WO2014188034A1 - Waste products from sanitary ware for making cements, method for the acquisition thereof, and cements comprising same - Google Patents

Waste products from sanitary ware for making cements, method for the acquisition thereof, and cements comprising same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014188034A1
WO2014188034A1 PCT/ES2014/070406 ES2014070406W WO2014188034A1 WO 2014188034 A1 WO2014188034 A1 WO 2014188034A1 ES 2014070406 W ES2014070406 W ES 2014070406W WO 2014188034 A1 WO2014188034 A1 WO 2014188034A1
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Prior art keywords
cement
cements
sanitary
waste
sanitary waste
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PCT/ES2014/070406
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
María Isabel SANCHEZ DE ROJAS GOMEZ
Moises Frias Rojas
Cesar Medina Martinez
Eloy ASENSIO DE LUCAS
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Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic)
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Publication of WO2014188034A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014188034A1/en

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B18/00Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B18/04Waste materials; Refuse
    • C04B18/16Waste materials; Refuse from building or ceramic industry
    • C04B18/165Ceramic waste
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/04Portland cements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

  • the present invention is framed in the construction sector, and more specifically in the cement industry, which forced by a foreseeable decrease in the materials currently used and a hardening of national and international environmental policies will demand alternative products, which present technological advantages , environmental and economic viable for the sector.
  • Sanitary waste can have two origins: a) Of the ceramic sanitary ware industry that are constituted by those products rejected for sale that do not meet the requirements demanded by the manufacturer and; b) Landfills or recycling plants that are constituted by those products from the rehabilitation or renovation of homes, industries, etc.
  • sanitary waste in the manufacture of cements would allow the concept of sustainability to be introduced in the construction sector, a sector that is traditionally considered as fearful of the environment, thus being in line with European and national policies sustainable development.
  • the present invention describes a new use of sanitary waste for the manufacture of common cements and white cements.
  • An object of the invention is a waste based on sanitary ceramic products directly from the ceramic sanitary or landfill industry, which has a pozzolanic activity and a particle size of less than 63 ⁇ . It has been observed that the fineness of the material is decisive in its pozzolanic activity.
  • Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining sanitary waste of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
  • Another object of the invention is the common or white cement, hereinafter cement of the invention, which comprises the sanitary waste of the invention as a component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 55%.
  • the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55%.
  • the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5%.
  • the white cements manufactured comprise the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55% or as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5% and have a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85.
  • Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining the cement of the invention, hereinafter the method of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
  • the present invention is based on the fact that it has been observed that from sanitary waste (Figure 1) it is possible to obtain a product that acts as a pozzolanic material useful as an additive for the manufacture of cements when prepared as a homogeneous product, with a fine grain size less than 63 ⁇ (particle size similar to cement) ( Figure 2).
  • This waste can come from the ceramic sanitary ware industry, constituted by those products rejected for sale that do not meet the requirements demanded by the manufacturer, and from landfills or recycling plants, constituted by those products from rehabilitation or housing, industry, etc. reforms and can thus offer a commercial outlet to this waste material.
  • This sanitary waste ( Figure 2), is introduced into the cements as the main component (6-55% by mass) and is framed within natural calcined pozzolans (Q) and also as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) , provided it is not already included as a component controlling.
  • Q natural calcined pozzolans
  • this product different types of cements can be obtained, depending on the dosages made, being also possible for the use of white cements.
  • calcined natural pozzolans where according to the standard LINEEN 197-1: 201 1 (Spanish Standard UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1 "Cement. Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements ", December 201 1), calcined natural pozzolans (Q) are defined as materials of volcanic origin, clays, slates or sedimentary rocks activated by thermal treatments and in accordance with section 5.2.3.1. (Generalities of pozzolanic materials P, Q).
  • UNE-EN 197-1 201 1 standard, they could be used as the main component (percentages up to 55% by mass) in the manufacture of cements CEM ll / AQ, CEM ll / BQ, CEM IV / A, CEM IV / B, CEM V / A and CEM V / B, and can also be used as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) giving rise to any of the main types of cement (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV and CEM V) as long as it is not already included as a majority component.
  • homologous white cements type BL ll / AQ, BL ll / BQ, IV can be obtained depending on the dosages made / A, BL IV / B and BL V or cement of any type (BL I, BL II, BL III, BL IV and BL V) if used as minor components.
  • an object of the invention is a sanitary waste useful for the manufacture of cements, hereinafter a sanitary waste of the invention, which has a pozzolanic activity and a particle size suitable for this purpose with a particle size of less than 63 ⁇ .
  • Another object of the invention is the procedure for obtaining the waste of toilets of the invention, hereinafter procedure for obtaining the waste of toilets of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
  • the cements with which the invention was made are a gray Portland cement of resistant class 42.5 R and a common white cement of resistant class 52.5 R according to UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1, although it is not limiting;
  • the difference in the use of one cement or another will influence the final performance, and the final behavior of the invention can be adapted to the characteristics of the cement used.
  • Another object of the invention is cement, hereinafter cement of the invention, which comprises the sanitary waste of the invention as a component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 55%.
  • the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55%.
  • the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5%.
  • the white cements manufactured comprise the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55% or as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5% and have a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85.
  • Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining the cement of the invention, hereinafter procedure for obtaining the cement of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
  • Another particular object of the invention is the process for obtaining cement where the proportion between sanitary waste and the cement of a) meets the following formula: mtotal - m C emento m re siduo
  • Figure 1 Initial aspect of the sample of ceramic sanitary ware.
  • Figure 4 Graph showing the flexural strengths obtained in mortars made with 20% and 30% dosing at the ages indicated.
