WO2015092386A1 - Fuel additive composition - Google Patents
Fuel additive composition Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015092386A1 WO2015092386A1 PCT/GB2014/053721 GB2014053721W WO2015092386A1 WO 2015092386 A1 WO2015092386 A1 WO 2015092386A1 GB 2014053721 W GB2014053721 W GB 2014053721W WO 2015092386 A1 WO2015092386 A1 WO 2015092386A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- fuel
- combustion
- weight
- glycerol
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 143
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000003445 sucroses Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 41
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 11
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 CaO Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur dioxide Inorganic materials O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UMFCIIBZHQXRCJ-NSCUHMNNSA-N trans-anol Chemical compound C\C=C\C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 UMFCIIBZHQXRCJ-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003916 acid precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/003—Additives for gaseous fuels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
- C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
- C10L3/101—Removal of contaminants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
- C10L3/101—Removal of contaminants
- C10L3/102—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants
- C10L3/103—Sulfur containing contaminants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/1258—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof hydrogen peroxide, oxygenated water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
- C10L2200/0204—Metals or alloys
- C10L2200/0222—Group IV metals: Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Sn, Pb
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water, and preferably also borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch.
- the composition may be used as a fuel additive to reduce the amount of NO x and/or SO x and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and/or to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion.
- the present invention also relates to a method of preparing the composition and a method of using the composition as fuel additive during fuel combustion.
- the present invention further relates to a method of fuel combustion using the composition, a method of reducing the amount of NO x and/or SO x and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and a method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion.
- Another approach is to use staged combustion to reduce NO x wherein there is more than one individualized combustion zone in the furnace. While this technique is suitable for the construction of new furnaces, it is not easily retrofitted to existing furnaces. Yet another approach is the use of additives during the combustion process to effect changes in the combustion conditions such that emissions are reduced. In one method, calcium compounds, such as CaO, CaC0 3 or CaF, are added to the combustion zone to reduce NO x and SO x emissions. However, this and similar techniques result in a slag disposal issue.
- US 2004/0168365 suggests using a composition comprising wax, a fatty acid, ammonia or an ammonia like compound (such as amides, amines or amino acids), water and optionally Ti0 2 or a composition comprising ammonia, an ammonia like compound, Ti0 2 and water.
- a composition comprising wax, a fatty acid, ammonia or an ammonia like compound (such as amides, amines or amino acids), water and optionally Ti0 2 or a composition comprising ammonia, an ammonia like compound, Ti0 2 and water.
- These compositions are said to facilitate more complete and efficient combustion and to reduce NO x emissions when applied to coal, wood or rubber before burning.
- ammonia, ammonia like compounds and Ti0 2 are considered to contribute to the reduction in NO x emissions.
- a reduction in NO x emissions of only 12.9% is achieved.
- WO 2005/003264 discloses a fuel composition for reducing NO x emissions, the composition comprising pulverised coal and an oxygenate selected from glycerol, glycerol derivatives, propylene glycol, propylene glycol derivatives, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol derivatives, fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof.
- the oxygenate may be blended with the coal prior to, during and/or after pulverisation or may be injected into the combustion zone via a separate nozzle.
- the productivity of fuel combustion of these compositions is unsatisfactory.
- a first aspect of the present invention provides a composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water.
- the composition comprises glycerol, methanol, titanium dioxide and water.
- the composition of the first aspect of the present invention further comprises borax.
- the composition of the first aspect further comprises a sucrose derivative, which is preferably sugar, preferably white sugar.
- the composition of the first aspect further comprises hydrogen peroxide.
- the composition of the first aspect further comprises starch.
- composition of the first aspect of the present invention further comprises borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch.
- sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
- the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water and borax.
- the composition further comprises a sucrose derivative.
- the composition further comprises hydrogen peroxide.
- the composition further comprises starch.
- the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol.
- the one or more alcohol is methanol.
- the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
- the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water, a sucrose derivative and hydrogen peroxide.
- the composition further comprises borax.
- the composition further comprises starch.
- the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol.
- the one or more alcohol is methanol.
- the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
- the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water, hydrogen peroxide and starch.
