition. Further, when the disappearing resin is increased, the voids tend to increase.
- a solvent when mixing the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin. Addition of a solvent lowers the viscosity of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin to facilitate molding, and facilitates compatibilization of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin.
- the solvent here is not particularly limited as long as it is a liquid at room temperature that can dissolve and swell at least one of carbonizable resin and disappearing resin. Any resin that dissolves the resin is more preferable because the compatibility between the two can be improved.
- the addition amount of the solvent should be 20% by weight or more based on the total weight of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin from the viewpoint of improving the compatibility between the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin and reducing the viscosity to improve the fluidity. preferable. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of costs associated with recovery and reuse of the solvent, it is preferably 90% by weight or less based on the total weight of the carbonizable resin and the disappearing resin.
- Step 2 is a step of phase-separating the resin mixture dissolved in Step 1 to form a fine structure and immobilize it.
- Phase separation of mixed carbonizable resin and disappearing resin can be induced by various physical and chemical methods, for example, by thermally induced phase separation method that induces phase separation by temperature change, by adding non-solvent
- examples include a non-solvent induced phase separation method that induces phase separation, a reaction induced phase separation method that induces phase separation using a chemical reaction, a flow induced phase separation method, and an orientation induced phase separation method.
- the thermally induced phase separation method and the non-solvent induced phase separation method are preferable in that the porous material of the present invention can be easily produced.
- phase separation via spinodal decomposition is preferable because the size of the voids can be arbitrarily controlled by conditions such as temperature in spinodal decomposition.
- phase separation methods can be used alone or in combination.
- Specific methods for use in combination include, for example, a method in which non-solvent induced phase separation is caused through a coagulation bath and then heated to cause heat-induced phase separation, or a temperature in the coagulation bath is controlled to control a non-solvent induced phase.
- Examples thereof include a method of causing separation and thermally induced phase separation at the same time, a method of bringing the material discharged from the die into cooling and causing thermally induced phase separation, and then contacting with a non-solvent.
- the phase separation is preferably performed by a method that does not perform a chemical reaction.
- “Without chemical reaction” means that the carbonizable resin or disappearing resin mixed does not change its primary structure before and after mixing.
- the primary structure refers to a chemical structure that constitutes a carbonizable resin or a disappearing resin.
- the resin mixture in which the fine structure after phase separation is fixed in Step 2 is subjected to removal treatment of the lost resin before being subjected to the carbonization step (Step 3) or simultaneously with the carbonization step or both.
- the method for the removal treatment is not particularly limited as long as the disappearing resin can be removed. Specifically, the method of removing the lost resin by chemically decomposing and reducing the molecular weight using acid, alkali or enzyme, the method of removing by dissolving with a solvent that dissolves the lost resin, electron beam, gamma ray, ultraviolet ray, infrared ray A method of decomposing and removing the disappearing resin using radiation or heat such as is suitable.
- a heat treatment can be performed at a temperature at which 80% by weight or more of the disappearance resin disappears in advance, and a carbonization step (step 3) or infusibilization described later.
- the lost resin can be removed by pyrolysis and gasification. From the viewpoint of increasing the productivity by reducing the number of steps, it is more preferable to select a method in which the lost resin is thermally decomposed and gasified and removed simultaneously with the heat treatment in the carbonization step (step 3) or infusibilization treatment described later. It is.
- the precursor material which is a resin mixture in which the microstructure after phase separation is fixed in step 2, is preferably subjected to an infusibilization treatment before being subjected to the carbonization step (step 3).
- the infusible treatment method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. Specific methods include a method of causing oxidative crosslinking by heating in the presence of oxygen, a method of forming a crosslinked structure by irradiating high energy rays such as electron beams and gamma rays, and impregnating a substance having a reactive group, Examples thereof include a method of mixing to form a crosslinked structure. Among them, the method of causing oxidative crosslinking by heating in the presence of oxygen is preferable because the process is simple and the production cost can be kept low. These methods may be used singly or in combination, and each may be used simultaneously or separately.