  • a mixture of cement with sanitary waste is carried out as a component.
  • Sanitary waste (Figure 1), could act in the cements as the main component (6-55% by mass) and would be framed within natural calcined pozzolans (Q) and also as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) , provided that it is not already included as a major component, according to UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1.
  • cements of type CEM ll / AQ can be obtained depending on the dosages made , EMC ll / B- Q, CEM IV / A, CEM IV / B, CEM V / A and CEM V / B, or cements of any type (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV and CEM V) if used as minority components.
  • homologous white cements type BL ll / AQ, BL ll / BQ, IV / A, BL IV / B and BL V or cements of any type can be obtained (BL I , BL II, BL III, BL IV and BL V) if used as minor components, according to UNE 80305: 2012 and UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1.
  • the chemical composition of the sanitary waste thus obtained is characterized by being essentially composed of silicon dioxide (> 65% by mass) and aluminum oxide (> 20%), as well as iron oxide and other minor oxides. In addition, they are characterized by having a reactive silicon dioxide content greater than 25% by mass (> 45% by mass).
  • type ll / BQ and type IV / A that contain this sanitary material as a main component in a percentage between 6% - 20%, 21% - 30% and 1 1% - 30% by mass, respectively, could be used to manufacture Portland cements with a strength class 32.5 (N and R) and 42.5 (N and R), according to the mechanical requirements set out in Table 3 of the UNE EN standard 197-1: 2011.
  • portland cements type ll / BQ and type IV / A could be used to manufacture cements of a strength class 32.5 (N and R), 42.5 N, complying with the requirements mechanics established in the table indicated above.
  • CEM IV / B and CEM V / B type cements resistant classes of 32.5 N could be achieved.
  • type ll / AQ type ll / BQ and type IV / A containing as main component this white sanitary ceramic material in a percentage between 6% - 20, 21% - 35% and 1 1% - 35% by mass, respectively, could be used to manufacture white cements with a strength class 32.5 (N and R), 42.5 (N and R) and 52.5 (N and R), according to the mechanical requirements established in Table 3 of the UNE EN 197-1: 2011 standard.
  • BL IV / B and BL V / B type cements can be achieved resistant classes of 32.5 N. The results obtained with different cements are shown in Figures 3 and 4 manufactured with the toilet waste.
  • UNE EN 197-1: 201 1 standard establishes that CEM IV type pozzolanic cements must meet the property of pozzolanicity, according to the test described in UNE EN 196-5: 201 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to waste products obtained from the ceramic sanitary ware industry or landfill sites or recycling plants, as a pozzolanic component of cements. The invention also relates to a method for obtaining said waste products from sanitary ware and to another method for producing cements (common cements and white cements) using said waste products. This type of waste product is directly collected from the industry which produces ceramic material for sanitary ware, from landfill sites or from recycling plants, where it is managed. This invention facilitates a potential commercial outlet for said waste products.

Description

RESIDUO DE SANITARIOS PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE CEMENTOS. RESIDUES OF SANITARIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENTS.
PROCEDIMIENTO DE OBTENCIÓN Y CEMENTOS QUE LO COMPRENDEN. PROCEDURE OF OBTAINING AND CEMENTS THAT UNDERSTAND IT.
SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE
La presente invención se enmarca en el sector de la construcción, y más concretamente en la industria cementera, que forzada por una previsible disminución de los materiales utilizados actualmente y de un endurecimiento de las políticas medioambientales nacionales e internacionales demandará productos alternativos, que presenten ventajas tecnológicas, medioambientales y económicas viables para el sector.  The present invention is framed in the construction sector, and more specifically in the cement industry, which forced by a foreseeable decrease in the materials currently used and a hardening of national and international environmental policies will demand alternative products, which present technological advantages , environmental and economic viable for the sector.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
Los residuos sanitarios pueden tener dos orígenes: a) De la industria cerámica de sanitarios que están constituidos por aquellos productos rechazados a la venta que no cumplen con los requisitos exigidos por el fabricante y; b) De los vertederos o de las plantas de reciclaje que están constituidos por aquellos productos procedentes de la rehabilitación o reformas de viviendas, industrias, etc.  Sanitary waste can have two origins: a) Of the ceramic sanitary ware industry that are constituted by those products rejected for sale that do not meet the requirements demanded by the manufacturer and; b) Landfills or recycling plants that are constituted by those products from the rehabilitation or renovation of homes, industries, etc.
En el proceso de fabricación de los productos cerámicos se utilizan, como materia prima, materiales naturales, que contienen una proporción elevada de minerales arcillosos, los cuales mediante un proceso de deshidratación, seguido de otro de cocción controlada a temperaturas entre 700°C y 1290°C adquieren sus propiedades características de "arcilla cocida". Por lo tanto, el propio proceso de fabricación de los materiales cerámicos lleva aparejado temperaturas de cocción elevadas, que pueden dar lugar a la activación de los minerales arcillosos, proporcionando actividad puzolánica a los mismos.  In the manufacturing process of ceramic products, natural materials are used as raw material, which contain a high proportion of clay minerals, which by means of a dehydration process, followed by another controlled cooking at temperatures between 700 ° C and 1290 ° C acquire its characteristic properties of "cooked clay". Therefore, the manufacturing process of the ceramic materials itself entails high cooking temperatures, which can lead to the activation of clay minerals, providing pozzolanic activity to them.