- the composition further comprises borax.
- the composition further comprises a sucrose derivative.
- the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol.
- the one or more alcohol is methanol.
- the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
- the composition is preferably a fuel additive composition.
- the composition is preferably a solution.
- composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of: (a) 5-30% by weight glycerol,
- sugar preferably white sugar
- composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of:
- sugar preferably white sugar
- composition does not comprise a hydrocarbon compound.
- a 'hydrocarbon compound' is a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons include paraffin, alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene.
- the composition does not comprise paraffin wax or wax.
- the composition does not comprise polyvinyl alcohol.
- the composition is suitable for use as a fuel additive.
- the composition may be added to any fuel or energy source, preferably a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste.
- a fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas
- the fuel or energy source is a fossil fuel, preferably coal.
- fuel and “energy source” are used interchangeably.
- the composition is used as a fuel additive, preferably the amount of NO x and/ or SOx and/ or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced.
- the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased.
- the terms “combustion” and “burning” are used interchangeably.
- a second aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, said method comprising the steps of:
- step (f) mixing the mixture obtained in step (e) and one or more alcohols.
- the method comprises the steps of:
- step (f) mixing the mixture obtained in step (e) and methanol.
- a third aspect of the present invention provides a method of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention as fuel additive during fuel combustion.
- the third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of reducing the amount of NO x and/or SO x and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the amount of NOx and/or SO x and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced by the use of the composition according to the first aspect of the present invention. Reducing the amount of NO x and/or SO x and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion can increase the commercial value of the waste ash. For example, reducing the amount of SO x emitted during fuel combustion increases the amount of sulfur in the waste ash. Waste ash high in sulfur may be suitable, for example, for producing fire retardant bricks.
- the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased by the use of the composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- the fuel or energy source used is a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste.
- the fuel or energy source is a fossil fuel, preferably coal.
- the composition is applied to the fuel before or during combustion or is applied to the emitted combustion gases.
- the composition is applied to the fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1-4 : 8, preferably about 2 : 8.
- the composition may be applied to the fuel by any suitable method. If the composition is applied to a solid fuel before combustion, the composition may be applied to the solid fuel by dipping, soaking, coating, spraying, brushing, rolling, pouring, immersing, submerging, impregnating or saturating. For example, if the solid fuel is coal, the coal may be pulverised and saturated with the composition.
- the composition may be applied to the liquid fuel by adding, mixing, combining, blending, stirring or spraying. If the composition is applied to the fuel during combustion, the composition may be sprayed onto the fuel. If the composition is applied to the emitted combustion gases, the composition may be sprayed onto the emitted combustion gases, preferably when the emitted combustion gases are still hot, preferably when the emitted combustion gases have a temperature of at least 90°C.
- fuel combustion is carried out in a heat producing unit, preferably in a heat producing unit such as a boiler, furnace or thermal reactor.
- a heat producing unit is a combustion unit in which fuel is burned to generate heat energy. The heat energy generated may then be used to heat water or produce steam for driving electricity producing turbines or to supply heat to operate a manufacturing process or to provide heat for buildings and structures.
- Figure ⁇ is a schematic diagram of a furnace using the composition and methods of the present invention.
- a preferred fuel additive composition of the present invention comprises glycerol, methanol, titanium dioxide, borax, sugar (preferably white sugar), hydrogen peroxide, starch and water.
- glycerol acts as oxygen source to control and reduce NO x formation and as hydrocarbon source to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion.
- Titanium dioxide is believed to react with free radicals and to minimize SO x formation.
- Sugar and methanol are added to the composition of the present invention as fuel enriching agents and are believed to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion. They are believed to create a chain reaction and to increase the combustion heat by flashing unburned gases.
- Water and hydrogen peroxide are used in the composition of the present invention as oxygen and hydrogen source at high temperatures and to provide the composition of the present invention as a homogenous mixture.
- Sugar and hydrogen peroxide are also added to the composition of the present invention to decrease the amount of alcohol required, while increasing the amounts of carbon and hydrogen in the combustion.
