WO2015002182A1 - 蒸発装置及びこれを使用した燃料電池システム - Google Patents
蒸発装置及びこれを使用した燃料電池システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015002182A1 WO2015002182A1 PCT/JP2014/067506 JP2014067506W WO2015002182A1 WO 2015002182 A1 WO2015002182 A1 WO 2015002182A1 JP 2014067506 W JP2014067506 W JP 2014067506W WO 2015002182 A1 WO2015002182 A1 WO 2015002182A1
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- tube portion
- tube
- evaporator
- heat
- heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/06—Evaporators with vertical tubes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01B—BOILING; BOILING APPARATUS ; EVAPORATION; EVAPORATION APPARATUS
- B01B1/00—Boiling; Boiling apparatus for physical or chemical purposes ; Evaporation in general
- B01B1/005—Evaporation for physical or chemical purposes; Evaporation apparatus therefor, e.g. evaporation of liquids for gas phase reactions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/0011—Heating features
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/02—Evaporators with heating coils
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/30—Accessories for evaporators ; Constructional details thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
- B01J7/02—Apparatus for generating gases by wet methods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
- F22B1/282—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically with water or steam circulating in tubes or ducts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
- C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
- C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1288—Evaporation of one or more of the different feed components
- C01B2203/1294—Evaporation by heat exchange with hot process stream
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an evaporation apparatus suitable for producing steam used for reforming raw fuel in a fuel cell system, and a fuel cell system using the same.
- SOFC SolidSoOxide Fuel Cells
- a fuel electrode is arranged on one surface side of a thin solid electrolyte layer made of a sintered body such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and an air electrode is arranged on the other surface side.
- YSZ yttria stabilized zirconia
- a laminated body having a structure is used as a single battery cell.
- Ni and YSZ cermets are used as the fuel electrode, and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) is used as the air electrode. Both are porous sintered bodies.
- a solid oxide fuel cell In the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell, it is obtained by preheating and reforming from a raw material of a hydrocarbon system such as natural gas or LPG on the fuel electrode side of a unit cell under a high temperature condition of 700 to 1000 ° C. Hydrogen-rich reducing gas is supplied as fuel gas, and preheated air is supplied to the air electrode side as oxidizing gas. Thereby, an electromotive force is generated between the fuel electrode side and the air electrode side of the single battery cell. Since the voltage here is as low as 1 V or less, a flat battery cell is used as a cell stack by stacking a plurality of cells in the thickness direction and connecting them in series.
- a hydrocarbon system such as natural gas or LPG
- the first is a steam reforming method of an endothermic catalytic reaction in which a hydrocarbon-based raw fuel mainly composed of methane (CH4) such as city gas is reformed into a hydrogen-rich reducing gas by steam.
- the second is a partial oxidation reforming method of an exothermic catalytic reaction in which a hydrocarbon-based raw fuel is reformed into a hydrogen-rich reducing gas by partial oxidation using air.
- the third method is a method in which steam reforming and partial oxidation reforming are used in combination, and the former endothermic reaction and the latter exothermic reaction are combined and thermally independent. From the viewpoint of power generation efficiency in the fuel cell system, the first steam reformed gas is preferred.
- an evaporator used to generate steam used for steam reforming it is heated from the outside by radiant heat from the cell stack or combustion heat of exhaust gas (unused gas called off-gas) discharged from the cell stack.
- exhaust gas unused gas called off-gas
- water is supplied into a heating chamber and evaporated, and one of them is described in Patent Document 1.
- water is supplied onto an inclined heating surface in a heating chamber heated from the outside by the combustion heat of exhaust gas discharged from the cell stack, and vapor is generated by evaporation.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the water droplet behavior on the heating surface, and shows the relationship between the heating surface temperature and the water droplet life on the heating surface.
- the heating surface temperature is a non-boiling region up to about 110 ° C., and droplets on the heating surface wet and evaporate on the heating surface. For this reason, the droplet life is rapidly shortened as the temperature of the heating surface increases.
- the heating surface temperature is 110 to 160 ° C., it is a nucleate boiling region, and droplets on the heating surface greatly spread on the heating surface and rapidly boil and disappear. This is the temperature region with the highest evaporation efficiency.
- the heating surface temperature is between 160 and 300 ° C.
- the water droplets on the heating surface are broken into several parts and behave like dancing on the heating surface. This is the Leidenfrost phenomenon.
- the life of the droplet on the heating surface increases with the temperature of the heating surface, and increases to the same extent as when the heating surface temperature is several tens of degrees Celsius.
- the heating surface temperature is higher than 300 ° C.
- the liquid droplet remains stationary as a spheroid. This is called a spheroidal state, and the life of the droplet decreases as the heating surface temperature increases.
- the steam generation efficiency decreases when the heating surface temperature is in the temperature range of 200 to 300 ° C. where the extension of the droplet life due to the Leidenfrost phenomenon becomes prominent. Further, even in the subsequent high temperature region, the effect of the droplet life that has once been prolonged due to the Leidenfrost phenomenon remains, so the state of low water vapor generation efficiency continues. Therefore, from the viewpoint of water vapor generation efficiency, it is important that the heating surface temperature does not reach such a temperature range.
- the heat insulation of the heating chamber is effective from the viewpoint of lowering the heating surface temperature, but in order to inhibit the heating surface temperature from increasing at the start of operation, the rise characteristic at the start of operation is deteriorated. If the rise characteristics at the start of operation are taken into consideration, it is necessary to rapidly heat the heating surface in the heating chamber by setting the heat source temperature, that is, the atmospheric temperature outside the heating chamber, to a high temperature.
- any of the countermeasures cannot be a drastic solution to the problem because the heating surface needs to be heated to a high temperature and rapidly, and the temperature of the heating surface cannot be lowered.
- the object of the present invention is not to reduce the heating power for heating the heating chamber for steam generation from the outside or to insulate the heating chamber, thereby bringing the heating surface in the heating chamber into a high temperature region affected by the Leidenfrost phenomenon. While maintaining this, the high-efficiency evaporator that can effectively avoid the decrease in steam generation efficiency due to the Leidenfrost phenomenon, and the steam generation efficiency using this, and thus the reforming efficiency, and at the start of operation An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell system having excellent rise characteristics.
- the present inventor has proposed that the heating surface in the heating chamber for steam generation is heated to a high temperature of 200 ° C. or more by heating from the outside, and that the heat insulation that inhibits heating from the outside is performed in the heating chamber.