La incorporación de estos residuos sanitarios en la fabricación de cementos permitiría introducir el concepto de sostenibilidad en el sector de la construcción, sector que tradicionalmente es considerado como poco respetuoso con el medio ambiente, estando en consonancia de este modo con las políticas europeas y nacionales de desarrollo sostenible. En la presente invención se describe un nuevo uso de los residuos sanitarios para la elaboración de cementos comunes y cementos blancos. The incorporation of these sanitary waste in the manufacture of cements would allow the concept of sustainability to be introduced in the construction sector, a sector that is traditionally considered as disrespectful of the environment, thus being in line with European and national policies sustainable development. The present invention describes a new use of sanitary waste for the manufacture of common cements and white cements.
DESCRIPCIÓN BREVE DE LA INVENCIÓN BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Un objeto de la invención lo constituye un residuo basado en productos cerámicos sanitarios procedentes directamente de la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de vertederos, que posee una actividad puzolánica y una granulometría inferior a 63 μιη. Se ha observado que la finura del material es determinante en la actividad puzolánica del mismo.  An object of the invention is a waste based on sanitary ceramic products directly from the ceramic sanitary or landfill industry, which has a pozzolanic activity and a particle size of less than 63 μιη. It has been observed that the fineness of the material is decisive in its pozzolanic activity.
Otro objeto de la invención es el procedimiento de obtención de los residuos sanitarios de la invención que comprende las siguientes etapas:  Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining sanitary waste of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
a) recogida de residuos de partida en la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de los vertederos o plantas de reciclaje,  a) collection of starting waste in the ceramic sanitary ware industry or from landfills or recycling plants,
b) secado del residuo de a) en una estufa a 105°C hasta peso constante, para facilitar el proceso de trituración y molienda,  b) drying the residue of a) in an oven at 105 ° C to constant weight, to facilitate the crushing and grinding process,
c) trituración o molienda del residuo de b) el tiempo necesario para obtener un tamaño inferior a 63 μιη, que se considera idóneo para su uso como material puzolánico y  c) crushing or grinding the residue of b) the time required to obtain a size smaller than 63 μιη, which is considered suitable for use as a pozzolanic material and
d) tamizado del residuo de c) con un tamiz de 63 μιη para obtener el residuo de sanitarios homogéneo.  d) sieving the residue of c) with a sieve of 63 μιη to obtain the homogeneous sanitary waste.
Otro objeto de la invención lo constituye el cemento común o blanco, en adelante cemento de la invención, que comprende el residuo de sanitarios de la invención como componente en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0.1 % y un 55%.  Another object of the invention is the common or white cement, hereinafter cement of the invention, which comprises the sanitary waste of the invention as a component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 55%.
En una realización preferente de la invención el cemento común comprende el residuo de sanitarios como componente principal en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 6% y un 55%.  In a preferred embodiment of the invention the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55%.
En otra realización preferente de la invención el cemento común comprende el residuo de sanitarios como componente minoritario adicional en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0.1 % y un 5%. En otra realización preferente los cementos blancos fabricados comprenden el residuo de sanitarios como componente principal en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 6% y un 55% o como componente minoritario adicional en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0,1 % y un 5% y tienen un valor del parámetro L* de las coordenadas CIELAB mayor o igual a 85. In another preferred embodiment of the invention the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5%. In another preferred embodiment the white cements manufactured comprise the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55% or as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5% and have a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85.
Otro objeto de la invención es el procedimiento de obtención del cemento de la invención, en adelante procedimiento de la invención, que comprende las siguientes etapas:  Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining the cement of the invention, hereinafter the method of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
a) mezcla del residuo de sanitarios de la invención con un cemento en una proporción entre 0.1 % y 55% hasta garantizar una correcta homogeneización, y  a) mixing the sanitary waste of the invention with a cement in a proportion between 0.1% and 55% to ensure proper homogenization, and
b) almacenamiento de la mezcla de a) en un lugar estanco para evitar la carbonatación y humectación de las mismas. DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA  b) storage of the mixture of a) in a sealed place to avoid carbonation and humidification thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
La presente invención se basa en que se ha observado que a partir de residuos de sanitarios (Figura 1 ) es posible obtener un producto que actúa como un material puzolánico útil como aditivo para la elaboración de cementos cuando se prepara como un producto homogéneo, con una tamaño de grano fino inferior a 63 μιη (tamaño de partícula similar al cemento) (Figura 2). Estos residuos pueden proceder de la industria cerámica de sanitarios, constituidos por aquellos productos rechazados a la venta que no cumplen con los requisitos exigidos por el fabricante, y de los vertederos o de las plantas de reciclaje, constituidos por aquellos productos procedentes de la rehabilitación o reformas de viviendas, industrias, etc. y pueden ofrecer de este modo una salida comercial a este material de desecho.  The present invention is based on the fact that it has been observed that from sanitary waste (Figure 1) it is possible to obtain a product that acts as a pozzolanic material useful as an additive for the manufacture of cements when prepared as a homogeneous product, with a fine grain size less than 63 μιη (particle size similar to cement) (Figure 2). This waste can come from the ceramic sanitary ware industry, constituted by those products rejected for sale that do not meet the requirements demanded by the manufacturer, and from landfills or recycling plants, constituted by those products from rehabilitation or housing, industry, etc. reforms and can thus offer a commercial outlet to this waste material.
Este residuo de sanitarios (Figura 2), se introduce en los cementos como componente principal (6-55% en masa) y se encuadra dentro de puzolanas naturales calcinadas (Q) y también como componente minoritario (porcentajes inferiores al 5% en masa), siempre que no esté incluido ya como componente mayoritario. Con este producto se pueden obtener, en función de las dosificaciones realizadas, distintos tipos de cementos, siendo además posible su uso para la elaboración de cementos blancos. This sanitary waste (Figure 2), is introduced into the cements as the main component (6-55% by mass) and is framed within natural calcined pozzolans (Q) and also as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) , provided it is not already included as a component controlling. With this product, different types of cements can be obtained, depending on the dosages made, being also possible for the use of white cements.