- the heating temperature in the method of causing oxidative crosslinking by heating in the presence of oxygen is preferably 150 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of efficiently proceeding with the crosslinking reaction, and it can be recovered from weight loss due to thermal decomposition, combustion, etc. of carbonizable resin. From the viewpoint of preventing rate deterioration, the temperature is preferably 350 ° C. or lower.
- the oxygen concentration during the treatment is not particularly limited. It is preferable to supply a gas having an oxygen concentration of 18% or more, particularly air, as it is because manufacturing costs can be kept low.
- the gas supply method is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include a method of supplying air as it is into the heating device and a method of supplying pure oxygen into the heating device using a cylinder or the like.
- the carbonizable resin is irradiated with an electron beam or gamma ray using a commercially available electron beam generator or gamma ray generator. And a method of inducing cross-linking.
- the lower limit of the irradiation intensity is preferably 1 kGy or more from the efficient introduction of a crosslinked structure by irradiation, and is preferably 1000 kGy or less from the viewpoint of preventing the material strength from being lowered due to the decrease in molecular weight due to cleavage of the main chain.
- a method of forming a crosslinked structure by impregnating and mixing a substance having a reactive group is a method in which a low molecular weight compound having a reactive group is impregnated in a resin mixture, and a crosslinking reaction is advanced by irradiation with heat or high energy rays. And a method in which a low molecular weight compound having a reactive group is mixed in advance and the crosslinking reaction is advanced by heating or irradiation with high energy rays.
- Step 3 is a step in which the resin mixture in which the microstructure after phase separation is fixed in Step 2 or the carbonizable resin is baked and carbonized to obtain a carbide when the disappearing resin has already been removed.
- Calcination is preferably performed by heating to 600 ° C. or higher in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas refers to one that is chemically inert during heating, and specific examples include helium, neon, nitrogen, argon, krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide, and the like. Of these, nitrogen and argon are preferably used from the economical viewpoint.
- nitrogen and argon are preferably used from the economical viewpoint.
- the carbonization temperature is 1500 ° C. or higher
- argon is preferably used from the viewpoint of suppressing nitride formation.
- the flow rate of the inert gas may be an amount that can sufficiently reduce the oxygen concentration in the heating device, and an optimal value can be selected as appropriate depending on the size of the heating device, the amount of raw material supplied, the heating temperature, and the like. preferable.
- the upper limit of the flow rate is not particularly limited. From the standpoint of economy and reducing temperature changes in the heating device, it is preferable to set appropriately according to the temperature distribution and the design of the heating device. Further, if the gas generated during carbonization can be sufficiently discharged out of the system, a porous carbon material excellent in quality can be obtained, which is a more preferable embodiment. From this, the generated gas concentration in the system is 3,000 ppm. It is preferable to determine the flow rate of the inert gas so as to be as follows.
- the upper limit of the heating temperature is not limited. If it is 3000 degrees C or less, since a special process is not required for an installation, it is preferable from an economical viewpoint. Moreover, in order to raise a BET specific surface area, it is preferable that it is 1500 degrees C or less, and it is more preferable that it is 1000 degrees C or less.
- the heating method in the case of continuously performing carbonization treatment, it is a method to take out the material while continuously supplying the material using a roller, a conveyor, or the like in a heating device maintained at a constant temperature. It is preferable because it can be increased.
- the rate is preferably 1 ° C./min or more.
- the upper limit of the temperature increase rate and the temperature decrease rate is not particularly limited. It is preferable to make it slower than the thermal shock resistance of the material constituting the heating device.
- the carbide obtained in step 3 is preferably activated as necessary.
- the method for the activation treatment is not particularly limited, such as a gas activation method or a chemical activation method.
- the gas activation method uses oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide gas, air, combustible exhaust gas, or the like as an activator, and is heated at 400 to 1500 ° C., preferably 500 to 900 ° C., for several minutes to several hours.
- the chemical activation method is one or two kinds of activator such as zinc chloride, iron chloride, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, etc. This is a method of heat treatment for several minutes to several hours using the above, and after washing with water or hydrochloric acid as necessary, the pH is adjusted and dried.
- the BET specific surface area increases and the pore diameter tends to increase by further increasing the activation or increasing the amount of the activator mixed.