- Starch is used in the composition of the present invention as binding agent, especially when the fuel used is pulverised coal.
- Borax is added to the composition of the present invention to increase the hydrogen ratio in the composition during combustion.
- the fuel additive composition of the present invention may be used, for example, in a furnace as shown in Figure 1.
- the furnace has a combustion chamber 1. Fuel and air is supplied to this combustion chamber 1 in a conventional way via a fuel inlet 2 and air inlets 3.
- Ash can be removed from the combustion chamber 1 in a conventional way via an ash outlet 4.
- combustion gases 5 are emitted which are removed in a conventional way via a combustion gas outlet 6.
- the furnace shown in Figure 1 differs from conventional furnaces in that it has a fuel additive composition inlet 7, through which the composition of the present invention can be supplied to the combustion chamber 1.
- the composition can be stored in a storage container 8 and fed to the inlet 7 by a pump 9.
- the composition of the present invention is sprayed onto the burning fuel 10 or onto the hot combustion gases 5.
- the composition of the present invention is sprayed with spray 11 onto the hot combustion gases 5.
- the fuel additive composition of the present invention may be applied to a solid fuel, for example a pulverised fuel, before combustion.
- a solid fuel for example a pulverised fuel
- the pulverised fuel may be provided in a mixer, then water may be added, then the fuel additive composition may be added.
- the thus enriched fuel should preferably be mixed to provide a homogenous mixture.
- the fuel additive composition of the present invention may be mixed with a liquid fuel before combustion.
- a composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 20% by weight glycerol, 20% by weight ethanol, 20% by weight methanol, 2.5% by weight titanium dioxide and 37.5% by weight water.
- the composition was prepared by first mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide, and then adding to this mixture ethanol, methanol and water.
- Example 2 A composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 20% by weight glycerol, 20% by weight ethanol, 20% by weight methanol, 5% by weight titanium dioxide and 35% by weight water.
- the composition was prepared by first mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide, and then adding to this mixture ethanol, methanol and water.
- a mixture of wood and charcoal was burned in a furnace as shown in Figure 1, first without using the composition of example 1 and then with using the composition of example 1.
- the composition was sprayed onto the hot combustion gases.
- the composition was applied to the wood and charcoal fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1 : 4.
- the combustion gases emitted were analysed and the results are shown in Table 1.
- the use of the composition of the present invention significantly reduced the emission of NO x , S0 2 and CO and increased the emission of 0 2 and C0 2 .
- Example 4 A composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 16% by weight glycerol, 6% by weight methanol, 2% by weight titanium dioxide, 10% by weight borax, 2% by weight white sugar, 10% by weight hydrogen peroxide, 8% by weight starch, and 46% by weight water.
- the composition was prepared by mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide to give mixture (a); mixing borax and water at about 40°C and further adding starch to give mixture (b); mixing hydrogen peroxide and white sugar to give mixture (c); mixing mixtures (a) and (b) to give mixture (d); mixing the mixtures (c) and (d) to give mixture (e); and mixing mixture (e) and methanol.
- Charcoal was burned in a furnace as shown in Figure 1, first without using the composition of example 4 and then with using the composition of example 4.
- the composition was sprayed onto the hot combustion gases.
- the composition was applied to the charcoal fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1 : 4.
Abstract
The present invention relates to a composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water, and preferably also borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch. The composition may be used as a fuel additive to reduce the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and/or to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion. The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the composition and a method of using the composition as fuel additive during fuel combustion. The present invention further relates to a method of fuel combustion using the composition, a method of reducing the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and a method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion.
Description
Fuel Additive Composition
Field of the invention The present invention relates to a composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water, and preferably also borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch. The composition may be used as a fuel additive to reduce the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and/or to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion. The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the composition and a method of using the composition as fuel additive during fuel combustion. The present invention further relates to a method of fuel combustion using the composition, a method of reducing the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion and a method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion.
Background of the invention
The demands of an industrialized society and the consequent need to burn fuel for the generation of heat and energy tend to compromise air quality. Many of the existing energy sources, particularly fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal, release substantial amounts of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) upon combustion. These pollutants cause respiratory diseases and other human ailments. They also poison the environment via acid rain, ground level ozone and greenhouse gases.