Los residuos de sanitarios descritos en la presente invención pueden ser considerados como puzolanas naturales calcinadas, donde según la norma LINEEN 197-1 :201 1 (Norma Española UNE-EN 197-1 :201 1 "Cemento. Parte 1: Composición, especificaciones y criterios de conformidad de los cementos comunes", Diciembre de 201 1 ), se definen puzolanas naturales calcinadas (Q) como materiales de origen volcánico, arcillas, pizarras o rocas sedimentarias activadas por tratamientos térmicos y conformes con el apartado 5.2.3.1. (Generalidades de materiales puzolánicos P, Q).  The sanitary waste described in the present invention can be considered as calcined natural pozzolans, where according to the standard LINEEN 197-1: 201 1 (Spanish Standard UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1 "Cement. Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements ", December 201 1), calcined natural pozzolans (Q) are defined as materials of volcanic origin, clays, slates or sedimentary rocks activated by thermal treatments and in accordance with section 5.2.3.1. (Generalities of pozzolanic materials P, Q).
Estas puzolanas naturales calcinadas, tal y como recoge el apartado 5.2.3.1. de la norma UNE EN 197-1, se caracterizan por estar compuestas esencialmente por dióxido de silicio (> 65% en masa) y óxido de aluminio (> 20%), así como óxido de hierro y otros óxidos minoritarios. Además, se caracterizan por tener un contenido de dióxido de silicio reactivo superior al 25% en masa (> 45% en masa). La composición química de estos residuos de sanitarios están en consonancia con lo indicado anteriormente, tal y como se indica en los valores mostrados dentro de los paréntesis.  These calcined natural pozzolans, as set out in section 5.2.3.1. of the UNE EN 197-1 standard, they are characterized by being essentially composed of silicon dioxide (> 65% by mass) and aluminum oxide (> 20%), as well as iron oxide and other minor oxides. In addition, they are characterized by having a reactive silicon dioxide content greater than 25% by mass (> 45% by mass). The chemical composition of these sanitary waste is in line with what was indicated above, as indicated in the values shown within the parentheses.
De esta manera y de acuerdo a la norma UNE-EN 197-1 :201 1 , podrían ser empleados como componente principal (porcentajes hasta 55% en masa) en la fabricación de cementos CEM ll/A-Q, CEM ll/B-Q, CEM IV/A, CEM IV/B, CEM V/A y CEM V/B, pudiéndose emplear además como componente minoritario (porcentajes inferiores al 5% en masa) dando lugar a cualquiera de los tipos principales de cemento (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV y CEM V) siempre que no esté incluido ya como componente mayoritario.  In this way and according to the UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1 standard, they could be used as the main component (percentages up to 55% by mass) in the manufacture of cements CEM ll / AQ, CEM ll / BQ, CEM IV / A, CEM IV / B, CEM V / A and CEM V / B, and can also be used as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) giving rise to any of the main types of cement (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV and CEM V) as long as it is not already included as a majority component.
Además, según la norma UNE 80305:2012 y UNE-EN 197-1 :201 1 , con estos residuos sanitarios se pueden obtener, en función de las dosificaciones realizadas, cementos blancos homólogos tipo BL ll/A-Q, BL ll/B-Q, IV/A, BL IV/B y BL V o cementos de cualquier tipo (BL I, BL II, BL III, BL IV y BL V) si se emplean como componentes minoritarios. In addition, according to the UNE 80305: 2012 and UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1, with these sanitary waste, homologous white cements type BL ll / AQ, BL ll / BQ, IV can be obtained depending on the dosages made / A, BL IV / B and BL V or cement of any type (BL I, BL II, BL III, BL IV and BL V) if used as minor components.
Así, un objeto de la invención lo constituye un residuo de sanitarios útil para la elaboración de cementos, en adelante residuo de sanitarios de la invención, que posee una actividad puzolánica y una granulometría adecuada para este fin con un tamaño de partícula inferior a 63 μιη.  Thus, an object of the invention is a sanitary waste useful for the manufacture of cements, hereinafter a sanitary waste of the invention, which has a pozzolanic activity and a particle size suitable for this purpose with a particle size of less than 63 μιη .
Otro objeto de la invención lo constituye el procedimiento de obtención del residuo de sanitarios de la invención, en adelante procedimiento de obtención del residuo de sanitarios de la invención, que comprende las siguientes etapas:  Another object of the invention is the procedure for obtaining the waste of toilets of the invention, hereinafter procedure for obtaining the waste of toilets of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
a) recogida de residuos de partida en la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de los vertederos o plantas de reciclaje,  a) collection of starting waste in the ceramic sanitary ware industry or from landfills or recycling plants,
b) secado del residuo de a) en una estufa a 105°C hasta peso constante, para facilitar el proceso de trituración y molienda,  b) drying the residue of a) in an oven at 105 ° C to constant weight, to facilitate the crushing and grinding process,
c) trituración o molienda del residuo de b) el tiempo necesario para obtener un tamaño inferior a 63 μιη, que se considera idóneo para su uso como material puzolánico, y  c) crushing or milling of the residue of b) the time necessary to obtain a size smaller than 63 μιη, which is considered suitable for use as a pozzolanic material, and
d) tamizado del residuo de c) con un tamiz de 63 μιη para obtener el residuo de sanitarios homogéneo.  d) sieving the residue of c) with a sieve of 63 μιη to obtain the homogeneous sanitary waste.