- the mixing amount of the activator is preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more, more preferably 1.0 parts by weight or more, and further preferably 4 parts by weight or more with respect to 1 part by weight of the target carbon raw material. Although an upper limit is not specifically limited, 10 weight part or less is common.
- the pore diameter tends to be larger in the chemical activation method than in the gas activation method.
- the chemical activation method is preferably employed because the pore diameter can be increased or the BET specific surface area can be increased.
- a method of activating with an alkaline agent such as calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate is preferably employed.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention is preferably in a powder form.
- a pulverization treatment after any of the above steps or treatments.
- a conventionally known method can be selected for the pulverization treatment, and it is preferable that the pulverization treatment is appropriately selected according to the particle size and the processing amount after the pulverization treatment.
- the pulverization method include a ball mill, a bead mill, and a jet mill.
- the pulverization process may be a continuous type or a batch type. It is preferable that it is a continuous type from a viewpoint of production efficiency.
- the filler for filling the ball mill is appropriately selected.
- metal oxides such as alumina, zirconia, and titania, or those coated with nylon, polyolefin, fluorinated polyolefin, etc. with stainless steel, iron, etc. as the core.
- metals such as stainless steel, nickel, and iron are preferably used.
- the grinding aid is arbitrarily selected from water, alcohol or glycol, ketone and the like.
- the alcohol ethanol and methanol are preferable from the viewpoint of availability and cost, and in the case of glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol and the like are preferable.
- a ketone acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, diethyl ketone and the like are preferable.
- the pulverized carbide has a uniform particle size by classification, and a uniform structure can be formed by, for example, a filler or an additive to the paste. For this reason, it becomes possible to stabilize the filling efficiency and the paste coating process, and it can be expected to increase the production efficiency and reduce the cost.
- a particle size it is preferable to select suitably according to the use of the carbide
- Metal compounding As a method of compounding a metal and a porous carbon material, as described above, a method of supporting the porous carbon material after producing it, or a method of containing it at the raw material or intermediate stage before becoming carbon, It is not particularly limited.
- a metal chloride when a metal is supported on a porous carbon material after production, a solution containing a metal chloride and the porous carbon material are mixed and impregnated in the porous carbon material, and then the solvent is removed and the fine material is removed.
- An example is a method in which a metal chloride is supported in the pores or voids, and then the metal is deposited and supported by a dechlorination reaction. Specifically, after mixing and impregnating a silicon chloride liquid such as SiCl 4 and a carbon material, silicon is supported by dechlorination by reduction with a strong reducing agent such as a lithium aromatic complex or a sodium aromatic complex. can do.
- the metal, its oxide or its precursor can be included in the raw material of the porous carbon material or its intermediate at any stage before firing.
- the step of mixing the carbon material or the precursor material of the carbon material and the precursor of the metal oxide is provided at any stage before step 3 (carbonization step).
- This method is preferable in that the step of supporting the metal can be omitted, and the effects such as the metal being easily dispersed and the metal being partly embedded in the carbon material are less likely to fall off.
- silicon oxide is preferable as the metal oxide.
- a silicon oxide precursor in the raw material of the porous carbon material or its intermediate.
- Such silicon oxide precursors are not particularly limited, and those obtained by hydrolyzing compounds such as silica, tetraalkoxysilane, trialkoxysilane, oligomers thereof, and tetrachlorosilane should be used.
- Silica is preferable in consideration of availability and economy.
- L ⁇ / (2sin ⁇ ) Structure period: L, ⁇ : wavelength of incident X-ray, ⁇ : scattering angle corresponding to the maximum value of scattering intensity peak [average porosity]
- a porous carbon material is embedded in a resin, and then a cross-section of the electrode material is exposed by using a razor or the like, and an argon ion beam is applied to the sample surface at an acceleration voltage of 5.5 kV using SM-09010 manufactured by JEOL. Irradiation and etching were performed.
- Average porosity (%) B / A ⁇ 100 [BET specific surface area, pore diameter]
- nitrogen adsorption / desorption at a temperature of 77K was measured by a multipoint method using “BELSORP-18PLUS-HT” manufactured by Bell Japan Ltd. using liquid nitrogen.