- the inventors have intensively studied a technology that can drastically solve the Leidenfrost phenomenon on the heating surface in the heating chamber and the problem of the reduction in water vapor generation efficiency.
- the effectiveness of disposing a porous body having heat resistance, flexibility and water absorption in contact with the heating surface in the vicinity of the heating surface in the heating chamber is found, and the heat resistance, flexibility and water absorption are found.
- the present inventor has been developing a fuel cell by paying attention to the effectiveness of a helical tube as a constituent member of a steam generation heating chamber in a fuel cell evaporator.
- the heating chamber is configured by the spiral tube, the surface area can be increased as compared with an annular body having the same outer shape as that of the spiral tube, so that the heating efficiency in the heating chamber is increased.
- the space utilization efficiency in the casing of the fuel cell is further increased, and it is possible to contribute to the miniaturization of the fuel cell from both sides.
- the present inventor paid attention to the foam metal sheet as a porous body having heat resistance, flexibility and water absorption instead of the woven fabric of alumina long fibers, rounded this into a cylindrical shape, and inserted it into a spiral metal tube, The aptitude test was repeated again.
- the Leidenfrost phenomenon is as effective as the woven fabric of alumina long fibers, and there is no risk of tube clogging, which is a problem with woven fabrics of alumina long fibers, and it can withstand long-term use. I was able to confirm.
- the evaporation apparatus of the present invention has been completed on the basis of such knowledge, and is mainly composed of a heating chamber that evaporates water supplied along the internal heating surface by being heated from the outside, and the heating. And a foamable member disposed in contact with the heating surface in the vicinity of the heating surface in the room.
- the foamable member mainly composed of metal exhibits heat resistance, flexibility and water absorption without blending of silica, which is a problem in a woven fabric of alumina long fibers, and has no danger of blockage due to precipitates.
- the metal-based foamable member is disposed in contact with the heating surface in the vicinity of the heating surface in the heating chamber. For this reason, the foamable member is efficiently heated by the heating surface.
- the water supplied along the heating surface in the heating chamber is adjacent to the foaming member without directly contacting the heating surface because the foaming member is disposed in contact with the heating surface in the vicinity of the heating surface. It circulates through the space to be in contact with the heated foamable member. As a result, the water penetrates into the foamable member before reaching the heating surface and substantially evaporates, so even if the temperature of the heating surface is in the high temperature range affected by the Leidenfrost phenomenon, the effect is I do not receive it. That is, the water that has permeated into the foamable member substantially ends evaporation while diffusing in the foamable member toward the heating surface.
- the heating surface is often a flat surface or a curved surface with a moderate curvature.
- the helical tube is desirable from the viewpoint of heating efficiency and space efficiency, as described above.
- the structural member of the heating chamber is a tube
- the inner surface of the tube is a heating surface
- the foamable member is a sleeve-like sheet that is disposed in the vicinity of the inner surface of the tube and in contact with the inner surface of the tube.
- water is supplied from the upstream end of the tubular body to the space inside the sleeve-like sheet, and in the process of flowing and supplying the space along the inner surface of the tubular body downstream, It diffuses and penetrates and finishes evaporation before reaching the inner surface of the tube.
- the sleeve-like sheet placed as a foamable member in the pipe may be a molded product, but if economic considerations are taken into consideration, the flat sheet is rolled and press-fitted into the pipe, and the springback force at that time
- the sheet is preferably brought into contact with the inner surface of the tube body. At that time, it is desirable from the viewpoint of eliminating a cut (gap) in the pipe circumferential direction that both ends in the pipe circumferential direction of the sheet rolled and press-fitted into the pipe body are overlapped overlapping parts. If there is a cut (gap) between both ends of the sheet in the tube circumferential direction, the inner surface of the tube body is exposed at that portion, and there is a risk of causing the Leidenfrost phenomenon. Moreover, it is preferable to arrange the overlapping portion in parallel with the center line of the tubular body from the viewpoint of preventing leakage of water from the overlapping portion.
- the sleeve-like sheet is also arranged from the upstream end which is a water supply part of the pipe body to at least a part of the downstream side.
- the pipe from the upstream end to the whole downstream side, the water supplied into the pipe usually finishes evaporating in the middle of the downstream side.
- the shaped sheet can be omitted.
- the structure of the efficient evaporation apparatus is a cylindrical pipe part arranged vertically and adjacent to the helical pipe part on the downstream side of the helical pipe part which is arranged vertically and water is supplied from the upper part to the lower part.
- the water vapor generated in the spiral tube portion which is the water vapor generating portion, is temporarily stored in the cylindrical tube portion on the downstream side, heated there, and also subjected to pressure fluctuations (pulsations) accompanying water evaporation.
- pressure fluctuations (pulsations) accompanying water evaporation By being absorbed and suppressed, high-temperature water vapor can be stably supplied to the customer. That is, the cylindrical tube portion functions as a buffer tank for the generated water vapor.
- a similar pulsation suppressing effect also has a sleeve-like sheet disposed as a foamable member in the tube.
- the heating chamber of the evaporation apparatus is highly efficient when it is a tube, and particularly high in the heating chamber of a spiral tube.
- a highly efficient spiral tube is particularly suitable for a small fuel cell having an output of 1 kW or less, for example.
- the spiral tube also has a small bending radius. Even in such a small radius spiral tube, the sleeve-like sheet is inserted into the straight tube, and the straight tube is inserted into the spiral tube after insertion. It is possible to insert a sleeve-like sheet into the tube by bending it into a tube.
- the sleeve-like sheet inserted into the straight tube undergoes buckling deformation by bending the spiral tube and partially separates from the inner surface of the tube, thereby It was confirmed that the adhesion to the lip was reduced and the effect of preventing the Leidenfrost phenomenon was reduced.
- the sleeve-like sheet is a simple type obtained by rounding a flat sheet, both ends (overlapping portions) in the pipe circumferential direction are opened along with buckling deformation, and the reduction of the Leidenfrost phenomenon prevention effect becomes remarkable.
- the present inventor considered a Leidenfrost countermeasure instead of inserting a sleeve-like sheet.
- the chain here is a chain in which rings such as a circle or an oval are continuously connected. If the chain can be bent in all directions around the center line, it can be inserted into a helical tube with a small bending radius without any problem. .