Los cementos con el que se ha realizado la invención, son un cemento Portland gris de clase resistente 42.5 R y un cemento común blanco de clase resistente 52.5 R según norma UNE- EN 197-1 :201 1 , aunque no es limitante; la diferencia en el empleo de un cemento u otro, influirá en las prestaciones finales, pudiendo adecuarse el comportamiento final de la invención a las características del cemento empleado.  The cements with which the invention was made are a gray Portland cement of resistant class 42.5 R and a common white cement of resistant class 52.5 R according to UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1, although it is not limiting; The difference in the use of one cement or another will influence the final performance, and the final behavior of the invention can be adapted to the characteristics of the cement used.
También, si el proceso de incorporación de los residuos de sanitarios se llevase a cabo directamente en la fábrica de cemento, éstos podrían ser añadidos y molidos conjuntamente con el clinker, en los porcentajes adecuados para la fabricación de los diferentes tipos de cementos comunes de la norma UNE-EN 197-1 :201 1. Otro objeto de la invención lo constituye el cemento, en adelante cemento de la invención, que comprende el residuo de sanitarios de la invención como componente en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0.1 % y un 55%. Also, if the process of incorporation of sanitary waste was carried out directly in the cement factory, these could be added and ground together with the clinker, in the appropriate percentages for the manufacture of the different types of common cements of the UNE-EN 197-1: 201 standard 1. Another object of the invention is cement, hereinafter cement of the invention, which comprises the sanitary waste of the invention as a component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 55%.
En una realización preferente de la invención el cemento común comprende el residuo de sanitarios como componente principal en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 6% y un 55%.  In a preferred embodiment of the invention the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55%.
En otra realización preferente de la invención el cemento común comprende el residuo de sanitarios como componente minoritario adicional en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0.1 % y un 5%.  In another preferred embodiment of the invention the common cement comprises the sanitary waste as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5%.
En otra realización preferente los cementos blancos fabricados comprenden el residuo de sanitarios como componente principal en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 6% y un 55% o como componente minoritario adicional en dicho cemento en un porcentaje de entre un 0,1 % y un 5% y tienen un valor del parámetro L* de las coordenadas CIELAB mayor o igual a 85. In another preferred embodiment the white cements manufactured comprise the sanitary waste as the main component in said cement in a percentage of between 6% and 55% or as an additional minor component in said cement in a percentage of between 0.1% and 5% and have a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85.
Otro objeto de la invención es el procedimiento de obtención del cemento de la invención, en adelante procedimiento de obtención del cemento de la invención, que comprende las siguientes etapas:  Another object of the invention is the process for obtaining the cement of the invention, hereinafter procedure for obtaining the cement of the invention, which comprises the following steps:
a) mezcla del residuo de sanitarios de la invención con un cemento en una proporción entre 0.1 % y 55% hasta garantizar una correcta homogeneización, y  a) mixing the sanitary waste of the invention with a cement in a proportion between 0.1% and 55% to ensure proper homogenization, and
b) almacenamiento de la mezcla de a) en un lugar estanco para evitar la carbonatación y humectación de las mismas.  b) storage of the mixture of a) in a sealed place to avoid carbonation and humidification thereof.
Otro objeto particular de la invención lo constituye el procedimiento de obtención del cemento donde la proporción entre residuo de sanitarios y el cemento de a) se cumple la siguiente fórmula: mtotal mCemento mresiduo Another particular object of the invention is the process for obtaining cement where the proportion between sanitary waste and the cement of a) meets the following formula: mtotal - m C emento m re siduo
mCemento = mtotal*(1- ) m C ement = mtotal * (1-)
mresiduo = X * mtotal m re siduo = X * mtotal
siendo: mtotaí- masa total de la mezcla a realizar being: mtotaí- total mass of the mixture to be made
mcemento'- masa de cemento utilizada mcemento ' - cement mass used
- niresiduo'- masa del residuo de sanitarios. - niresiduo ' - mass of the toilet waste.
- X: porcentaje en tanto por uno residuo de sanitarios.  - X: percentage in terms of one toilet waste.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figura 1. Aspecto inicial de la muestra de aparatos cerámicos de sanitarios.  Figure 1. Initial aspect of the sample of ceramic sanitary ware.
Figura 2. Aspecto de la muestra molida y tamizada por debajo de 63 μιη.  Figure 2. Appearance of the milled and screened sample below 63 μιη.
Figura 3. Gráfico en el que se muestran las resistencias a compresión obtenidas en los morteros realizados con 20% y 30% de dosificación a las edades indicadas. Figure 3. Graph showing the compressive strengths obtained in mortars made with 20% and 30% dosing at the ages indicated.
Figura 4. Gráfico en el que se muestran las resistencias a flexión obtenidas en los morteros realizados con 20% y 30% de dosificación a las edades indicadas. Figure 4. Graph showing the flexural strengths obtained in mortars made with 20% and 30% dosing at the ages indicated.
Figura 5. Gráfica en la que se muestra la curva de solubilidad del óxido de calcio a Figure 5. Graph showing the solubility curve of calcium oxide a
40°C y los valores correspondientes al ensayo de puzolanicidad de los cementos grises a las edades de 8 y 15 días, llevado a cabo para la invención con un 20% y40 ° C and the values corresponding to the test of pozzolanicity of gray cements at the ages of 8 and 15 days, carried out for the invention with 20% and
30% de dosificación. 30% dosage.