- the specific surface area was determined by the BET method, and the pore distribution analysis (pore diameter, pore volume) was performed by the MP method or BJH method.
- Example 1 70 g of polyacrylonitrile (MW 150,000, carbon yield 58%), 70 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (MW 40,000) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, and 400 g of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) manufactured by Waken Pharmaceutical as a solvent are separated. A uniform and transparent solution was prepared at 150 ° C. while stirring and refluxing for 3 hours. At this time, the concentration of polyacrylonitrile and the concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone were 13% by weight, respectively.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- the solution After cooling the obtained DMSO solution to 25 ° C., the solution is discharged at a rate of 3 ml / min from a 0.6 mm ⁇ 1-hole cap and led to a pure water coagulation bath maintained at 25 ° C., and then 5 m / min.
- the yarn was taken up at a speed and deposited on the bat to obtain a raw yarn. At this time, the air gap was 5 mm, and the immersion length in the coagulation bath was 15 cm.
- the obtained raw yarn was translucent and caused phase separation.
- the obtained yarn is dried for 1 hour in a circulation drier kept at 25 ° C. to dry the moisture on the surface of the yarn, followed by vacuum drying at 25 ° C. for 5 hours.
- Raw material yarn was obtained.
- the raw yarn as a precursor material was put into an electric furnace maintained at 250 ° C. and infusibilized by heating in an oxygen atmosphere for 1 hour.
- the raw yarn that had been infusibilized changed to black.
- Carbon fiber having a co-continuous structure is obtained by carbonizing the obtained infusible raw material under the conditions of a nitrogen flow rate of 1 liter / min, a heating rate of 10 ° C./min, an ultimate temperature of 850 ° C., and a holding time of 1 min. did.
- the cross section was analyzed, the fiber diameter was 145 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the skin layer, which is a portion having no co-continuous structure, was 5 ⁇ m.
- a uniform co-continuous structure was formed at the center of the fiber.
- the average porosity of the co-continuous structure portion was 42%, and the structural period was 78 nm. Moreover, it had the structure which included the part which does not have a co-continuous structure in some particle
- the BET specific surface area was 41 m 2 / g, and the pore volume of the pores by BJH method was 0.15 cm 3 / g.
- porous carbon material carboxymethyl cellulose, and acetylene black were mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 5: 5 and stirred and mixed with a rotation / revolution mixer. Subsequently, this was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and then vacuum-dried at 110 ° C. for 1 hour. After vacuum drying, it was pressure-formed by a roll press and punched out with a diameter of 13 mm to obtain an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery electrode (negative electrode), separator (polypropylene porous film), and lithium metal (diameter ⁇ 12, thickness 1 mm) as the working electrode were obtained in this order. It was arranged at a predetermined position in the coin cell. Further, an electrolytic solution in which lithium perchlorate is dissolved at a concentration of 1 [mol / liter] in a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate (volume ratio is 1: 1) is injected into a lithium ion secondary solution. A battery was produced. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 The porous carbon material obtained in Example 1, the SiCl 4 liquid, and the carbon material were mixed and impregnated and then reduced to obtain a silicon-supported electrode material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the silicon-supported electrode material was used instead of the porous carbon material. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 In Example 1, colloidal silica (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., “Snowtex”) was mixed with a solution composed of polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylpyrrolidone to obtain a silicon oxide-containing electrode material.
- the obtained electrode material had an average porosity of 40% and a structural period of 76 nm in the same manner as in Example 1. Moreover, it had the structure which included the part which does not have a co-continuous structure in some particle
- a lithium ion secondary battery electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the silicon-containing electrode material was used instead of the porous carbon material. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 A lithium ion secondary battery electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that artificial graphite having a BET specific surface area of 10 m 2 / g was used instead of the porous carbon of Example 1. did. The results are shown in Table 1.