- the tube body is an inclined tube, whereby the chain is placed on the inclined floor surface of the inclined tube, and the turbulent flow of water mainly circulating in the vicinity of the floor surface is promoted.
- the steam flows smoothly around the ceiling surface.
- the evaporator when the evaporation device has a spiral tube portion, the evaporator is disposed on the upstream side or the downstream side of the spiral tube portion, and extends vertically from the bottom to the upstream end or the downstream end of the spiral tube portion.
- the sleeve-like sheet made of a metal-based foamable material is left as it is, but in the spiral tube portion, the sleeve-like sheet is replaced with a heat-resistant chain.
- a heat-resistant material capable of avoiding thermal deterioration due to heating of the evaporator is required, and typically there is a refractory metal such as SUS, but a non-metal such as ceramics may be used.
- the metal-based foamable material is, in other words, a metal-based foam material.
- the fuel gas in the fuel cell is a hydrogen-rich reducing gas, so it is important that the reactivity with the reducing gas is good. Specifically, exposure to the reducing gas is important.
- the metal oxide is reduced to return to the original metal, and nickel is particularly preferable from the viewpoints of the redox characteristics, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and the like.
- Ceramics, etc. can be used as inclusions other than metals, and the content is limited to 30% by volume or less so as not to impair required properties (heat resistance, flexibility, water absorption, durability, etc.).
- a foam material made of a single metal that is, a foam metal is preferable. Therefore, the most preferable foamable member is a foamable material made of nickel alone, that is, foamed nickel.
- foamed nickel is manufactured as follows. Conductivity is imparted to the foamed urethane sheet having communication holes by electroless nickel plating, and electrolytic nickel plating is performed thereon. Then, after heating in an oxidizing atmosphere, heating is continued in a reducing atmosphere such as ammonia decomposition gas. Urethane is burned away by a series of heating. Nickel is left behind to become nickel oxide when heated in an oxidizing atmosphere in the first stage. However, nickel remains in the inside by maintaining the foamed shape, and nickel oxide is heated by heating in a reducing atmosphere in the second stage. Returning to nickel, it becomes completely foamed nickel.
- the evaporation apparatus of the present invention is suitable for use in the production of steam used for steam reforming to produce a hydrogen-rich reducing gas supplied as a fuel gas to the fuel electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell.
- a hydrogen-rich reducing gas supplied as a fuel gas to the fuel electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell supplied as a fuel gas to the fuel electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell.
- exhaust heat exhausted along with the operation of the solid oxide fuel cell specifically, radiant heat from the cell stack or exhausted from the cell stack.
- Exhaust gas that is, combustion heat of unused gas called off-gas, or a combination thereof is preferable.
- the evaporation apparatus of the present invention was used to generate steam used for steam reforming to generate a hydrogen-rich reducing gas supplied as fuel gas to the fuel electrode of the solid oxide fuel cell. It is a fuel cell system of the present invention.
- Solid oxide fuel cells include solid oxide fuel cells and polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
- the present invention is suitable for solid oxide fuel cells having a high operating temperature. This is because if the operating temperature is high, the temperature of the evaporation device also becomes high, and the Leidenfrost phenomenon tends to occur.
- the wick made of sleeve-like foamed nickel uses the capillary phenomenon to promote liquid transport, but the transport direction is the pipe centerline direction, and the gas flows in the reverse direction on the inside.
- the sleeve-like foamed nickel or foam metal in the evaporation apparatus of the present invention diffuses the water supplied to the inner space of the sleeve outward in the radial direction in the process of transporting in the center line direction of the space.
- the wick in the heat pipe means that the flow direction of the liquid in the sleeve-shaped foam metal is different, the state of the liquid and the gas is completely different, and the functions are completely different.
- the foamable member mainly composed of metal is disposed in contact with the heating surface in the vicinity of the heating surface in the heating chamber heated from the outside, the foamable member is more efficient than the heating surface.
- the water supplied along the heating surface in the heating chamber does not directly contact the heating surface and permeates the porous body before reaching the heating surface and substantially evaporates. Therefore, there is no possibility that the Leidenfrost phenomenon occurs even if the temperature of the heating surface is in a high temperature range where the Leidenfrost phenomenon becomes a problem. For this reason, the inside of the heating chamber can be strongly heated from the outside, and high steam generation efficiency can be maintained.
- the foamable member is also effective in suppressing pressure fluctuations (pulsations) that occur with water evaporation.
- the evaporation apparatus of the present invention is used, for example, for generating steam used for steam reforming to generate hydrogen-rich reducing gas supplied as fuel gas to the fuel electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell.
- high-temperature steam can be efficiently and stably generated and used for reforming, and it contributes to improvement of steam reforming efficiency and thus to improvement of power generation efficiency while maintaining good start-up characteristics at the start of operation.
- the fuel cell system of the present invention is used to generate steam used for steam reforming for generating hydrogen-rich reducing gas supplied as fuel gas to the fuel electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell. Since the apparatus is used, it is possible to improve the steam reforming efficiency, and hence the power generation efficiency, while maintaining good start-up characteristics at the start of operation.
- FIG. 1 It is a conceptual diagram of the fuel cell system which shows one Embodiment of this invention. It is a cross-sectional view of the tubular body showing the main configuration of the evaporation device used in the fuel cell system. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the other structural example of an evaporator. It is shape explanatory drawing of the heat-resistant chain used for the same structural example. It is a graph which shows the water droplet lifetime tendency on a heating surface.
- the fuel cell system of the present embodiment is configured by housing various devices such as a cell stack 20 in a thermally insulated casing 10 as shown in FIG.
- the cell stack 20 serving as a power generation unit is configured by laminating plate-like interconnectors (separators) in the thickness direction while sandwiching flat single-cell cells, which are the smallest structural unit of a solid oxide fuel cell, together with a current collector.
- the laminated body is configured by pressurizing and holding in the laminating direction.
- each unit cell is composed of a flat solid electrolyte layer made of yttria-stabilized zirconia, a flat fuel electrode made of Ni and YSZ cermets laminated on one surface side of the solid electrolyte layer, and It is a circular or square flat plate having a three-layer structure composed of a thin flat plate-like air electrode made of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) laminated on the other surface side of the solid electrolyte layer.