Figura 6. Gráfica en la que se muestra la curva de solubilidad del óxido de calcio a 40°C y los valores correspondientes al ensayo de puzolanicidad de los cementos blancos comunes a las edades de 8 y 15 días, llevado a cabo para la invención con un 20% y 30% de dosificación.  Figure 6. Graph showing the solubility curve of calcium oxide at 40 ° C and the values corresponding to the pozzolanicity test of common white cements at the ages of 8 and 15 days, carried out for the invention with 20% and 30% dosage.
EJEMPLOS DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
En este ejemplo de la invención se lleva a cabo una mezcla de cemento con residuo de sanitarios como componente. Los residuos de sanitarios (Figura 1 ), podrían actuar en los cementos como componente principal (6-55% en masa) y se encuadrarían dentro de puzolanas naturales calcinadas (Q) y también como componente minoritario (porcentajes inferiores al 5% en masa), siempre que no esté incluido ya como componente mayoritario, según la norma UNE-EN 197-1 : 201 1. Con este residuo de sanitarios de la invención se pueden obtener, en función de las dosificaciones realizadas, cementos de tipo CEM ll/A-Q, CEM ll/B- Q, CEM IV/A, CEM IV/B, CEM V/A y CEM V/B, o cementos de cualquier tipo (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV y CEM V) si se emplean como componentes minoritarios. También, con estos residuos sanitarios se pueden obtener, en función de las dosificaciones realizadas, cementos blancos homólogos tipo BL ll/A-Q, BL ll/B-Q, IV/A, BL IV/B y BL V o cementos de cualquier tipo (BL I, BL II, BL III, BL IV y BL V) si se emplean como componentes minoritarios, según la norma UNE 80305:2012 y UNE-EN 197-1 :201 1. In this example of the invention a mixture of cement with sanitary waste is carried out as a component. Sanitary waste (Figure 1), could act in the cements as the main component (6-55% by mass) and would be framed within natural calcined pozzolans (Q) and also as a minor component (percentages below 5% by mass) , provided that it is not already included as a major component, according to UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1. With this sanitary waste of the invention, cements of type CEM ll / AQ can be obtained depending on the dosages made , EMC ll / B- Q, CEM IV / A, CEM IV / B, CEM V / A and CEM V / B, or cements of any type (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, CEM IV and CEM V) if used as minority components. Also, with these sanitary residues, depending on the dosages made, homologous white cements type BL ll / AQ, BL ll / BQ, IV / A, BL IV / B and BL V or cements of any type can be obtained (BL I , BL II, BL III, BL IV and BL V) if used as minor components, according to UNE 80305: 2012 and UNE-EN 197-1: 201 1.
Para estudiar la conformidad de este residuo de sanitarios con la norma y su posibilidad de ser empleados como material puzolánico, se recogió directamente de la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de los vertederos o plantas de reciclaje. Después se procedió a su acondicionamiento, basado primeramente en un secado de la muestra en una estufa a 105°C. Posteriormente, se realizó una trituración del material, disminuyendo su tamaño y facilitando la posterior molienda en un molino de anillos. Una vez conseguido esta molienda se procedió al tamizado de la muestra obteniendo un producto homogéneo, con una finura inferior a 63 μιη, semejante a la del cemento, tal y como puede observarse en la Figura 2.  To study the conformity of this sanitary waste with the standard and its possibility of being used as a pozzolanic material, it was collected directly from the ceramic sanitary ware industry or from landfills or recycling plants. It was then conditioned, based primarily on drying the sample in an oven at 105 ° C. Subsequently, the material was crushed, reducing its size and facilitating subsequent grinding in a ring mill. Once this milling was achieved, the sample was sieved to obtain a homogeneous product, with a fineness of less than 63 μιη, similar to that of cement, as can be seen in Figure 2.
La composición química de los residuos de sanitarios así obtenidos se caracterizan por estar compuestas esencialmente por dióxido de silicio (> 65% en masa) y óxido de aluminio (> 20%), así como óxido de hierro y otros óxidos minoritarios. Además, se caracterizan por tener un contenido de dióxido de silicio reactivo superior al 25% en masa (> 45% en masa).  The chemical composition of the sanitary waste thus obtained is characterized by being essentially composed of silicon dioxide (> 65% by mass) and aluminum oxide (> 20%), as well as iron oxide and other minor oxides. In addition, they are characterized by having a reactive silicon dioxide content greater than 25% by mass (> 45% by mass).
Para su empleo como adición activa al cemento, es necesario realizar una molienda y un tamizado del material, obteniendo un producto homogéneo, con una finura inferior a 63 μιη, tal y como puede observarse en la Figura 2.  For use as an active addition to the cement, it is necessary to perform a grinding and sieving of the material, obtaining a homogeneous product, with a fineness of less than 63 μιη, as can be seen in Figure 2.