Abstract
Description
本発明でいう電極材料とは、リチウムイオンを電気伝導物質とする蓄電装置の電極として用いる、リチウムイオンを吸放出できる材料である。現在検討されているこのような蓄電装置としては、リチウムイオン電池およびリチウムイオンキャパシタを挙げることができ、本発明の電極材料はこれらの電極材料、特に負極材料として用いることができる。
本発明において、炭素材料とは、後述する炭化可能樹脂を焼成して得られる主として炭素からなる材料であり、難黒鉛化炭素(ハードカーボン)や易黒鉛化炭素(ソフトカーボン)が好ましく例示される。中でも、炭素面が配向しておらず、出入力性能に優れているため、本発明においては難黒鉛化炭素からなる炭素材料を用いることが好ましい。難黒鉛化炭素は、黒鉛などの結晶性の炭素と比較して配向性が低い炭素材料であるため、細孔の比表面積を本発明の範囲に容易に調整することができる。また、特に1m2/g以上、好ましくは10m2/g以上と比表面積が大きい場合において、黒鉛と比較して電解質の分解による性能低下が生じにくいという利点を有する。なお、炭素材料の原料等については、製造方法についての記載中で詳述する。
構造周期:L、λ:入射X線の波長、θ:散乱強度ピークの極大値に対応する散乱角度
共連続構造部分の構造周期が0.002μm以上であると、空隙部に電解液を充填及び/又は流すことが容易になるほか、炭素骨格による電気伝導性、熱伝導性の向上が顕著となる。また、後述する金属を含有する形態とする場合には充放電に伴う膨張収縮を効果的に吸収できる。構造周期は0.01μm以上であることがより好ましく、0.1μm以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、構造周期が3μm以下であると、高い表面積や物性を得やすい。構造周期は2μm以下であることがより好ましく、1μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。なお、X線による構造周期の解析に際して、共連続構造を有しない部分については、構造周期が上記範囲外となるため解析には影響ない。よって、上記式で算出される構造周期を以って、共連続構造形成部の構造周期とするものとする。
平均空隙率は、高いほど電解質の移動が速やかになるほか、低いほど圧縮や曲げといった断面方向にかかる力に強くなるため、取り扱い性や加圧条件での使用に際して有利となる。これらのことを考慮し、共連続構造部分の平均空隙率は15~75%であることが好ましく、18~70%がさらに好ましい。
本発明の多孔質炭素材料は、共連続構造を実質的に有しない部分(以下、単に「共連続構造を有しない部分」という場合がある。)を含んでいることも、好ましい態様である。共連続構造を実質的に有しない部分とは、クロスセクションポリッシャー法(CP法)により形成させた断面を、1±0.1(nm/画素)の拡大率で観察した際に、解像度以下であることにより明確な空隙が観察されない部分が、一辺が後述のX線から算出される構造周期Lの3倍に対応する正方形の領域以上の面積で存在することを意味する。
本発明の多孔質炭素材料の形状は特に限定されず、例えば塊状、棒状、平板状、円盤状、球状などが挙げられる。中でも繊維状、フィルム状または粒子状の形態であることが好ましい。繊維、フィルム状であれば、バインダーを用いない電極とすることができる点で好ましく、一方、粒子状であれば、取り扱い性に優れる点で好ましい。
前述の多孔質炭素材料と、リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属を複合化されてなる電極材料は、本発明のもっとも好ましい態様の一つである。リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属とは、Si、Sn、Ge、In、Sb、Zn、Mg、Al、Pb、などの、リチウムイオンと合金を形成する金属である。本明細書においてはこれらの酸化物も含めて金属と呼ぶこととする。なお、Si、Geは厳密には半導体に属するものであるが、本明細書では金属に含めるものとする。リチウムイオンと合金を形成する金属としては、容量の大きさとコストの点で、Siが好ましい。
本発明の電極材料は、1種または2種以上を混合して集電体上にバインダー等と共に活物質層を形成させ、電極とすることができる。この電極はリチウムイオンキャパシタ又はリチウムイオン二次電池の負極とすることが好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは、上記した電極を負極として用い、活性炭やポリアセン系物質等の正極活物質と、導電剤及び結着剤等を混合して得た正極材を用いて作製することができる。