- LSM lanthanum strontium manganite
- a hydrocarbon system mainly composed of methane (CH 4) such as city gas is used to generate fuel gas supplied to the fuel electrode side of the cell stack 20.
- a heat exchanger 50 that preheats air supplied to the air electrode side of the stack 20, an evaporator 60 that generates steam used for steam reforming in the reformer 30, and the like.
- the reformer 30 combusts unreacted fuel gas (fuel offgas) generated on the fuel electrode side of the cell stack 20 and unreacted air (air offgas) generated on the air electrode side of the cell stack 20. And a catalyst part that is loaded with a catalyst necessary for steam reforming and that is heated by high-temperature combustion exhaust gas generated in the combustion part.
- the burner type preheater 40 includes a burner 41 that burns fuel gas supplied from the outside of the casing 10 by air supplied from the outside of the casing 10, and a radiant tube 42 connected to the upper side of the burner 41. Yes.
- the radiant tube 42 is made of a metal tube that is erected vertically.
- the radiant tube 42 is disposed adjacent to both the cell stack 20 and the reformer 30 and allows high-temperature combustion exhaust gas generated in the burner 41 to pass therethrough. Is heated to a high temperature from the inside.
- the combustion exhaust gas that has passed through the radiant tube 42 merges with the air off-gas from the cell stack 20 and is introduced into the reformer 30.
- the heat exchanger 50 preheats the air supplied to the air electrode side of the cell stack 20 by exchanging heat with the combustion exhaust gas discharged from the reformer 30.
- the evaporation device 60 is arranged vertically and is adjacent to the straight pipe portion 61 extending linearly from the lower side, which is the upstream side to which water is supplied, and the downstream side of the straight pipe portion 61.
- the straight pipe portion 61 extending linearly from the lower side, which is the upstream side to which water is supplied, and the downstream side of the straight pipe portion 61.
- a cylindrical pipe portion 63 extending linearly as a main constituent member.
- the straight pipe part 61 is a pipe start-up part and constitutes a water vapor generating part together with the downstream helical pipe part 62.
- the spiral tube portion 62 is a main component of the water vapor generating portion, and is concentrically disposed on the outer surface side of the radiant tube 42 in the burner type preheater 40 in order to increase the heating efficiency. Accordingly, the spiral tube portion 62 is heated from the outside and the inside by the outer cell stack 20 and the reformer 30 and the inner radiant tube 42.
- the cylindrical pipe part 63 constitutes a buffer tank that temporarily retains the water vapor generated in the straight pipe part 61 and the helical pipe part 62.
- the tubular body constituting the straight pipe part 61 and the helical pipe part 62 It consists of a large-diameter cylindrical tube, and has a water vapor inlet at the lower end and a water outlet at the upper end.
- the water vapor derived from the water vapor outlet is introduced into the reformer 30 and mixed with the hydrocarbon-based raw fuel gas also introduced into the reformer 30.
- the inside of the tube body 67 constituting these serves as a heating chamber 68 and the inner surface of the tube body 67 is connected to the heating surface 69 as shown in FIG. Become.
- a sleeve-like sheet made of nickel foam is inserted over the entire length of the straight tube portion 61 and the spiral tube portion 62 as a metal-based foamable member 64 in the vicinity of the inner surface of the tube body 67, that is, the outer peripheral portion.
- the sleeve-like sheet as the foamable member 64 is configured by rounding a flat-plate foamed nickel sheet, and the outer peripheral surface is brought into contact with the inner surface of the pipe portion by a springback force accompanying the rounding.
- Both ends of the sleeve-like sheet in the pipe circumferential direction are overlapped portions 65 having a predetermined overlap, and the overlapped portions 65 extend along the center lines of the tubular bodies 67 constituting the straight tube portion 61 and the spiral tube portion 62. It extends linearly.
- the water vapor generating part composed of the straight pipe part 61 and the spiral pipe part 62 is, for example, a long straight pipe body 67 of 3 m, for example, a straight foamed nickel sheet rounded in a straight pipe, and the straight pipe is rolled by an air gun. It is manufactured by press-fitting over the entire length, and thereafter forming the straight pipe into a straight pipe section 61 and a helical pipe section 62.
- the thickness of the foamable member 64 that is, the occupation ratio in the heating chamber 68 is also important.
- the foamable member 64 shown in FIG. 2 that is, the sleeve-like sheet made of nickel foam
- the sheet thickness T becomes too small, and there is a possibility that water that has penetrated into the sleeve-like sheet passes through the sheet in the thickness direction and reaches the heating surface 69 of the heating chamber 68.
- the sheet thickness T is preferably 0.02 to 0.2 times, and particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.15 times the inner diameter D of the tube body 67.
- the sheet thickness T of the sleeve-like sheet was selected to be 1 mm with respect to the outer diameter of the pipe body 67 constituting the water vapor generating portion being 12 mm and the wall thickness being 1 mm. That is, the sheet thickness T is 0.1 times the inner diameter D of the tube body 67.
- Ceramic beads here alumina beads, are loaded into the horizontal connecting pipe 66 between the helical pipe 62 and the cylindrical pipe 63 located on the downstream side of the water vapor generating section to form an orifice.
- the hydrogen-rich reducing gas that has passed through the fuel electrode side of the cell stack 20 is introduced into the combustion section of the reformer 30.
- the air that has passed through the air electrode side of the cell stack 20 is introduced into the combustion section of the reformer 30 together with the high-temperature combustion exhaust gas discharged from the burner type preheater 40.
- the mixed gas of reducing gas and air burns without an ignition device.
- the high-temperature combustion exhaust gas accompanying the combustion promotes preheating of the catalyst part of the reformer 30 and further preheats the air supplied to the air electrode side of the cell stack 20 by passing through the heat exchanger 50. To do.
- unused fuel gas fuel off-gas
- air off gas air off gas
- the evaporator 60 is heated by the radiant heat from the cell stack 20 and the reformer 30, continues to generate steam, and supplies the steam to the reformer 30.
- the water vapor generation mechanism in the evaporation device 60 will be described in detail.
- the pure water supplied to the evaporation device 60 is supplied into the spiral tube portion 62 through the straight tube portion 61. Since a sleeve-like sheet made of foamed nickel is inserted in contact with the inner surface as the heating surface 69 as a metal-based foamable member 64 at the outer peripheral portion in the tube body 67 constituting the tube portion 62.