Posteriormente, se fabrican los diferentes cementos que deben de cumplir los requisitos mecánicos, físicos y químicos exigidos en los punto 7.1, 7.2 y 7.3 de la norma UNE EN 197-1:2011, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, en el caso de los cementos blancos homólogos deben de cumplir el requisito físico adicional de blancura exigido en el punto 7.1.2. de la norma UNE 80305:2012. Respecto a las propiedades mecánicas de los cementos portland grises tipo ll/A-Q, tipo ll/B-Q y tipo IV/A que contengan como componente principal este material sanitario en un porcentaje comprendido entre 6% - 20%, 21 % - 30% y 1 1 % - 30% en masa, respectivamente, podrían ser utilizados para fabricar cementos portland con una clase de resistencia 32.5 (N y R) y 42.5 (N y R), según los requisitos mecánicos establecidos en la tabla 3 de la norma UNE EN 197- 1:2011. Cuando su contenido este entre el 31 % - 35% en masa los cementos portland tipo ll/B-Q y tipo IV/A podrían ser utilizados para fabricar cementos de una clase de resistencia 32.5 (N y R), 42.5 N, cumpliendo con los requisitos mecánicos establecidos en la tabla indicada anteriormente. Cuando el contenido está entre 36% -55% en masa, los cementos CEM IV/B y tipo CEM V/B se podrían conseguir clases resistentes de 32,5 N. Subsequently, the different cements are manufactured that must meet the mechanical, physical and chemical requirements required in points 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 of the UNE EN 197-1: 2011 standard, respectively. Additionally, in the case of homologous white cements, they must comply with the additional physical requirement of whiteness required in 7.1.2. of the UNE 80305: 2012 standard. Regarding the mechanical properties of gray portland cements type ll / AQ, type ll / BQ and type IV / A that contain this sanitary material as a main component in a percentage between 6% - 20%, 21% - 30% and 1 1% - 30% by mass, respectively, could be used to manufacture Portland cements with a strength class 32.5 (N and R) and 42.5 (N and R), according to the mechanical requirements set out in Table 3 of the UNE EN standard 197-1: 2011. When its content is between 31% - 35% by mass, portland cements type ll / BQ and type IV / A could be used to manufacture cements of a strength class 32.5 (N and R), 42.5 N, complying with the requirements mechanics established in the table indicated above. When the content is between 36% -55% by mass, CEM IV / B and CEM V / B type cements, resistant classes of 32.5 N could be achieved.
En cuanto a los cementos blancos homólogos tipo ll/A-Q, tipo ll/B-Q y tipo IV/A que contengan como componente principal este material cerámico sanitario blanco en un porcentaje comprendido entre 6% - 20 , 21 % - 35% y 1 1 % - 35% en masa, respectivamente podrían ser utilizados para fabricar cementos blancos con una clase de resistencia 32.5 (N y R), 42.5 (N y R) y 52.5 (N y R), según los requisitos mecánicos establecidos en la tabla 3 de la norma UNE EN 197-1:2011. Cuando el contenido está entre 36% - 55% en masa, los cementos BL IV/B y tipo BL V/B se pueden conseguir clases resistentes de 32,5 N. En las Figura 3 y 4 se representan los resultados obtenidos con distintos cementos fabricados con el residuo de sanitarios.  Regarding homologous white cements type ll / AQ, type ll / BQ and type IV / A containing as main component this white sanitary ceramic material in a percentage between 6% - 20, 21% - 35% and 1 1% - 35% by mass, respectively, could be used to manufacture white cements with a strength class 32.5 (N and R), 42.5 (N and R) and 52.5 (N and R), according to the mechanical requirements established in Table 3 of the UNE EN 197-1: 2011 standard. When the content is between 36% - 55% by mass, BL IV / B and BL V / B type cements can be achieved resistant classes of 32.5 N. The results obtained with different cements are shown in Figures 3 and 4 manufactured with the toilet waste.
En cuanto a los requisitos físicos (tiempo de principio de fraguado y estabilidad de volumen), obtenidos según la norma UNE EN 196-3:2005+A1 :2009, se obtiene que los cementos portland grises y blancos tipo II (A-Q y B-Q) y tipo IV/A que contienen como componente principal este residuo de sanitarios cumplen con las especificaciones recogidas en la tabla 3 de la norma indicada anteriormente, presentando tiempos de fraguados superiores a los 60 minutos y una expansión inferior a 10 mm. Respecto al requisito físico adicional de blancura; exigido en el punto 7.1.2 de la norma UNE 80305:2012 para los cementos blancos; ha sido determinado según la norma UNE 801 17:2012. Todos los cementos comunes blancos tipo ll/A- Q (6% - 20% en masa), tipo ll/B-Q (21 % - 35% en masa) y tipo IV/A (1 1 % - 35% en masa) que incorporan como componente principal este material cerámico tienen un valor del parámetro L* de las coordenadas CIELAB mayor o igual a 85, cumpliendo así el requisito establecido por la norma UNE 80305 de cementos blancos (Tabla 1 ). As for the physical requirements (setting time and volume stability), obtained according to UNE EN 196-3: 2005 + A1: 2009, it is obtained that gray and white portland cements type II (AQ and BQ) and type IV / A that contain this sanitary waste as the main component, comply with the specifications set out in table 3 of the standard indicated above, presenting set times greater than 60 minutes and an expansion of less than 10 mm. Regarding the additional physical requirement of whiteness; required in point 7.1.2 of the UNE 80305: 2012 standard for white cements; It has been determined according to UNE 801 17: 2012. All white common cements type ll / A- Q (6% - 20% by mass), type ll / BQ (21% - 35% by mass) and type IV / A (1 1% - 35% by mass) which incorporate as a main component this ceramic material have a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85, thus fulfilling the requirement established by the standard UNE 80305 of white cements (Table 1).