本発明の電極材料に用いる多孔質炭素材料は、一例として、炭化可能樹脂10~90重量%と消失樹脂90~10重量%とを相溶させて樹脂混合物とする工程(工程1)と、相溶した状態の樹脂混合物を相分離させ、固定化する工程(工程2)、加熱焼成により炭化する工程(工程3)、により製造することができ、必要に応じて炭化物を賦活する工程(工程4)を行うことができる。
工程1は、炭化可能樹脂10~90重量%と、消失樹脂90~10重量%と相溶させ、樹脂混合物とする工程である。
工程2は、工程1において相溶させた状態の樹脂混合物を相分離させて微細構造を形成し、固定化する工程である。
工程2において相分離後の微細構造が固定化された樹脂混合物は、炭化工程(工程3)に供される前または炭化工程と同時、あるいはその両方で消失樹脂の除去処理を行う。除去処理の方法は特に限定されるものではなく、消失樹脂を除去することが可能であれば良い。具体的には、酸、アルカリや酵素を用いて消失樹脂を化学的に分解、低分子量化して除去する方法や、消失樹脂を溶解する溶媒により溶解除去する方法、電子線、ガンマ線や紫外線、赤外線などの放射線や熱を用いて消失樹脂を分解除去する方法などが好適である。
工程2において相分離後の微細構造が固定化された樹脂混合物である前駆体材料は、炭化工程(工程3)に供される前に不融化処理を行うことが好ましい。不融化処理の方法は特に限定されるものではなく、公知の方法を用いることができる。具体的な方法としては、酸素存在下で加熱することで酸化架橋を起こす方法、電子線、ガンマ線などの高エネルギー線を照射して架橋構造を形成する方法、反応性基を持つ物質を含浸、混合して架橋構造を形成する方法などが挙げられる。中でも酸素存在下で加熱することで酸化架橋を起こす方法が、プロセスが簡便であり製造コストを低く抑えることが可能である点から好ましい。これらの手法は単独もしくは組み合わせて使用しても、それぞれを同時に使用しても別々に使用しても良い。
工程3は、工程2において相分離後の微細構造が固定化された樹脂混合物、あるいは、消失樹脂を既に除去している場合には炭化可能樹脂を焼成し、炭化して炭化物を得る工程である。
工程3において得た炭化物は、必要に応じて賦活処理することが好ましい。本発明において、特に比表面積を増加させる必要がある場合は、賦活処理を行うことが好ましい。
前述のように、本発明の多孔質炭素材料は、粉末状であることが好ましい態様である。粉末状の多孔質炭素材料を製造する場合、上記のいずれかの工程または処理の後に、粉砕処理を行うことが好ましい。粉砕処理は、従来公知の方法を選択することが可能であり、粉砕処理を施した後の粒度、処理量に応じて適宜選択されることが好ましい。粉砕処理方法の例としては、ボールミル、ビーズミル、ジェットミルなどを例示することができる。粉砕処理は、連続式でもバッチ式でも良い。生産効率の観点から連続式であることが好ましい。ボールミルに充填する充填材は適宜選択される。金属材料の混入が好ましくない用途に対しては、アルミナ、ジルコニア、チタニアなどの金属酸化物によるもの、もしくはステンレス、鉄などを芯としてナイロン、ポリオレフィン、フッ化ポリオレフィンなどをコーティングしたものを用いることが好ましく、それ以外の用途であればステンレス、ニッケル、鉄などの金属が好適に用いられる。
金属と多孔質炭素材料とを複合化する方法としては、上述のように多孔質炭素材料を作製した後に担持等させる方法、あるいは、炭素となる前の原料あるいは中間体の段階で含有させる方法、等特に限定されるものではない。
〔共連続構造部分の構造周期〕
(1)X線散乱法
多孔質炭素材料を試料プレートに挟み込み、CuKα線光源(波長λ=0.154184nm)から得られたX線源から散乱角度10度未満の情報が得られるように、光源、試料及び二次元検出器の位置を調整した。二次元検出器から得られた画像データ(輝度情報)から、ビームストッパーの影響を受けている中心部分を除外して、ビーム中心から動径を設け、角度1°毎に360°の輝度値を合算して散乱強度分布曲線を得た。得られた曲線においてピークの極大値に対応する散乱角度θより、共連続構造部分の構造周期Lを下記の式によって得た。
また、構造周期が1μm以上であり、X線散乱強度ピークが観測されない場合には、X線顕微鏡で0.3°ステップ、180°以上の範囲で連続回転像を撮影し、CT像を得た。得られたCT像に対してフーリエ変換を実施し、散乱角度θと散乱強度の散乱強度分布曲線を得て、前述と同様の方法で下記式により構造周期Lを得た。
構造周期:L、λ:入射X線の波長、θ:散乱強度ピークの極大値に対応する散乱角度
〔平均空隙率〕
多孔質炭素材料を樹脂中に包埋し、その後カミソリ等を用いることで電極材料の断面を露出させ、日本電子製SM-09010を用いて加速電圧5.5kVにて試料表面にアルゴンイオンビームを照射、エッチングを施した。得られた電極材料の断面を走査型二次電子顕微鏡にて材料中心部を1±0.1(nm/画素)となるよう調整された拡大率で、70万画素以上の解像度で観察した画像から、計算に必要な着目領域を512画素四方で設定し、着目領域の面積A、孔部分または消失樹脂部分の面積をBとして、以下の式で平均空隙率を算出した。