- the pure water supplied to circulates in the inner space of the sleeve-like sheet and permeates into the sleeve-like sheet in the process.
- the pipe body 67 constituting the straight tube portion 61 and the spiral tube portion 62 is heated to a high temperature by radiant heat from the radiant tube 42 of the burner type preheater 40 during preheating and by radiant heat from the cell stack 20 during power generation. It is heated and the temperature of the inner surface which is the heating surface 69 is also high. For this reason, the sleeve-like sheet is also strongly heated from the outer surface side. As a result, the pure water that has permeated the sleeve-like sheet evaporates in the process of diffusing outward, and almost completes evaporation before reaching the inner surface, which is the heating surface 69.
- the evaporation of pure water supplied to the evaporation device 60 starts in the straight tube portion 61 and is completed in the middle of the spiral tube portion 62 having a long flow path length and a large heat receiving area at the latest.
- the steam thus generated passes through the orifice portion filled with alumina beads in the connection pipe portion 66, temporarily stays in the cylindrical pipe portion 63 which is a buffer tank, receives further heating, and receives the reformer 30. Supplied to.
- the volume rapidly expands due to the evaporation of pure water in the straight tube portion 61 and the spiral tube portion 62, but the orifice portion and the buffer tank effectively suppress the pressure change accompanying the expansion, and the reformer The influence on 30 is slightly suppressed.
- the evaporator 60 generates steam efficiently without being affected by the Leidenfrost phenomenon.
- the heating of the evaporator 60 at the start of operation is performed directly and strongly by the radiant heat mainly from the burner type preheater 40, and the straight tube 61 and the spiral tube that are the water vapor generating part of the evaporator 60 62, and the inner surface, which is the heating chamber 68 and the heating surface 69, are heated to a high temperature in a short time, so that the operation of the tube 67 is avoided despite the influence of the Leidenfrost phenomenon. There is no adverse effect on the start-up characteristics at the start.
- the preheating acceleration effect by the burner type preheater 40 can be enjoyed to the maximum, and the start-up characteristics at the start of operation are also good.
- the evaporator 70 is arranged in a vertical direction, and is arranged in a vertical direction adjacent to the helical tube portion 71 and a helical tube portion 71 that extends in a spiral shape from an upper side on the upstream side to a lower side on the downstream side.
- the main component member is a straight tube portion 72 that is connected to the downstream side of the spiral tube portion 71 and linearly extends from the lower portion on the upstream side toward the upper portion on the downstream side.
- the spiral tube portion 71 is connected to the downstream straight tube portion 72 by a horizontal tube portion 77 and constitutes a water vapor generating portion together with these tube portions. Similar to the spiral tube portion 62 of the evaporator 60 in the previous embodiment, the spiral tube portion 71 constituting the main body of the water vapor generating portion is concentrically disposed on the outer surface side of the radiant tube 42 in the burner type preheater 40. Thus, the spiral tube portion 71 is heated from the outside and the inside by the outer cell stack 20 and the reformer 30 and the inner radiant tube 42 (see FIG. 1).
- a heat resistant chain 73 is inserted from the upstream end of the spiral tube 71 to the downstream end of the horizontal tube 77 in the spiral tube 71 and the horizontal tube 77 which is a connecting tube.
- the heat-resistant chain 73 is a kind of chain that continuously connects the rings, and twists each of the oval rings to increase the bending movable range around the center line.
- the chain is a metal chain made of SUS refractory metal.
- the heat-resistant chain 73 is placed on the inclined floor surface of the inclined tube constituting the spiral tube portion 71, and is disposed in the vicinity of the floor surface (here, in the lower half portion). .
- the upstream pipe end face of the spiral pipe 71 that is, the upper open end face, is closed by a short vertical pipe 74 joined to the end face at approximately 90 degrees.
- a lower end surface of the vertical tube 74 is closed by an upstream end portion of the spiral tube portion 71.
- the upper end surface of the vertical tube 74 opens as an opening 75 for inserting the heat-resistant chain 73 into the spiral tube 71.
- an upstream opening 75 that intersects (is orthogonal to) the fluid flow direction is provided at the upstream end of the spiral tube portion 71.
- Reference numeral 78 denotes a water supply pipe connected to the vertical pipe 74 for supplying water into the spiral pipe portion 71, and faces the same direction as the fluid flow direction at the upstream end of the spiral pipe portion 71.
- a sleeve-like sheet made of foamed nickel similarly to the straight tube portion 61 of the evaporator 60 in the previous embodiment, a sleeve-like sheet made of foamed nickel, particularly a sleeve-like sheet rounded flat plate-like foamed nickel sheet, While being inserted over the entire length, the outer peripheral surface is brought into contact with the inner surface of the tubular body by a springback force accompanying the rounding of the foamed nickel sheet.
- the maximum width (maximum width W of each ring) and the thickness d of the ring material are important.
- the maximum width of the heat-resistant chain 73 (maximum width W of each ring) is required to be smaller than the inner diameter D of the tube body in order to insert the heat-resistant chain 73 into the tube body constituting the helical tube portion 71. More strictly, it is preferably 0.5 times or more and 0.7 times or less of the inner diameter D of the tube body. If the maximum width of the heat-resistant chain 73 (maximum width W of each ring) is too small, the effect of generating turbulent flow in the water introduced into the spiral tube portion 71 becomes small. On the other hand, if it is too large, the flow resistance of water and steam increases, and the degree of freedom of bending of the heat-resistant chain 73 in the pipe decreases, which makes it difficult to insert the heat-resistant chain 73 into the pipe. There is.
- the thickness d of the ring material As for the thickness d of the ring material, the ratio to the maximum width W of the ring is important. If this ratio is too large, the degree of freedom of bending of the heat-resistant chain 73 is lowered, making it difficult to insert into the tube, and water or steam. On the contrary, when the flow resistance is too small, the flow resistance is too small, and the effect of generating turbulent flow in the water introduced into the spiral tube portion 71 is reduced. From this viewpoint, the thickness d of the ring material is preferably 0.1 times or more and 0.3 times or less as a ratio to the maximum width W of the ring.
- the evaporator 70 having such a structure is assembled as follows.
- a straight pipe which is a constituent material of the spiral pipe part 71, the horizontal pipe part 77 and the straight pipe part 72 is bent, and the vertical pipe 74 is joined by welding to form the spiral pipe part 71, the horizontal pipe part 77 and the straight pipe part 72.