In recent years, much work has been done to find ways of reducing the output of NOx, SOx and CO from fuel combustion. The most common means of reducing NOx emissions is the use of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology. However, this approach requires the construction of an expensive catalytic system to treat the exhaust gases from the combustion process.
Another approach is to use staged combustion to reduce NOx wherein there is more than one individualized combustion zone in the furnace. While this technique is suitable for the construction of new furnaces, it is not easily retrofitted to existing furnaces.
Yet another approach is the use of additives during the combustion process to effect changes in the combustion conditions such that emissions are reduced. In one method, calcium compounds, such as CaO, CaC03 or CaF, are added to the combustion zone to reduce NOx and SOx emissions. However, this and similar techniques result in a slag disposal issue.
US 2004/0168365 suggests using a composition comprising wax, a fatty acid, ammonia or an ammonia like compound (such as amides, amines or amino acids), water and optionally Ti02 or a composition comprising ammonia, an ammonia like compound, Ti02 and water. These compositions are said to facilitate more complete and efficient combustion and to reduce NOx emissions when applied to coal, wood or rubber before burning. In particular ammonia, ammonia like compounds and Ti02 are considered to contribute to the reduction in NOx emissions. However, a reduction in NOx emissions of only 12.9% is achieved.
WO 2005/003264 discloses a fuel composition for reducing NOx emissions, the composition comprising pulverised coal and an oxygenate selected from glycerol, glycerol derivatives, propylene glycol, propylene glycol derivatives, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol derivatives, fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof. The oxygenate may be blended with the coal prior to, during and/or after pulverisation or may be injected into the combustion zone via a separate nozzle. However, the productivity of fuel combustion of these compositions is unsatisfactory.
Notwithstanding previous attempts to solve the emissions problems associated with the combustion of fuels, there is a continuing need to develop combustion methods that improve NOx, SOx and CO emissions, that increase the productivity of fuel combustion, and that can be cost effectively retrofitted to existing heat producing units, such as boilers, furnaces and thermal reactors. Summary of the invention
A first aspect of the present invention provides a composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water. Preferably the composition comprises glycerol, methanol, titanium dioxide and water.
Preferably the composition of the first aspect of the present invention further comprises borax. Preferably the composition of the first aspect further comprises a sucrose derivative, which is preferably sugar, preferably white sugar. Preferably the composition of the first aspect further comprises hydrogen peroxide. Preferably the composition of the first aspect further comprises starch.
Preferably the composition of the first aspect of the present invention further comprises borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch. Preferably the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
Preferably the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water and borax. Preferably the composition further comprises a sucrose derivative. Preferably the composition further comprises hydrogen peroxide. Preferably the composition further comprises starch. Preferably the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol. Preferably the one or more alcohol is methanol. Preferably the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
Preferably the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water, a sucrose derivative and hydrogen peroxide. Preferably the composition further comprises borax. Preferably the composition further comprises starch. Preferably the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol. Preferably the one or more alcohol is methanol. Preferably the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
Preferably the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide, water, hydrogen peroxide and starch. Preferably the composition further comprises borax. Preferably the composition further comprises a sucrose derivative. Preferably the glycerol or glycerol derivative is glycerol. Preferably the one or more alcohol is methanol. Preferably the sucrose derivative is sugar, preferably white sugar.
The composition is preferably a fuel additive composition. The composition is preferably a solution.
Preferably the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of:
(a) 5-30% by weight glycerol,
(b) 1-8% by weight titanium dioxide,
(c) 5-20% by weight methanol,
(d) 5-25% by weight borax,
(e) 1-10% by weight sugar, preferably white sugar,
(f) 5-15% by weight hydrogen peroxide,
(g) 1-10% by weight starch, and
(h) 20-70% by weight water. Preferably the composition comprises or consists essentially of or consists of:
(a) 5-20% by weight glycerol,
(b) 1-6% by weight titanium dioxide,
(c) 5-15% by weight methanol,
(d) 5-15% by weight borax,
(e) 1-8% by weight sugar, preferably white sugar,
(f) 5-12% by weight hydrogen peroxide,
(g) 1-10% by weight starch, and
(h) 30-60% by weight water. Preferably the composition does not comprise a hydrocarbon compound. As used herein, a 'hydrocarbon compound' is a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons include paraffin, alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene. Preferably the composition does not comprise paraffin wax or wax. Preferably the composition does not comprise polyvinyl alcohol.