〔BET比表面積、細孔直径〕
300℃で約5時間、減圧脱気した後、日本ベル社製の「BELSORP-18PLUS-HT」を使用し、液体窒素を用いて77Kの温度での窒素吸脱着を多点法で測定した。比表面積はBET法、細孔分布解析(細孔直径、細孔容積)はMP法またはBJH法により行った。
70gのポリサイエンス社製ポリアクリロニトリル(MW15万、炭素収率58%)と70gのシグマ・アルドリッチ社製ポリビニルピロリドン(MW4万)、及び、溶媒として400gの和研薬製ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)をセパラブルフラスコに投入し、3時間攪拌および還流を行いながら150℃で均一かつ透明な溶液を調整した。このときポリアクリロニトリルの濃度、ポリビニルピロリドンの濃度はそれぞれ13重量%であった。
結果を表1に示す。
実施例1で得た多孔質炭素材料とSiCl4液体と炭素材料を混合して含浸した後還元して、ケイ素担持電極材料を得た。多孔質炭素材料の代わりに当該ケイ素担持電極材料を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、ポリアクリロニトリルとポリビニルピロリドンからなる溶液に、コロイダルシリカ(日産化学工業株式会社製、“スノーテックス”)を混合して、酸化ケイ素含有電極材料を得た。得られた電極材料は、実施例1と同様に共連続構造部分の平均空隙率は40%であり、構造周期は76nmであった。また共連続構造を有しない部分を粒子の一部に含む構造をしていた。多孔質炭素材料の代わりに当該ケイ素含有電極材料を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の多孔質炭素の代わりに、BET比表面積10m2/gの人造黒鉛を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。結果を表1に示す。
Claims (10)
- 炭素骨格と空隙とがそれぞれ連続構造をなす共連続構造部分を有するとともに、BET法で計測される比表面積が1~4500m2/g、BJH法で計測される細孔容積が0.01~2.0cm3/gである多孔質炭素材料からなる電極材料。
- 前記多孔質炭素材料の共連続構造部分の構造周期が0.002μm~3μmである、請求項1に記載の電極材料。
- 前記多孔質炭素材料の、MP法で計測される細孔容積(Vm)とBJH法で計測される細孔容積(Vb)の比(Vm/Vb)が1.0以下である、請求項1または2に記載の電極材料。
- 前記多孔質炭素材料が主としてポリアクリロニトリルを原料とするものである、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電極材料。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の多孔質炭素材料と、リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属が複合化されてなる電極材料。
- 前記リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属が、Si、Sn、Ge、In、Sb、Zn、Mg、Al、Pb、及びこれらの酸化物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項5に記載の電極材料。
- 前記リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属が、前記多孔質炭素材料の共連続構造部分の炭素骨格において、その表面から一部露出するように担持または含有されている、請求項5または6に記載の電極材料。
- 前記リチウム金属を可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な金属が、前記多孔質炭素材料表面に形成された微細孔に担持されている、請求項5~7のいずれかに記載の電極材料。
- 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の電極材料を用いたリチウムイオン電池。
- 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の電極材料を用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
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