- the heat resistant chain 73 is inserted into the spiral tube portion 71 and the horizontal tube portion 77 from the opening 75 provided at the upstream end of the completed spiral tube portion 71.
- the heat-resistant chain 73 can be bent in all directions around the center line, and since the friction with the inner surface of the tube body is small, the heat-resistant chain 73 can be smoothly inserted along the inclined inner surface of the spiral tube portion 71 using its own weight. Is done.
- the lid body 76 attached to the base end thereof is airtightly welded to the upper end of the vertical tube 74, whereby the opening 75 is closed by the lid body 76, and the spiral tube portion 71 and The heat resistant chain 73 is held over the entire length of the horizontal pipe portion 77.
- the heat-resistant chain 73 may be inserted into a portion that becomes the spiral tube portion 71 and the horizontal tube portion 77 in the straight tube before bending, and then bending may be performed. Since the heat-resistant chain 73 in the pipe body has a high degree of freedom of bending around the center line, there is no risk of deformation even when the pipe body is bent.
- a flat foamed nickel is formed from the downstream end portion (upper end portion) into the tubular body of the completed straight tube portion 72.
- the sheet is rolled and press-fitted over the entire length with an air gun. If press-fitting after bending is difficult, a flat foam nickel sheet is rolled into the straight pipe 72 at the straight pipe before bending and press-fitted with an air gun, and then the straight pipe 72 is formed by bending. May be. In the straight tube portion 72, even if the foamed nickel sheet is rolled and inserted before bending, the tubular body is not processed by the bending, so that the rounded foamed nickel sheet in the tube does not deform. .
- the heat-resistant chain 73 is inserted into the tube from the spiral tube portion 71 to the horizontal tube portion 77 of the evaporator 70, and the foamed nickel sheet is inserted into the tube forming the straight tube portion 72 in a rounded manner.
- Pure water is supplied to the evaporator 70 via the water supply pipe 78.
- the supplied pure water is supplied from the spiral tube portion 71 through the horizontal tube portion 77 into the straight tube portion 72.
- the evaporator 70 is heated to a high temperature by radiant heat from the radiant tube 42 of the burner type preheater 40 during preheating and by radiant heat from the cell stack 20 during power generation.
- a heat resistant chain 73 is inserted in the spiral tube portion 71 over the entire length.
- the pure water supplied to the spiral pipe portion 71 collides with the heat resistant chain 73 in the pipe body to generate a turbulent flow and scatters violently, so that it flows downstream while avoiding contact with the inner surface of the pipe body.
- the tubular body constituting the spiral tube portion 71 is an inclined tube.
- the pure water in the pipe flows in the vicinity of the inclined bottom surface.
- the heat resistant chain 73 in the tubular body is placed on the inclined bottom surface and is disposed near the bottom surface (here, the lower half of the tubular body) to cover the bottom surface.
- the pure water in the tubular body efficiently collides with the heat-resistant chain 73 on the bottom surface and scatters while avoiding contact with the inclined bottom surface of the tubular body. For this reason, even if the inner surface of the tube is heated to a temperature range in which the Leidenfrost phenomenon occurs, the evaporation proceeds efficiently while effectively avoiding the Leidenfrost phenomenon.
- the spiral tube portion 71 mainly passes through the vicinity of the inclined ceiling surface in the tube (here, the upper half of the tube). This portion in the tube has a low airflow resistance because the heat-resistant chain 73 does not exist. This is also one of the reasons that the water vapor generation efficiency is high in the spiral tube portion 71 in which the heat resistant chain 73 is disposed.
- Evaporation of pure water supplied to the evaporator 70 starts in the upstream spiral tube 71 and is completed in the middle of the downstream horizontal tube 77 or straight tube 72 at the latest.
- the remaining pure water flows into the straight pipe part 72 from the horizontal pipe part 77 together with the steam, and the evaporation is finished.
- the steam thus generated is used for steam reforming in the fuel cell reformer 30 as in the evaporator 60 in the previous embodiment (see FIG. 1).
- a sleeve-like sheet made of foamed nickel is inserted in contact with the inner surface of the pipe body at the outer peripheral portion of the pipe constituting the straight pipe portion 72, and thus flows into the pipe.
- Pure water circulates with the steam in the inner space of the sleeve-like sheet, and permeates into the sleeve-like sheet in the process.
- the pure water that has permeated the sleeve-like sheet evaporates in the process of diffusing outward, and almost completes evaporation before reaching the inner surface of the tubular body.
- the straight tube portion 72 is a buffer tank similar to the cylindrical tube portion 63 of the evaporator 60 in the previous embodiment.
- the insertion of the heat-resistant chain 73 into the horizontal tube portion 77 can be omitted. Further, depending on the degree of evaporation in the spiral tube portion 71, it is not necessary to insert the heat-resistant chain 73 in the entire length of the spiral tube portion 71, and insertion from the upstream end portion to the intermediate portion can be performed.
- nickel foam (sleeve-like sheet) disposed in the vicinity of a tube inner surface (heating surface) in a tube body (heating chamber) heated from the outside in contact with the tube inner surface (heating surface) ) was investigated for superiority to other materials. Further, the superiority of the heat resistant chain (SUS type twist chain) disposed in the pipe body (heating chamber) over other materials was examined.
- Other materials include foam metal sheets made of SUS heat-resistant metal, metal mesh made of SUS heat-resistant metal, expanded metal made of SUS heat-resistant metal, and woven fabric of alumina long fibers (alumina sleeve). I picked up. The survey results are shown in Table 1.
- the survey items are material availability (market distribution), workability, adhesion to the inner surface of the tube, water absorption, pressure pulsation suppression effect, durability in a steam atmosphere, behavior in a reducing atmosphere (reducing property), and into the tube.
- the evaluation was made into four grades of excellent ()), good ( ⁇ ), acceptable ( ⁇ ), and impossible ( ⁇ ), and the allowable range here was two steps of excellent ( ⁇ ) and good ( ⁇ ).
- workability is evaluated based on workability and material condition when a material is inserted into a straight pipe having an outer diameter of 12 mm over a length of 4 m, and the workability of the pipe after insertion. It can be inserted in the whole area by press-fitting with an air gun, and the pipe can be bent after insertion is "Excellent ( ⁇ )".
- a tube that can be bent after insertion is defined as “good ( ⁇ )”.