Preferably the composition is suitable for use as a fuel additive. When used as a fuel additive, the composition may be added to any fuel or energy source, preferably a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste. Preferably the fuel or energy source is a fossil fuel, preferably coal. As used herein throughout the specification and claims, the terms "fuel" and "energy source" are used interchangeably. When the composition is used as a fuel additive, preferably the amount of NOx and/ or SOx and/ or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced.
When the composition is used as a fuel additive, preferably the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased. As used herein throughout the specification and claims, the terms "combustion" and "burning" are used interchangeably.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing glycerol or a glycerol derivative and titanium dioxide,
(b) mixing borax and water and further adding starch,
(c) mixing hydrogen peroxide and a sucrose derivative,
(d) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (a) and (b),
(e) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (c) and (d), and
(f) mixing the mixture obtained in step (e) and one or more alcohols.
Preferably the method comprises the steps of:
(a) mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide,
(b) mixing borax and water, preferably at about 40°C, and further adding starch,
(c) mixing hydrogen peroxide and sugar, preferably white sugar,
(d) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (a) and (b),
(e) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (c) and (d), and
(f) mixing the mixture obtained in step (e) and methanol.
A third aspect of the present invention provides a method of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention as fuel additive during fuel combustion. The third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
The third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of reducing the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion, said method
comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
The third aspect of the present invention further provides a method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to the first aspect of the present invention.
In the methods of the third aspect of the present invention, preferably the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced by the use of the composition according to the first aspect of the present invention. Reducing the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion can increase the commercial value of the waste ash. For example, reducing the amount of SOx emitted during fuel combustion increases the amount of sulfur in the waste ash. Waste ash high in sulfur may be suitable, for example, for producing fire retardant bricks.
In the methods of the third aspect of the present invention, preferably the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased by the use of the composition according to the first aspect of the present invention. In the methods of the third aspect of the present invention, preferably the fuel or energy source used is a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste. Preferably the fuel or energy source is a fossil fuel, preferably coal.
In the methods of the third aspect of the present invention, preferably the composition is applied to the fuel before or during combustion or is applied to the emitted combustion gases. Preferably the composition is applied to the fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1-4 : 8, preferably about 2 : 8. The composition may be applied to the fuel by any suitable method. If the composition is applied to a solid fuel before combustion, the composition may be applied to the solid fuel by dipping, soaking, coating, spraying, brushing, rolling, pouring, immersing, submerging, impregnating or saturating. For example, if the solid fuel is coal, the coal may be pulverised and saturated with the composition. If the composition is applied to a liquid fuel before combustion, the composition may be applied to the liquid fuel by adding, mixing, combining, blending, stirring or spraying. If the composition is applied to the fuel during combustion, the composition may be sprayed onto the fuel. If the composition is applied to the emitted combustion gases, the composition may be
sprayed onto the emitted combustion gases, preferably when the emitted combustion gases are still hot, preferably when the emitted combustion gases have a temperature of at least 90°C. In the methods of the third aspect of the present invention, preferably fuel combustion is carried out in a heat producing unit, preferably in a heat producing unit such as a boiler, furnace or thermal reactor. A heat producing unit is a combustion unit in which fuel is burned to generate heat energy. The heat energy generated may then be used to heat water or produce steam for driving electricity producing turbines or to supply heat to operate a manufacturing process or to provide heat for buildings and structures.