Tabla 1. Resultados obtenidos de luminosidad Table 1. Results of luminosity
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000011_0001
En relación a los requisitos químicos de contenido de cloruros y sulfatos determinados según las metodología descrita en la norma UNE EN 196-2:2006, se obtuvo que los cementos que contengan este residuo sanitario como componente principal cumplen con los requisitos establecidos en la tabla 4 de la norma UNE EN 197-1:2011, tal y como se recoge en la Tabla 2. Tabla 2. Contenido de cloruros y sulfatos de los cementos que contienen como componente principal el residuo de sanitarios In relation to the chemical requirements for the content of chlorides and sulfates determined according to the methodology described in the UNE EN 196-2: 2006 standard, it was obtained that the cements containing this sanitary waste as the main component comply with the requirements established in Table 4 of the UNE EN 197-1: 2011 standard, as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Chloride and sulfate content of cements containing the main sanitary waste
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
Adicionalmente a estos requisitos químicos, la norma UNE EN 197-1 :201 1 establece que los cementos puzolánicos tipo CEM IV deben de cumplir la propiedad de puzolanicidad, según el ensayo descrito en la norma UNE EN 196- 5:201 1. Los cementos tipo IV que contiene como componente principal este residuo cerámico sanitario entre 18% - 35% en masa y 1 1 % - 35% en masa cumplen este requisito a los 8 y 15 días, respectivamente (Figura 5 y 6). In addition to these chemical requirements, the UNE EN 197-1: 201 1 standard establishes that CEM IV type pozzolanic cements must meet the property of pozzolanicity, according to the test described in UNE EN 196-5: 201 1. Cements Type IV that contains as a main component this sanitary ceramic waste between 18% - 35% by mass and 1 1% - 35% by mass meet this requirement at 8 and 15 days, respectively (Figure 5 and 6).

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. - Residuo de sanitarios procedentes de la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de los vertederos o plantas de reciclaje y útil para la elaboración de cementos caracterizado porque posee actividad puzolánica y una granulometría inferior a 63 μιη. 1. - Residual of sanitary ware coming from the ceramic industry of sanitary ware or of the dumps or recycling plants and useful for the elaboration of cements characterized because it has pozzolanic activity and a granulometry of less than 63 μιη.
2. - Procedimiento de obtención del residuo de sanitarios según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado por que comprende las siguientes etapas: 2. - Procedure for obtaining the sanitary waste according to claim 1 characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
a) recogida del residuo de sanitarios de la industria cerámica de sanitarios o de los vertederos o plantas de reciclaje,  a) collection of sanitary waste from the ceramic sanitary ware industry or from landfills or recycling plants,
b) secado del residuo de a) en una estufa a 105°C hasta peso constante, c) trituración o molienda del residuo de b) el tiempo necesario para obtener un tamaño inferior a 63 μιη, y  b) drying of the residue of a) in an oven at 105 ° C to constant weight, c) crushing or milling of the residue of b) the time necessary to obtain a size less than 63 μιη, and
d) tamizado del residuo de c) con un tamiz de 63 μιη para obtener el residuo de sanitarios homogéneo.  d) sieving the residue of c) with a sieve of 63 μιη to obtain the homogeneous sanitary waste.
3. - Cemento caracterizado por que comprende el residuo de sanitarios según la reivindicación 1. 3. - Cement characterized in that it comprises the sanitary waste according to claim 1.
4. - Cemento según la reivindicación 3 caracterizado por que el residuo de sanitarios está comprendido entre un 0.1 % y un 55% como componente en dicho cemento. 4. - Cement according to claim 3 characterized in that the sanitary waste is comprised between 0.1% and 55% as a component in said cement.
5.- Cemento según la reivindicación 4 caracterizado por que el residuo de sanitarios está comprendido entre un 0.1 % y un 5% como componente en dicho cemento. 5. Cement according to claim 4 characterized in that the sanitary waste is comprised between 0.1% and 5% as a component in said cement.
6.- Cemento según la reivindicación 4 caracterizado por que el residuo de sanitarios está comprendido entre un 6% y un 55% como componente en dicho cemento. 6. Cement according to claim 4 characterized in that the sanitary waste is comprised between 6% and 55% as a component in said cement.
7.- Cemento según la reivindicación 4 caracterizado por que el residuo de sanitarios tiene un valor del parámetro L* de las coordenadas CIELAB mayor o igual a 85. 7. Cement according to claim 4 characterized in that the sanitary waste has a value of the parameter L * of the CIELAB coordinates greater than or equal to 85.
8. - Procedimiento de obtención del cemento según las reivindicaciones 3 a la 7 caracterizado porque comprende las siguientes etapas: 8. - Procedure for obtaining the cement according to claims 3 to 7, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
a) mezcla del residuo de sanitarios según la reivindicación 1 con un cemento en una proporción entre 0.1 y 55% hasta garantizar una correcta homogeneización, y  a) mixing the sanitary waste according to claim 1 with a cement in a proportion between 0.1 and 55% to ensure proper homogenization, and
b) almacenamiento de la mezcla de a) en un lugar estanco para evitar la carbonatación y humectación de las mismas.  b) storage of the mixture of a) in a sealed place to avoid carbonation and humidification thereof.
9. - Procedimiento según la reivindicación 8 caracterizado por que en la etapa de mezcla las proporciones entre el residuo de sanitarios y el cemento cumplen la siguiente fórmula: mtotal mCemento mresiduo 9. - Method according to claim 8 characterized in that in the mixing stage the proportions between the sanitary waste and the cement meet the following formula: mtotal - m C emento m re siduo
mCemento = mtotal*(1- ) m C ement = mtotal * (1-)
mresiduo = X * mtotal m re siduo = X * mtotal
siendo:  being:
- totai- masa total de la mezcla a realizar  - total mass of the mixture to be made
mCemento'- masa de cemento utilizada m C emento ' - mass of cement used
mresiduo'- masa del residuo de sanitarios. mresiduo ' - mass of the toilet waste.
X: porcentaje en tanto por uno residuo de sanitarios.  X: percentage as a percentage of one toilet waste.
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