- the material is rounded and can be inserted for the time being, it can be inserted only halfway due to buckling, etc., “Yes ( ⁇ )”. If the material cannot be rounded, or the insertion itself is not possible. The case where it was impossible was set as "impossible (x)".
- Adhesion with the inner surface of the tube is evaluated by the contact state with the inner surface of the tube when the material is inserted into a straight tube having an outer diameter of 12 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm, and a length of 30 cm.
- excellent ( ⁇ ) The case where a large contact area could not be secured, and the case where a gap could occur in a wide range due to the expansion and contraction of the material was determined as “Yes ( ⁇ )”, and the case where the gap was generated in a wide range and surely was determined as “No (x)”.
- Water absorption was evaluated in four levels: excellent ( ⁇ ), good ( ⁇ ), acceptable ( ⁇ ), and impossible ( ⁇ ). The denser and the higher the porosity, the better the penetration of water droplets into the material by capillary action.
- the effect of suppressing pressure pulsation is evaluated by an experiment in which a material is actually inserted and placed on the outer periphery of the tube, and water is supplied to the sample and heated, compared to when no material is inserted into the tube.
- excellent ( ⁇ ) indicates that the effect is large
- good ( ⁇ ) indicates that the effect is small, and evaluation is not possible if the effect has not been confirmed by the experiment.
- Durability in a steam atmosphere is evaluated by the degree to which the material is altered by chemical reaction due to steam oxidation, and it is judged that materials with heat resistance and corrosion resistance that can be thickened are not easily affected by oxidation. If the evaluation is “Excellent ( ⁇ )” and the material has heat resistance and corrosion resistance and the wire diameter cannot be increased, it is judged that there is a risk of damage due to oxidation. If no damage was observed in the 200-hour continuous operation in the sample test, “good ( ⁇ )”, when the silica (SiO 2) in the material was melted and re-solidified by steam oxidation, clogging was confirmed “No” (x), and “ ⁇ ” that cannot be evaluated when the effect of the experiment could not be confirmed.
- the behavior (reducing property) in a reducing atmosphere was evaluated by the reactivity with the reducing gas. This is because the steam generating tube is used in a fuel gas line of a fuel cell, and therefore there is a risk of exposure to a reducing gas such as hydrogen gas. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the influence on the reducing gas. Because there is.
- the oxidized metal returns to the original metal in a reducing atmosphere, it is “excellent ( ⁇ )”. Once oxidized, it does not return to the original metal even if exposed to the reducing atmosphere, and the effect of oxidation accumulates. However, the case where the oxidation resistance was excellent was judged as “good” ( ⁇ ), and the case where an adverse effect occurred in the reducing atmosphere was judged as “impossible ( ⁇ )”.
- Fixing to the pipe body is the fixing strength of the material installed in the pipe. If there is no risk of displacement due to the fluid flowing in the pipe without taking fixing measures, “Excellent ( ⁇ )”, pipe If the risk of misalignment due to fluid is removed without bending measures by bending, “Good ( ⁇ )”, although aggressive fixing measures are required, but the fixing measures are simple, such as welding Is “possible ( ⁇ )”, an active fixing measure is necessary, and the case where the fixing measure is complicated is set to “impossible ( ⁇ )”.
- the turbulent flow effect indicates the degree to which water supplied into the pipe becomes turbulent by the material arranged in the pipe.
- the case where turbulent flow can be expected is defined as “good ( ⁇ )”
- the case where slight turbulent flow can be expected is defined as “possible ( ⁇ )”
- the case where turbulent flow cannot be expected is defined as “impossible ( ⁇ )”.
- the followability of spiral processing is the followability of the material in the pipe when the straight pipe is processed into a spiral shape after the material is inserted into the straight pipe.
- the straight diameter has an outer diameter of 12 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm, and a length of 3 m. After the material was inserted into the tube, the degree of abnormal deformation that occurred in the material in the tube when the straight tube was bent into a spiral tube with a radius of 30 mm was investigated and evaluated by incising the spiral tube.
- the material other than the chain was rolled into a sheet and inserted into a straight pipe.
- the ring length L is 8.5 mm
- the maximum width W of the ring is 5.7 mm
- the thickness d of the ring material is 1.2 mm with respect to the pipe inner diameter D of 10 mm. did.
- the material disposed in contact with the inner surface of the tube (heating surface) in the vicinity of the inner surface (heating surface) of the tube (heating chamber) heated from the outside is nickel foam and
- the items excluding the turbulent flow effect and the spiral processing followability are excellent ( ⁇ ) or good ( ⁇ ) and are within an allowable range.
- the difference between these materials and other materials is that they are excellent in adhesion to the inner surface of the tube and water absorption. This compensates for the poor turbulence effect.
- the poor followability of spiral machining can be compensated by making the object a straight pipe or a spiral pipe having a large bending radius.
- the adhesion to the inner surface of the pipe and the water absorption are poor, and as a result, the evaporability deteriorates, but this can be compensated by the turbulent flow effect.
- the overall evaluation with a straight pipe is not good. This is because in the case of a straight tube, the chain in the tube does not sufficiently contact the inner surface of the tube, and the exposed surface increases.
- the tube constituting the evaporator is an inclined tube, and the chain in the tube contacts the bottom surface in the inclined tube by gravity. The water in the inclined pipe passes near the bottom surface while being in contact with the bottom surface.
- the problem with alumina long fiber fabrics is the durability in a steam atmosphere and the behavior in a reducing atmosphere.
- the silica (SiO2) in the fiber used to make alumina a flexible fiber is used. Melting and re-condensing by steam oxidation cause clogging of the tube. In the latter case, the silica (SiO 2) is reduced to Si in a reducing atmosphere, and the fiber is lost.