Brief description of the accompanying figure
Figure ι is a schematic diagram of a furnace using the composition and methods of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
A preferred fuel additive composition of the present invention comprises glycerol, methanol, titanium dioxide, borax, sugar (preferably white sugar), hydrogen peroxide, starch and water. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the glycerol in the composition of the present invention acts as oxygen source to control and reduce NOx formation and as hydrocarbon source to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion. Titanium dioxide is believed to react with free radicals and to minimize SOx formation. Sugar and methanol are added to the composition of the present invention as fuel enriching agents and are believed to increase the productivity of the fuel combustion. They are believed to create a chain reaction and to increase the combustion heat by flashing unburned gases. Water and hydrogen peroxide are used in the composition of the present invention as oxygen and hydrogen source at high temperatures and to provide the composition of the present invention as a homogenous mixture. Sugar and hydrogen peroxide are also added to the composition of the present invention to decrease the amount of alcohol required, while increasing the amounts of carbon and hydrogen in the combustion. Starch is used in the composition of the present invention as binding agent, especially when the fuel used is pulverised coal. Borax is added to the composition of the present invention to increase the hydrogen ratio in the composition during combustion.
The fuel additive composition of the present invention may be used, for example, in a furnace as shown in Figure 1. The furnace has a combustion chamber 1. Fuel and air is supplied to this combustion chamber 1 in a conventional way via a fuel inlet 2 and air inlets 3. Ash can be removed from the combustion chamber 1 in a conventional way via an ash outlet 4. When fuel is burned in the combustion chamber 1, combustion gases 5 are emitted which are removed in a conventional way via a combustion gas outlet 6. The furnace shown in Figure 1 differs from conventional furnaces in that it has a fuel additive composition inlet 7, through which the composition of the present invention can be supplied to the combustion chamber 1. The composition can be stored in a storage container 8 and fed to the inlet 7 by a pump 9. Depending on the positioning of the fuel additive composition inlet 7 in the combustion chamber 1, the composition of the present invention is sprayed onto the burning fuel 10 or onto the hot combustion gases 5. In Figure 1 as shown, the composition of the present invention is sprayed with spray 11 onto the hot combustion gases 5.
Alternatively, the fuel additive composition of the present invention may be applied to a solid fuel, for example a pulverised fuel, before combustion. The pulverised fuel may be provided in a mixer, then water may be added, then the fuel additive composition may be added. The thus enriched fuel should preferably be mixed to provide a homogenous mixture.
Alternatively still, the fuel additive composition of the present invention may be mixed with a liquid fuel before combustion.
Example 1
A composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 20% by weight glycerol, 20% by weight ethanol, 20% by weight methanol, 2.5% by weight titanium dioxide and 37.5% by weight water. The composition was prepared by first mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide, and then adding to this mixture ethanol, methanol and water.
Example 2
A composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 20% by weight glycerol, 20% by weight ethanol, 20% by weight methanol, 5% by weight titanium dioxide and 35% by weight water. The composition was prepared by first mixing glycerol and titanium dioxide, and then adding to this mixture ethanol, methanol and water.
Example 3
A mixture of wood and charcoal was burned in a furnace as shown in Figure 1, first without using the composition of example 1 and then with using the composition of example 1. The composition was sprayed onto the hot combustion gases. The composition was applied to the wood and charcoal fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1 : 4. The combustion gases emitted were analysed and the results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
As can be seen from Table 1, the use of the composition of the present invention significantly reduced the emission of NOx, S02 and CO and increased the emission of 02 and C02.
Example 4 A composition of the present invention was prepared, comprising 16% by weight glycerol, 6% by weight methanol, 2% by weight titanium dioxide, 10% by weight borax, 2% by weight white sugar, 10% by weight hydrogen peroxide, 8% by weight starch, and 46% by weight water. The composition was prepared by mixing glycerol and titanium
dioxide to give mixture (a); mixing borax and water at about 40°C and further adding starch to give mixture (b); mixing hydrogen peroxide and white sugar to give mixture (c); mixing mixtures (a) and (b) to give mixture (d); mixing the mixtures (c) and (d) to give mixture (e); and mixing mixture (e) and methanol.
Example 5
Charcoal was burned in a furnace as shown in Figure 1, first without using the composition of example 4 and then with using the composition of example 4. The composition was sprayed onto the hot combustion gases. The composition was applied to the charcoal fuel in a weight ratio of composition : fuel of about 1 : 4.