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Abstract
Description
20 セルスタック
30 改質器
40 バーナ式予熱器
41 バーナ
42 ラジアントチューブ
50 熱交換器
60 蒸発装置
61 直線管部
62 螺旋管部
63 円筒管部
64 発泡性部材(発泡ニッケルからなるスリーブ状シート)
65 重畳部
66 接続管部
67 管体
68 加熱室
69 加熱面
70 蒸発装置
71 螺旋管部
72 直線管部
73 耐熱チェーン
74 縦管
75 開口部
76 蓋体
77 水平管部
78 給水管
Claims (20)
- 外部から加熱されることにより内部の加熱面に沿って供給される水を蒸発させる加熱室と、
金属を主体とし、前記加熱室内の加熱面近傍に当該加熱面に接して配置された発泡性部材とを備えた蒸発装置。 - 請求項1に記載の蒸発装置において、発泡性部材の主体をなす金属は、還元性ガスに曝されることで酸化状態が元の金属に戻る酸化還元特性を示す蒸発装置。
- 請求項2に記載の蒸発装置において、前記金属はニッケルである蒸発装置。
- 請求項3に記載の蒸発装置において、発泡性部材は発泡ニッケルである蒸発装置。
- 請求項1~4の何れかに記載の蒸発装置において、前記加熱室は管体の内部に形成されている蒸発装置。
- 請求項5に記載の蒸発装置において、発泡性部材は、前記管体の内面近傍に当該内面に接して配置されたスリーブ状シートである蒸発装置。
- 請求項6に記載の蒸発装置において、前記スリーブ状シートは、平板状シートを丸めて前記管体内に圧入したときのスプリングバック力により管体内面に接触している蒸発装置。
- 請求項7に記載の蒸発装置において、平板状シートを丸めて管体内に挿入することにより構成されたスリーブ状シートは、管体周方向の両端部が重なり合った重畳部とされている蒸発装置。
- 請求項8に記載の蒸発装置において、前記重畳部は管体の中心線に並行して配置されている蒸発装置。
- 請求項5~9の何れかに記載の蒸発装置において、管体はその長手方向の少なくとも一部分に、縦向きで上から下へ延在する螺旋管部を有する蒸発装置。
- 請求項10に記載の蒸発装置において、螺旋管部の下流側に前記管体より大径であると共に、縦向きで下から上へ延在して、その下部に、螺旋管部の出口である下端部が接続され、上部に蒸気出口を有する円筒管部を装備する蒸発装置。
- 請求項10又は11に記載の蒸発装置において、前記管体は、前記螺旋管部の上流側又は下流側に、縦向きで下から上に延在して螺旋管部の上流端又は下流端と接続される直線管部を有する蒸発装置。
- 請求項12に記載の蒸発装置において、前記直線管部内には前記スリーブ状シートが配置されており、前記螺旋管部内には耐熱チェーンが配置されている蒸発装置。
- 請求項13に記載の蒸発装置において、螺旋管部の入口部分に流方向と交差する方向から管体内へ侵入可能な開口部が設けられており、その開口部を塞ぐ蓋体に前記耐熱チェーンの基端が取付けられている蒸発装置。
- 請求項14に記載の蒸発装置において、前記開口部は、螺旋管部における管体周方向の上側部分に位置している蒸発装置。
- 外部から加熱されることにより内部の加熱面に沿って供給される水を蒸発させる加熱室を備えた蒸発装置において、
前記加熱室は管体の内部に形成されており、
当該管体はその長手方向の少なくとも一部分に、縦向きで上から下を延在する螺旋管部を有しており、
当該螺旋管部内には耐熱チェーンが配置されている蒸発装置。 - 請求項16に記載の蒸発装置において、前記耐熱チェーンは金属チェーンであり、且つツイストチェーンである蒸発装置。
- 請求項16又は17に記載の蒸発装置において、螺旋管部の入口部分に流方向と交差する方向から管体内へ侵入可能な開口部が設けられており、その開口部を塞ぐ蓋体に前記耐熱チェーンの基端が取付けられている蒸発装置。
- 請求項18に記載の蒸発装置において、前記開口部は、螺旋管部における管体周方向の上側部分に位置している蒸発装置。
- 固体電解質形燃料電池の燃料極に燃料ガスとして供給される水素リッチの還元性ガスを生成するための水蒸気改質に使用される水蒸気の生成に、請求項1~19の何れかに記載された蒸発装置を用いた燃料電池システム。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/901,871 US9962622B2 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2014-07-01 | Evaporator and fuel cell system using the evaporator |
CN201480037701.0A CN105377413B (zh) | 2013-07-01 | 2014-07-01 | 蒸发装置及使用该装置的燃料电池*** |
EP14819832.8A EP3020470A4 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2014-07-01 | EVAPORATOR AND FUEL CELL SYSTEM THEREWITH |
JP2015525230A JP6355211B2 (ja) | 2013-07-01 | 2014-07-01 | 蒸発装置及びこれを使用した燃料電池システム |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2013-138043 | 2013-07-01 | ||
JP2013138043 | 2013-07-01 |
Publications (1)
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WO2015002182A1 true WO2015002182A1 (ja) | 2015-01-08 |
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PCT/JP2014/067506 WO2015002182A1 (ja) | 2013-07-01 | 2014-07-01 | 蒸発装置及びこれを使用した燃料電池システム |
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US (1) | US9962622B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3020470A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6355211B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105377413B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015002182A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
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JP2016177880A (ja) * | 2015-03-18 | 2016-10-06 | 富士電機株式会社 | 改質水蒸発器及び発電装置 |
EP3214688A3 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-10-18 | Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Corporation | Fuel cell system |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR102328007B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-17 | 2021-11-17 | 주식회사 미코파워 | 수증기 발생 장치 및 이를 포함하는 연료전지 시스템 |
DE102016223023B4 (de) * | 2016-11-22 | 2021-12-16 | Delfi Tech Deutschland GmbH | Flüssigkeitsverdampfer mit einer Heizvorrichtung und einer offenporösen metallischen Struktur |
IT201800006794A1 (it) * | 2018-06-29 | 2019-12-29 | Matteo Lentini | Riscaldatore\Generatore di vapore ad irraggiamento |
CN113772621B (zh) * | 2021-07-28 | 2024-06-07 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种浸润性梯度表面的加工方法 |
DE102021209182A1 (de) * | 2021-08-20 | 2023-02-23 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Brennstoffzellenvorrichtung |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2016177880A (ja) * | 2015-03-18 | 2016-10-06 | 富士電機株式会社 | 改質水蒸発器及び発電装置 |
EP3214688A3 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-10-18 | Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Corporation | Fuel cell system |
US10224560B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2019-03-05 | Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems Corporation | Fuel cell system, and fuel cell module |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2015002182A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
EP3020470A4 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
CN105377413B (zh) | 2018-04-03 |
JP6355211B2 (ja) | 2018-07-11 |
US20160372772A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
CN105377413A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
US9962622B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 |
EP3020470A1 (en) | 2016-05-18 |
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