The combustion gases emitted were analysed and the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
As can be seen from Table 2, the use of the composition of the present invention significantly reduced the emission of NOx, S02 and CO.
It will be understood that the present invention has been described above by way of example only. The examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Various modifications and embodiments can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is defined by the following claims only.
Claims
1. A composition comprising glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one or more alcohols, titanium dioxide and water.
2. A composition according to claim l, further comprising borax, a sucrose derivative, hydrogen peroxide and starch.
3· A composition according to claim l or 2, comprisinj
(a) 5-30% by weight glycerol,
(b) 1-8% by weight titanium dioxide,
(c) 5-20% by weight methanol,
(d) 5-25% by weight borax,
(e) 1-10% by weight sugar,
(f) 5-15% by weight hydrogen peroxide,
(g) 1-10% by weight starch, and
(h) 20-70% by weight water.
4. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, for use as a fuel additive.
5. A composition according to claim 4, wherein the fuel is a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste.
6. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein when the composition is used as a fuel additive, the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced.
7. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein when the composition is used as a fuel additive, the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased.
8. A method of preparing a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing glycerol or a glycerol derivative and titanium dioxide,
(b) mixing borax and water and further adding starch,
(c) mixing hydrogen peroxide and a sucrose derivative,
(d) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (a) and (b),
(e) mixing the mixtures obtained in steps (c) and (d), and
(f) mixing the mixture obtained in step (e) and one or more alcohols.
9. A method of using a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7 as fuel additive during fuel combustion.
10. A method of fuel combustion, comprising the step of using a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
11. A method of reducing the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
12. A method of increasing the productivity of fuel combustion, said method comprising the step of using a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
13. A method according to any one of claims 9, 10 or 12, wherein the amount of NOx and/or SOx and/or CO emitted during fuel combustion is reduced by the use of the composition.
14. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the productivity of the fuel combustion is increased by the use of the composition.
15. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein the fuel is a fossil fuel (such as coal, petroleum, oil or natural gas), wood, chemicals or waste.
16. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 15, wherein the composition is applied to the fuel before or during combustion or is applied to the emitted combustion gases.
17. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein fuel combustion is carried out in a boiler, furnace or thermal reactor.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1322176.7A GB2522612A (en) | 2013-12-16 | 2013-12-16 | Fuel additive composition |
| GB1322176.7 | 2013-12-16 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2015092386A1 true WO2015092386A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
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ID=50030960
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2014/053721 WO2015092386A1 (en) | 2013-12-16 | 2014-12-16 | Fuel additive composition |
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| GB (1) | GB2522612A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2015092386A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3153565A1 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2017-04-12 | Franz Mauerhofer | Fuel additive |
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| KR100853463B1 (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2008-08-21 | 이엔텍(주) | Composition of economizing fuel for adding combustion |
| WO2010006402A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada | Conversion of glycerol to naphtha-range oxygenates |
| US20130315846A1 (en) * | 2012-05-22 | 2013-11-28 | Mary Kay Inc. | Cosmetic compositions |
-
2013
- 2013-12-16 GB GB1322176.7A patent/GB2522612A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2014
- 2014-12-16 WO PCT/GB2014/053721 patent/WO2015092386A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060117651A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2006-06-08 | Hundley Joseph W | Chemical change agent |
| WO2005003264A1 (en) * | 2003-07-02 | 2005-01-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for combustion of pulverized coal with reduced emissions |
| WO2006098602A1 (en) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-21 | Lg Household & Health Care Ltd. | Tooth whitener |
| US20070180760A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-09 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Crystalline nanocatalysts for improving combustion properties of fuels and fuel compositions incorporating such catalysts |
| JP2008150344A (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2008-07-03 | Kowa Co | Semi-solid external preparation for antipruritic use |
| WO2010146361A2 (en) * | 2009-06-17 | 2010-12-23 | Insigniapack Ltd | Indicator, application thereof and related products |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3153565A1 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2017-04-12 | Franz Mauerhofer | Fuel additive |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201322176D0 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
| GB2522612A (en) | 2015-08-05 |
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